Lost in the Transit Desert Increased redevelopment, the dismantling of public housing, and increasing housing costs are forcing a shift in migration of lower income and transit dependent populations to the suburbs These suburbs are often missing basic transportation, and strategies to address this are lacking This absence of public transit creates barriers to viable employment and accessibility to cultural networks, and plays a role in increasing social inequality This book investigates how housing and transport policy have played their role in creating these “Transit Deserts,” and what impact race has upon those likely to be affected Diane Jones Allen uses research from New Orleans, Baltimore, and Chicago to explore the forces at work in these situations, as well as proposing potential solutions Mapping, interviews, photographs, and narratives all come together to highlight the inequities and challenges in Transit Deserts, where a lack of access can make all journeys, such as to jobs, stores, or relatives, much more difficult Alternatives to public transit abound, from traditional methods such as biking and carpooling to more culturally specific tactics, and are examined comprehensively This is valuable reading for students and researchers interested in transport planning, urban planning, city infrastructure, and transport geography Diane Jones Allen is currently Principal Landscape Architect with DesignJones LLC, New Orleans, USA Her research and practice is guided by environmental justice, and sustainability in African-American landscapes She was previously a tenured Professor in Landscape Architecture at the School of Architecture and Planning, Morgan State University, Baltimore, USA Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design Series editor: Peter Ache Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design is a series of academic monographs for scholars working in these disciplines and the overlaps between them Building on Routledge’s history of academic rigour and cuttingedge research, the series contributes to the rapidly expanding literature in all areas of planning and urban design https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Research-in-Planning-and-UrbanDesign/book-series/RRPUD Urban Planning’s Philosophical Entanglements The Rugged, Dialectical Path from Knowledge to Action Richard S Bolan Lost in the Transit Desert Race, Transit Access and Suburban Form Diane Jones Allen University Spatial Development and Urban Transformation in China Cui Liu The Virtual and the Real in Planning and Urban Design Perspectives, Practices and Applications Claudia Yamu, Alenka Poplin, Oswald Devisch and Gert de Roo Unplugging the City The Urban Phenomenon and Its Sociotechnical Controversies Fábio Duarte and Rodrigo Firmino Heritage-led Urban Regeneration in China Jing Xie, Tim Heath Tokyo Roji The Diversity and Versatility of Alleys in a City in Transition Heide Imai Lost in the Transit Desert Race, Transit Access, and Suburban Form Diane Jones Allen First published 2018 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Diane Jones Allen The right of Diane Jones Allen to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Allen, Diane Jones, author Title: Lost in the transit desert : race, transit access, and suburban form / Diane Jones Allen Description: First Edition | New York : Routledge, 2017 | Series: Routledge research in planning and urban design | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017004348| ISBN 9781138954243 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315667027 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sociology, Urban United States | Local transit— United States | United States—Race relations Classification: LCC HT123 A45 2017 | DDC 307.7/60973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004348 ISBN: 978-1-138-95424-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-66702-7 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK This work is dedicated to Ellis Jones Washington Contents List of figures and table Foreword by Naomi Doerner Acknowledgments ix xi xv Introduction 1 Theorizing the origin of and defining Transit Deserts Transit Desert case studies 45 Forecasting for the desert 107 Solutions for traveling in the desert 123 Conclusion Bibliography Index 151 165 176 Figures and table Figures 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 The Green Book Lafitte Housing Project Claiborne Avenue, 2004 Transit Desert Neighborhood Voucher Distribution and Race in 2010 St Bernard Project Before and During Hurricane Katrina St Bernard Area Means of Transportation to Work in 2000 St Bernard Area Population and Race in 2000 and 2010 St Bernard Area Peak Hour Waiting Time in 2005 Pines Village Median Gross Rent in 2000 Pines Village 2000 Census Population Density Pines Village Median Household Income in 2000 Pines Village Median Household Income in 2010 Pines Village Means of Transportation to Work in 2010 Pines Village Peak Hour Waiting Time in 2015 Ms White in her Dining Room in New Orleans East, 2016 Ms Daigle’s Complex Baltimore City Census Tracts Revitalization Area Transit Lines and Stops Map of Locations of Relocated Households Relocation Area Transit Lines and Stops Mr Davis and acquaintance Mr Jones across from Lexington Market Transit Desert Chicago, Halsted Street Transit Deserts in Cook County Transit Future CTA System 2015 Waiting on Green Line Transit Ranking Graph 11 28 41 50 51 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 60 65 73 76 77 80 84 88 99 100 104 116 166 Bibliography Asher, Jeff New Orleans Crime Overview: January–June 2016, WWLTV New Orleans, 2016 (www.wwltv.com/news/local/new-orleans-crime-overview-januaryto-june-2016/263195191) Bager, Emily Why Bikes Make People Mad The Washington Post, January 14, 2016 Bagert, Brod Jr Hope VI and St Thomas: Smoke, Mirrors and Urban Mercantilism London: London School of Economics, September 2002 Baldwin, James Historic Debate between James Baldwin v William F Buckley Jr at Cambridge University on the question: “Is the American Dream at the Expense of the American Negro?” Published on October 27, 2012, 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community relocation challenges 1–2, 76–82, 79, 80; freeways and community disruption 27–8, 129; LadderSTEP, local transport renewal 129–30; transport policy, inequalities challenged 160–1; urban renewal and displacement 30–1, 86–7 Baltimore case study: catalytic forecasting and transit ranking 115–21, 116–18, 120–1; hacking, informal taxis 71, 81, 82–6, 138; Middle East, demographics and transit needs 73, 74–5; Middle East, mixed use redevelopment 71–5, 76; Middle East, relocation patterns 74, 76, 76–7, 77; suburbs, car dependency and transit deficient 78–82, 79, 80; transit access, suburban inadequacies 69–71 Baldwin, James 10 Barnes, Gary 121 Behrens, Roger 138 Bernstein, Andrea 39 Berube, Alan 146 bike sharing 134–7, 142 Black, Curtis 126 Blackwell, Angela 159 Boarnet, Marlon 144, 146, 156 Breihan, John Bullard Robert 152, 153, 157 buses: catalytic forecasting and transit ranking 115–21, 116–17, 120–1; digital technology applications 143; frequency/wait times, acceptable levels 42, 110–11, 153; frequency/wait times, Baltimore’s deficiencies 69–71, Index 177 79–80, 80; frequency/wait times, Chicago’s deficiencies 87, 101; frequency/wait times, New Orleans’s deficiencies 49, 62, 63–4, 66–7, 110, 156; legal challenge to racial inequalities 125–6; rider’s unequal status 39, 108–9, 141, 159–60; subsidized services 127; walk to stops, influence on 42–3, 97, 146; walk to stops, safety issues 64–5, 68–9, 146, 156 Bus Riders Union 125–6 Cabrine Green 89 Cafferty, Pastora 98 car sharing 133–4 catalytic forecasting: transit planning benefits 6, 112, 115, 122, 154; transit ranking system 115–21, 116–18, 120–1 Center for Neighborhood Technology 101, 102, 156 Cervero, Robert 41 Cherry Hill 69, 70, 71 Chicago: circulators (minibus) 140; employment opportunities and transit inequalities 97–8, 99–100, 101; freeways and community disruption 27–8, 94; Great Migration 33–4, 87, 104; Green Line, politics and planning 113–14; housing and racial inequalities 22, 30–1, 87–94; Keep the Promise Ordnance 126; taxis and gypsy cabs 101; transit access, community planning 156; Transit Futures Project, mixed potential 102; urban renewal and displacement 18, 87–90, 94 Chicago case study: African American resettlement patterns 90–2; neighborhood networks, displacement of 95; neighborhoods and transit, personal account 103–5, 104; nongentrification barriers 92–4; Southside’s transit desert 87, 88, 101; Southside, targeted renewal and displacement 87–90, 94; transit access inequalities 95–8 Chicago Defender 33 Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) 96–7, 100, 102, 113–14 Chicago Urban League 88 circulators (minibus) 139–41, 143, 158 cities: housing policy, post-war discriminations 19–25; neighborhood form and physiography 39–41, 41; transit access, capital investment benefits 157–9; urban core, ownership and identity 15–17 Clark, Shelby 142 Cohen, Mari 87, 101, 132 Community Investment Trust (CIT) 148–9 Conn, Steven 10, 14, 16–17, 23 Crane 144, 146, 156 Creative Placemaking 147 Daigle, Ms (resident) 64–8, 65 Darnel, Maria (resident) 45–9 Davis, Mr (resident) 82–6, 84 deconcentrating poverty 30–1 demand forecasting: methodology review 107–9; traditional model components 109–11; transit deserts, contribution to 110–11, 112–15 density factors: anti-urbanist, low density suburbs 16–17; demand forecasting 111, 113; suburban form and poor transit access 36, 38, 40–1, 68; transit-orientated development 126, 144–7; urban core, changing viability 24, 68; urban form and transit access (case studies) 78–80, 79, 80, 97 Department of Transportation: LadderSTEP program 129–30 deVise, Pierre 91 digital technology 141, 143 Dr Martin Luther King Jr 114 Dresser, Michael 161 DuBois, W.E.B Dunphy, Robert 97 Dyson, Michael Eric 18 East Baltimore Development Inc (EBDI) 72, 74 178 Index eco-districts 93 Euchne, Charles 159 Fast Eddie (resident) 69–71 Federal Housing Administration (FHA) 21–2 Fegelman, Andrew 92 Foxx, Anthony 125 freeways and community disruption 26–9, 28, 94, 129 Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 53 Fullilove, Mindy 18 Furth, Peter G 119 Gabriel, Teshome gentrification: African Americans’ nomadic patterns 32–3; definition 93; demographic shift, causes of 4, 16; economic and racial barriers 31–2, 92–4; Hope VI Program’s impact 24–5; New Orleans and post-Katrina developments 51–3, 53–4 Goller, Josh 32 Gottdiener, Mark 12, 16 Gray Freddie 84 Great Migration 18, 33 Greenbaum 18 Green Book 9–10, 11 hacking, informal taxis 71, 81, 82–6, 131–2, 137–8 Hamilton, Alexander 17 Hawkins, Andrew 132 Hansberry vs Lee 22, 114 Henrici, Jane 68 Hip Hop culture 16 Hope VI Program 24–5, 30 Horne, Frank 20–1 housing policies and development: affordability and equitable access 124; post-war discriminations 19–25; relocation programs, limited choice 30–1; Section vouchers, targeted tenants 18, 25, 30–1; see also Baltimore, Chicago and New Orleans case studies Housing Urban Development (HUD) 50 Hulchanske, David 116 Hutson, Wendell 91 Hwang, Jackelyn 93 Institute for Women Policy Research 68 Jacobs, Jane 28 Jefferson, Thomas 17 Johns Hopkins 12 Kambitsis, Jason 162 Katz, Eric 127 Kerner Commission (1968) 23, 90 Kneebone, Katherine 146 Laing, Keith 128 Larsen, Janet 134, 142 Last Mile 131 Lewis, Tom 27 Lipsitz, George, Prof 126 Lindberg, Richard 34, 91, 92 Lonon, Kristen (resident) 62, 63 Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) 125–6 Lui, M 69 Martin, Rachel 33 Maryland Transit Authority (MTA) 75, 79–80, 140, 160–1 Mathews, Mr (resident) 81 McNichol, Daniel 26 Mekuria, Maaza C 119 Mohammed, Taqhi 140 Moore, Natalie 89, 92–3 Moving to Opportunity Program 30–1 Mullard-Ball, Adam 134 Murphy, Alexandra 39 Myers, Sumner 127 NACCP Legal Defense Educational Fund 160 neighborhood form and physiography 39–41, 41 New Orleans: bike lane safety 135; freeways and community disruption 27–8, 28; Hurricane Katrina, impact of 18; Katrina Babies 61; postKatrina, transportation issues 49, 53, Index 179 59, 60–1, 62, 63–9; relocation policies and community decline 47–8, 49, 57, 61, 62–3; transit access, safety issues 64–5, 66, 67; transit access, selective investment 63–4, 67, 69, 156 New Orleans East, case study: amenities, travelling for choice 47, 48, 49; housing and racial inequalities 50, 50–2, 57, 59; Hurricane Katrina, personal impacts 45–9, 59–63, 60, 64–8, 65; inner suburban diversity 46; Pines Village, socioeconomic and demographic changes 55–7, 55–8, 59; post-Katrina, migration and community decline 47–9, 57, 61, 62–3; post-Katrina, public transit difficulties 49, 58, 59, 60–1, 62, 63–4; St Bernard site, public housing to gentrified diversity 49–53, 50–1, 53–4; transit access, safety issues 64–5, 66, 67; transportation options (St Bernard) 52–3, 53–4 New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (NORTA) 63–4, 65–6, 67, 69 Newman, Jonah 89 O’Malley, Martin (former Governor of Maryland) 72 paratransit 138–9 Pelt, Jennifer 94 Portland: community-based development 148–9; gentrification and demographic shifts 31–3 public transit: definition 37; demographics of users 39, 152–3; ease of access and timing 42–3, 153–4; suburbs, physical obstacles 40; user expectations 37–8 public sphere 16, 17 Ramey, Corrine 160, Reese, Hope 133 Reft, Ryan 160 Reuell, Peter 93 Richard Daley Collection 88, 90 RIDE New Orleans 63-4 Rivlin, Gary 55, 57 Rothstein, Richard 71 real-estate agent discrimination 22, 23 ride sharing 132–3 Savitch-Lew, Abigail 32–3 Schwartz, Samuel 10, 27 Scott-Johnson, Pamela E Section vouchers: post-Katrina displacement 47–8, 50, 50; relocation through gentrification 25, 30–1; renters and community tensions 49, 61, 62; targeted tenants 18 Seely, Bruce E 28 Shaheen, Susan 131, 137 Smith, Kyle 90, 97 Snidal, Michael 90 Stein, Samuel 136 submerged migration 18 suburbs: freeways, impact of 26, 29; gentrification and demographic shifts 30–3; suburban poverty, growth of 34–6; Transit Deserts factors 36, 38–43, 41; urban renewal and displacement 12, 18–19; white populations relocating 10, 16, 22 Sugrue, Thomas J 12, 14 Taeuber, Karl 91 Tatum, JW (resident) 103-105 Theen, Andrew 32 Thielfoldt, Diane 131 Tiven 125 Transit Deserts: catalytic forecasting and transit ranking 115–21, 116–18, 120–1; catalytic forecasting, benefits of 6, 112, 115, 122, 154; characteristics and challenges 2–3, 4–5, 12, 38, 151–3; defining areas 10, 12; demand forecasting, relevance review 110–11, 112–15; desertification concept 36, 112; neighborhood form and physiography 40; nomadic behavior of displaced 32–3, 130; origins 9–10; suburban poverty, growth of 34–6; theoretical solutions 5–6; transit access and timing 42–3, 155; urban core, ownership and identity 15–17; urban 180 Index renewal, housing and racial inequalities 12–15, 18–19 transit-orientated development 126, 144–7 transit solutions: bike sharing 134–7, 142; car sharing 133–4; circulators (minibus) 139–41, 143, 158; community-based development 148–9; defining demand for responsive transportation 153–5; digital platforms and car sharing 131, 142; digital technology applications 141–4; economic development 147–9, 157–9; federal legislative proposals and programs 128–30; hacking, informal taxis 137–8; land use, urban design and transit access 144–7, 155–6; legal challenge to racial inequalities 125–6; nomadic behavior focus 5; optimal measures 5–6; paratransit 138–9; ride sharing 132–3; subsidized services 127–8, 157–8; transit-orientated development 126–7, 144–7 transportation as civil right 159–63 Transportation Empowerment Act (TEA) 128–9 transportation policies: capital investment and community development 157–8; community displacement 25; federal legislative proposals 128–30; freeways and community disruption 26–9, 28; mobility, key to equitable access 124–5, 144–5, 153–6, 160–1; racial inequalities challenged 125–6, 160; tax subsides and infrastructure programs 127–8, 157–8 transportation research: catalytic forecasting 6, 112, 115, 154; demand forecasting 107–11, 112–13 Uber 71, 85, 101, 132–3 urban core: changing viability 24, 68; ownership and identity 15–17; transit accessibility 40, 41 urban planning: freeways, undemocratic development 26–9; housing policy, post-war discriminations 19–25; postwar policy-making 19; submerged migration 18; transit solutions, design challenges 144–7 urban renewal: freeways and community disruption 26–9, 28, 94, 129; gentrification and demographic shifts 24–5, 30–3; housing and racial inequalities 12–15, 18–19, 23–4, 49–53, 71–8, 87–94 Urban League 149 Veteran Housing Adminstration 21 Vuchic, Vukan 147 Walker, Jarrett 37–8, 110, 153 Washington, Harold (former Mayor of Chicago) 97 Weaver, Robert 20–1 Weil, Kurt 20 Weisbrod, Glen 157 Weitz, Rose 108, 141 Whaley, Monte 158 White, Rosemary (resident) 59–63, 60 Wideman, John Edgar 15, 19 Wiggins, Ovetta 161 Wilkerson, Isabel 33 Williams, Douglas (resident) 94–6 Wilson, William Julius 30, 149 Zipp, Samuel 23, 24 Zhang 24 ... Lost in the Transit Desert Race, Transit Access and Suburban Form Diane Jones Allen University Spatial Development and Urban Transformation in China Cui Liu The Virtual and the Real in Planning... meeting the demand for transit by the new residents; making the areas less suburban in form by increasing walkability through adding Introduction sidewalks and in ll development; increasing the. .. Acknowledgments ix xi xv Introduction 1 Theorizing the origin of and defining Transit Deserts Transit Desert case studies 45 Forecasting for the desert 107 Solutions for traveling in the desert 123 Conclusion