NTERNATIONAL O RGANIZATION Q IAND G LOBAL G OVERNANCE Completely revised and updated for the second edition, this textbook continues to offer the most comprehensive resource available for all interested in international organization and global governance The book offers: Q In-depth and accessible coverage of the history and theories of international organization and global governance Q Discussions of the full range of state, intergovernmental, and non-state actors Q Examinations of key issues in all aspects of contemporary world politics New additions to this edition include: Q New and revised chapters on theories of international organization and global governance Q New substantive chapters on global corporations, China, financial markets, terrorist organizations, governing global energy, and the Internet Q Updated contributions to reflect the changing nature of world politics The book comprises fifty-four chapters arranged in seven parts and woven together by a comprehensive introduction to the field, along with separate introductions to each part to guide students and faculty, and helpful pointers to further reading International Organization and Global Governance is a self-contained resource enabling readers to comprehend more fully the role of myriad actors in the governance of global life as well as to assemble the many pieces of the contemporary global governance puzzle Thomas G Weiss is Presidential Professor of Political Science at The Graduate Center and Director Emeritus of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, The City University of New York Rorden Wilkinson is Deputy Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Education and Innovation and Professor of Global Political Economy at the University of Sussex Praise for the Second Edition “International Organization and Global Governance is an excellent one-stop resource that simultaneously offers a thorough and broad theoretical understanding and empirical insight into a wide array of important issue areas in international relations It has been an indispensable core text book in my course on global governance for years, and has been highly valued by the students for its clarity and ability to explain complex matters This second edition provides up-to-date insights into the rapidly evolving field.” —Benedicte Bull, University of Oslo “International Organization and Global Governance is remarkable not just for the breadth and depth of its coverage, but for its ability to stretch our understandings of both organization and governance It covers classic theories and established institutions (such as the UN and regional organizations) while illuminating the sometimes obscure powers of nongovernmental and “private” entities (ranging from human rights groups to bond rating agencies) This is an indispensable resource for the field.” —Michael Doyle, Columbia University “An indispensable resource for any student of contemporary global affairs This latest edition of a now-classic volume balances breadth of coverage with conceptual depth and sophisticated analysis The editors here have assembled a top-notch team to write an outstanding collection of insightful, accessible essays that span the enormous range of challenges and changes in global governance today.” —Martha Finnemore, George Washington University “The onset of globalization has led to dramatic shifts in the way the world is organized, with the emergence of new actors, rules, and structures Weiss and Wilkinson have assembled a wonderful team of authors that allows a reader to navigate the new twenty-first century landscape of global governance Conceptually rich and thematically comprehensive, the articles go beyond boilerplates to see the politics that are shaping this new landscape.” —Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, The New School “Never before has a book so comprehensively and rigorously appraised the complex human condition under contemporary world order This epic 54-chapter volume invites leading experts to grapple with the challenges and opportunities for making international organization and global governance fit-for-purpose If you seek to inspire your students to be critically minded difference-makers in the world, this is essential reading.” —Erin Hannah, University of Western Ontario “Motivated by an acute awareness of both the failure and successes of global governance, this comprehensive volume explores the place of international organizations in contemporary world order With essays from leading writers on international affairs, it covers an impressive breadth of topics with nuance and sensitivity, from refugees to public health to global corporations It deserves to be required reading for students and scholars of international politics.” —Ian Hurd, Northwestern University “The first edition of this volume was a landmark so this second, much-updated volume is most welcome The editors and authors are all leading authorities on their topics Highly recommended.” —David Malone, UN University, Tokyo “Weiss and Wilkinson have comprised another comprehensive and cutting-edge collection of essays on international organizations and global governance This outstanding volume will quickly become—once again—a standard reference for understanding world politics in contemporary times.” —Susanne Soederberg, Queen’s University “In a fracturing world, international cooperation is looking fragile This book provides a useful overview of how international organizations can help, where they fail, and with what consequences.” —Ngaire Woods, University of Oxford Praise for the First Edition “International Organization and Global Governance should have a place on any international relations scholar’s shelf In addition to its sheer comprehensiveness as a reference work, it takes the crucial conceptual leap of focusing not on organizations, institutions, regimes, or any other piece of international order, but instead on the presence or absence of actual governance: the successful exercise of power to achieve outcomes As one important chapter asks, who are the actual governors of the international system? The answers, with respect to many areas of international life, are surprising.” —Anne-Marie Slaughter, Princeton University “It is impossible to understand global governance without recognizing the important roles played by international organizations and non-state actors This volume brings together cutting edge work by experts in their various fields to synthesize actor based and issue based insights about global governance.” —Peter M Haas, University of Massachusetts Amherst “A comprehensive survey of the theory and practice of global governance in the modern world Comprised of outstanding essays by acknowledged experts and filled with important insights, International Organization and Global Governance is essential reading for scholars and students as well as practitioners.” —David A Lake, University of California, San Diego “Never before has a book demonstrated so systematically that ‘global governance’ offers a useful lens to analyze world politics Extraordinarily comprehensive, it will become a vital reference for academics and practitioners.” —Jean-Philippe Thérien, Université de Montréal “This volume brings together contributions from an outstanding group of scholars It is an indispensable guide for understanding the full range of contemporary challenges of global governance and international organizations, from a variety of perspectives.” —Keith Krause, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva “This comprehensive collection, which includes contributions from many of the leading figures in the field, is sure to be the principal reference work on international organizations and global governance for many years to come.” —John Ravenhill, Australian National University “Weiss and Wilkinson have assembled a magnificent set of chapters from leading scholars that simultaneously provides a tour de force of international organizations and a clear guide to conceptualizing and understanding global governance This persuasive account of the history, power and authority of international organizations should be required reading for all students, professors and practitioners of global governance and international relations.” —Catherine Weaver, The University of Texas at Austin “A tour de force This meticulously conceived textbook on global governance and international organizations with essays by some of the world’s finest experts will be a classic for scholars and practitioners from day 1.” —Jan Wouters, Director of the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven “Kofi Annan was right: we are creating a global village Hence, the need for stronger global village councils becomes more pressing day by day Despite this, few understand how spectacularly global governance—in all its manifestations—has grown and why it needs to keep growing to keep the world safe Weiss and Wilkinson have done us a remarkable service by producing this volume now: it provides an indispensable guide to the fastest growing global industry And it will be read and studied for several decades as the world continues to converge.” —Kishore Mahbubani, National University of Singapore “The fifty chapters in this book, written by scholars from around the world, provide a comprehensive overview of the expanding agenda and participation in global governance All readers will become aware of how they are involved in global governance, and how they might respond.” —Chadwick F Alger, Ohio State University “The reach and scope of this collection renders it invaluable for situating the study of international organizations in the broader field of IR.” —Thomas Biersteker, The Graduate Institute, Geneva I NTERNATIONAL O RGANIZATION AND G LOBAL G OVERNANCE Second Edition Q Edited by Thomas G Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson Second edition published 2018 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Thomas G Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Thomas G Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe First edition published by Routledge 2014 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Weiss, Thomas G (Thomas George), 1946– editor | Wilkinson, Rorden, 1970– editor Title: International organization and global governance / edited by Thomas G Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson Description: Second edition | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017036083 | ISBN 9781138236578 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138236585 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315301914 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: International organization | International agencies | International relations | Globalization Classification: LCC JZ5566 I59 2018 | DDC 341.2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017036083 ISBN: 978-1-138-23657-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-23658-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-30191-4 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Q CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of abbreviations List of illustrations About the contributors Part I Introduction FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION TO GLOBAL GOVERNANCE x xi xxi xxiii Thomas G Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson CLASSICAL LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM Contextualizing international organization and global governance 21 RATIONAL CHOICE: FROM PRINCIPAL– AGENT TO ORCHESTRATION THEORY THE EMERGENCE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 10 CONSTRUCTIVISM 25 37 170 Julian Germann 180 14 POST-STRUCTURALISM 193 15 DECOLONIALITY: (RE)MAKING WORLDS 205 51 63 David Held WHO GOVERNS THE GLOBE? 12 MARXISM Jacquelin Kataneksza, L.H.M Ling, and Sara Shroff Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall THE DIFFUSION OF AUTHORITY 157 Robert W Cox James Brassett Charlotte Ku INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE DIFFUSION OF POWER 146 Susan Park Susanne Zwingel, Elisabeth Prügl, and Gülay Çağlar Craig N Murphy THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 135 Duncan Snidal and Henning Tamm 13 FEMINISM PART INTRODUCTION 123 Tana Johnson and Andrew Heiss 11 CRITICAL THEORY Part II 109 Christer Jönsson 77 Susan K Sell Part IV States and international institutions in global governance 219 PART INTRODUCTION 16 THE UN SYSTEM 223 Leon Gordenker Part III Theories of international organization and global governance 17 THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY 91 PART INTRODUCTION REALISM Jason Charrette and Jennifer Sterling-Folker 236 M.J Peterson 97 18 REGIONAL GOVERNANCE AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 250 Mônica Herz 19 THE EUROPEAN UNION 268 Ben Rosamond vii C O N TE NT S 20 THE BRICS IN THE EVOLVING ARCHITECTURE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 283 Andrew F Cooper and Ramesh Thakur 21 THE GLOBAL SOUTH 299 34 WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION 484 Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu 311 W Andy Knight 23 CHINA AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 471 S Neil MacFarlane Ian Taylor 22 US HEGEMONY 33 REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND GLOBAL SECURITY GOVERNANCE 325 Shaun Breslin and Ren Xiao 35 COUNTERTERRORISM COOPERATION AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 498 Peter Romaniuk 36 HUMAN RIGHTS 511 David P Forsythe Part V Non-state actors in global governance 37 THE PURSUIT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE 337 38 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND R2P PART INTRODUCTION 24 GLOBAL CORPORATIONS 341 351 Jan Aart Scholte 26 LABOR 379 Timothy J Sinclair 28 THINK TANKS AND GLOBAL POLICY NETWORKS 391 408 Michael Moran 30 PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES 559 Graciana del Castillo 41 HUMAN SECURITY AS A GLOBAL PUBLIC GOOD 574 Part VII Governing the economic and social world 587 PART INTRODUCTION 42 GLOBAL FINANCIAL GOVERNANCE 423 Peter J Hoffman 31 TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL NETWORKS 546 Fabrice Weissman Mark Raymond and Stefanie Neumeier James G McGann 29 GLOBAL PHILANTHROPY 39 CRISIS AND HUMANITARIAN CONTAINMENT 40 POST-CONFLICT PEACEBUILDING 365 Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes 27 CREDIT RATING AGENCIES 534 Simon Chesterman Christopher May 25 CIVIL SOCIETY AND NGOs 523 Richard J Goldstone 43 GLOBAL TRADE GOVERNANCE 437 Frank G Madsen 591 Bessma Momani 603 Bernard Hoekman 44 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT GOVERNANCE 616 Katherine Marshall Part VI Securing the world, governing humanity 451 PART INTRODUCTION 32 UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND PEACE OPERATIONS Paul D Williams and Alex J Bellamy viii 455 45 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE 630 Elizabeth R DeSombre and Angelina H Li 46 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Jonathan R Strand 643 C ONT ENT S 47 CLIMATE CHANGE 655 Matthew J Hoffmann 48 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOVERNANCE 719 Sophie Harman 53 REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS 667 Roger A Coate 49 GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE 52 GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE 732 Khalid Koser 54 GLOBAL INTERNET GOVERNANCE 681 Madeline Carr 694 Index 744 Harald Heubaum 50 POVERTY REDUCTION 755 David Hulme and Oliver Turner 51 FOOD AND HUNGER 707 Jennifer Clapp ix IN D EX humanitarian ethics 118 humanitarian intervention 58, 520, 534–544, 553–554, 579–583 humanitarian relief 68, 429 Humphrey, J.P 513 Hungary 46 hunger 707–716 Hurricane Katrina 684 Hussein, S (President, Iraq) 243, 427 hypermasculine Eurocentric whiteness (HEW) 208–209, 211, 213 Ibn Khaldun 163 idealism 115 ideology 111, 119 Ikea 341 Ikenberry, G.J 103, 126 imagination 201 immigration see migration imperialism 27, 100, 102–103, 114, 117, 162–163, 166, 176 implementation 81, 82–83 Implementation Force in Bosnia (IFOR) 481 Independent Evaluation Office 598 India 65, 71, 73, 74, 164, 241, 246, 283–295, 284, 286, 286–287, 300, 319, 331, 332, 412, 413, 478, 479, 487, 488, 491, 519, 536–537, 600–601, 646, 699, 702, 734 indigenous rights 207 indirect involvement 356–357 individualism 60, 112 Indonesia 284–285, 300, 318–319, 332 industrial capitalism 27, 32, 34 Industrial Revolution 27–30, 365 industrialism 113 inequality 3–4, 32–33, 34, 55, 170, 173, 695; within-country 703, 704 information flow 5, 86 information technologies 79 institutional arguments 117 institutional development institutional power 52, 57–60 institutionalism 53, 60 institutionalization 68, 293–294, 345 institutions 8–9 insurgency 427 intellectual property 83, 85–87, 290 intellectual property rights (IPRs) 344–345, 359, 606 Intelsat 32 intentionality 56 Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) 644, 645, 648 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 515 764 Inter-American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man 515 interdependence 127–128, 290 interdiction networks 444–447 interfirm control/partnership 344 intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) 10, 11, 41, 65–66, 72, 428–429 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 637, 640, 657, 658 intergovernmentalism 65–66 internally displaced persons (IDPs) 59, 549, 734, 739 International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) 414, 723 International Association for Labor Legislation 27 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 135, 487, 501, 686 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 315, 592 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 29, 501, 502 International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers (2010) 431, 432 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) 480, 494, 531, 538–539, 541–542 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 11, 429, 430, 516, 553, 555 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 634 International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) 669 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 39, 46, 517–518, 536–537, 540 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 514, 518 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 514 International Criminal Court (ICC) 10, 42, 57, 359, 518, 523, 525–532, 552, 580 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 524, 527, 528–529 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 524, 525, 527, 528–530 International Crisis Group (ICG) 395, 396, 402 International Development Association (IDA) 645 International Electrotechnical Commission 27 International Energy Agency (IEA) 682, 684–686, 689, 690–692 International Finance Corporation (IFC) 623 I ND EX international financial institutions (IFIs) 284, 285, 290, 295 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 711 International Force East Timor (INTERFET) 462, 541 International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 710 international humanitarian law (IHL) 41, 429–433, 516–520, 523 International Institute for Justice and Rule of Law (IIJ) 504 International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) 403 International Institute of Agriculture 27 International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) 640 International Labor Movement 27 International Labor Organization (ILO) 30, 226, 229, 279, 366, 367, 369–370, 372–374, 415, 735 international law 10, 37–47, 64, 72, 80, 103–104, 111, 188, 343, 494, 535–539 International Law Movement 27 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) 709 International Maritime Organization (IMO) 501, 502, 633–634 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 3, 29, 57, 58, 65, 82, 85, 100, 126, 128, 139, 148, 152, 174–175, 229–231, 292, 316, 326, 351, 355–356, 561, 569, 591–602 International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement 67–68 international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) 65–67, 141, 417 International Organization for Migration (IOM) 732, 736 International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) 387–388 International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 11, 30, 355 International Peace Institute 397 international political economy (IPE) 12, 176, 197 International Refugee Organization (IRO) 734 international regimes 8–9 international relations (IR) 6–7, 12, 98, 176, 181, 185, 197, 208–209, 237; theory 124, 412, 438, 439 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 682, 685, 689–692 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) 412, 709 International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan (ISAF) 476, 481 International Stability Operations Association 429 International Telecommunications Regulations (ITRs) 751 International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 224, 229, 746, 750–751 International Trade Organization (ITO) 29, 316, 604–605 International Trade Secretariats (ITS) 375–376 International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) 374, 375 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 668, 669 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 27 internationalism 27–28; classic liberal 109–119 internationalization 32 Internet 32, 744–753; activism 83–84 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 746 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 11, 355, 356, 746, 749–751, 753 Internet of Things (IoT) 751, 752 Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization, ICPO) 445, 447, 502 Interpol Criminal Information System (ICIS) 445 intrafirm coordination 344 Iran 71, 167, 288, 478, 489, 491, 493–494, 683 Iraq 71, 102, 243, 289, 427, 428, 488, 489–491, 493, 502, 504, 553, 554, 560, 566, 568, 569 Iraq War (2003) 544 Ireland 127, 196 Iriye, A 28 Islam 164 Islamic Development Bank 622 Islamic Relief 624 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant/Syria (ISIL, ISIS, Da’esh) 105, 504–505, 507, 554–555, 581 Israel 70, 71, 166–167, 240, 244, 478, 487, 488, 490, 491, 519, 526, 540, 683 Israeli-Palestinian conflict 457–458 Italy 63, 127, 271, 424, 442, 444, 489 Jacoby, W 141 Jaitley, A 294 765 IN D EX Jakobi, A 83, 85, 447 Japan 26, 30, 63, 83, 125, 165, 175, 215 246, 316, 331, 368, 489, 607, 645, 649–650, 651–652 Jinks, D 43 Joachim of Floris 161 job creation 373 Johns Hopkins University 411 Johnson, T 123–132 Johnston, D 43 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) 494 joint goods 577–578, 581 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ AIDS (UNAIDS) 723 Jonathan, G (President, Nigeria) 498 Jönsson, C 81, 109–119 Jubilee Debt Campaign 624 Judt, T 230 “just war” 554 justice 111, 208, 523–532, 554 Kahler, M 33, 80, 748 Kaldor, M 552 Kamath, K.V 290 Kant, I 112–114, 118, 124–125, 131–132, 195, 579 Karadzic, R 530 Kashmir 289, 458 Kataneksza, J 205–217 Katzenstein, P 255 Kaul, I 577 Kautsky, K 176 Keck, M 80–81, 414 Kennan, G 317 Kennedy, J.F (President, USA) 696 Kennedy, P 102 Kenya 199, 531, 632 Kenyatta, U (President, Kenya) 531 Keohane, R 8, 9, 73, 78, 127–129 Keynes, J.M 105, 564, 593, 596, 600 Kimberley Process 143 Kindleberger, C 126 King and I, The (film) 210 King Solomon’s Mines (novel) 210–211 Kissinger, H 320 Kiva.org 419 Knight, W.A 311–321 knowledge 4, 434; specialized 58–59, 61 Koser, K 732–742 Kosovo 465, 475, 476, 530, 538–541, 553, 554, 569, 737 Krahmann, Elke 100 Krasner, S 8, 78 Kreide, R 86 766 Kreps, S 141 Ku, C 37–47 Kurds 443–444 Kuwait 243, 493 Kyoto Protocol (1997) 73, 357, 637, 659, 663 labor 171–172, 174, 365–377; clause 371; division of 65, 111, 138, 176, 273, 452, 461, 482; human 172–173; law 735, 738; market 172; migration 367–368, 741; mobility 274; power 171–173; relations 345; skilled 367–368; standards 30, 279, 347, 367, 370–372; supranational regional arrangements 371–372; unions 27 Lagarde, C 601 laissez faire 30, 31, 112, 116–117, 317, 359 Lake, D 80, 748 Lamy, P 277 Lancet, The 725 Landers, R.K 404 Landgren, K 570 landmines 67, 81 Langley, P 197 Langsford, M 676, 677 Latin America 161, 299, 319, 332, 357, 413–414, 479, 696 Latvia 84 law 60, 85; contract 342, 346; cosmopolitan 113; domestic 111; enforcement 441–442, 445, 447; hard 43, 46, 343; human rights 41, 429–433, 516–520, 523; international 10, 37–47, 64, 72, 80, 103–104, 111, 188, 343, 494, 535–539; rule of 119, 173, 257, 446, 462, 504, 579; soft 43–44, 46, 115, 119, 343, 612 lawmaking 38–41 lawyers 386 leaderless organizations 447 leadership 729 League of Nations 25, 28, 41, 114, 125, 224–225, 229, 238, 315–316, 473, 511; “Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism” 500 League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) 411 League of Nations Union (LNU) 115 learning 371 “least developed country” (LDC) 302 Lebanon 463, 733 legal forms 342–343 legal personality 342–343 “Legend of Miyue, The” (TV drama) 212 legitimacy 40, 53–55, 61, 84–87, 360–362, 400, 408–409, 417–418, 420, 424, 480, 750 I ND EX Lenin, V 176 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex (LGBTI) 188–189 Levitt, P 184 Li, A.H 630–641 Li Keqiang (Premier, China) 326 liberal capitalism 208, 209–210, 318 liberal democracy 123 liberal economics 702 liberal institutionalism 123–132, 494–495 liberal internationalism 109–119, 284 liberal norms 579 “liberal peace” 564 liberalism 53, 54, 60–61, 103–104, 109–117, 127–129, 130, 176, 208, 254, 277–278 Liberia 261, 567, 570 liberty 60, 82, 110, 113 Libya 289, 466, 478, 481, 501, 532, 542–543, 554, 574, 684, 689 Lie, T (Secretary-General, UN) 458 Life (magazine) 320 limited liability 342–343 Limits to Growth 668 Lindberg, L 127 Ling, L.H.M 205–217 Liu, J 729 Lloyd George, D (Prime Minister, UK) 315 lobbying 67, 81 localities 214 Locke, J 112, 117 London Club 626 longue durée 160, 311 love 207–208, 210–211 Lowe, V 46 Luce, H 320 Lukes, S 185 “Lusaka Declaration” (1970) 301, 302–303 Luxembourg 127, 271 Maastricht Treaty (1992) 129, 272, 371 MacBride and Sullivan Principles 43 McCoy, D 417 Macdonald, K 347 MacFarlane, S.N 471–482 McGann, J.G 391–406 McGraw-Hill 381 Machiavelli, N 124, 163 Mack, A 576 MacKenzie, M 185 Mackinder, H 165 McNeill, W 63 Madsen, F.G 437–448 mafia 439 Mahan, A.T 165 Mahbubani, K 34 maize 714 Majone, G 142 Malawi 357 Malaysia 625 Mali 463, 465, 527 Malta 42, 504 management 345 mandates 476–477; organizational 474–476 Mandela, N (President, South Africa) 41 Manners, I 276 Mansfield, E 130 Mao Zedong (Chairman, China) 34, 318 market 60, 65, 69, 114, 172–173, 176, 348, 380, 384, 439; access 260; -based force 423–424, 433; democracy 552, 554; efficiency 425, 433; failure 200, 385, 388, 597; financial 11, 65; forces 31–32; liberalization 277; mass 26; order 269; -oriented interventions 418; power 268, 275 Marshall, K 616–618 Marshall Plan 317 Marx, K 161, 170, 172, 175 Marxism 7, 53, 60, 124–125, 131, 170–178, 208 masculinities 186–187 mass killings 456 Mastanduno, M 102 May, C 341–349 Mearsheimer, J 292 Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) 428, 546, 553–555, 729 media 439, 549–551 men 186 mercenaries 424–427 Merger Treaty (1965) 272 Merry, S 184 meta-governance 252 Meunier, S 277 Mexico 207, 411–413, 593, 709 microbes (germs) 720–721 microcephaly (Zika virus) 4, 719, 726 microfinance 419, 623 Middle Ages 164 middle classes 112, 113 Middle East 161, 166, 255, 458, 478, 500, 581, 683 migrant labor 367–368 migrant workers 738 migration 59, 164, 732–742 militarism 182 military 101–103, 187; force 40, 423–425, 432–434, 456, 460–461, 465–468, 467, 480, 534–536, 541, 543; -industrial complex 166; overextension 319, 767 IN D EX 320; power 423, 433; role in health emergencies 728 Mill, J.S 112, 113, 116–117 Milner, H 130 Milosevic, S 530 Minamata Convention on Mercury 639 “minilateralism” 583 mining 569 Mitrany, D 114, 118, 127 Mladic, R 530 modern constructivism 148–149 modern love 207–208, 210–211 Modi, N (Prime Minister, India) 291 Mohanty, C 187 Moldova 480 Momani, B 591–602 monarchy 112 monetary system 316 money laundering 440–441, 445, 502 monitoring 81, 356 monotheism 160–161 Montenegro 475 “Monterrey Consensus” 673 Montreal Protocol (1987) 43 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 636 Montreux Document (2008) 430–431, 432 Moody’s Investors Service 11, 379, 380–381, 381, 382, 386 moral hazard 138–139 morals 117 Moran, M 408–421 Moravcsik, A 129–130 Morgenthau, H 6, 126, 412 Morselli, C 441 most favored nation (MFN) 608, 610 Moyn, S 514 Mozambique 569, 570 Mueller, M 749 Mugge, D 86 Mulgan, R 85 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) 463, 468 multilateral development bank (MDB) 137–138 multilateralism 69, 77, 80, 182, 501, 507–508, 747–749 multinational corporations 342 multinational corporations (MNCs) 10, 57, 65, 83, 198–199 multipolarity 99, 101, 128 multi-stakeholderism 747–749 Munroe, J (President, USA) 323n23 Munroe Doctrine (1823) 315 Murphy, C 9, 302 768 Murphy, C N 25–35 Mushakoji, K 164 Musharaf 444 mutual respect 45 mutually assured destruction (MAD) 318 Mutual Assessment Process (MAP) 600, 602 Muzaffar, C 317 Myanmar 300, 478 Myerson, R 566 Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing 635 Naím, M 439, 447 Namibia 41, 520 Nansen Principles 740 Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) 98, 99, 424 “nation building” 561 National Health Service (NHS) (UK) 722 National Rifle Association 81 nationalism 62, 105, 109, 118, 406 nationally determined contributions (NDCs) 663, 687 Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO) 385, 387 nativism 406 negative freedom 117 negotiation 81, 83 neo-colonialism 518 neo-functionalism 127–128 neo-idealism 115 neoliberal drift 276 neoliberal globalization 206, 277 neoliberal institutionalism 110 neoliberalism 110, 119, 128, 131, 198–202, 253, 304–307, 359, 366, 368, 372–373, 425, 696, 700, 722–723 neo-Marxism 699 neo-medievalism 439 neo-neo debate 129 neo-realism 6, 78, 128, 131 Netherlands 84, 100, 127, 271–272 network theory 437–438, 440–441, 447 networks 40; advocacy 81, 83, 413, 414; criminal 437–448; interdiction 444–447; policy 399–406; power 439–440; production 344–346, 366 Neumeier, S 574–584 neutrality 86 “new actors” 625 New Agreement to Borrow (NAB) 600 New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (NAFSN) 715 “New Deal” 620–621 New Development Bank (NDB) 290–291, 293 I ND EX New Global Finance (NGF) 381–382 “new humanitarianism” 551–553 New International Economic Order (NIEO) 31, 301, 303, 319 New International Information Order (NIIO) 319 new liberalism 113 new regionalism 253, 257 “new wars” 552 New World 205–206 New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants 732, 735 New Zealand 741 Nicaragua 246 Nielson, D 140 Nigeria 262, 479, 549, 702 “Nirvana in Fire” (TV drama) 212 Nixon, R (President, USA) 488, 593 Nobel Peace Prize 269 nodes 441, 442, 444 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 239, 241–243, 246, 301–304, 307, 319 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) 4, 10, 27–28, 56, 81–82, 130, 184, 226, 231, 351–363, 428–429, 433, 514, 546, 552–553, 624, 639–640, 662–663, 668, 701, 711 non-interference 45 non-intervention 111 non-proliferation 70, 493–494; horizontal/ vertical 485–486 non-refoulement principle 734 non-state actors 9–10, 67, 80–84, 103–104, 195, 236, 382, 491, 493, 494, 662, 701–702 non-state environmental governance 639–640 non-tariff barriers (NTBs) 603, 606 normative power 276 normative revolution 513–517 normative transformation 459 norms 38–43, 84, 86, 119, 147, 149–153, 276, 382, 704–705; diffusion 67; interstitial 45–46; setting 290; translation 183–184; variability 479; Western 117, 130–131 North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) 371, 374 North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) 371–372, 374, 473 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 166, 255, 289, 318, 460, 464, 465, 474–476, 478–479, 481, 498, 538 North Korea 71, 318, 487, 490, 491, 494, 535–536 North Ossetia 498 Northern influence 416–418 Norway 27 nuclear deterrence theory 135 Nuclear Non-proliferation Act (1978) 488 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 70, 351, 485–486, 487, 491, 492, 494 Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) 494 nuclear weapons 70–71, 115, 484–488, 491–495 Nuremberg Trial 523–524 Nye, J 127–128, 321–322 Obama, B (President, USA) 71, 166, 318, 494, 505, 659 oceans 31, 633–634 Office International d’Hygiène Publique (OIHP) 720–721 official development assistance (ODA) 581, 673, 678 oil 31, 306–307, 319, 569, 682–685, 689 Olympic Games (London, 2012) 428 Olympic Rings network representation 441, 442 O’Malley, P 200 Omidyar Network 419 O’Neill, J 283, 307 Only One Earth (Dubos and Ward) 668 open working group (OWG) 675 openness 86 orchestration 135, 141–143, 143 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 246, 332–333, 355, 445, 606–607, 622, 626, 684–685, 701 Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) 317, 474 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 477, 479–480, 506 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) 490, 491 Organization of African Unity (OAU) 475 Organization of African Unity Convention for the Elimination of Mercenarism (1977) 430 Organization of American States (OAS) 474, 506, 515, 737 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 355, 622 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 302, 682, 683–686, 689 Organizational Progeny (Johnson) 130 orientalism 164 Other 205–206, 209–210, 216 769 IN D EX Ottawa Treaty 67 Ottoman Empire 520 Our Common Future 670 overseas capacity operations (OCO) 582 Oxfam 3, 357 ozone layer 72, 73, 636–637 Pacific Command 166 Pacific Island nations 741 pacifism 112 Pakistan 71, 300, 442–444, 478, 479, 487, 491, 733 Palan, R 79 Palestine 240, 242, 244; refugees 733 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 500 Palfrey, J 749 Palmer, E 168n4 Panama 536 pandemics 34, 81, 723–725 Pardo, A 42 Paris Agreement (2015) 4, 73, 74, 77, 357, 637, 656–657, 663–664, 687 Paris Club 626 Paris Treaty (1951) 269, 271 Park, S 9, 146–154 Parrochia, D 441 Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) 487 participation 85, 463–464 partnerships 82; health 723–725 Partnership for Peace (PfP) 476 passive resolution 164 paternalism 117 patriarchy 181–182, 187–188 Pauwelyn, J 80, 86 Pax Americana 100, 316 Pax Britannica 316 peace 64, 111–113, 118, 123, 130–131; enforcement 477; international 29, 98 Peace Movement 27 Peace of Augsburg (1555) 45 Peace of Westphalia (1648) 39–40 peacebuilding 29, 62, 477, 580, 582–583; approaches to 567–570, 568; post-conflict 559–571, 562–563, 568 Peacebuilding Challenges for the UN Development System 560–561 Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) 570 peacekeeping 29, 32, 57, 58, 187, 231, 242, 262, 262–264, 329, 397, 434, 455–458, 455–468, 457, 459, 461, 467, 477, 479, 560, 564, 567, 569; “robust” 460, 463, 466–467 peasants 171, 199, 367 peer-to-peer lending 419 770 Peking University Medical College 411 pension funds 385 Pentagon 166 “people smuggling” 442–444 performance evaluations 356 performativity 193–194, 201 permanent five members of the UN Security Council (P-5) 485 perpetual peace 112, 124–125, 128, 132 Perpetual Peace (Kant) 112, 124 Persaud, R 313 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 638 personae non grata 57 pesticides 638–639 Peter the Great 164–165 Peterson, M.J 236–247 Pevehouse, J 130 pharmaceutical industry 414, 415 pharmaceuticals, counterfeit 446 “philanthrocapitalism” 408, 416, 702 philanthropy 408–421, 721, 728 Philippines 412, 478, 709 Phillips, L 186 Pickett, K 703 Pinker, S 29 piracy 11, 427 Pistor, K 346 “Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace” (Bentham) 112 pluralism 284 plurilateralism 84, 177 poaching 429 Pol Pot 537 polarity 99–103, 128 policy 117; finance 81; networks 399–406; public 69; risks 278; security 81 policymaking 83–84 Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration, The (Lindberg) 127 political economy 342–344 political healing 213 political power 347–348 political will 427, 433, 524, 526, 542, 580–581, 591, 723, 728 politicization 480 politics 12, 66–68 Politics Among Nations (Morgenthau) 126 Pollack, M 140–141, 1422 pollution 31, 633–634, 636–637 polycentricism 68–69, 360 Population Bomb (Ehrlich) 668 populism 62, 105 Porter, T 80–81 Posen, B 102 positive freedom 117 I ND EX positivism 150 postcolonialism 299–300, 308 post-coloniality 207–208 post-structuralism 193–202 poverty 4, 173, 578, 618–620, 623; reduction 694–705, 704; relative 703, 704; urbanization of 703 Powell, R 129 power 51–56, 61–62, 81, 104, 110, 153, 174, 180–181, 185, 196–197, 206, 313, 423, 433; balance of 112, 114, 260, 317; circuits 437, 438; competition 115; compulsory 52, 56–57; diffusion of 51–55, 60–61; material 313; networks 439–440; productive 56; relations 254; relative 97, 99–102; soft 69, 313–314, 317, 321–322, 416–417, 505; structural 56; structures 439–440; transition 101 Power and Interdependence (Keohane and Nye) 127–128 Precautionary Credit Line (PCL) 599 precautionary principle 278 preferential trade agreements (PTAs) 610–611, 613 preventing violent extremism (PVE) 505–506 “preventive diplomacy” 458, 560 Priess, D 99–100 Prince, The (Machiavelli) 124, 163 principal-agent theory 9, 135–139, 139, 153 Principles of International Law (Bentham) 112 Prisoners’ Dilemma 129 private military and security companies (PMSCs) 4, 423–434 private sector 66, 79–80, 113, 116, 623, 702, 750 Private Security Company Association of Iraq 429 privatization 569, 722 problem-solving theory 158–160 product development partnerships (PDPs) 414–415 production 162, 200; networks 344–346, 366 professionalization 461–462 profit 171–173 progress 110–111, 161–162, 196 Progress of International Government, The (Mitrany) 127 proliferation, horizontal/vertical 71 Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) 493–494 property rights 112, 114, 116, 171, 209, 576 prosperity 82, 111, 113 Protect Intellectual Property Act (PIPA) 83–84 protectionism 316, 604 Protestantism 410 provincial reconstruction teams (PRTs) 568 Prügl, E 180–189 pseudomorphosis 164, 168n12 public actors 66 public goods 574–584, 722 public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) 725–727 public health see health public international unions 27 public law 346 public policy 193 public-private partnerships 413, 702, 715 Puchala, D 312 purchasing power parity (PPP) 285–287, 308 pure public goods 577 Putin, V (President, Russia) 498 Qatar 68–69 “Quad” 607 qualitative/quantitative transformation 459 queer international relations 213 Quiet American, The (film) 211 racism 210, 244 Ramphal, S 33 rape 527 rational choice 135–143 rationalism 112, 254, 275, 278–279, 383, 384 rationalist functionalism 78–79 rationality 53, 61, 130, 199 Ravallion, M 703 Raymond, M 574–584, 746, 748 Reagan, R (President, USA) 241, 305–306, 696 realism 6, 52, 55, 60, 78, 97–106, 110, 124–125, 128–132, 176, 208, 226, 412, 494–495 rebel groups 141 reconstruction 474, 561, 567 Red Cross Movement 27 reform 110–111, 114, 118 refugee camps 548–549, 736 refugees 57, 59, 732–742; urban 736 regime theory 79 regional autonomy 253 regional development banks (RDBs) 260, 643–653 regional development organizations 260, 261 771 IN D EX regional economic integration 474 regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) 633 regional governance 250–265, 331–332 regional organizations 250–265, 256, 257–259, 261, 262–264, 471–482 Regional Outlooks 597 Regional Seas Program 632 regional security 480 regionalism 251–253, 257 regionalization 251–253, 464–465 regions 250–251 regulation 275, 353, 356, 361 regulatory standards 275, 356 relative poverty 703, 704 relative power 97, 99–102 religion 45, 160–161 remittances, expat 625 Renaissance 112 renewable energy 685, 687, 689 Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations 46 representation 85–86, 253–254 representative democracy 257 republicanism 112–113 “Requests for Comment” (RfC) process 746 resilience 193, 200 resistance 194, 358 resources 56–57 responsibility to protect (R2P) 41, 46, 58, 480, 520, 531, 543–544, 552, 554, 574 Responsibility to Protect, The 539 rhetoric 123 Rio Summit (1992) 73 Rio+20 (2012) 631, 655, 674, 676 risk 345–346 Risse, T 255 Ritter, C 251 Robinson, J 620 Rockefeller Foundation 408, 411–412, 414–415, 625 Rodrik, D 702 Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo yanyi) 212 Romania 84 Romaniuk, P 498–508 Rome, ancient 163 Rome Statute 525–527 Ron, J 81, 82, 141 Roosevelt, E 513–514 Roosevelt, F D (President, USA) 29, 126, 224–225, 316, 512, 513, 695 Root Capital 420 Rorty, R 201 Rosamond, B 268–280 772 Rosenau, J 9–10, 79–80 “rough consensus” 87 roundtables 199 Rousseff, D (President, Brazil) 287, 319 Royal Dutch Shell 683 Rubin, J 539 Ruggie, J.G 11, 30, 33, 128 rule of law 119, 173, 257, 446, 462, 504, 579 rules 58, 61, 118–119, 149–150, 353; compliance 67–68; enforcement 290 “running code” 87 Russert, B 130 Russia 70–71, 72, 164–166, 283–295, 285–288, 286, 318, 319, 331, 332, 479–480, 488, 490, 498, 519, 526, 531, 581–582, 600–601, 751; see also Soviet Union Rwanda 3, 82, 460, 520, 523–524, 542, 550–551, 566 Sahnoun, M 538 Said, E 164 St Francis of Assisi 161 Saint-Simon, H 437 Salehyan, I 141 Sambanis, N 567 sanctions 501, 503 Saracen 429 Saudi Arabia 332, 504, 508, 683 Save the Children 428 Schachter, O 536 Scharpf, F 86 Schengen Agreement (1997) 274 Scholte, J.A 351–363 Schrim, S 292 Schweller, R 99–100, 103 Scotland 196 Scott, A M 34 Searle, J 386 securities 380 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 385, 387 security 64, 70–72, 82, 102, 187, 255, 423, 424, 472–473, 479–480; collective 115, 260; competition 115; energy 403; food 186, 564, 707–716; health 723–725, 728; human 473, 574–584; policy 81; regional 260, 262, 480; response 476, 479; soft 475–476, 479; state 424–425, 432, 433–434; subcontracting 262; transition 565 self-actualization 117 self-defense 536–537, 543 self-determination 111, 115, 118 self-help 410 I ND EX self-reliance 410 Sell, Susan K 77–88 Sen, A 577–578, 711 September 11 terrorist attacks 182, 427, 498–503, 543 Serbia 289, 476 service delivery 353 Seven Sisters 683 sexual harassment 446 sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) 186, 188 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 165–166, 331, 685 shipping 32 Short, C 552–553 Shroff, S 205–217 Sierra Leone 185, 231, 428, 466, 553, 554, 570 Sikkink, K 80–81, 414 Silent Spring (Carson) 668 Sinclair, T.J 379–389 Singapore 617 Singh Sidhu, W.P 484–495 skills shortage 367–368 Skoll Foundation 419 Slaughter, A.-M 446 slavery 704 Slovakia 46, 84 Slovenia 475 Smith, A 112 Smith, M 278 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act 604 Snidal, D 9, 82, 129, 135–143 Snowdon, E 750 Snyder, J 551 social constructivism 130 social democracy 513–515 social dialogue 371, 373 social foundationalism 383–384 social impact investment 408 social movements 701–702 social networks 357 social protection 373 “social upgrading” 367, 369, 370–371 social venture funding 420 socialism 109, 110, 113, 206 soft law 43–44, 46, 119, 343, 612 soft power 69, 313–314, 317, 321–322, 416–417, 505 soft security 475–476, 479 solidarity 163 Somalia 3, 71, 231, 427, 442, 460, 549, 551, 733 Somavía, J (Director-General, ILO) 373 Soros, G 416 South Africa 40–41, 283–295, 286, 287, 319, 331, 403, 427, 428, 526, 625, 702, 723 South Asia 463, 477–478 South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) 478 South China Sea 478 South Korea 165, 318, 331, 332, 617 South Ossetia 480 South Sudan 462–463 South West Africa 41 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 255 Southern African Development Community (SADC) 357, 475, 477 Southern Command 166 Soviet Union 29, 63–64, 70–71, 99–100, 125, 129, 149, 161, 165, 206, 242, 255, 314, 317, 326, 439, 474, 476, 477, 486–487, 488, 535, 710 Sparrow, M 440–441 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 592–593, 600 species see endangered species Spencer, H 113 Spengler, O 164–165 Spruyt, H 576 Sri Lanka 300, 478, 526, 549 SRSG 570 stability: financial 68; geopolitical 65 stakeholders 80, 85, 199 Standard Oil 683 Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 11, 379, 380–381, 381, 386 state 82, 99, 103–105, 109, 111, 114, 118, 123–125, 127–128, 140–143, 150, 174, 177, 184, 238, 343–344, 517–520, 576–577, 583; actors 751; building 477, 561; capacity 80; consent 80; control 117; cooperation 6–7, 52–53; “failed” 262, 552, 579; fragile 620–621; intervention 116; obligations 42–44; power 9, 40, 42, 45, 52, 55, 97–98, 126, 185, 253; security 424–425, 432, 433–434; sovereignty 39–40, 44–45, 64, 69–72, 80, 111, 118, 196, 225, 252, 348, 438–439, 534, 540; system 175–177; welfare 31–33, 80, 113–114, 175 state-centrism 130 statelessness 739 statism 78–79, 360 Sterling-Folker, J 97–106 Stern, M 577 Stern Report (2006) 72 Stiglitz, J 702 773 IN D EX Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972) 31, 354 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) 638 Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) 83–84 Strand, J.R 643–653 Strange, S 34, 79, 87, 311–312, 321, 439–440 Strategy 2020 651–652 street protests 358, 624 Strong, M 669, 670 Stuenkel, O 292 subcontractors 347 subordination 164–165 subprime securities 379, 384–386 sub-regional development banks (SDBs) 644, 646–647, 653 sub-Saharan Africa 699, 703 sub-Siberian Asia 699, 703 subsidiaries 343, 347 subsidiarity 33–34 sub-state authorities 357 Sudan 41, 70, 231, 462, 477, 501, 530, 532, 549, 553, 702 Suez Crisis (1956) 242, 458 Sufi Islam love 212–213 supply chain 341–342, 344–349 supra-nationalism 127 surveillance 196–197, 199, 596–600 sustainability thinking 668–670 sustainable development 46, 233, 667–679, 687–688 Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) 688 “sustainable human development” 577 sustainable investment 569 Sweden 27, 273, 740–741 Switzerland 516–517 “symbiosis paradigm” 439 Syria 3, 70, 150, 288, 443, 478–480, 488, 490–491, 504, 520, 531–532, 541, 555, 574–575, 580–582, 733 Taiwan 165, 326 Tajikistan 477, 480 Taliban 164, 501, 503, 549, 553 Tallberg, J 81 Tamm, H 135–143 Tanzania 536–537 tariffs 603, 604 taxation 424 Taylor, I 299–309 technical interventions 418 technocracy 53, 61–62 technology 40, 101, 130, 419, 751 774 Temporary Protected Status (TPS) (USA) 740–741 terrorism 5, 35, 71, 137, 141, 262, 440, 445, 467, 491, 494, 500–501, 624 Tett, G 568 Teubner, G 446 Thailand 85, 332 Thakur, R 283–295 Thatcher, M (Prime Minister, UK) 163, 305–306, 696 “theory”, as term 438 Theory of International Politics (Waltz) 128 “there is no alternative” (TINA) 303 think tanks 391–406, 392–395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 445 Third World 30, 207, 210–211, 319, 699; see also Global South Third Worldism 300 third-country nationals (TCNs) 426–427 Thirty Years War (1618–1648) 39 Thompson, K 412 threats 472–473, 479–480 “Three Kingdoms” (TV drama) 212 Thucydides 523 Tibet 289 Tierney, M 140 timber 199 time 160–162 torture 518–519 toxic materials 633, 637–639 trade 4, 8–9, 27, 100, 102, 161, 198, 275, 277, 603–614; agreements 604, 612; ethical 198–199; fair 193, 198–200; free 30, 111–113, 115, 119, 198, 277, 309; liberalization 4, 32, 260; regional governance of 260; see also markets Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC) 355 trafficking 437; drugs 35, 437, 439; human 4–5, 35, 437, 442, 442–444, 733, 735; ivory 441–442; sex 187, 428; tusk 442 “Tragedy of the Commons, The” (Hardin) 668 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) 611 “transformational diplomacy” 552 transnational actors 81 transnational advocacy networks 414 transnational climate governance initiatives 662 transnational corporations (TNCs) 174, 342 transnational criminal networks 437–448 transnational organized crime (TOC) 34–35, 438 I ND EX transnationalism 65–66, 84, 141 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 611, 613 transparency 83, 85, 86, 620, 750 treaties 270, 271–272 Treaties of Rome (1957) 272–273 Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) 276 Treaty of Versailles (1919) 28–29, 315 treaty organizations 474 treaty-making 80, 83 tribunals 523–527, 530 Trilateral Commission 175 Trinidad and Tobago 42 Trotsky, L 176 “truly global poverty” 703, 704 Truman, H (President, USA) 317, 513 Trump, D (President, USA) 4, 71, 74, 77, 279, 284, 312, 320, 321, 334, 357, 406, 508, 581, 641, 664, 678, 687, 703, 728 trusteeship 142–143 tsunami 233 Tunisia 646 Turkey 241, 284–285, 332, 443–444, 498, 546, 733 Turner, O 694–705 tusk trafficking 442 Twenty Years’ Crisis, The (Carr) 115, 125 Ubuntu love 211 Uganda 528 Ukraine 72, 165 UN Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) 459 UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) 460 UN Atomic Energy Commission 486–487 UN Chief Executives Board (CEB) 231–233, 232 UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials 430 UN Commission on Conventional Armaments 484 UN Commission on Human Rights (CHR) 513 UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) 72, 671–672 UN Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court 42 UN Conference of the Parties (COP) 355, 402 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (Earth Summit) (1992) 670–672 UN Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) 669 UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 42, 670 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 301, 303, 304–307 UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 635 UN Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 735, 738 UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime 442 UN Counterterrorism Center (UNCCT) 504 UN Counterterrorism Implementation Taskforce (CTITF) 503–506 UN Department of Field Support (DFS) 461, 464 UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) 460–461, 464, 466 UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA) 456, 503 UN Department of Public Information (DPI) 355 UN Development Programme (UNDP) 230, 234, 355, 505, 569, 621, 673, 677, 696 UN Draft Convention on Private Military and Security Companies (2011) 431 UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 29, 227–228, 230, 242, 244, 351 UN Education, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 231, 319, 505, 668–669; Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WHC) 636 UN Emergency Force (UNEF) 458 UN Environment Programme (UNEP) 31, 72, 355, 631–632, 637, 640, 669, 672, 674 UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 126, 128, 186, 668, 697, 708–709 UN Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) 458 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 73, 351, 631, 637, 658–659, 661, 671, 682, 687, 690–692 UN Global Compact (UNGC) 67–68, 199, 344, 369 UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy 71 UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 432 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 57, 58, 230–231, 732, 734, 740, 742 UN Human Rights Committee 518 UN Human Rights Council (HRC) 188, 244, 518–519 775 IN D EX UN International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) 230, 415 UN International Conventions against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries (1989) 430 UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) 458 UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 69, 82, 233, 244, 616–617, 672–674, 697, 723–725 UN Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) 467 UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) 570, 654 UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) 466, 480 UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS) 355 UN Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) 560 UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 445, 503 UN Operation in Mozambique (ONOMUZ) 569 UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) 460 UN Operation in the Congo (ONUC) 458 UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) 467, 560 UN Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) 225–226, 230, 733–734 UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) 734 UN Security Management System (UNSMS) 431–432 UN Special Committee on the Balkans (UNSCOB) 457 UN Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN) 710 UN Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia (UNSOA) 465 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 69, 82, 233–234, 244, 616–618, 674–676, 687–688, 697–698, 703, 705, 725, 729 UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) 458 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) 45, 511, 513–514, 517, 695 UN Women 244; “HeforShe” Campaign 187 UN Working Group on Internet Governance 747 UN World Food Program (WFP) 231, 709 unilateralism 102 unilinear history 161 unipolarity 100–103, 128–129 United Kingdom (UK) 8, 31, 63, 70, 77, 100, 113, 115, 117, 123, 127, 161, 164, 196, 776 242, 272, 279, 314–316, 331–332, 428, 458, 487, 538, 540, 722; “Brexit” 8, 77, 123, 196, 272, 279, 284, 406, 515, 519 United Nations (UN) 28–31, 46, 56, 63–64, 100, 126, 128, 227, 243–245, 260–262, 284, 289, 354, 359, 428, 434, 477, 479–482, 500–505, 507, 517, 551, 554, 560–561, 569–570, 617, 621–622, 630–632, 636, 686–687, 691, 721–722, 751; Charter 64, 225–228, 231, 236, 241, 245, 255, 316, 456, 465, 473, 476, 480–482, 513, 534–535, 538–541, 570–571; General Assembly 29, 38, 40–42, 45, 227–229, 236–247, 239, 240, 326, 486, 492–493, 503, 535–536, 626; Global Governance Group 243; Security Council 10, 29, 38, 46, 51, 58, 70, 143, 182, 187, 289, 355, 455–468, 457, 459, 473–474, 476, 478, 480–482, 491, 493, 501–502, 502–503, 524–525, 531–532, 534–535, 537–544, 570–571; system 223–234, 316, 326, 328–329, 356, 465, 700–701 United Provinces 314 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 413–414, 561 United States Army 166, 426 United States of America (USA) 26, 31, 70–74, 83, 99–100, 105, 123, 125, 127–129, 165–167, 225, 241–242, 260, 275–278, 289, 291, 427, 428, 447, 487, 488, 490, 501, 513–515, 519, 526, 536, 541, 543, 568, 581, 600, 652, 663–664, 683–684, 714, 734–735, 740–741, 750–751; hegemony 63–64, 79–80, 100–103, 126, 129, 161, 175, 177, 311–321, 607 United States Trade Representative (USTR) 83, 607 Universal Postal Union (UPU) 224 universalism 131 universities 623 Uruguay Round (1994) 604 US Army and US Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual, The 568 US dollar 102 utopianism 115, 125 vaccines 411, 414–416, 418 values 276 van der Hoeven, M 690 Veblen, T 31–32 Venezuela 246, 439 I ND EX Versailles Treaty (1919) 28–29 Vetterlin, A Victor, D 73 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) 43 Vietnam 242, 318, 537 Vietnam War (1955–1975) 166 virtù et fortuna 163 Wade, R Walker, R 195–196 Wall Street Crash (1929) 26 Wallerstein, I 312–313, 314 Walt, Stephen 103 Waltz, K 6, 78, 99, 102, 128, 438 war 34, 39, 101, 112, 114, 118, 125, 132, 224, 434, 456, 516–517, 579; crimes 527–532, 551 Ward, B 668 Warsaw Pact 39, 255, 318, 326, 474, 475 “Washington Consensus” (1989) 593, 594, 696, 700 Washington Post 498 We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century 672–673 wealth 172–173, 176 weapons of mass destruction (WMD) 260, 484–495 Weaver, C Weiss, T.G 9, 559, 678 Weissman, F 546–555 welfare 110, 117; internationalism 113–114; state 31–33, 80, 113–114, 175 Werker, E 141 Wessel, R 80 West Africa 479 West African Development Bank (BOAD) 644, 647 West Germany 127 Western civilization 160–162 Western Self 205–206, 209–210, 216 Westphalian system 41, 45, 64, 97 Wettstein, F 348 White, H.D 593, 596 White, T 311 White Ribbon Campaign 187 whiteness 208 Why Nations Fail 620 Wilkinson, R 9, 559, 703 Williams, P 440–441 Williams, P.D 455–468 Wilson, W (President, USA) 114–115, 118, 125, 315, 410 Wohlforth, W 102 women 86, 183, 186–188, 209–211, 233, 726 Woodrow Wilson Center 405 workers 27, 30, 171–172, 174–175; rights 196, 373 World Bank 29, 42, 57, 58, 65, 100, 126, 128, 140, 152, 174, 229–231, 292, 316, 326, 351, 354–355, 415, 561, 569, 574, 593, 595, 621, 644–645, 651, 688, 691, 696–697, 700–701, 709; Inspection Panels 41, 356 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) 670 World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT) 751 World Conservation Strategy 669–670 World Development Reports 696 World Economic Forum (WEF) 3, 175 “World Energy Agency” 691 World Energy Outlooks (WEO) 690 World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO) 356 World Food Conference (1974) 710 World Food Council (WFC) 710–711 World Food Summit (1996) 708 World Health Assembly (WHA) 721 World Health Organization (WHO) 152, 229, 231, 411, 415, 417, 721–722, 727; Global Action Plan on AMR 728–729 World Humanitarian Summit 546–547, 555 World in Depression, The (Kindleberger) 126 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 8, 77, 85 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 637 world order 165–167, 423 World Outlook 597 World Summit on Social Development (WSSD) 696 World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) 631, 673 World Trade Organization (WTO) 4, 32, 65, 85, 175, 198, 257, 275, 277, 284, 326–327, 351, 359, 367, 603–614, 605–606, 701; Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) 711, 713; Comprehensive Framework for Action (CFA) 715 World War I (1914–1918) 25–29, 98, 113, 125, 315–316, 380, 486, 488, 489, 733; post- 114, 224, 316; pre- 26–28, 99, 105 World War II (1939–1945) 63–64, 98, 100, 110, 118–119, 125, 224, 316, 683, 721; post- 126–127, 224, 260, 271, 317 777 IN D EX World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 429 Wouters, J 80 Xe Services LLC 428 Xi Jinping (President, China) 293, 329, 333–334 Xiao, R 325–334 Yalta Agreement (1945) 43 Yemen 71 Yeung, H 344 yin and yang 163 Yom Kippur War see Arab-Israeli War Yuen Foong-Khong 576 778 Yugoslavia, former 149, 303–304, 457, 465, 475, 481, 523, 537–538, 541 Yunus, M 419 Zabyelina, Y 438 Zaire 550–551 Zakharova, M 294 Zapatistas (political movement) 207 Zara (company) 341 Zika virus (microcephaly) 4, 719, 726 Zimbabwe 241, 702 Zuckerberg, M 419 Zumbasen, P 86–87 Zwingel, S 180–189 ... Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Education and Innovation and Professor of Global Political Economy at the University of Sussex Praise for the Second Edition International Organization and Global Governance is an... force of international organizations and a clear guide to conceptualizing and understanding global governance This persuasive account of the history, power and authority of international organizations... Oslo International Organization and Global Governance is remarkable not just for the breadth and depth of its coverage, but for its ability to stretch our understandings of both organization and