Achieving sustainable e government in pacific island states (public administration and information technology)

Public Administration and Information Technology 27 Rowena Cullen Graham Hassall Editors Achieving Sustainable E-Government in Pacific Island States Public Administration and Information Technology Volume 27 Series editor Christopher G Reddick, San Antonio, TX, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10796 Rowena Cullen Graham Hassall • Editors Achieving Sustainable E-Government in Pacific Island States 123 Editors Rowena Cullen School of Government Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand Graham Hassall School of Government Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand Public Administration and Information Technology ISBN 978-3-319-50970-9 ISBN 978-3-319-50972-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50972-3 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016960724 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword I am delighted to be invited to write a Foreword to this very timely volume which is about a subject of considerable importance to the small island states of the Pacific E-government, the application of information and communications technologies in the public sector in Pacific Island countries, has the potential to make a major contribution to their developing economies and to link our small countries to the global knowledge economy As the Pacific Regional Digital Strategy of 2010 noted, information and communications technologies (ICTs) are ‘universally acknowledged as powerful tools for development essential to social development and economic growth.’ They are also ‘critical to the development of good governance [and] vital for sustainable development.’ In the Pacific, we face many challenges including lack of economy of scale, lack of resources, tyranny of distance, lack of capacity and expertise, poor connectivity, expensive and centralized services, to name a few This book demonstrates that ICT is a key enabling and transformational tool essential to addressing these challenges Due to the lack of resources, there are competing interests when allocating these Do we use resources to build roads, climate proof schools or promote e-government? For this reason, the knowledge and insights presented in the volume are important to us as Pacific leaders The book gives us an overview of what has been achieved to date, and reminds us of the important role of leadership and good public policy in bringing technological change into our countries, in seeing policy through to implementation, and ensuring that such change is sustainable, and leads to good governance So it is valuable to read of some of the exciting initiatives that have been taking place in both our regional organizations, and in individual countries and the real gains that have come from them It is even more valuable to have them all brought together in one place, and to be able to get such a comprehensive overview of e-government in Pacific Island countries and the benefits it brings In fact this book localizes e-government, making it more e-government for SIDs In addition, the book offers some valuable analysis of what works and doesn’t work, and what makes for sustainable change, applying relevant theoretical approaches to help us see the bigger picture v vi Foreword Most Pacific countries consist of widely dispersed islands that are poorly served by airline and shipping services The poor transportation services are further compounded by lack of connectivity in these outer islands The connectivity options which are discussed in the book, especially the provision of services using mobile phones, afford the most promising solution to mitigate the lack of accessible services in these remote communities Government services that can be provided on a mobile phone, mobile and online banking promoting financial inclusion that can enable government officials and customers to manage their financial affairs online, online tutorials that can supplement the lack of teachers, e-health systems that can improve health services, and early warning systems that can provide life saving information; are all part of a range of e-government services that can be provided to the comfort of your beautiful Fale in your remote island But these services can only be provided through better and more affordable connectivity, both internationally and domestically Since 2010 we have made great progress We are building infrastructure and capacity, and learning how to make the most of these new technologies for growth and prosperity Despite the small size of Pacific countries, collaborations with development partners, reductions in technology costs and increased demand for capacity have made it possible to improve levels of connectivity through the use of fibre optic cables and satellites to reduce the isolation of remote communities Who would have believed that countries with about 100,000 people could justify connecting up using these technologies But more than 70% of Pacific SIDs are either connected or in the process of connecting up via fibre optic cables With increased affordability, communication services are more accessible and are making the lives of our people better and providing access to global knowledge and global partnerships E-government applications, such as e-procurement, e-business registration, and information portals, are starting to transform our governments, making them more efficient, relevant and accountable to citizens The use of new communications technologies such as the world wide web, mobile technology and social media is enabling Pacific governments to reach more citizens and helping them become more informed and aware about the roles and responsibilities of government and citizens At the same time I am very proud of the achievements of our regional organizations in leading e-government in the region—the Pacific Islands Forum, the University of the South Pacific, the establishment of Japan Pacific ICT Centre at USP and development of new ICT programmes, and the Pacific Community (SPC) The role of the Forum in setting regional policy and assisting member countries to develop good cross-cutting policy and practice, and the role of the SPC with its focus on scientific and technical expertise, its regional databases and support for national e-government initiatives are rightfully acknowledged by the authors Indeed, the fact that Pacific Leaders in 2015 identified ICT as a regional priority is a testimony to the regional organizations’ recognition and advocacy of the key role of ICT in development From my personal experience in ICT in both Tonga and at the SPC, I have learned what it takes to ensure that projects succeed and are sustainable E-government is a critical issue for us and we need to exploit the opportunities it presents but be mindful that we not have the resources to become a testing Foreword vii ground for ideas or ambitious agendas We need national champions to drive its implementation but we still need to build carefully, reflecting on what works within our own cultures and meets our particular needs, selecting carefully from the opportunities that present themselves, building capacity and learning from our own as well as others’ experience The editors, Graham Hassall and Rowena Cullen, have done an excellent job in ensuring that so many perspectives on e-government have been covered, from global and regional policy, to infrastructural and regulatory issues, to key government sectors that have been transformed by ICTs The book’s emphasis on having the right legislative and policy framework and the importance of educating the lawmakers and policy makers is crucial as Pacific leaders can’t, or shouldn't, regulate what they don’t understand The authors have integrated their extensive knowledge and experience of governance, their insight and knowledge of the region, to ensure that issues are considered within the Pacific context The book also identifies many of the factors that that are important for successful and sustainable e-government, and the importance of local ownership There is no silver bullet to a successful e-government programme Each Pacific country should identify where it is in developing e-government, focus on its priorities, then develop its own e-government roadmap that can include legislative review to enable e-government services, establishing an independent regulator, ICT capacity building, defining data architecture, improving international and local connectivity, using ICT for climate change and disaster risk reduction, or implementing e-procurement I hope that politicians, policy makers, administrators, technical advisors and development partners will all read this book; I am sure all will learn something of value Let’s celebrate these successes while we take note of the challenges we face as small isolated island nations, and the magnitude of the task that lies ahead We are ready for it, and we embrace it—we have come a long way, but ahead lies an even more exciting e-Pacific Island country journey Malo ‘aupito Hon Siaosi ‘Ofakivahafolau Sovaleni Deputy Prime Minister of Tonga and Minister for Meteorological Services, Energy, Information, Disaster Risk Management Environment, Climate Change, and Communication (MEIDEC) Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the many individuals and organizations who have contributed to this research in some way We are grateful for research funding support from the Victoria University of Wellington University Research Fund, the Victoria University School of Government, and Digicel Papua New Guinea Thanks also are due to our research assistants, Poto Aiafi and Bertrand Guyander who worked on the project at various times, to Megan Clark of the Philson Medical Library at the University of Auckland, and especially to our editor Vic Lipski, whose careful work and expertise have contributed in great measure to the quality and consistency of the text We would like to express our gratitude to all our colleagues at Victoria University and elsewhere in New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific for reviewing chapters: Arthur Jorari, Ioana Chan Mow, Keith Davidson, Emele Duituturaga, Vince Galvin, Gerald Haberkorn, Lenore Hamilton, Maureen Hilyard, Karl Lofgren, Frank March, Jessica Noske Turner, Geoff Rashbrooke, Simone Sala, Ellen Strickland, Salanieta Tamanikaiwaimaro, Janet Toland, Amanda Watson, and Ruby Va’a We would also like to thank our co-authors who have brought their considerable experience and knowledge of the Pacific Islands to this project, and Siaosi Sovaleni for his Foreword Finally, we would like to thank the large number of people who gave generously of their time and insights in our many visits to the Pacific Islands, and who understood the importance of getting this story told Warm Pacific greetings and thanks to: Charles Ah Poe, Tuiamalo Ah Sam, Taniela Aiafi, Ronnie Aiolupotea, Cheryl Ala, N Sadiq Ali, Iluminado Aloaina, Ronald Amigo, Winifred Kula Amini, Anthea Arnhambat, Howard Aru, Paul Asitewa, Audrey Aumua, Josephine Baig, Paul Barker, Jacquie Berrell, Ron Box, David Braun, Derek Brian, Manu Bobola, Alifereti Bulivou, Brett Collett, Marion Crawshaw, Douglas Creevey, Donnie De Freitas, Phoebe Dengate Thrush, Simon Donald, Nial Downey, Bredina Drollet, Lynlee Earles, Sam Era, Mana Etches, Richard Falvey, Peter Forau, Derek French, ix x Acknowledgements Tau Geno-Hoire, Hon Nandi Glassie, Mary Harris, Kelly Haines-Sutherland, Lenore Hamilton, Hugo Hebala, Douveri Henao, Bernie Hill, Tepua Hunter, Margaret Inifiri, Elizabeth Iro, Kari James, Stuart Jones, Arthur Jorari, Lawrence Kalino, Julius Kane, Kevin Hwasihao, Kamrooz Khademazad, Narith Khamla, Cheryl King, Peniana Lalabalavu, Jeffrey Tila Langata, Tomas Lamanauskas, Tupaimatuna Iulai Lavea, Aiono Fanaafi Le Tagaloa, Julienne Leka-Maliaki, Brian Lenga, Brian Louey-Gung, Marke Lowen, Joe McCarter, Dan McGarry, Darren McLean, Sammie Maeasi, Moffett Maenao, David Main, Papalii Malietau Malietoa, Anju Mangal, Anna Marikawa, Ellasalah Matatier, Roana Mataitini, Kyle Matheson, Robert Matheson, Leasiolagi Malama Meleisea, Dennis Meone, Sina Meredith, Samson Metofa, Jackson Miake, Ane Moananu, Adolfo Montenegro, Emmanuel Narokobi, Khamla Narith, Louise Nasak, Ann Naupa, Richard Neves, Jimmy Nipo, John Nirua, Rodel Nodora, Kora Nou, Ezekiel Nukuro, Roy Obed, Une O’Ome, Hinauri Petana, Charles and Barbara Pierce, Ivan Pomelau, Sascha Piggott, Aaron Pitqaue, Ian Rakafia, Georgina Roberts, Gregory Rofeta, Seyha Ros, Anthony Saaga, Paul Sai’i, Manu Samoa, Fred Samuel, Nicole Sarkis, Sir Bruce and Lady Keithie Saunders, Emma Scadeng, Cheryl Scott, John Secker, Gary Seddon, David Sheppard, Andrew Simpson, Christian Slaven, Rara Soro, Siaosi Sovaleni, Terence Sua, Peter Swain, Epeli Tagi, Taggy Tangimetua, Laeimau Oketevi Tanuvasa-Savea, Len Tarivonda, George Tasso, Ambong Thompson, Ian Thomson, Gibson Tito, Simon Tiwok, Sylvain Todman, Llewellyn Toulman, Ronald Tomausi, Sir Andrew Trawen, William Tuivaga, Beau Tydd, Lasse Vestergaard, Josiah Vira, Ione Viji, Save Vocea, Korai Vurobaravu, Johnson Wabaiat, Jeremy Watson, Thomas Webster, Shadrach Welegtabit, Ashley Wickham, Charles Yala, and Henry Yamo Wellington, October 2016 Rowena Cullen Graham Hassall 406 R Cullen and G Hassall championship to ensure success The constraints Heeks identifies (poor change management, lack of overall vision and strategy, dominance of self-interest) can be seen in examples throughout the volume 14.5.2 Information Ecology These factors are part of what Heeks describes as an ICT4D 2.0 ecosystem, which he defines as the combination of organizations, policies, culture, technologies and resources which must all come together for ICT to have a transformational effect As we have seen in many examples in preceding chapters, this does not necessarily mean that the organization which is the agent of change must be a government agency—it can also be an inter-government agency, an NGO or even a civil society organization (CSO) In the Pacific Islands region, intergovernmental organizations such as the Pacific Community (SPC) have played the role of change agent many times and can take credit for some significant e-government applications, which have been of real value in government decision-making A good example is the Pacific Risk Information System (PacRIS) developed by SOPAC (now the SPC Geoscience Division), the SPC’s Pacific Regional Data Repository for Sustainable Energy for All (http://prdrse4all.spc.int) or the Pacific Regional Environment Programme’s knowledge bases and online networks (such as the Regional Technical Support Mechanism (RTSM) at: http://rtsm.pacificclimatechange.net) These may look a little different from what are normally thought of as e-government applications in industrialized countries but they provide data and expert knowledge for policy and planning in all PICs and are no less transformative In Chap we identified Heeks ‘eco-sytem’ as being closely related to the information ecology construct (Bekkers and Homberg 2005; Davenport and Prusack 1997) Applying this construct to e-government in the Pacific islands has been very helpful It allows us to unpack and take into account complex patterns of governance (not just traditional Pacific forms working alongside a more recently adopted parliamentary system and civil service as outlined in Chap 1), but also the public governance model (and reform agenda) underpinning interventions of the United Nations and its agencies, as well as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund These institutions have only in the past decade recognized that financial reforms, for example, can proceed only at a pace that a small developing country can handle (see Chap 6); and they still persist in recommending decentralization despite the clear benefits for most PICs of a centralized financial and HR system Understanding the different agendas, values, and preferred management styles of a large number of stakeholders, all of whom have legitimate interests in policy or project development, or both, helps avoid a focus on ICT applications, and especially on internet-based applications separately from the business process they are 14 E-Government for Development in Pacific Island States … 407 intended to implement and the policy framework that the business process is intended to address Redesigning business process, as Bekkers and Homberg note, is a political process that changes roles and relationships “The introduction of ICT in public administration is a social intervention in a policy network, which influences the position, interests, values and (information) domains of the actors involved… it is not a neutral intervention but a political one” (Bekkers and Homberg 2005, p 9) The impact of e-government on each country’s and each agency’s information ecology is evidenced in many chapters in this volume, and nowhere more than in Chap which examines ICT and parliamentary process 14.5.3 Complexity Theory These two related sets of theory have helped legitimize the cultural, policy and technology context of e-government in Pacific SIDs, and enabled us to view the constraints that PICs face when introducing e-government innovations as no different from constraints faced in the implementation of any information system They are simply part of what is a multi-faceted and complex process This a view shared by Everest-Phillips who argues that the issues faced by the public services of SIDs due to their ‘smallness’ or ‘islandness’ are “no different, or different but no less complex than in other contexts” (Everest-Phillips 2014, p4) Moreover, he argues, the solutions proposed must reflect complex adaptive thinking that works “by making small changes, observing the results, and then adjusting” (Ramalingam 2013, cited by Everest-Phillips 2014) While this might appear contrary to the traditional approach to large development projects of planning and tracking milestones, he claims it enables development partners to avoid normative solutions in the face of accelerating change and complexity More radically, it is suggested, it might even be necessary to abandon the neo-Weberian civil service principles of de-politicization, neutrality, professionalism, continuity and anonymity, which may actually be impossible in the small interconnected societies of SIDs where “formal institutions co-exist with informal networks and… public and private realms of administrative behavior remain intertwined” (p 17) This approach to thinking in the public administration/development sector recognizes that the challenges PICs and other SIDS face in terms of the ‘diseconomies of scale’, ‘patronage politics’, top heavy political systems, capacity constraints and blurred lines between politics and policy might be better served by a more agile, responsive, individualistic policy response and a unique form of Pacific leadership We conclude by summarizing what has been learned in the preceding chapters about the policy processes in PICs and whether they can rise to this challenge 408 14.6 R Cullen and G Hassall Applying a Policy Framework Analysis Contemporary thinking about effective policy planning and implementation focuses on a “policy cycle” approach which, while not intended to be prescriptive, does expect a degree of sequencing through the stages of agenda setting, policy formulation, policy implementation, and policy evaluation Setting the agenda for e-government policy requires extensive consultation with stake-holders within government and beyond it, on such matters as choice of internet “backbone” (such as cable, satellite, and Wi-Fi), computer hardware and software, and to identify the information needs for which these technologies are the proposed solution The government then develops policy options that determine, for example, whether ICT investments will be owned by government, by the private sector, or by a “public-private partnership” Necessary legal reforms will also be scoped, drafted, and forwarded to the legislature The third policy phase, implementation, the most visible of all and possibly the most challenging, involves the installation of infrastructure and the deployment of software The effectiveness of this implementation is subsequently evaluated periodically to assess the benefits and provide a basis for necessary adjustments Ideally, these policy processes should apply across government departments and institutions Following an agreed model of policy development creates a sense of direction, purpose and shared timeframes, and allows for training, development and deployment, as well as ongoing budgetary allocation In practice, however, not all ICT policy process in PICs has followed such a pathway Draft policies may be shelved while specific projects offered by development partners are installed; hardware may be procured before stakeholder needs have been assessed; and individual agencies may cooperate with project roll-out with varying levels of intensity and commitment The final phase in the policy cycle, monitoring and evaluation is sometimes omitted, or else undertaken with little public awareness Moreover, as noted above, the timeframes of policy-making tend to be shorter in Pacific Island countries (Roberts Aiafi 2016) and, as we have noted throughout the volume, are often driven by international agendas that not take local needs and context sufficiently into account In addition, the processes for aligning policy with budgetary allocation is weak The findings in this study confirm the findings of Roberts Aiafi (pp 1–11) that policy processes in PICs have tended to be top down, shaped by political and external interests, lack connectedness to society and social needs, and may be driven by ideology or incompatible social constructions This approach to development is not uncommon However, there are encouraging signs in many examples presented in the volume that this is changing, and evidence that when e-government solutions are built from the bottom up, meet needs, have clear leadership and value, they are financially and culturally sustainable Policy processes in PICs, and all stakeholders be they Pacific governments or development partners, therefore, need to ensure that policy reflects “participation, partnership, ownership, understanding and learning” (Roberts Aiafi 2016, p ii) This might indeed look more like the agile, responsive, individualistic policy process and 14 E-Government for Development in Pacific Island States … 409 unique Pacific leadership advocated above, adjusting what works for development partners to what works in the Pacific 14.7 Conclusion The major prerequisites for e-government in Pacific island countries have been put in place in recent decades: connection to the internet and mobile technologies; essential legislation; regulatory institutions; and networked information systems for such core activities as payroll, tax, customs, and civil registry The challenge in the years immediately ahead will be to extend these capabilities to other government departments, to extend the range of services that these departments deliver to the public and to establish the sustainability of this new level of government operations Associated challenges include: the creation of a more agile and ‘indigenous’ policy process (Roberts Aiafi 2016) that helps to balance public policy process and traditional forms of governance; setting priorities based on short and long term needs; identifying solutions that maximize the use of available and affordable technologies, especially those that enhance capacity and generate economic growth to ensure their ongoing viability; selecting innovations that are both sustainable and bring maximum value to the local economy and social well-being; making more government information “open” to the public and establishing ways of receiving and dealing with feedback in order to develop policy discourse as part of local culture and local politics; and finally, learning from past successes and failures, to ensure scarce resources are directed in the most effective way Meeting these challenges requires strong political and technical leadership and long-term commitment at national and regional level Pacific island countries need to take a government-wide approach, with central political leadership (such as through the office of the prime minister) and a centralized approach to e-government implementation We see a National ICT/e-government committee as essential to provide the necessary policy expertise and technical knowledge to ensure the involvement of all departments and agencies and successful implementation of e-government in all sectors This is also essential for knowledge sharing, both nationally and regionally, building on successful initiatives and learning from those which are less successful Regional organizations (e.g PIF, PFTAC, SPC and others) need to focus attention on how best to translate well-conceived regional policies into national action plans that reflect local realities, and which can in turn feed implementation experience back into regional policies Regional organizations and international development partners need to continue evolving their recent shift towards in-country program leadership, and participate with PICs in developing a more agile and pragmatic policy process that reflects identified needs, behaviors and values, and mandates the link between policy, planning and budgeting, to ensure new e-government initiatives have ongoing funding to support hardware, software and the necessary skills and training 410 R Cullen and G Hassall Many examples in this volume help identify these factors; there are many others where they can be shown to be lacking, and where the outcomes are less positive Reflecting local context and local values, ensuring sustainability, and seeking out and nurturing strong leadership will result in e-government becoming a powerful force for economic and social development in Pacific island countries The challenges they face in maximizing the benefits of e-government may seem different, largely because of the scarcity of resources and capacity, but they are no less complex than in most industrialised countries, and the benefits may be even more transformational Heeding the lessons from this study may not only help other countries in their development journey, but also development partners seeking to maximise the use of ICTs to make government in the Pacific Island states more efficient, inclusive and accountable and enhance good governance References Bekkers V, Homberg V (2005) The information ecology of e-government: e-government as institutional and technological innovation in public administration IOS Press, Amsterdam Bridgman P, Davis G (1998) Aust Policy Handb Allen & Unwin, Sydney Bridgman P, Davis G (2003) What use is a policy cycle? Plenty, if the aim is clear Aust J Public Adm 62(3):98–102 Cullen R, Hassall G (2016a) E-Government in the Pacific Island states: ICT policy and implementation in small island developing states: Cook Islands country report Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington http://pippr.victoria.ac.nz/handle/123456789/33 Cullen R, Chan Mow I, Hassall G (2106b) E-Government in the Pacific Island states: ICT policy and implementation in small island developing states: Samoa country report Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington http://pippr.victoria.ac.nz/handle/123456789/31 Cullen R, Hassall G (2106c) E-Government in the Pacific Island states: ICT policy and implementation in small island developing states: Vanuatu country report Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington http://pippr.victoria.ac.nz/handle/123456789/30 Cullen R, Hassall G (2106d) E-Government in the Pacific Island states: ICT policy and implementation in small island developing states: Solomon Islands country report Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington http://pippr.victoria.ac.nz/handle/123456789/35 Accessed 17 Mar 2016 Davenport TH, Prusak L (1997) Information ecology Oxford University Press, Oxford E-government benefits study (2003) Canberra: national office for the information economy Available at: https://www.finance.gov.au/agimo-archive/ data/assets/file/0012/16032/ benefits.pdf Accessed Oct 2016 Everest-Phillips M (2014) Small, so simple? Complexity in small island developing states Singapore: UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence Available at: http://www.undp org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/capacity-building/global-centre-for-public-serviceexcellence/complexity-small-islands.html Downloaded Oct 2016 Gupta MP, Jana D (2003) E-government evaluation: a framework and case study Gov Inf Q 20 (4):365–387 Heeks R (2009) The ICT4D 2.0 manifesto: where next for ICTs and international development? Development Informatics Working paper series Manchester: Development Informatics Group, Institute for Development Policy and Management 14 E-Government for Development in Pacific Island States … 411 Kertesz S (2003) Cost-benefit analysis of e-government investments Cambridge, Mass: Kennedy School of Government Harvard University http://www.edemocratie.ro/publicatii/Cost-Benefit pdf Accessed Oct 2016 Lee YB (2014) E-government for Promoting Sustainable Development in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Background Paper for the Special Event of the 69th Session of the United Nations General Assembly Second Committee New York: United Nations Available at: http:// workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/UNPAN93784.pdf Accessed Oct 2016 Roberts Aiafi P (2016) Public policy processes in the Pacific islands: A study of policy initiation, formulation and implementation in Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, Samoa and regional inter-governmental organisations PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 2016 Index A Accountability, 15, 34, 38, 133, 142, 144, 145, 147, 149, 151, 152, 155, 157, 159, 163, 172, 175, 199, 232, 292, 307, 308, 313, 316, 332, 333, 361, 362, 368, 375, 381, 387, 391 Acts, parliamentary, 174, 175, 184, 193 ADB, see Asian Development Bank African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP), 59 Agriculture, 4, 8, 10, 11, 21, 48, 76, 83, 200, 215, 228, 235–245, 247, 249, 250, 262, 275, 282, 286, 291, 294, 319, 368, 369, 392, 395, 396 Aid, 17, 21, 23, 26, 34, 35, 147, 150, 151, 156, 166, 187, 200, 202, 210, 223, 224, 253, 271, 320, 353, 364, 387, 389, 391 Aid dependency, 17 All ACP Agricultural Commodities Programme (AAACP), 240 American Samoa, 5, 81, 114, 321 AMFIE, see Asia-Pacific Ministerial Forum on ICT in Education Aquaculture, 236, 241 Asian Development Bank, 17, 45, 56, 57, 63–66, 70, 71, 75, 83, 148–150, 152, 155, 226, 390 Asia Pacific Telecommunity, 56, 57, 62 Asia-Pacific Ministerial Forum on ICT in Education, 333, 338, 350, 351 Audio, 109, 177, 200, 246, 251, 347 Australia, 5, 9, 11, 17, 57, 58, 64, 66, 67, 71, 82, 90, 99, 102, 104, 109, 114, 144, 145, 150, 152, 159, 161, 174, 187, 188, 193, 195, 202, 209, 215, 216, 237, 240, 276, 305, 306, 321, 325, 335, 344, 395, 396 B BAG, see Brisbane Accord Group Barbados Program of Action, 48, 58 Bills, parliamentary, 174, 184, 188, 377 Biodiversity, 49, 236, 239, 266 Biometric voter registration, 189, 190 Biosecurity, 239, 240, 246, 247 Bitikawa declaration (and others), 189 Blog, 249, 366, 371, 378, 379 Blogger, 366, 367, 378 Border control, 144, 159–162, 220, 391, 397, 398 Brisbane Accord Group, 213, 229, 315 Broadcasting, 40, 41, 43, 44, 68, 246, 289, 343, 344, 351 Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-Operation, 34, 361 BVR system, see Biometric voter registration C Capacity, 4, 10–12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 29, 33, 40, 42, 44, 49, 50, 55, 56, 60, 70–76, 81, 84, 85, 95, 98, 108, 119, 120, 122, 133, 144, 147, 148, 151–154, 157, 158, 163–165, 173, 174, 187, 207–209, 211, 212, 216, 218–221, 224–228, 230, 231, 237, 244, 255, 262, 266, 271–273, 280–283, 285, 287, 291, 302, 309, 310, 312, 313, 321, 326, 327, 332, 336, 337, 339, 341, 343, 346, 351–353, 365, 372, 376, 377, 386, 389–391, 394, 397, 399, 401, 403, 404 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 R Cullen and G Hassall (eds.), Achieving Sustainable E-Government in Pacific Island States, Public Administration and Information Technology 27, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50972-3 413 414 Capacity building, 13, 21, 35, 37, 41–43, 55, 56, 60, 71–73, 78, 107, 141, 142, 148, 153, 164, 165, 207, 212, 225, 227, 237, 244, 255, 326, 333, 337, 339, 347, 350, 376, 390, 391, 394–397 Cash crops, 131, 237, 270 C4D, see Communication for development CD-ROM, 343, 351, 355 Census, 8, 213, 215, 220, 221, 226, 230, 242, 243, 307, 314, 341 CERT, see computer emergency response team Cisco, 343, 351 Citizen engagement, 15, 359, 365, 382, 394 Civic engagement, 175 Civil registration and vital statistics, 209, 213, 229, 304, 315, 316, 399 Civil society, 4, 28, 34, 37, 38, 173, 191, 203, 359–361, 363, 366, 371, 372, 374–376, 380, 382, 394 Civil society organization, 360, 361, 375, 382, 394, 400 Classrooms without walls, 342, 344, 346 Climate change, 4, 9, 15, 35, 43, 44, 48, 58, 63, 66, 75, 76, 223, 231, 236, 239, 240, 244, 252, 253, 255, 256, 266–278, 280, 282–284, 286, 296, 338, 364, 369, 370, 392 Clinical decision support system, 311, 322, 393 Colonial powers, 172, 192, 202, 306, 335 Commonwealth of Learning (COL), 333, 338, 342, 344–347 Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA), 185, 186 Communication for development, 360, 361, 394 Community informatics, 361 Competition, 10, 44, 45, 60, 76, 79, 80, 89–91, 93, 94, 96, 103, 119, 121, 229, 257, 289, 292, 374, 390 Computer emergency response team, 35, 102 Computer incidence response team (CIRT), 102 Computer science, 342 Connectivity, 10, 11, 37, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 51, 64, 73, 76, 81, 82, 91, 94, 98, 103, 108, 110, 111, 190, 220, 245, 291–293, 295, 311, 312, 322, 336, 344, 349, 351, 362, 363, 374, 386 Conservation, 70, 201, 236, 241, 286, 370 Constitution, 172, 173, 176, 192, 193, 367, 381 Consumer protection, 76, 89, 102, 390 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 35, 214 Index Convention on the Rights of a Child (CRC), 35, 214, 399 Cook Islands, 5, 60, 78, 91, 121, 156, 162, 174, 176, 183, 187, 197, 198, 212, 216, 220, 222, 223, 227, 230, 246, 274, 283, 287, 288, 311, 312, 317, 338, 341, 364, 368, 369, 376 Corruption, 14, 15, 20, 134, 141–145, 147–149, 152, 157, 163, 166, 172, 189, 190, 305, 367, 378–380, 391 Cost-based pricing, 94 Council of Regional Organizations of the Pacific, 56–59, 63, 67–69, 75 Country ownership, 145, 155, 164, 165, 167, 387 Courts, 171, 177, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 254 Courts system, 192 CROP, see Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific Crops, 7, 237, 238, 244, 248, 270, 275, 281, 286, 290, 295, 304 CRVS, see civil registration and vital statistics CSO, see civil society organization Curriculum, 62, 334, 338, 341, 342, 349, 351, 355, 393 Curriculum development, 338, 342, 351, 352, 354 Custom land, see customary land Custom law, see customary law Customary land, 8, 192, 197, 223, 254, 287, 374 Customary law, 8, 192, 193 Cyber crime, 41, 60, 61, 367 Cybersecurity, 43, 47, 73, 89, 90, 93, 390 D Deep Sea Minerals Project, 245 Democracy, 4, 15, 21, 172, 173, 175, 177, 185, 189, 190, 193, 202, 203, 232, 361, 367, 377, 378, 381 Democracy, three pillars of, 172 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 213, 314 Development aid, 17, 28, 144, 303, 305 Development partner, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 17, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 34, 45, 55, 57, 72, 143–145, 147, 149–151, 156, 164, 166, 167, 171, 202, 209, 210, 212, 213, 217–219, 225–229, 231, 232, 240, 241, 261, 271, 282, 286, 288, 296, 303, 312, 316, 387, 389, 391–393, 397, 401–404 DHIS2, 312, 317 Digital services, 122 Index Disaster management, 4, 15, 44, 224, 266, 268, 270, 271, 273, 282, 290, 292, 346, 369, 395 Disaster risk reduction, 48, 61, 125, 128, 266, 268, 270, 271, 273–277, 282, 289–292, 294, 296 Distance and flexible learning, see Distance learning Distance learning, 11, 61, 69, 334, 336, 342, 347, 354 DRR, see disaster risk reduction E E-commerce, 70, 72, 124 Economic activity, 80, 129 Economic assets, 268 Economic consequences, 268 Economic development, 9, 11, 17, 20, 45, 49, 58, 70, 90, 129, 135, 144, 167, 215, 216, 238, 261, 262, 269, 287, 332, 334, 364, 390, 398 Economics, 12, 147 Economic value, 197, 238, 288 Economies, 7, 9, 10, 16, 19, 29, 38, 64, 68, 70, 76, 97, 98, 107, 129, 130, 143, 147, 153, 158, 166, 167, 208, 216, 228, 231, 238, 288, 355, 376 E-consultation, 15, 361 ECOSOC, 209–211 Eco-system, 23, 25, 26, 34, 64, 239, 241, 255, 256, 259, 260, 262, 267, 287, 289, 302, 392, 400 E-democracy, 43, 202, 203, 359, 361, 363, 368, 380, 394 Education management information system, 215, 333, 339, 341, 351, 353, 393, 395 EEZ, see Extended Economic Zone EGDI, see E-Government Development Index eGov4Dev, see e-government for development E-governance, 14, 15, 44, 282, 292, 294, 333, 362 E-government, 4, 5, 10–12, 14–23, 25–29, 34–36, 38, 41–44, 46–48, 50–52, 56, 57, 60, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 74–76, 78–85, 90, 91, 93, 97, 99–103, 115, 120, 124, 135, 143, 145, 160, 165, 167, 203, 230, 236–238, 240, 241, 256, 258, 302, 303, 316, 326, 331, 332, 351, 355, 361, 364, 371, 374–376, 382, 386–391, 393–395, 397–404 E-government, definitions, 11, 13, 14, 332 E-Government Development Index, 19, 388 E-government for development, 14, 23, 25, 27, 391, 398 415 E-government policy, 34, 35, 387–389, 398 E-government readiness, 12, 20 E-government, sustainable, 12, 250, 261, 262, 386, 388, 392, 398 E-government transformation, 23, 232 E-health, 72, 124, 327, 393, 396 EHR, see electronic health record E-learning, 303, 318, 327, 344, 346, 347, 349, 351 Electoral systems, 16, 177, 190 Electronic health record, 317, 322 Emerging technologies, 225, 289 EMR, see electronic health record Environment, 4, 5, 9, 14, 22, 23, 26–28, 37, 42, 43, 47–50, 57, 58, 67–70, 75, 76, 81, 82, 96, 121, 143, 153, 158, 163, 165, 184, 190, 198, 200, 211, 215, 228, 237, 239, 245, 246, 253, 258, 259, 267, 268, 271, 273, 280, 284, 286–289, 293, 294, 303, 305, 310, 319, 320, 325, 332, 349, 360, 361, 375, 377, 386, 387, 395 E-participation, 15, 18, 47, 124, 361, 366, 394 EpiNet, 314 E-public service, 43, 359, 368 ESCAP, 27, 61, 147, 283 E-service, 124, 388 Exports, 8, 10, 160, 161, 216, 237, 242, 252, 261, 288 Extended Economic Zone, 245, 256–258, 260 Extractive industries, 9, 17, 372 F Facebook, 129, 248, 249, 251, 365–373, 377, 379–381 FAIDP, see Framework etc FAO, 17, 198, 240, 243, 250, 253–255, 276 Federated States of Micronesia, 5, 37, 39, 81, 176, 183, 200, 212, 222, 275, 321, 364 FEMM, see Forum Economic Ministers’ Meeting Fiji, 5, 11, 15, 37, 40, 41, 47, 57, 59, 62, 68, 78, 79, 81, 83, 91, 103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 114, 121, 133, 147, 151, 161, 176, 185–187, 189, 197, 212, 227, 228, 230, 242, 244, 246–248, 253, 254, 262, 268, 271, 275, 282, 283, 307, 308, 310, 311, 317, 322, 325, 334–337, 341, 342, 344, 350, 352, 360, 364, 367, 369 Financial data, 142, 158, 160, 221, 341 Financial management Information system, 151–153, 156–158, 163, 165, 166, 221, 262, 391, 396 Financial management system, 145, 388 416 Financial planning, 307, 308 Fisheries, 4, 17, 57, 58, 63, 67, 75, 83, 215, 228, 235–239, 241, 243, 256–262, 275, 294, 369, 392 Fisheries information management system, 235, 238, 239, 256–260, 392 Fisheries Zone, see Extended Economic Zone FLOSS4Edu, 346, 347 FMIS, see Financial management information system Food security, 49, 236–239, 244, 247, 286, 291 Forestry, 4, 8, 17, 197, 215, 235–244, 252–254, 262, 278, 282, 294, 392 Forum Economic Ministers’ Meeting, 142, 144, 145, 150, 166 Forum Fisheries Agency, 256–259, 392 Framework for Action on ICT Development in the Pacific (FAIDP), 336 Framework for Pacific Regionalism, 57, 75, 172, 217, 239, 272, 396 Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific, 265 France, 5, 17, 58, 67, 114, 213, 306 Freedom of expression, 172, 366, 379, 381 French Polynesia, 5, 77, 79, 81, 176 G G2B, 14, 364 G2C, 14, 364 G2G, 13, 364 G2G, G2B, G2C, 386 GDP, 10, 105, 106, 129, 214, 215, 236, 237, 243, 249, 270, 306 Geographical information system, 197 Geographic positioning system, 223, 254, 260 GeoNode, 223, 224, 245 GeoSciences Division, 395, 400 Geospatial technologies, 220, 222, 312 GIS, see Geographical information system Global warming, 285 Governance, 3, 7, 8, 12, 14–16, 23, 28, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42, 44, 47, 57, 62, 63, 72, 74, 76, 85, 134, 141, 142, 144, 146, 148, 149, 153, 163, 165, 167, 172, 173, 175, 189, 190, 193, 201–203, 207, 218, 231, 239, 245, 266, 271–277, 285, 287, 292–294, 296, 331, 333, 355, 360–363, 365, 370, 372, 375, 382, 385, 386, 388, 389, 392, 394, 396, 400, 403, 404 Governance, traditional [forms of], 20, 360 Government archives, 199, 200 Government record-keeping, 171, 172, 199, 201 Government statistician, 210, 220 Index GPS, see Geographic positioning system [check] Guam, 5, 8, 77, 79–82, 114, 176, 321 H Hansard, 174, 176–178, 180, 182, 184, 186–188 Heads of Planning and Heads of Statistics, 217 Health data, 213, 215, 223, 301–303, 306, 309–311, 313–315, 322, 326, 327, 393 Health informatics, 317, 319 Health information system, 240, 302, 306–312, 315, 323, 326, 327, 393 Health IT, 302, 303, 327, 393 Health services, 126, 213, 301–307, 309, 311, 316, 318, 322, 323, 325 Heeks, 4, 23–25, 27, 123, 135, 229, 237, 271, 285, 288, 292, 294, 295, 303, 309, 326, 387, 390, 398–400 HINARI, 251, 319 HOPS, see Heads of Planning and Heads of Statistics Hospital-Based Syndromic (HBAS) systems, 314 Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 213, 222 Household surveys, 209, 213, 215, 243 HR, 153, 154, 157, 159, 166, 196, 215, 216, 221, 226, 307, 308, 339, 340, 393, 396, 400 Human rights, 9, 58, 172, 197, 209, 360, 361, 375, 377, 382 Hyogo Framework for Action, 272–274, 291 I ICANN, see Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICD10, 312, 317–319 ICT4D, 14, 23–25, 51, 62, 123, 124, 136 ICT4D 2.0, 23, 25, 123–125, 128, 136, 229, 271, 284, 285, 294, 295, 387, 390, 398, 400 ICT education, 331–334, 342, 350, 352 ICT4SIDS Partnership, 11 IMF, see International Monetary Fund Informal economy, 129 Information ecology, 3, 22, 23, 25, 29, 167, 385, 386, 391, 395, 399, 400, 401 Information economy, 67, 77 Information society, 19, 35–37, 40, 51, 59, 60, 64, 389 Infrastructure, 4, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 35, 37, 39, 40, 43–45, 47, 49, 51, 56, 57, 62, 66–68, 70–72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 94, 103, 114, 115, 124, 129, 135, 147, 157, 159, 173, 215–217, 219, 220, 223, Index 228, 231, 236, 244, 266, 268, 270, 275, 280, 281, 287, 288, 292, 309, 320, 332, 333, 336–338, 340, 349, 351, 353, 355, 369, 378, 385, 388, 390 Institutional strengthening programs, 21, 165 International Monetary Fund, 142, 216, 308, 391, 400 International Telecommunication Union, 11, 29, 33, 34, 36, 40, 43, 44, 48, 52, 60, 71, 302 International trade, 236 Internet, 13, 14, 24, 34, 35, 39, 46, 62, 63, 67, 72, 102, 109, 120, 122, 134, 186, 202, 245, 332, 347, 363, 375 Internet access, 122, 123, 174, 347 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, 39, 64 Internet governance, 34, 38, 39, 47, 50 Internet Society, Pacific Chapter, see PacInet Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 47, 175, 178, 184, 186 ITU, see International Telecommunications Union J Japan Pacific ICT Centre, 59, 60 JICA, 102, 253 Jurisprudence, 192 Justice information system, 171, 194, 195, 197 Justice sector, 4, 192, 194, 262 K Kiribati, 5, 8, 18, 19, 40, 60, 71, 77, 79, 83, 84, 91, 92, 100, 105, 107, 121, 156, 162, 176, 179, 242, 274, 283, 291, 312, 334, 347, 364, 370, 375 Knowledge sharing, 11, 51, 171, 177, 179, 187, 201–203, 226, 241, 244, 249, 250, 262, 375, 391, 395, 403 L Land data, 203, 238, 253, 254 Land information services, 254 Land information system, 254 Land Resources Division (SPC), 240, 247, 249, 253 Law reports, 192, 193, 195 LDC, see Least Developed Country Leadership, 3, 12, 13, 16, 20, 27–29, 42, 56, 58–60, 69, 76, 141, 153, 404 Least Developed Country, 5, 23 417 legal framework, see legislative framework Legislation, 28, 44, 49, 61, 70, 71, 78, 85, 95, 99, 103, 113, 149, 158, 159, 171, 172, 178, 180, 182, 193, 194, 197, 200, 202, 229, 230, 244, 253, 285, 334, 365, 369, 371, 391, 403 Legislative framework, 164, 245, 249 Legislative process, 171, 182, 183, 203, 391 Licensing, 16, 20, 60, 61, 76, 81, 89, 90, 93, 98, 159, 184, 260, 296, 355, 370, 390 Live-streaming, 177, 188 M Marine resources, 7, 338, 369 Markets, 7, 8, 24, 68, 79, 89, 91, 94–96, 99, 101, 114, 129, 131, 143, 237, 244, 246–249, 256, 258, 259, 261, 321, 390, 399 Marshall Islands, Republic of, 186 Massive Online Open Courses, 354 Maternal deaths, see maternal mortality Maternal mortality, 323 Mauritius strategy, 48 MDGs, see Millenium Development Goals Medtech32, 311, 317 Melanesia, 6, 8, 64, 129, 191, 334, 342 Melanesian, 3, 6, 246, 251, 335, 351, 373 Melanesian Agricultural Information System (MAIS), 251, 252 M-government, 4, 120, 125, 129, 135, 136, 390 M-health, 322, 323, 325–327 Micronesia, 5, 6, 19, 40, 64, 77, 81, 84, 121, 185, 242, 334, 342 Micronesian, 3, 351 Millenium Development Goals, 211 Mineral industries, 244 Mission schools, 335 Mobile banking, 130, 157, 248, 308 Mobile financial services, 125, 130 mobile government, see m-government mobile health, see m-health Mobile network coverage, 119–121, 132 Mobile networks, 130, 311, 390 Mobile phones, 119–122, 124, 125, 127, 129–136, 191, 222, 251, 256, 289, 291, 292, 295, 311, 322, 325, 345 Mobile service providers, 122 Mobile technologies, see mobile technology Mobile technology, 4, 10, 119, 120, 124, 128, 130, 135, 215, 222, 224, 239, 246, 301–303, 322, 325, 327, 352, 355, 390, 393, 399 418 MOOC, see Massive Online Open Course Moodle, 319, 347, 349 Morbidity, 302, 304, 323 Mortality, 213, 268, 302, 304, 313, 315, 323 M-participation, 120, 125, 133 Multiple voting, 190 N National health strategy, 306 National ICT policy, 41, 60, 75, 77, 89, 90, 113, 337, 390 National Minimum Development Indicators, 213, 214, 222, 242 National Statistical Offices (NSOs), 209, 211, 218, 219, 232 National Statistics Development Strategy, 212, 220, 222, 225 National University of Samoa, 133, 342, 343, 352 Natural disasters, 8, 15, 20, 35, 125, 158, 223, 270, 280, 322 Nauru, Republic of, 180 NCDs, see Non-communicable Diseases New Caledonia, 5, 8, 58, 63, 68, 77, 79, 81, 82, 176 New Zealand, 5, 6, 9, 11, 17, 19, 57, 58, 64, 66–68, 71, 82, 90, 102, 114, 144, 145, 159, 161, 162, 174, 187 NGO, see non government organization Niue, 5, 8, 37, 75, 77, 82, 83, 121, 176, 183, 212, 270, 282, 292, 311, 312, 364, 376 NMDI, see National Minimum Development Indicators Non-communicable diseases, 215, 302, 304, 310, 313, 315 Non-communicable diseases, 315 See also Northern Mariana Islands Non government organization, 46, 126, 131, 279 Nouvelle Calédonie, 5, 8, 58, 63, 68, 77, 79, 81, 82, 176 See also New Caledonia NSDS, see National Statistics Development Strategy O ODA, see Official Development Assistance OECD, 17, 34, 35, 47, 113, 143, 148, 164, 224, 305, 389 OER, see Open Education Resources Official statistics, 4, 207–211, 217, 219, 220, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232, 392, 395, 396 Official Development Assistance, xxiii, 17, 18, 21, 28, 164, 303, 306 OLPC, see One laptop per child One laptop per child, 69, 342, 344, 350 Index Open Education Resources, 336, 338, 347, 349, 351, 353, 354 Open government, 46, 47, 76, 375 Open Government Data Project, 47 Open source software, 153, 184, 198, 229, 317, 346, 355 Order papers, 174, 182, 184, 188 P Pacific Agriculture Policy Project (PAPP), 241, 243 Pacific Community (SPC), 58, 145, 177, 208, 236, 239, 243, 259, 392, 400 See also Secretariat of the Pacific Community Pacific CRVS, 315 Pacific Disaster Risk Management Framework for Action, 265, 266, 296, 392 Pacific Environment Information Network (PEIN), 250, 278 Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Centre, 142, 144, 145, 150, 151, 155, 156, 161, 166, 391 Pacific Heads of Planning and Statistics, 313 Pacific ICT Regulatory Resource Centre, 59 Pacific Institute of Public Policy, 373 Pacific Internet Society, 376 Pacific Islands Association of Non-Governmental Organisations, 363, 375 Pacific Islands Forum, 57, 67, 69–71, 75, 84, 141, 142, 144, 171, 187, 189, 202, 214, 217, 218, 239, 256, 258, 259, 363, 376, 391, 396 Pacific Islands Framework for Climate Change Adaptation, 265, 392 Pacific Islands News Association, 363 Pacific Islands Telecommunications Association, 56, 59, 64, 67 Pacific National Sustainable Development Strategy, 11 Pacific Open Learning Health Net, 319 Pacific parliamentary partnerships, 186 Pacific Plan, 57, 69, 71, 85, 214, 217 Pacificpolicy.network, 374 Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network, 314 Pacific Regional Connectivity Program, 11 Pacific Regional Digital Strategy, 74, 85 Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility, 45, 71 Pacific Statistics Steering Committee, 218, 230 Pacific Vital Statistics Action Plan, 213 PacInet, 63, 375 PacLII, 171, 177, 193, 194, 197, 201, 202 PacNet, 314, 320 PacRICs, 347 PAFPNet, 241 Index Palau, 5, 8, 18–20, 37, 77, 79, 91, 103, 176, 198, 212, 258, 275, 286, 306, 321 PAPP Policy bank, 244 Papua New Guinea, 5–7, 18, 19, 37, 40, 44, 45, 47, 59, 62, 79, 81–85, 91, 103, 106, 120, 147, 151, 153, 158, 167, 185, 197, 200, 208, 228, 245, 246, 248, 251–254, 268, 284, 307, 334, 335, 337, 342, 343, 348, 351, 360, 364, 370, 378, 380 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, 34 PARIS21, see Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century Parliamentary acts, see acts, parliamentary Parliamentary bills, see bills, parliamentary Parliamentary library, 174, 177, 189 Parliamentary papers, 175, 177, 178, 199 Parliamentary systems, 173, 187 Parties to the Nauru Agreement, 238, 257, 258, 398 Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century, 212, 217, 225, 226, 228, 230 Patient administration system, 317 Patient information, 302, 317, 318 Patient management system, 301, 311, 312, 393 Patient record, 317 PATIS, 317 Payroll system, 154, 166, 307, 340 Pearl cultivation, 238 pearl culture, see pearl cultivation PEFA, see Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Programme PestNet, 250, 262 PFTAC, see Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Centre PIANGO, see Pacific Islands Association of Non-Governmental Organisations PICISOC, see Pacific Internet Society PicNet, 314 PIF, see Pacific Islands Forum PINA, see Pacific Islands News Association PNA Fisheries Information Management System, 257, 260, 392 POHLN, see Pacific Open Learning Health Net Policy, evidence based, 26, 210, 218, 225, 241, 244, 325 Policy framework, 26, 51, 75, 76, 145, 166, 273, 274, 276, 279, 285, 337, 354, 369, 386, 389, 391, 401 Policy process, 26, 52, 55, 71, 385, 387, 392, 394, 399, 401–403 national, 55, 75 regional, 55, 396, 399 Policy sequencing, 402 419 Political leadership, 80, 154, 165, 172, 210, 238, 403 Political parties, 146, 173, 177, 377 Polynesia, 5, 6, 8, 64, 81, 176, 334 Polynesian, 3, 6, 121, 252, 342, 376 Population data, 183, 198, 213, 223, 236, 309 Portal, see web portal Poverty elimination, 237 Poverty reduction, 145, 164, 238 Price regulation, 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 390 PRIF report, 308, 310, 333, 339 Primary industries, 235, 236, 238, 239, 247, 256, 261, 395 PRISM, 217, 220, 278 PSSC, see Pacific Staistics Steering Committee Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Programme, 150, 151, 155, 156, 165 Public finance, 141–144, 150, 151, 159, 166, 167, 262, 290, 308, 391 Public financial management, 141, 145, 149–151, 164–167, 391 Public health, 58, 215, 291, 301, 303, 309, 310, 312, 314–317, 320, 322, 324, 326, 393, 399 Public Health Division (SPC), 303, 314, 315, 393 R Radio, 24, 76, 82, 83, 98, 99, 103, 114, 127, 135, 244, 246, 258, 260, 285, 286, 289, 290, 307, 323, 337, 343, 344, 347, 351, 355, 361, 367, 399 REDD, 253–255, 392 Regional collaboration, 21, 27, 57, 217, 227–229, 231, 235, 239, 261, 262, 301, 303, 386, 391, 392 Regional cooperation, 11, 37, 61, 67, 164, 202, 207, 217, 226, 231, 235, 238, 326, 392 Regulation, costs of, 94, 97, 100, 115 Regulatory framework, 44, 45, 49, 68, 70, 73, 121, 135, 386, 390 Remittances, 9, 10, 130, 216 Renewable energy, 83, 84, 284, 288, 289 Retail-minus pricing, 94, 95 Risk governance, 295, 392 Rule of law, 171, 172, 185, 189, 192, 193, 202, 203, 360, 377, 391, 396 S Samoa, 5, 7, 9, 11, 18, 19, 34, 37, 39, 40, 45, 48–50, 60, 62, 63, 71, 75, 77–84, 91, 103, 105, 106, 120, 121, 126–134, 148, 159, 161, 165, 167, 176, 185, 186, 189, 420 197–200, 202, 210, 212, 216, 226, 230, 242, 254, 270, 274, 283, 289, 292, 308, 311, 312, 317, 319–321, 333, 335, 338, 342–344, 347, 351, 354, 376 Samoa Pathway, 48–50 Satellite, 10, 11, 41, 48, 64, 70, 82, 83, 91, 94, 98, 107–110, 112, 222, 253, 254, 256, 259, 260, 283, 291, 402 SDGs, see Sustainable Development Goals Sea level rise, 266, 283, 285, 287 Secretariat for the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 57, 67, 239, 250, 267, 273, 392 Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 58, 72, 73, 363 Sendai Framework, 265, 273 SIDS, SIDS Action Platforms, 11 SIDS, see Small Island Developing States Significant market power, 96, 103, 110, 112 Small Island Developing States, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 15, 29, 33, 38, 42, 43, 48, 60, 124, 129, 208, 216, 222, 267, 303, 331, 332 Smart phone, 101, 122, 174, 175, 177, 191, 215, 223, 250 SMS, 11, 122, 123, 125–128, 130–132, 154, 189, 191, 203, 248, 289–291, 295, 312, 322, 323, 325, 348, 352 SMS messaging, 191, 248, 322 See also text messages Social media, 40, 122, 133, 200, 244, 249, 302, 359, 360, 362, 366–368, 370, 371, 374, 381, 382, 394 Societies, traditional, 146, 360 Solar power, 101, 222, 344 Solomon Islands, 5, 18, 20, 41, 45, 60, 63, 69, 71, 75, 78–84, 91, 92, 101, 105, 107, 129, 133–135, 158, 161, 166, 174, 176, 186, 189, 190, 195, 197, 200, 202, 212, 220–222, 226, 245, 246, 248, 251–254, 268, 283, 289, 290, 305, 307, 308, 312, 325, 334, 335, 337, 339, 344, 347, 364, 375, 377, 379, 380 SOPAC, 58, 59, 63, 64, 68, 70, 245, 273, 274, 281, 290–292, 400 SPC, see Pacific Community (SPC) South-south collaboration, 209, 219, 226 Spectrum, 35, 37, 43, 76, 89, 90, 93, 98, 99, 103, 108, 110, 113, 335, 362, 390 Spectrum management, 43, 98 SPREP, see Secretariat for the Pacific Regional Environment Programme Standards, technical, 43, 90, 98, 99 Standing orders, 174, 178–183, 188 Statistical literacy, 224 Index Statistical systems, 66, 208, 210, 218, 227, 230 Statistical value chain, 222–224 Statistics for Development Division (spc), 210, 212, 215, 217, 220, 225, 236, 240, 241, 314, 315, 326 Statistics in development, 207, 208, 210 Strengthening programs, see Institutional strengthening programs Submarine cables, 70, 81, 94, 98, 107–110, 112 Subsistence agriculture, 8, 10, 228 Subsistence fishing, 238, 243, 256 Supreme court, 177, 196 Survey frames, 209 Sustainability, 3, 4, 12, 13, 17, 23, 24, 47, 49, 84, 129, 153, 156, 158, 160, 164, 167, 184, 185, 227, 229, 231, 237, 238, 240, 253, 261, 284, 294, 303, 331, 337, 351, 352, 355, 375, 385–387, 394, 395, 397, 398, 403, 404 Sustainable change, 167, 186, 375 Sustainable development, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18 Sustainable Development Goals, 18, 35, 50, 66, 207, 211, 220, 236, 265, 302, 310, 375, 398 Sustainable e-government, see e-government, sustainable Syndromic surveillance, 314, 324, 325, 393, 395 T Tablet, 11, 133, 174, 175, 177, 215, 223, 248, 251, 256, 312, 321, 344, 353 Taxation, 83, 370 Teaching and learning, 331–333, 339, 343, 350, 352, 354, 355 Technical and Vocational Education and Training, 335, 339, 354 Telecommunications, 3, 4, 10, 15, 37, 43, 45, 52, 60, 64, 67, 76, 79–83, 89, 91–93, 98, 100, 102, 113, 114, 129, 222, 321, 374, 390, 399 Telecommunications liberalization, 10 Telecommunications licensing, 41, 93 Telecommunications market, 4, 80, 89, 104, 113, 390 Telecommunications pricing, 97, 100 Telecommunications regulation, 67, 396 Telecommunications regulator, 89, 91, 92, 390 Telehealth, 61, 319, 320, 393, 396 Telemedicine, 11, 301, 303, 318, 320–322, 325–327 Television, 24, 40, 135, 289, 337, 399 Ten Year Pacific Statistics Strategy, 2011–2020, 225, 230, 232, 242, 243, 313, 315 Index Text messages, 122, 127–129, 132, 191, 289, 348 Think tank, 359, 371, 373, 374 Tokelau, 5, 8, 78, 79, 176, 187, 222, 274, 319 Tonga, Kingdom of, 230 Tourism, 10, 11, 17, 57, 67, 78, 79, 83, 133, 215, 216, 236, 287, 346, 365, 378 Traditional governance, 20, 360 Traditional knowledge, 246, 286, 295, 296 Transparency, 14–16, 35, 38, 47, 65, 82, 133, 142, 147, 149, 152, 163, 171, 196, 313, 332, 360, 367, 372, 375, 377, 388, 391 Transparency International, 147, 190 Transport, 16, 71, 76, 79, 85, 131, 159, 195, 214, 237, 249, 323, 334, 369 Tuvalu, 5, 18, 71, 78, 84, 114, 121, 156, 186, 212, 222, 275, 283, 285, 307, 319, 334, 337, 344 TVET, see Technical and Vocational Education and Training TYPSS, see Ten Year Pacific Statistics Strategy, 2011-2020 U UN, 9, 11, 17, 18, 20, 33, 35–38, 42, 48, 50, 52, 63, 74, 198, 243, 369, 398 See also United Nations UNCAC, 148 UN DESA, 34, 36, 41, 42, 74 UN E-Government Survey, 18, 27, 124 UNESCAP, 57, 62 UNESCO, 14, 34, 36, 63, 172, 223, 341, 352, 363, 378 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 35 United Nations, 5, 9, 15, 18, 34, 36, 41–44, 50, 68, 127, 148, 172, 173, 209, 256, 257, 276, 377, 392 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), 61, 62 United Nations General Assembly, 36, 42 United Nations Public Administration Country Studies, 42 United Nations Secretary General, 48 United States of America, 58, 240 Universal access, 41, 61, 62, 90, 94, 99–101, 375 Universal access policy, 100, 113, 344 Universal service, 35, 89, 99, 100, 390 University of the South Pacific, 16, 57, 59, 75, 90, 102, 194, 225, 319, 334, 336, 373, 393 UNPAN, 41, 42 421 UN Secretary General, 38 UN Statistics Division Inter-Agency Expert Group (IAEG-SDGs), 212 USP, see University of the South Pacific USPNet, 342, 343 V Vanuatu, 5, 7, 8, 11, 18–20, 40, 60, 78, 79, 81–84, 91, 100, 103, 105, 121–123, 135, 156, 158, 161, 166, 174, 176, 186, 189, 194, 196, 212, 213, 220, 226, 230, 246, 249, 252, 256, 268, 277, 279, 289, 290, 308, 325, 335, 341, 344, 373, 380, 381 Vector-borne diseases, 215, 223, 304, 314, 393 Vessel Monitoring Scheme, 257, 259 Video, 109, 177, 182, 246, 249, 251, 350, 361 Virtual University of the Small States of the Commonwealth, 333, 346 Visualization tools, 224, 314 Vulnerabilities, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 48, 124, 268, 274, 280 VUSSC, see Virtual University of the Small States of the Commonwealth W Wallis and Futuna, 5, 8, 212 Water management, 285, 291 Web portal, 252, 370 Website, 13, 25, 63, 70, 133, 134, 174–177, 183, 184, 188, 191, 193, 194, 201, 241, 242, 247, 248, 251, 256, 276, 294, 315, 364, 366, 369, 370, 377 Websites, parliamentary, 175, 176, 184, 185, 193, 203 Wellington Declaration of Forum ICT Ministers, 70 Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, 256, 259 WHO, see World Health Organisation Wi-Fi, 10, 174, 178, 183, 344, 402 WikiEducator, 346, 347 WikiPasifika, 346 World Bank, 11, 14, 17, 27, 34, 35, 44, 70, 71, 81, 82, 101, 104, 141, 142, 145, 149, 151, 152, 164, 237, 281, 359, 387, 388, 400 World Health Organisation, 302, 305, 310, 314, 319, 327, 392, 393 World Summit for the Information Society, 34, 36, 38, 39, 47, 68, 72 WPRO, see Western Pacific Health Office WSIS, see World Summit for the Information Society ... developing e- government, focus on its priorities, then develop its own e- government roadmap that can include legislative review to enable e- government services, establishing an independent regulator,... former Associate Dean for Research in the Victoria Business School She has been working in the field of e- government for more than 20 years and on e- government in small island developing states. .. useful in exploring e- government in the small island developing states of the Pacific are outlined: Bekkers and Homberg’s information ecology’ approach; Heeks’ ICT4 2.0 Manifesto; and elements