WISCONSIN LAND AND LIFE ARNOLD ALANEN Series Editor Living a Land Ethic A History of Cooperative Conservation on the Leopold Memorial Reserve Stephen A Laubach The University of Wisconsin Press This book was made possible, in part, through support from the Lawrenceville School A portion of the royalties from this book will be donated to the Aldo Leopold and Sand County Foundations The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2014 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any format or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or conveyed via the Internet or a website without written permission of the University of Wisconsin Press, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Laubach, Stephen A., author Living a land ethic : a history of cooperative conservation on the Leopold Memorial Reserve / Stephen A Laubach pages cm — (Wisconsin land and life) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-299-29874-6 (pbk : alk paper) — ISBN 978-0-299-29873-9 (e-book) Leopold, Aldo, 1886–1948 Aldo Leopold Memorial Reserve (Wis.) Natural resources conservation areas—Wisconsin Restoration ecology—Wisconsin Conservation biology— Wisconsin I Title II Series: Wisconsin land and life S932.W6L38 2014 333.7209775—dc23 2013037569 To Nina, Noah, and Aurora Ecology is the science of communities, and the ecological conscience is therefore the ethics of community life —Aldo Leopold, “The Ecological Conscience,” 1947 Contents List of Illustrations Foreword by Stanley A Temple Acknowledgments Introduction Settlement and Changing Land Health in the Central Sands Area Sowing the Seeds of the Leopold Memorial Reserve Idea Implementing a Management Plan Growth in Research and Education Programs Conservation’s Next Generation Conclusion: The Legacy of the Leopold Memorial Reserve Afterword Notes Bibliography Index Illustrations Sand-point pump with oak-and-brass buckets, 1940s Aerial photo of Leopold Memorial Reserve Banding a prairie chicken at Faville Grove, 1938 Surveying the landscape at the Riley Game Cooperative, 1947 Natural Bridge State Park Location of Native American effigy mound clusters Effigy mound at Man Mound Park near Baraboo Postcard of Fort Winnebago, 1834 Notes by surveyor J E Whitcher about the future Leopold Memorial Reserve area Hops yard near Wisconsin Dells, ca 1880 Deed of 17 May 1935 for sale of land from Jacob Alexander to Aldo Leopold Obituary from 10 January 1936 for Jacob Alexander Remains of foundation of the Alexander house Aldo Leopold and Thomas Coleman cooking over a campfire, 1940s Early experiments in land management Shack visits by family and friends during the 1950s and 1960s Russell VanHoosen on tractor with daughter Tami, 1959 Initial planning meetings Wisconsin State Journal article, 11 February 1973 Prairie restoration Wetlands management Aerial photos from 1937 and 1968 with outline of the original Leopold Memorial Reserve List of reserve tours and outreach by Frank Terbilcox, 1975 Letter from Estella B Leopold to Reed Coleman, 1972 Deer research and management on the reserve, early 1970s The Bradley Study Center Nina Bradley presents the Leopold Teaching Award to Steven Tucker, 1988 Nina Bradley assisting research fellow Margaret Brittingham Shack seminars and visitors to the reserve Reserve management committee meeting, spring 1977 Executive seminar on ecological forest management sponsored by the Sand County Foundation An example of a food patch Crew being trained in conducting a controlled burn, 1989 Changes in land cover on the reserve since the 1840s Sand County Foundation projects Restoration projects overseen by the Aldo Leopold Foundation The opening of the Leopold Center Riley Game Cooperative site, 2013 A meeting of the Tanzania Natural Resource Forum, 2004 Map of Leopold–Pine Island Important Bird Area Anna Hawley leading a group tour of the reserve and the shack, 2008 Looking ahead Foreword Stanley A Temple As a precocious teenage naturalist I first learned about Aldo Leopold’s shack and farm in 1960 when I read A Sand County Almanac I was captivated by the vivid images in Leopold’s month-by-month essays describing his shack’s natural surroundings I knew most of the plants and animals from my rambles around the woods and fields of northern Ohio, but the way Leopold described them was a refreshing change from the matter-of-fact accounts in my field guides With each essay I imagined what it would be like to experience that landscape firsthand My curiosity piqued, I tried in vain to find out more about the place But like many inquisitive firsttime readers, I simply couldn’t find Sand County, Wisconsin, in any of the atlases I searched Somewhat disappointed, I concluded that it must be a fictional place, and the “almanac” was just a collection of engaging stories Leopold had fabricated The mystery of Sand County was finally solved when I was a freshman at Cornell and Dan Thompson, who had been one of Leopold’s graduate students, was assigned to be my academic advisor He not only gave me a geography lesson, but he also shared personal recollections of times he had spent at the shack with his mentor At some point he even mentioned that efforts were underway to protect the land around the shack I remained curious about the place, but the opportunity to visit and experience firsthand the things Leopold described would have to wait until 1976 when I accepted an offer from the University of Wisconsin to fill the academic position once occupied by Aldo Leopold During my first week in Wisconsin my predecessor in Leopold’s professorship, Joe Hickey, took me to visit Nina Leopold Bradley and her husband Charlie who had just built their retirement home down the road from the shack After an emotional pilgrimage to the shack, I spent a wonderful day exploring what I learned had been designated formally as the Leopold Memorial Reserve, the culmination of the efforts Dan Thompson had mentioned a decade earlier During the day many of the places I remembered reading about came alive, and as a special treat I was even allowed to sleep over at the shack My new relationship with the land immortalized by Leopold’s writings had begun Although many natural features of the place were as I had imagined them, I was initially surprised that as far as I could tell the understated Leopold Memorial Reserve amounted to little more than a few property markers There were no interpretive signs or handouts explaining the significance of the reserve and its purpose, and it seemed the place, which by then was revered by many conservationists, was being kept a carefully guarded secret I quickly learned there were reasons for the reserve’s low-key and to some extent even unwelcoming status The reserve was not a public property but a collection of privately owned parcels, the owners of which had voluntarily agreed to manage their land in ways that would buffer the Leopold shack and farm and exemplify Leopold’s land ethic in action This was a different sort of land conservation project than I was used to encountering on special landscapes The personality of the reserve evolved steadily during my years in Wisconsin Nina and Charlie became the welcoming public faces of the reserve, and the Bradley Study Center where they lived became a focal point for a variety of reserve-related activities Informal seminars drew loyal ——— “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature.” In Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, ed William J Cronon New York: W W Norton, 1996 Cross, Diana H Waterfowl Management Handbook Washington, DC: Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior, 1988 Crossland, Christopher J., Hartwig H Kremer, Han J Lindeboom, Janet I Marshall Crossland, and Martin D A Le Tissier, eds Coastal Fluxes in the Anthropocene Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2005 Durbin, Richard D The Wisconsin River: An Odyssey through Time and Space Cross Plains, WI: Spring Freshet Press, 1997 Egan, Timothy The Worst Hard Time: The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust Bowl Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006 Fitzgerald, Deborah Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003 Flader, Susan L “Building Conservation on the Land: Aldo Leopold and the Tensions of Professionalism and Citizenship.” In Reconstructing Conservation: Finding Common Ground, ed Ben A Minteer and Robert E Manning Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003 ——— Thinking Like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974 Flader, Susan L., and J Baird Callicott, eds The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays by Aldo Leopold Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991 Freeman, Ross E., Emily H Stanley, and Monica G Turner “Analysis and Conservation Implications of Landscape Change in the Wisconsin River Floodplain, USA.” Ecological Applications 13, no (2003): 416–31 Freyfogle, Eric T The Land We Share: Private Property and the Common Good Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 2003 Gergel, Sarah E., Mark D Dixon, and Monica G Turner “Consequences of Human-Altered Floods: Levees, Floods, and Floodplain Forests along the Wisconsin River.” Ecological Applications 12, no (2002): 1755–70 Goc, Michael J “The Wisconsin Dust Bowl.” Wisconsin Magazine of History 73, no (1989–1990): 162–201 Green, William “Examining Protohistoric Depopulation in the Upper Midwest.” Wisconsin Archeologist 74, no 1–4 (1993): 290–393 Hagen, Joel B An Entangled Bank: The Rise of Ecosystem Ecology New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992 Hall, Robert “Red Banks, Oneota, and the Winnebago: Views from a Distant Rock.” Wisconsin Archeologist 74, no 1–4 (1993): 10–79 Hays, Samuel P Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890–1920 Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959 Higgs, Eric Nature by Design: People, Natural Process, and Ecological Restoration Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003 Holling, C S., ed Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management Chichester, NY: Wiley, 1978 Jackson, Donald, ed Black Hawk: An Autobiography Urbana: Illinois Paperbacks, 1964 Kingsland, Sharon The Evolution of American Ecology: 1890–2000 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 Kinzie, Juliette August Wau-bun: The Early Days in the Northwest Portage: The National Society of Colonial Dames in Wisconsin, 1975 Knight, Richard L., and Peter B Landres, eds Stewardship across Boundaries Washington, DC: Island Press, 1998 Lange, Kenneth A County Called Sauk: A Human History of Sauk County, Wisconsin Baraboo, WI: Sauk County Historical Society, 1976 Leopold, Aldo Game Management New York: Scribner’s, 1933 ——— A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There New York: Oxford University Press, 1949 Leopold, A Starker, Stanley A Cain, Clarence M Cottam, Ira N Gabrielson, and Thomas L Kimball Wildlife Management in the National Parks Washington, DC: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 1963 Liegel, Konrad “Land Use and Vegetational Change on the Aldo Leopold Memorial Reserve.” Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 76 (1988): 47–68 Likens, Gene E., and F Herbert Borman Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem, 2nd ed New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995 Lorbiecki, Marybeth Aldo Leopold: A Fierce Green Fire New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 Lubowski, R N., M Vesterby, S Bucholtz, and M J Roberts Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2002 Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 2006 Maher, Neil M Nature’s New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 March, James R Recommendations for Pond Development in Wisconsin Madison: Bureau of Research, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1971 Mason, Carol I Introduction to Wisconsin Indians: Prehistory to Statehood Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing, 1988 Mason, Ronald J “The Paleo-Indian Tradition.” Wisconsin Archeologist 78, no 1–2 (1997): 78–111 Meffe, Gary K., Larry A Nielson, Richard L Knight, and Dennis A Schenborn Ecosystem Management: Adaptive, Community-Based Conservation Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002 Meine, Curt Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988 — — — Correction Lines: Essays on Land, Leopold, and Conservation Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004 ——— “The View from Man Mound.” In The Vanishing Present, ed Donald M Waller and Thomas P Rooney Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008 Meine, Curt, and Richard L Knight, eds The Essential Aldo Leopold: Quotations and Commentaries Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999 Meine, Curt, Michael Soulé, and Reed Noss “A Mission-Driven Discipline: The Growth of Conservation Biology.” Conservation Biology 20, no (2006): 631–51 Merrell, Henry Pioneer Life in Wisconsin Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1876 Mills, Stephanie In Service of the Wild: Restoring and Reinhabiting Damaged Land Boston: Beacon Press, 1995 Morrison, Michael L Restoring Wildlife: Ecological Concepts and Practical Applications Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009 Muir, John The Story of My Boyhood and Youth Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913 Ness, Erik “Return to the Shack: A Pilgrimage to the Epicenter of Conservation—Aldo Leopold’s Sand County—and the Rediscovery of the Power of Place.” Wisconsin Trails 44, no (2003): 36–44 Newhouse, John “Foundation Provides Mecca for Ecologists: Leopold Reserve Something Special.” Wisconsin State Journal, 11 February 1973 Nixon, Rob Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011 Peters, Scott “Reconstructing a Democratic Tradition of Public Scholarship in the Land-Grant System.” In Agent of Democracy: Higher Education and the HEX Journey, ed David W Brown and Deborah Witte Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation Press, 2008 Pinchot, Gifford Breaking New Ground New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947 Prucha, Francis Paul Guide to the Military Posts of the United States, 1789– 1875 Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1964 Ramde, Dinesh “Governor Signs Repeal of Earn-a-Buck Program.” Wisconsin State Journal, November 2011 Reiger, John F American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001 Roberge, Jean-Michel, Grzegorz Mikusinski, and Hugh P Possingham “Has the Term ‘Conservation Biology’ Had Its Day?” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, no (2010): 121 Rodale, J I The Organic Front Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1948 Ross, John, and Beth Ross Prairie Time: The Leopold Reserve Revisited Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998 Sayre, Nathan F Working Wilderness: The Malpai Borderland Group and the Future of the Western Range Tucson, AZ: Rio Nuevo Publishers, 2005 Sears, Paul B Deserts on the March Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935 Senge, Peter The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization New York: Doubleday/Currency, 1990 Silbernagel, Bob, and Janet Silbernagel “Tracking Aldo Leopold through Riley’s Farmland: Remembering the Riley Game Cooperative.” Wisconsin Magazine of History (Summer 2003): 35–45 Staines, H B “Agriculture of Sauk County.” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agriculture Society (1852): 215–17 State Conservation Commission of Wisconsin Biennial Report of the State Conservation Commission of Wisconsin for the Years 1915 and 1916 Madison, WI: Cantwell Printing, 1916 Steinhacker, Charles, with Susan Flader The Sand Country of Aldo Leopold San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1973 Sutter, Paul S Driven Wild: How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002 Swenson, Steve, Yoyi Steele, and Michael Mossman “A Big Vision for a Broad Landscape: An Expansive 15,000 Acres of Grasslands, Wetlands, River Bottoms and Forest between Wisconsin Dells and Portage Are Managed to Maintain the Natural Riches of Birds, Wildlife and People Who Live There.” Wisconsin Natural Resources Magazine (June 2010): 20–26 Available at http://dnr.wi.gov/wnrmag/2010/06/vision.htm Tanner, Edward Wisconsin in 1818 Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1908 Teague, Richard D., ed A Manual of Wildlife Conservation Washington, DC: Wildlife Society, 1971 Turner, Monica G., Robert H Gardener, and Robert V O’Neill Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process New York: Springer, 2001 Vale, Thomas R., ed Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002 Van Deelen, Timothy R., Brian J Dhuey, Christopher N Jacques, Keith R McCaffery, Robert E Rolley, and Keith Warnke “Effects of Earn-a-Buck and Special Antlerless-Only Seasons on Wisconsin’s Deer Harvests.” Journal of Wildlife Management 74, no (2010): 1693–1700 Van Hise, Charles R The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States New York: Macmillan Company, 1910 Waller, Donald M., and William S Alverson “The White-Tailed Deer: A Keystone Herbivore.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 25, no (1997): 217–26 “Wisconsin Nature Reserve Begun in 30’s Still Thriving.” New York Times, 28 October 1979 Worster, Donald L Dustbowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979 ——— Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas, 2nd ed Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 Zanger, Martin “Red Bird.” In American Indian Leaders: Studies in Diversity, ed R David Edmunds Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980 Index acid rain, 83, 121n8 adaptive management, 81–83 Africa, 87 agriculture, 19–31, 90, 94 Aldo Leopold [Shack] Foundation, xiii, 65, 76–77, 80, 85–95, 100–101 Aldo Leopold Legacy Center, xiii, 11, 93, 94, 99–100, 120n13 Aldo Leopold Nature Center, 40, 89 Alexander, Jacob and Emma, 22–28, 27, 29 Anchor family, 42–43, 97–99, 123n1 Arboretum (University of Wisconsin), 31, 34, 40 Arizona, 10–11 artificial ponds, 48, 52, 80–81 Bachhuber, Jim, 70 Barzen, Jeb, 90 Baxter, William and Caroline, 19–22 Beeman, Randal, 25 Bennett, Hugh Hammond, 25 Berry, Wendell, 68, 73 biological diversity, 98–99 Black Hawk War, 18 the bootlegger, 12, 26 See also Alexander, Jacob and Emma Bourland, Tom, 88 Bradley, Nina Leopold and Charlie, xii, 33, 36, 38, 47, 64–76, 81–83, 101, 104, 120n7 Bradley Study Center, xii, 64–75, 77, 79, 86, 119n1, 122n15 Brittingham, Margaret, 69 Brower, David, 68, 72 burial mounds, 14–15, 15, 16, 16 Callicott, Baird, 70 Canada, 48 Castle Rock Dam, 112n25 Cates, Dick, 66, 71, 74 Civilian Conservation Corps, 34 Coleman, Catherine, 36, 47 Coleman, Reed: Bradley Study Center and, 65–66; childhood shack experiences o f, 37, 84–85; management issues and, 58–59; photo of, 88; reserve’s formation and, 3–4, 10, 42–44; Sand County Foundation and, xiii, 76–77, 100–101, 122n15 Coleman, Thomas, 30, 30–31, 36, 41, 44, 85 conservation: controlled burns and, 30–31, 33, 34, 45, 51, 80–81, 83, 91, 97; ecological innovations and, 80–87, 97, 121n6; farming practices and, 25–26, 90, 94; government’s role in, 4–5, 35, 84–86; internal conflicts within, 9–10, 83–86, 122n17; prairie restoration and, 31, 34, 50, 54, 80–83, 90, 97; private property and, 5–6, 29–30, 35–41, 76–77, 106–7; research projects and, xii, xiii, 45, 56–57, 60–61, 64–77, 120n7; reserve’s management plans and, 45– 53; wetlands management and, 46–48, 52, 54, 63 See also Bradley Study Center; ecology conservation biology, 98–99 controlled burns, 31, 33, 45, 51, 80–81, 83, 91, 97 Coon Valley Watershed Demonstration Project, 6–9, 29, 34, 55, 98 cooperative conservation (of land), xii, 80–86, 95–96, 98–99, 102–3, 124n2 Curtis, John, 31 dams, 20, 112n25 David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 89 Dawson, Gar, 40 deer herds, 54, 56–64, 87, 97, 117n18 Department of Natural Resources (Wisconsin), 42–43, 57–58, 63 Devil’s Lake State Park, 54, 117n13 Dust Bowl, 23, 25–26 Early Woodland Indians, 14 ecology, xii, 35, 45, 64–75, 78–80 education: conservation techniques and, 45, 64–75, 81–83; reserve’s outreach efforts and, 54–56, 59, 64–79, 81–83, 99, 103, 120n7, 125n12; shack property’s unofficial use and, 36 See also Bradley Study Center; Terbilcox, Frank Edwards, Lindsey, 91 effigy mounds, 14–15, 15, 16, 16 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 36 Ela, Kathy, 74 Elder, Bill, 47 Ellarson, Bob, 45, 47, 48, 54, 62–63, 74, 77–79 Fairfield (Wisconsin), 59, 62 farming, 19–28, 30–31, 90, 94 Farming and Conservation Together, 94 Faville Grove Wildlife Experimental Area, 6–9, 96 Federal-Aid Highway Act, 36 Field and Stream, Flader, Susan, 34, 39, 98, 101, 125n14 food patches, 8, 78, 80–82, 82, 121n6 Fort McCoy, 87 Fort Winnebago, 18, 18 Fort Winnebago Indian Agency, 18 Fox Indians, 17 Fox River, 12–19 Freeman, Susan, 75 Freyfogle, Eric, 124n2 Friends of Our Native Landscape, 56 fur trade, 13, 17 game-harvest reporting, 46, 54, 56–63, 117n18 Game Management (Leopold), 41, 114n5, 121n6 geology, 14, 66 Geraldine R Dodge Foundation, 89 Gila Wilderness, 27, 35 Golley, Frank, 83 Goodman, Lisa, 66 “Good Oak, The” (Leopold), 21, 26, 59 graduate fellows programs, 64–75, 79, 81, 87–89 Great Depression, 23, 25–26 Green, Martha, 66 Green Fire (film), 99 Gumz, Richard, 48 habitat quality, 6, 12, 27, 45, 48, 50–52, 63 See also conservation; deer herds; food patches; land; wetlands management Haglund, Brent, 83, 87, 88 Han, Lisa, 66 Haney, Alan, 110n6 Hawley, Anna, 103 Head, Louis R., 40 Head Foundation, 40, 42–43, 54–55, 62–63, 65–66, 75–79, 115n1, 123n1 See also Sand County Foundation Helland, Bobette, 47 Hickey, Joe, xii, 36 Ho-Chunk Nation, 17–19 hops (crop), 20–22, 21 Hubbard Brook Watershed, 83 Huffaker, Wellington (“Buddy”), 89, 90, 93 hunting See game-harvest reporting Huron Mountain Club, 6–9 Institute for Ecosystem Studies, 83 Jackson, Wes, 68 Jacobsen, Rachel, 93 Jefferson, Thomas, 19 Johnson, Samuel C., 54 Kammerer family, 62, 97 Karasov, William, 66 Karner Blue Butterfly, 87 Keeney, Dennis, 66 Kilbourn Dam, 20, 22 Knight, Rick, 71, 74 Lake Waubesa, 63 land: conservation strategies and, 30–31, 57–63; cooperative conservation and, xii, 6–9, 27–30, 80–86, 95–98, 102–3, 106–7; crop production and, 19– 28; land ethic and, xii, 35, 41, 99, 104, 106–7; land health concept and, 6, 11–13, 31, 55, 76–77, 97; land trusts and, 5–6, 110n3; Native Americans a n d , 13–19; utilitarian philosophies and, 34–35, 114n5 See also conservation; ecology; Leopold Memorial Reserve; private property Land Ethic Leaders Program, 99–100, 105 Land Ordinance Act, 19 landscape approach (to conservation), 80–81, 83 See also conservation; Leopold, Aldo Larsen, Tom, 60 Late Woodland Indians, 15–17 Laub, John, 117n13 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program, 94, 120n13 Leopold, Aldo: career of, 10–11, 29, 41, 59; death of, 30, 34–36; philosophy of, xiv, 6–9, 11, 27–28, 34–35, 41, 55, 76–77, 80–81, 103–4; photos of, 8, 30, 32–33; A Sand County Almanac and, xi, 26, 34, 75, 104; shack property and, 12, 24, 25, 30–31; “The Good Oak” and, 21, 26, 59 Leopold, Carl, 33, 65, 85 Leopold, Estella (daughter), 36, 39, 65, 75, 87–89 Leopold, Estella B (wife), 4, 29–31, 36–37, 38–39, 56 Leopold, Luna, 32, 35–36, 65 Leopold, Nina See Bradley, Nina Leopold and Charlie Leopold, Starker, 32, 35–36, 39, 49, 65, 74–76, 82, 117n10 Leopold, Susan, 73 Leopold Education Project, 89 Leopold Fellows Program, 64–75, 79, 81, 87–89 Leopold Memorial Reserve: conservation practices on, 30–31, 45–53, 60–61, 62, 81–86; educational outreach and research and, 45, 54–56, 59, 64–79, 81–83, 125n12; formation of, 5–6, 10–11, 29–30, 37–44, 98–99; funding of, 89–90; management of, 45–58, 74, 76–83, 95–96; photos of, 5, 53, 100; property ownership and, xii, xiii, 5–6, 37–41, 77–79, 101–4, 106–7 See also Aldo Leopold [Shack] Foundation; Sand County Foundation Leopold–Pine Island Important Bird Area, 100, 100 Levee Road, 59 Liegel, Konrad, 66 Likens, Gene, 83 Louis R Head Foundation See Head Foundation Luthin, Charles, 66, 89 Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, 87 Madison-Kipp Corporation, 115n1 Magnuson, John, 81–83 Maher, Neil, 34 “Management of Wildlife in the National Parks” (S Leopold), 49 management plans (on the reserve), 45–53, 76–77, 79–83 Man Mound Park, 16 McAleese, Kevin, 88 McCabe, Bob, 36 McMahan, Kate, 86 Mead, Howard, 10, 37, 41–43, 49 Mexico, 48 Middle Woodland Indians, 15 Mississippian civilizations, 16 Moore, Kathleen Dean, 68 Mossman, Michael, 66, 70, 74 Muir, John, 19–20 Munger, James, 66 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 87 Native Americans, 13–19, 26 Natural Bridge State Park, 13, 14 Nature Conservancy, 36, 63 New Mexico, 10–11, 27, 29, 87 North American Waterfowl Management Plan, 48 Northwest Ordinance Act, 19 oak savanna, 19, 83, 87 Odum, Eugene, 83 Oneota Indians, 17 Paulson, Reuben J., 7–8, 41 Peters, Scott, 113n2 Peterson, Roger Tory and Virginia, 72 Philanthropy magazine, 84 Pinchot, Gifford, 34–35 Pine Island Wildlife Area, 88, 100 Pines, Phill and Joan, 106 prairie plantings, 31, 34, 50, 54, 80–83, 90, 97 Pritchard, James, 25 private property: conservation projects and, 4–6, 29–30, 41, 87; cooperative conservation and, xii, 4–9, 35–44, 76–79, 95–99, 102–3, 106, 124n2; corporate citizenship and, 54–55; governmental conservation and, 84–86 See also Aldo Leopold [Shack] Foundation; Coleman, Reed; Sand County Foundation; specific landowners Quality Hunting Ecology, 58, 87 Reed, Jonathan, 66 right of first refusal, 41–44, 63, 96, 115n32, 124n4 Riley, John, 96 Riley Game Cooperative, 6–9, 27–29, 41, 55, 94, 96, 97 River Bend Nature Center, 54 Rodale, J I., 25 Rongstad, Orrin, 36 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 7, 34 Roosevelt, Theodore, 4–5, 34 Ross, John and Beth, 72 Ross Floral Company, 37 Sand County Almanac, A (Leopold), xi, 26, 34, 41, 75, 104 Sand County Foundation, xiii, 40, 54–56, 75–80, 83–87, 95, 97, 106–7, 122n15 Sauk County Soil Conservation District, 48, 115n4 Sauk Indians, 17–18 Scott, Gerald, 70 Sears, Paul, 25 shack, the: Bradley Study Center and, xii, 64–75, 77, 79, 86, 119n1, 122n15; development pressures and, 35–41; Native Americans and, 13–19; privacy and, xiii, 56, 75–79; shack seminars and, 68, 70, 79, 81; surveys of, 19–22, 20; visitor pressure and, 56–63 Sherry, Toby, 74 Sierra Club, 19, 36 Socha, Betty, 66 Soil Erosion Service, Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute, 8, 11 Spring Green (Wisconsin), 63, 71 Stevenson, Gordon, 85, 87 Stevenson, Trish, 75 Swenson, Steve, 80–81, 91 Tanner, Edward, 17 Tanzania Natural Resource Forum, 99 Temple, Stanley, xi–xiv 70–71 Terbilcox, Frank: death of, 96; Head Foundation work and, 62–63; management role of, 45–53, 55–58, 76–77, 80–81, 83–86, 121n6; outreach and education role of, 59, 63–64, 89; photos of, 47, 72, 74; property transfers of, 106, 116n4, 124n4; reserve’s formation and, 4–5, 10, 37, 41–44 Teska, Sue, 113n31 Thompson, Dan, xi tourism, 36–37 Town Creek Foundation, 89 Tucker, Steven, 68 Turner family, 62 University of Wisconsin, 29, 31, 40, 49, 55, 66, 70, 75, 81–83 US Fish and Wildlife Service, 57, 60 US Forest Service, 10–11, 27–29, 34–35 utilitarian philosophy, 34–35 Van Hise, Charles R., 14 VanHoosen family, 42–43, 97–99 Walton Family Foundation, 87 waterfowl habitat, 46–48, 52, 54, 63 Waubesa Wetlands, 63 wetlands management, 46–48, 52, 54, 63 Whitcher, J E., 20 Winnebago Indians, 17 See also Ho-Chunk Nation Wisconsin: Central Sands ecology and, 12; deer harvesting in, 56–63, 87; DNR of, 42–43, 57–58, 63; geology of, 14, 66; Riley Cooperative and, 6–9, 27–29, 41, 55, 94, 96; tourism boom in, 36–37; white settlement of, 17–22 Wisconsin Conservation Committee, 56, 59 Wisconsin Dells, 20 Wisconsin Power and Light, 54–55, 117n13 Wisconsin River, 12–20, 22–23, 112n25 Wisconsin State Journal, 49 Wisconsin Trails, 41 WISCONSIN LAND AND LIFE ARNOLD ALANEN Series Editor Spirits of Earth: The Effigy Mound Landscape of Madison and the Four Lakes Robert A Birmingham Pioneers of Ecological Restoration: The People and Legacy of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum Franklin E Court A Thousand Pieces of Paradise: Landscape and Property in the Kickapoo Valley Lynne Heasley Environmental Politics and the Creation of a Dream: Establishing the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Harold C Jordahl Jr., with Annie L Booth Creating Old World Wisconsin: The Struggle to Build an Outdoor History Museum of Ethnic Architecture John D Krugler A Mind of Her Own: Helen Connor Laird and Family, 1888–1982 Helen L Laird Living a Land Ethic: A History of Cooperative Conservation on the Leopold Memorial Reserve Stephen A Laubach When Horses Pulled the Plow: Life of a Wisconsin Farm Boy, 1910–1929 Olaf F Larson North Woods River: The St Croix River in Upper Midwest History Eileen M McMahon and Theodore J Karamanski Buried Indians: Digging Up the Past in a Midwestern Town Laurie Hovell McMillin Wisconsin My Home Thurine Oleson, as told to her daughter Erna Oleson Xan Wisconsin Land and Life: A Portrait of the State Edited by Robert C Ostergren and Thomas R Vale Condos in the Woods: The Growth of Seasonal and Retirement Homes in Northern Wisconsin Rebecca L Schewe, Donald R Field, Deborah J Frosch, Gregory Clendenning, and Dana Jensen Door County’s Emerald Treasure: A History of Peninsula State Park William H Tishler ... nonprofit land- trust organizations Land trusts focus on purchasing tracts of land of high conservation value or on securing the development rights of land through conservation easements and other... shack and farm and exemplify Leopold s land ethic in action This was a different sort of land conservation project than I was used to encountering on special landscapes The personality of the reserve. ..WISCONSIN LAND AND LIFE ARNOLD ALANEN Series Editor Living a Land Ethic A History of Cooperative Conservation on the Leopold Memorial Reserve Stephen A Laubach The University of Wisconsin Press