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THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Cấu trúc
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
Acronyms and abbreviations
Executive summary
Chapter 1. Assessment and recommendations
Structural transformation towards a modern economy: Upgrading agriculture, manufacturing and services
Modernising the agricultural sector
Developing the manufacturing sector
Seizing opportunities in the services sector
Accumulation of human capital and addressing skills gaps
Developing relevant skills in Myanmar
Activating skills supply
Putting skills to effective use
Strengthening the skills system
Mobilising the external and internal financial resources for development
Mobilisation and allocation of external resources
Mobilisation and allocation of domestic resources
Note
References
Chapter 2. Structural transformation towards a modern economy: Upgrading agriculture, manufacturing and services
Key findings
Modernising the agricultural sector
Myanmar’s agricultural sector has considerable opportunities for expansion and diversification but faces structural constraints
Figure 2.1. Myanmar agriculture consists predominantly of small farms
Rice sector productivity needs to increase to raise incomes and export earnings
Table 2.1. Output of rice has grown more slowly than that of other crops
Box 2.1. Accurate rice data are needed for development of effective policies
Figure 2.2. Myanmar rice yields are growing slowly
Many crops could potentially be exported but quality needs to improve
Box 2.2. Farm-specific and local factors determine most of the productivity differences in rice farming
Figure 2.3. Rice productivity is highest in Sagaing Region and lowest in Chin State
Figure 2.4. The marginal products of inputs tend to increase with farm size
Figure 2.5. Pulses are Myanmar’s most valuable export crops
Lack of finance, low quality inputs and lack of skills seriously constrain exports
Box 2.3. Quality seeds are key to improving crop quality and productivity
Institutions and policies need to be reformed to stimulate agricultural growth
Resolving ambiguity in land tenure and production rights should improve production incentives
Box 2.4. Myanmar’s agriculture has been shaped by a range of government policies
Agricultural policies need to focus on raising productivity but avoid distorting market signals
Improving the organisation of agriculture-related ministries could increase administrative efficiency and ensure consistency in policies across agro-food sectors
Reforms could help to expand the financial services available to farmers
Expanding agricultural extension services and farmer education can help spread modern farming practices
Agri-food health and safety regulatory systems need to be strengthened to meet international market requirements
Increased assistance to promote exports and development of value chains can improve market opportunities
Improving food safety compliance will be crucial to accessing export markets
Myanmar has the potential to expand its range of agricultural export products and destinations
Box 2.5. Improving food safety: Learning from Viet Nam’s dragon fruit experience
Box 2.6. Constraints on the mango value chain
Alternative organisational structures may provide greater impetus to modernisation: Clusters and contracting
Box 2.7. Stimulating development of inclusive value chains
Box 2.8. Kenya’s avocado cluster: How it was done
Box 2.9. Upgrading and linking smallholders to export markets: China’s Dragon Head firms and industry associations
Encouraging co-operation through producer and exporter associations could relax constraints to information and technology access
New ways of doing business may also help to modernise agriculture
Box 2.10. ICT: Improving market price information dissemination
Box 2.11. Alternative marketing strategies hold promise in Myanmar
Developing the manufacturing sector
The manufacturing sector is growing from a small base
Figure 2.6. Myanmar has increased manufacturing activities
Figure 2.7. Myanmar is a net importer of manufactured goods
The manufacturing industry is dominated by SMEs, particularly in food and beverages
Figure 2.8. Smaller food and beverage firms dominate manufacturing in Myanmar
Figure 2.9. Manufacturing SOEs operate in various sectors
Figure 2.10. SOEs have recorded unstable performances
Domestic investment and FDI have shifted towards the manufacturing sector since the recent reform process began
Figure 2.11. Power and extractive industries dominated FDI before reform, while manufacturing was second
Figure 2.12. Both domestic investment and FDI have shifted toward the manufacturing sector
Development strategies aim to enhance private sector involvement in the manufacturing sector
Table 2.2. The reform process began its second phase in 2011, in the post-socialist era
Industrial zones and special economic zones have been developed to promote manufacturing
Figure 2.13. The government has developed regional industrial zones and special economic zones as the main development strategy for the manufacturing sector
Regional industrial zones serving the SMEs are faced with constraints
Table 2.3. Industrial zones serve SME manufacturers
Figure 2.14. Industrial zones host a variety of industries but food and beverages as the majority
Figure 2.15. Mingaladon has been the most successful industrial zone in Myanmar so far
New Industrial Zones and Special Economic Zones are being developed
Box 2.12. The East-West Economic Corridor
Figure 2.16. The East-West Economic Corridor
Lack of a deep sea port for Yangon is an obstacle to manufacturing development
The business climate presents challenges for the manufacturing sector
Corruption, lack of technology and access to land and office space are major obstacles
Figure 2.17. Corruption, lack of technology and access to land and office space are major obstacles to manufacturers
Figure 2.18. Manufacturers rely mainly on personal sources for financing
Policy suggestions for addressing challenges in manufacturing
Box 2.13. Experiences with SME development funds in other Asian countries
Seizing opportunities in the services sector
Figure 2.19. Myanmar’s services share of GDP is somewhat low for its income level
Figure 2.20. The importance of Myanmar’s services exports declined through most of the 2000s
The potential of the transportation and logistics services needs to be harnessed to help support growth in other sectors
Figure 2.21. Myanmar’s road network is much smaller than those of its neighbours
Myanmar has significant potential in travel and tourism
Improved domestic transportation systems and promotion of more balanced tourism will be critical
Conclusion
Modernising the agricultural sector
Developing the manufacturing sector
Seizing opportunities in the services sector
Notes
References
Annex 2.A1. Tables and charts on agricultural sector
Table 2.A1.1. Estimated share of rural households without land
Table 2.A1.2. Area harvested of main agricultural commodities, in thousands of acres
Table 2.A1.3. Annual production of main agricultural commodities, in thousands of tonnes
Figure 2.A1.1. Area harvested, production and yields of rice-paddy 1961-2012
Figure 2.A1.2. Area harvested, production and yields of rice-paddy 1961-2012
Table 2.A1.4. Projected import demand 2014-2023 (average growth in % per annum)