Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China This page has been left blank intentionally Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China Nicholas Jewell Associate Director, Ben Adams Architects and Tutor, Queen Mary University, London, England © Nicholas Jewell 2015 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Nicholas Jewell has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jewell, Nicholas Shopping malls and public space in modern China / By Nicholas Jewell pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4724-5611-3 (hbk) ISBN 978-1-4724-5612-0 (ebook) -ISBN 978-1-4724-5613-7 (epub) Shopping malls China Public spaces China Shopping centers China Planning Social change China I Title HF5430.6.C6J494 2015 381’.110951 dc23 2015011065 ISBN: 9781472456113 (hbk) ISBN: 9781472456120 (ebk – PDF) ISBN: 9781472456137 (ebk – ePUB) Printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgements introduction vii xi 1 a brief history of Malls 13 eastern promises 47 a new breed 75 The rub 107 a new day 129 The city reified 153 The bleed 179 going down to chinatown 201 conclusion 239 Bibliography Index 253 269 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Illustrations 1 A Brief History of Malls 1.1 A Parisian arcade in the present day Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.2 Approach road to Brent Cross shopping centre, London Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.3 Approach to Bluewater shopping centre, Greenhithe, Kent Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.4 Mall axis at the Trafford Centre, Manchester Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.5 Bluewater shopping centre, Greenhithe, Kent Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.6 Ibn Battuta shopping mall, Dubai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.7 Evolution of the shopping mall plan form Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.8 The curving axis within the Dubai Mall Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.9 South John Street, Liverpool One Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.10 Future Systems curved faỗade for Selfridges at the Bull Ring, Birmingham Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 1.11 The world’s largest shopping malls by square metres of gross leasable area Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2 Eastern Promises 2.1 Golden Mile complex, Singapore Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.2 Mall atrium at People’s Park, Singapore Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.3 Exterior of the People’s Park complex, Singapore Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.4 Hong Kong viewed from the Peak Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.5 Hong Kong’s mid-level escalators which are used to tame its fierce topography Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.6 Interior of the IFC Mall, Hong Kong Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.7 High level walkway between shopping malls, Hong Kong Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell viii Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China 2.8 Floorplan of The Landmark, Hong Kong Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.9 Mall atrium at The Landmark, Hong Kong Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.10 Herzog and de Meuron’s Prada store, Tokyo Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.11 Toyo Itos faỗade for Tods, Tokyo Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.12 Omotesando Hills, Tokyo Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.13 Ramped mall atrium at Omotesando Hills, Tokyo Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 2.14 Stepping base to mall atrium at Omotesando Hills, Tokyo Image courtesy of Craig Hutchinson 3 A New Breed 3.1 Map of Beijing’s major metropolitan area Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.2 Tiananmen Square, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.3 Beijing’s impassable road network Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.4 A typical scene from Beijing’s hutongs Image courtesy of Murray Fraser 3.5 Oriental Plaza, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.6 Golden Resources, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.7 Shangdu SOHO, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.10 Unused open space on Jin Hui Lu, Shangdu SOHO, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.11 Sanlitun Village, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.12 Sanlitun Village South floorplans Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.13 Blurring of boundaries between open space and mall interior at Sanlitun Village, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.14 Tianzifang, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.15 Xintiandi, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.16 Atrium at the Superbrand Mall, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.17 Diagram of the three-dimensional movement patterns and tethers within the new breed of Chinese shopping malls Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4 The Rub 4.1 Largest 25 shopping malls in the world by gross leasable area in square metres Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.2 Total area in square metres for the largest 25 shopping malls in the world Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.3 Number of operating shop units in the largest 25 shopping malls in the world Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.8 Internal signage at Shangdu SOHO, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.4 Central plaza at the South China Mall, Dongguan Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 3.9 Piano key amphitheatre at Shangdu SOHO, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.5 Internal rollercoaster at the South China Mall, Dongguan Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.6 Desolate open area at the South China Mall, Dongguan Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.7 Ghostly internal malls at the South China Mall, Dongguan Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.8 Empty internal spaces at the South China Mall, Dongguan Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.9 Deserted ‘Venetian’ canals at the South China Mall, Dongguan Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.10 The empty city of New Ordos in the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 4.11 Ghostly internal malls at the South China Mall, Dongguan Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5 A New Day 5.1 Plaza 66 atrium, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.2 Huge scale of Louis Vuitton suitcase at Plaza 66, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.3 Distant view of Louis Vuitton suitcase at Plaza 66, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.4 Sectional diagram illustrating the separate spheres of consumption within Plaza 66 Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.5 The above ground mall at IFC Pudong, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.6 The below ground mall at IFC Pudong, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.7 A sunken plaza dominated by a totemic Apple symbol forms a consumptive List of Illustrations ix hinge at IFC Pudong, Shanghai Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.8 Sectional diagram of IFC Pudong illustrating its separate malls and consumptive hinge Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.9 A two storey Apple sign dominates the low rise street vistas around Sanlitun Village, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 5.10 A two storey Apple sign dominates the main square at Sanlitun Village, Beijing 6 The City Reified 6.1 Qianmen Street, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 6.2 Nanluoguxiang, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 6.3 Aggregation of programme at Shangdu SOHO, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 6.4 Shangdu SOHO, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 6.5 Elements viewed from across Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 6.6 Huge scale of Elements, Hong Kong Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 6.7 Elements internal floorplans Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 6.8 Jianwei SOHO, Beijing Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell 6.9 The location of shopping malls in Beijing’s central business district and a kilometre radius of movement around each, illustrating the overlapping segmentarity that reifies their social constructions Image courtesy of Nicholas Jewell Bibliography 263 ‘Human Rights watchdog “furious” at BDP’s Liverpool Paradise plans’ The Architects Journal, December 4, 2003 (London: Emap Inform, 2003) ‘Husband sees wife’s Bullring death plunge on CCTV’ Birmingham Mail, January 5, 2013 Available at: http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/bullring-plungetragedy-was-suicide-rules-404050 Hutton, Will, ‘The great mall of China’ The Observer/Guardian Unlimited, Sunday, May 9, 2004 Available at: 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Libeskind tells his peers’ Building Design, February 15, 2008 Available at: http://www.bdonline.co.uk/story asp?storycode=3106421 ‘Ordos, China: A modern ghost town’ Time Available at: http://www.time.com/time/ photogallery/0,29307,1975397,00.html [accessed May 6, 2015] Pearson, Clifford, ‘Jian Wai SOHO’ Architectural Record China Available at: http://archrecord construction.com/ar_china/bwar/0604–03_JianWai.asp Pennington, Matthew, ‘Obama, Romney say China needs to play by the rules’ AP: The Big Story, October 23, 2012 Available at: http://bigstory.ap.org/article/obama-romney-saychina-needs-play-rules Pettis, Michael, ‘What happens if the RMB is forced to revalue?’ Michael Pettis’ China Financial Markets, Michael Pettis’ finance blog, October 6, 2010 Available at: http:// www.mpettis.com/2010/10/06/what-happens-if-the-rmb-is-forced-to-revalue/ Pettis, Michael, ‘Reform or perish’ Foreign Policy, November 7, 2012 Available at: http:// 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August 16, 2011 Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14542588 Rogers, David, ‘Protest over Hadid award: Chinese heritage group complains to RIBA about honour for Beijing scheme that “violates preservation laws”’ Building Design, August 2, 2013 Ross, John, ‘Note to neo-cons: Earth orbits the sun’ China Daily – European Weekly, November 2–8, 2012 Ruddick, Graham, ‘Westfield plans £1bn expansion of White City site’ The Telegraph, June 28, 2011 Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/construction andproperty/8601464/Westfield-plans-1bn-expansion-of-White-City-site.html Scammell-Katz, Siemon, ‘The Great Mall Safari’ Shopping Centre Progress 1999–2000, pp 35–8 Schuman, Michael, ‘Why China must push reset’ Time, June 18, 2012, pp 34–7 Schumacher, Patrik, ‘Let the style wars begin’ Architects Journal, May 6, 2010 ‘Sea change underway in UK shopping centres’ The Architects Journal, October 4, 2001 Available at: 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productions for Channel 4, 2007) Simon, David, The Wire (HBO, 2002–2008) Films Romero, George A., Dawn of the Dead (1979) Roeg, Nicholas, Don’t Look Now (1973) This page has been left blank intentionally Index Note: Page numbers in bold refer to figures aberrant behaviour 7; see also shopping mall, transgressive behaviour; suicide Ai Weiwei 193, 208 anchor store 16, 23–4, 58, 86, 141–3; see also shopping mall, spatial characteristics Ando, Tadao 6, 63, 71 anomic tension 7, 184 anomie 184, 187–92, 195, 197 symbolic capital of 188 APM 224 Appadurai, Arjun 130, 159 Apple 141–3, 145–8; see also anchor store; shopping mall, fulcrum point socializing with products 143 Archigram 249 architecture affective language 216 as a metaphor for the emancipation of the urban environment 219 as abstract form of ornament 223, 227 as ideological instrument 112–14, 204–7, 240 as self-referential 215, 230, 244 as socially conscious 214 as socially responsible 63, 70 awkward relationship between architectural form and capitalism 68, 207, 244 Chinese practitioners 75 critical practice 38, 213, 243 cross-cultural dialogue in modern China 208, 212 —— representational strategies 212 cultural snobbery 1, 34, 79 deconstructivist 217 emergent criticality in the work of Chinese architects 214 gravitation of architects to China as locus of experimentation and opportunity 225 heritage 156 hybrid 209, 212 ignorance of capitalist societal context 18, 251 ignorance of social issues 215 instrumental guidance by Chinese state 4, 112–14 metabolist movement 6, 47, 49, 51, 71 parametricist 217, 227; see also Schumacher, Patrik post-critical 209, 214 post-modernism 230 sculptural form 141, 145 Architectural Association 201, 225 Arndale Centre 32 axis 23, 75-79 instrumental axiality 24, 30, 55, 96–7, 145–6 —— appropriation as a motif of social production 30, 55 symbolic axiality 24, 26, 29, 145, 155–6, 169 —— fatigue 26 Ballard, James Graham 191 High Rise 191 Banham, Reyner 51, 240 Bartlett School of Architecture 201 Baudelaire, Charles 188 Baudrillard, Jean 2, 18 270 Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China beaux-arts 77-8, 245 Baron Haussmann 78, 245 behavioural codes 62 Beijing 8, 75–99, 77, 145, 167 axial structure 75-79, 88, 174; see also axis campaigns to preserve heritage 156 central business district (CBD) 169, 171, 172 city plan 75–9, 164 demolition of city walls 77 impassable road network 81, 84, 156 representational form 205 Benjamin, Walter 13, 22, 26, 39, 42, 108, 117, 189–92, 203–4, 232 arcades of nineteenth-century Paris 13, 14, 189, 232 Arcades Project 39 revolution 203–4, 232 Benoy 87, 103, 139, 164–5, 222 Berman, Marshall 242 Bhabha, Homi 5, 192, 194 Third Space 192 Blore, Simon 87, 100 Bluewater shopping centre 20, 26, 27, 30, 165, 202 Bo Xilai 192 bounded urban block 54, 58 branding Chinese trust of Western brands 143–4 emotional investment 143 hegemony 157 homegrown Chinese brands 143, 157 presence 145 simulacra 143 temporal nature 22 Bray, David 83–4 Brent Cross shopping centre 19, 32 Broudehoux, Anne-Marie 86, 231 Building Design Partnership (BDP) 33, 245 Bulger, Jamie 39 Bur Juman centre 30 Buruma, Ian 47 Byron, Robert 129 Campanella, Thomas 79 capitalism 6, 17, 107, 112, 119, 136, 138, 189–92 anomic effects 190 colonialism of 206 compliant 190 disorganized capitalism 138, 141 ideology free market 107, 119 global hegemony 207 homogenizing tendencies of 196 marginalization of architectural critique 17; see also shopping mall, stasis of non-evolution nouveau riche 191 pathological dimension 190 relationship with representational significance of architectural form 206 rise of Asian economies 112 slackening of social responsibility 190–92, 241 sublimation of progress 13, 189 Western hegemony 112, 140 Castells, Manuel 168 centre:mk 32–3 grade II listing 33 centripetal arrangement 30, 35, 54, 59 Chang, Leslie 117 Chang’an Avenue 86 Chaowai SOHO 170 Chen Xitong 86 China art of Chinese living 160 art students scam 193–4 as world’s workshop 118, 140, 206, 232 —— new foundations in Africa 234 campaign mentality 114 Chinese Renminbi 140 Communist Party 3, 114, 134 —— re-branding 114 consumer culture 130 consumerist miracle 179 corruption 191–2 counter revolutionary sentiment 78 cultural vandalism 79 developing consumer class 112, 131, 140, 146, 175, 215 disparity within Chinese city 187 domestic market 140, 143 domestic realm 154, 156–7, 159 —— changing qualities 159 —— connection to labour 154, 159, 162; see also labour emergent class structure 7, 138, 143–4, 148, 164 entrepreneurial spirit 193 entry into global economy 118 environmental conditions 7, 232–3 gated communities 7, 153, 158–9, 162–3, 168 index —— hybridization of 160, 162–3, 168, 171–2 famines gross domestic product 129, 140–41 gross national income per-capita 129 growing international stature 114 historical city model 103 history as source of humiliation 203 hollowing out of architectural heritage 153–8, 216 ideological purges 3, 108 integration into mechanics of globalization 205 isolation 3, 194 Keynesian approach to growth 140–41, 144, 146 lack of nostalgia 194 land ownership 114, 159 manufacturing capabilities 140 mimetic impulse in consumer culture 217; see also commodity, mimetic bond national identity 205 opening up 79, 206 opium war production of architectural landscape 204 proto-modernity 201 pseudo-capitalist spatiality 5, 123 political framework 7, 107 social conditions 7, 148, 201 —— tensions within 181 social mobility 129, 148 urban expansion 3, 4, 230 urban image construction 231 urban space 8, 81, 88 China Design Now exhibition 204, 207 circuit of capital 187 Cities Without Ground 61 city as a machine 48, 50, 99 city section 49–50, 55–7, 59–63, 66, 247 layered pedestrian matrix 59–60 closed space 84, 86–7, 94, 97, 99–103, 154, 156, 158–9, 163, 185–6, 188, 240–41; see also urban realm; urban syntax, of Chinese city cluster 168 cognitive severance 19 Coleman, Peter 34, 245 collective form 51, 250 collective subject 84, 114, 120, 138, 154, 162, 189–90 colonialism 202–3 271 commodity as alienable 195–6 as inalienable 195–6 discursively constituted sense of identity 190; see also shopping mall, identity construction empathy 190, 196 fetishism 154 mimetic bond 190, 192 communism 6, 85, 108, 118, 134, 153, 159 as self-sustaining utopia 118, 154 ideology 6, 153 —— spatialization of 112–14 Marxist conception of 118 modern life 115, 134, 153 conceived space 132, 135–136, 138, 144, 146, 175, 185, 192 consumption 159 anthropology of 195 as basis of cultural exchange 195–196 as symbol of societal progress 187 aspirational 134, 144, 146 conspicuous 134 luxury 134 penetration into all facets of the modern city 160 creative destruction 108, 242 Criticality in Between China and the West 213 cultural hybridity 5, 75, 82, 204, 239, 250; see also architecture; shopping mall, spatial characteristics cultural tourism 157, 202 authenticity 202 Da Shi Lan 155 dagongmei 117; see also factory girls danwei 83–4, 102, 153–4, 162, 166, 168, 241 De Certeau, Michel 42 Deleuze and Guattari 40, 42, 62–3, 227 smoothness 63, 158, 192, 227 striation 63 Deng Xiaoping 3, 108, 118, 122, 131, 206 Denison, Edward 213 depth manipulators 132, 250 destination 23 Dittmar, Hank 241 Dongguan 6, 109, 116–18, 166 Dongzhimen Raffles City 180, 183, 216–17, 218, 219, 225 Donohoe, Michael 109, 122 Don’t Look Now 121 272 Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China Dovey, Kim 21, 33, 38, 58, 62–63, 163–4, 171 DP Architects PTE 30, 49 Dubai Mall 26, 30, 31, 109–11 dumbbell 16, 23–32, 35, 99, 145–6, 246; see also shopping mall, manipulation of desires, spatial characteristics consumer autonomy 24 cranked dumbbell 29 curved dumbbell 29–30 destination and impulse 29, 145 linear movement to atomize groups of consumers 24 pseudo-religious overtones 24; see also symbolic axiality variants of 29–32, 30 Durkheim, Emile 181, 186, 188 Dutton, Michael 79, 155 Economy, Elizabeth 114 Elements 103, 164–8, 165, 167, 169, 227 enclave 52 mono-functional 58, 156 Euralille masterplan 38 exchange values 187, 195 export processing zone (EPZ) 119–20 factory girls 117; see also dagongmei figure of eight plan form 30, 141 flanerie 188–96 empathy 189 reverie 189 Forbidden City 76, 86, 156, 170, 208 Fordist mass-production 146, 162 Foreign Office Architects 247 Foster, Norman 55, 204, 207–8 Beijing Airport Terminal 204, 207–8, 208 Chep Lap Kok airport 55, 57, 165 Foucalt, Michel 60–61, 78, 84, 196 fragmented urbanism 85, 160 Frank, Thomas 119 Fraser, Murray 209, 212, 221–2 Fulong Wu 153, 158, 160, 167–8 Galaxy SOHO 170, 223, 224, 241, 244 gender 187 genius loci 82 globalization 7, 47, 119, 123, 130, 136, 202, 204–5, 234 de-regulation of Western market economy 119, 136, 138; see also capitalism, free market from below 204 steamroller effects 123 stretched-out condition 205 tourism 158 Golden Mile Complex 49–51, 51 Golden Resources 87, 88, 111, 123, 217, 219, 220 Greco and Santoro 173 Greco, Claudio 213 ground 35, 59, 61, 99–100 artificially defined 59, 61 Gruen, Victor 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 34, 63, 244 Centres of the Urban Environment 17 death 17 Fort Worth masterplan 17, 34 Gruen Transfer 16, 70, 102, 143 Shopping Towns USA 16 The Heart of Our Cities 17 Guanghua SOHO 170, 226, 233 Habermas, Jurgen 159 Hadid, Zaha 160, 201, 221–30, 234, 241 BMW headquarters, Leipzig 228 Hall, Stuart 5, 171, 204 Encoding, Decoding 5–6 Harvey, David 41, 68, 137, 144, 207 Hassenpflug, Dieter 81, 160 Hatherley, Owen 33 Herzog and de Meuron 63, 204, 208 Birds Nest Olympic stadium 204, 208, 209 Prada store 64 heterotopia 60–62, 71, 84–5, 88, 90, 97, 99, 100, 135–6, 153, 160, 163, 167, 171, 196, 216, 247 alternate modes of social ordering 84, 35 as a temporal construction 62 Chinese idea of heterotopic space 85, 153, 160, 216 of deviance and discipline 61 of illusion 61, 71, 135, 163, 196 heterotopic network 61, 168, 171, 216, 232 Hillier, Bill 24, 26, 80 history as self-legitimating trope 203, 216 Hong Kong 6, 55–63, 55, 99, 109, 160, 164–7, 174–5 accessible pedestrian strata 56–7 capital funding Chinese developments 139 challenging topography 6, 55, 61 index mid-levels 55 —— escalators 56, 58 Victoria Peak 55 Hong Kong Square 222, 229 Hornsby, Adrian 79 Hu Guirong 109 hutong 76, 78–79, 83, 85, 87, 90, 96,102, 145–6, 154–8, 162, 168, 231, 241 Disney hutong 156 displacement of communities 79 extant spatiality 79 Hutton, Will 206 hypnoidal state 132, 134, 141, 144, 146 Ibn Battuta Mall 26, 28 ideoscape 154 IFC Mall, Hong Kong 57–59, 57 IFC Pudong 138–145, 139, 142–3, 217, 219 infrastructure 50, 140 interdisciplinary investigation 6, 244 Ito, Toyo 63 Tod’s 65 Jacobs, Jane 17, 48, 246–247 Jameson, Frederic 107 Japan 63–72 experimentation with neo-Corbusian concrete formalism 68 Jianfei Zhu 76, 82, 113, 157, 205, 208–9, 212–14 Jianwei SOHO 169, 170 Jianying Zha 79, 82 Jin Hui Lu 88, 90 jingyu 83, 102 King, Anthony D 158, 160, 206 Klein, Naomi 22, 119–120 Klingmann, Anna Koolhaas, Rem 2, 4, 38, 47, 49, 80, 86, 201, 204, 208–12, 214, 221–30, 234, 251 bigness 86 CCTV building 169, 204, 208–212, 211, 223 —— as BBC of China 210 —— as Orwellian institution 210 Delirious New York 209 identification of Asian sub-typology of shopping mall 47 Junkspace 230 limited experimentation with built form of shopping mall 38, 223 S, M, L, XL 212 273 Singapore Songlines 212 Kowinski, William Severini Kuhne, Eric 30, 165 Kuma, Kengo 94, 145, 160, 222–3 Lab Architecture Studios 90, 160, 225 labour abuse 119 disputes 103, 140 estrangement 187 relations 119, 140 social 159, 162, 164 Lash and Urry 138 Le Corbusier 48–9, 71, 84, 96, 103 City of Tomorrow 48–9, 84 —— separation of vehicular and pedestrian movement 48–9 Lee and Kleinman 181, 184 Lefebvre, Henri 6, 130, 216, 228 sensory space 216 Lilong 83, 102 Lim, William 49 line of sight 29–30, 102, 145 linear traffic movement 78, 132 lived space 83, 115, 175, 181, 183, 185, 188–9, 192, 194 Liverpool One 33–5, 36 Longstreth, Richard 2, 15 luxury goods 61 Lynch, Kevin 167–8, 171 machinic assemblage 40, 43, 196 Maki, Fumihiko 49, 51, 63, 68, 71, 249 Mall of America 21, 26, 30, 111 manic behaviour 190 Mao Zedong 3, 76–8, 83–4, 108, 112–14, 118, 122, 206, 230 acts of urban surgery 84 Cultural Revolution 108 Great Leap Forward 108 relationship with Stalin and Krushchev 114 spatialization of political ideology 112– 14; see also communism, ideology, spatialization Mars, Neville 79 Marx, Karl 118–20, 122 bourgeoisie development 118, 122 labour struggles 119 Marx and Engels 124–5, 137, 242 conservative and bourgeoisie socialism 124–5, 129, 136 Marxism 154 274 Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China Massey, Doreen 120–21, 205, 239 McNay, Lois 175 Meadowhall Shopping Centre 29 meaning in opposition 84, 86, 134 megacity 167 megaform 164, 166, 168, 246, 248 megastructure 240, 249 mental illness 181 Miller, Daniel 24, 39, 195–6 Minneapolis 33 mixed-usage 155 Morris, Meaghan 39, 168 Nanjing Lu 99, 130, 132, 139, 174 Nanluoguxiang 156–7, 157, 174, 202 neo-liberalism 108, 136–8, 140–41, 144, 146 neurasthenia 181 New Ordos 123 Ngai, Pun 114–15 node 168 non-place 81, 207 Northland Shopping Centre 15 nostalgia led simulacra 156 Nouvel, Jean 38 Olympic Games 155, 169, 204, 230 Omotesando 63 Omotesando Hills 63–72 open space 81, 84, 86–7, 90, 94, 99–102, 132, 135, 146, 154, 156, 162–3, 166, 171, 185–6, 188, 194, 230, 240–41; see also urban realm; urban syntax, of Chinese city Oriental Plaza 86, 87, 193, 217 orientalism Packard, Vance 250 Pan, Philip 107 panoptic control 82 Pearl River Delta 8, 109, 123 Pearson, Clifford 169 pedestrianized 94 People’s Park 49–55, 53 perceived space 130, 144–6, 156, 168, 175, 189, 192 perceptual border 48, 94, 99, 101, 173, 185–6 perpetual motion 30, 54, 70, 102, 165 pinwheel plan form 60 Plaza 66 130–44, 131, 133, 134, 136, 187, 191 Polo, Alejandro Zaera 230 post-Fordist 146, 153, 162 potemkin shopping communities 130 processional roads 115; see also Beijing, impassable road network proletariat 115, 140 publicity 82, 154, 159 Pudong 99, 138–9, 174 privacy 82, 154, 159 Qianmen Street 154–7, 155, 160, 174 Qingyun Ma 75, 204, 225 racetrack plan form 30, 58–60, 87, 91, 96, 100, 165 Raffles City 103 representational space 120–21 representational structure 132, 159 rhizomatic suppleness 164–5, 173 Rowe, Peter G 112–13, 213 Said, Edward 5, 202, 239 Sanlitun 92, 171 Sanlitun SOHO 170–71, 173, 223, 226 Sanlitun Village 92–6, 93, 95, 96, 145–8, 147, 148, 171, 223 Scheeren, Ole 210, 225 Schumacher, Patrik 227, 230 segmentary structure 7, 163–4, 166, 171–2, 192–3 binary 163–4, 166, 171–2 circular 163–4, 171–2 linear 163–4, 171–2 Sennett, Richard 78, 190, 245 Shane, David Grahame 56, 61-62, 85, 171, 196 Shangdu SOHO 88–94, 89, 91, 92, 93, 160, 162, 163, 170, 217, 222–3, 229, 231 Shanghai 8, 83, 99, 130, 167, 174–5, 185, 186 shikumen 83, 96–7, 102 shopping mall adoption on hermetic grounds 43, 57 architectural criticism of 1–2, architectural language 7, 22, 132, 146, 204 —— affective surface language 7, 132, 202, 217, 221 —— collagist illusion 221 —— ephemeral surface language 7, 22, 146, 232, 249 —— obsolescence 249 —— fetishized envelope 231 index —— of Chinese shopping mall 7, 204, 215–34 architectural identity 21 as a keystone of Chinese public space 4, 6, 42, 81–5, 192 as agent of self-reflexive critique 107 as agent of urban regeneration 2, 33–8 as alternative to urban centre 16, 18–19 as global environment 19, 21 as ideological instrument 112–14, 129–48, 188–9 as lifestyle choice 18, 21 as protective, intelligible environment 18–19, 26, 136 as standard product 17 as suburban entity 2, 15 —— reliance on car transport 15, 16, 18 as urban entity 58–72, 239 as zone of liminal fantasy 130, 134–5, 194, 246 atrium 7, 50, 52–5, 101–2, 179 —— as orientation device 54 balustrades 179, 183 being taken more seriously as an architectural problem 219 binary class structure 137; see also stratification, of demographics branding of 21–2 British import of post-war Americana 32 control of social and spatial experience 29, 62, 170, 184 double-coding 163, 171, 188 dual spatiality 135–7, 145 early development 15 emergent urban vernacular 7, 221 empathy with 195 existential constructs extended programme of mixed-usage patterns 58 faux contextualism 202; see also shopping mall, architectural language fulcrum points 141 global development 5, 41–43 illusion of inclusivity 61, 188 hybridization 5, 7, 43, 47, 70, 201 identity construction 146-8, 162, 166–8, 170–71, 194–6, 215–16, 232 —— as discursive 195–6 —— as ephemeral 196 —— roleplaying 194 275 —— status emulation 195 interior 97 language of exclusion 19, 61–3, 71, 136, 171–5 lived dimensions 194 location of maximum infrastructural promise 121 location plan 21 manipulation of desires 24 mimetic bond 192; see also commodity, mimetic bond mixed-use patterns 90 mythical spatial constructs 21 perceived freedom within 18–19, 135–6 podium 56–7, 59, 86, 102, 162, 164–5 post-modern tropes post-modernism 217 pseudo-contextualism 90 relationship with architectural profession 1–2 roof garden 56, 102, 222 segmentary structure 192–3; see also segmentary structure social space 250 social homogeneity 136, 166 spatial characteristics 6, 21–26, 29–32, 52–5, 57–60, 63–70, 85–103, 141, 219, 223 —— manipulative spatial diagrams 35, 54, 70, 121, 166, 202 —— of Chinese shopping malls 6, 7, 85–103, 219, 223 spatial continuity 217 street 54, 246 suppression of socially productive value 26, 175, 184 stasis of non-evolution 17 three-dimenional pedestrian circulation 70, 225; see also city section territorial regionalism 29 tether 58, 63, 86, 100–101 transgressive behaviour 39, 175, 184 topographies 247 vectoral gestures 217 vertical circulation 102 world’s largest 8, 26, 42, 87, 109–12, 110–11 siheyuan 83, 102, 145, 158 Sinclair, Iain 70 Singapore 6, 47–55, 99 climate 49 Orchard Road 52, 102 skywalk 33, 59–60, 59 276 Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China Snohetta 247 social condenser 84 social contract 166, 244 social diversity 154, 163, 168 socialism 108, 123 in China 123 Socialism with Chinese characteristics 4, 85, 107–8, 137, 154, 187, 191 socially productive space 24, 29 socially reproductive space 24–6 SOHO China 90, 160, 162, 169, 171, 217 SOHO Modern City 170 SOHO Modern Residences 170 Soon, Tay Kheng 49 Sorkin, Michael 82 South China Mall 6, 109–25, 112, 113, 116, 117, 120, 122, 124, 129–30, 137–8, 187, 197, 241 as ideological instrument 112–14; see also architecture, as instrument of ideology, instrumental guidance by Chinese state; shopping mall, as instrument of ideology real-estate hubris 115–16, 137–8 Southdale Centre 16 Spark Architects 103, 201, 216, 225, 247 special economic zone (SEZ) 8, 136 Spencer, Douglas 228 superblock 79, 156, 164 Superbrand Mall 99, 100, 141 surplus value 120, 187 status-driven compulsion 160 stratification of demographics 61, 99, 112, 135, 144, 162, 166–8, 170; see also shopping mall, control of social and spatial experience of city space 61–3, 156, 174 striation 82, 154 suicide 7, 179–89, 192, 241 as a form of resistance/protest 184, 188, 192 as reciprocal imitation 183–4 collective inclination in China 184 rates in China 179–80 socialization of 183 surplus value 187 Tange, Kenzo 49 Tao Zhu 214–15 The Bull Ring 33 Future Systems 35 —— Selfridges 35–8, 37 The Great Hall of the People 112–13 The Landmark 59, 60, 62 The Ten Great Buildings 113–15 Therborn, Goran 122–3 Tiananmen Square 77, 78, 86, 99, 154, 231 Tianzifang 97, 157, 202 Tokyo 63–72 Trafford Centre 25, 29, 39, 202 Adams, Samuel 39 transport hub 57 Tschumi, Bernard 39–40 spatial violence 40, 184, 188 unfolding interior 82 unit of the city 85 urban archipelago 35, 166 urban morphology urban realm appropriation of 189 as representational model of ideology 76, 205 as mechanism of control 76, 78–9 disjuncture 185 domestic praxis 79 gradations of Chinese public space 82 internalization 33, 57, 72, 84 kinesthetic experience of 146 mental conceptions of 145, 153, 158, 167, 186, 241 poverty 189 praxis 81, 188 privatization 33, 61–62, 71 pseudo-public space 52 psychogeographic relationship with 58, 79, 185–7 social space 97, 153, 230 urban syntax 48, 54, 57, 90–91, 99, 102, 154, 157 of Chinese city 81, 154, 156, 162, 240–42 utopia 84, 121 Vanke Super City 225, 247, 248 Victoria and Albert Museum 204, 207 wall 82–3, 153–4, 164 Wall, Alex 17, 49 Wangfujing 86, 193 West Edmonton Mall 21, 109 Westfield 33 Westfield London 30, 32 Wright, Frank Lloyd 68–9 index Xidan 174 Xidan Joy City 174, 183, 217, 228 Xintiandi 96–7, 98, 157, 202, 203 Xuefei Ren 90, 97, 160 Yamamoto, Riken 160, 169 Yu Hua 173, 185, 191 Zhang Jie 214 Zola, Emile 70 277 .. .Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China This page has been left blank intentionally Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China Nicholas Jewell Associate... between China s socialist/communist political framework and its exposure to the impetus of globalization The focal Shopping Malls and Public Space in Modern China points of China s opening up and. .. reads the shopping mall through China, or China through the shopping mall Inevitably, the answer will be something of both – the relationship between China and the shopping mall will interweave