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Civil War and Agrarian Unrest Between and , both the Confederate South and Southern Italy underwent dramatic processes of nation building, with the creation of the Confederate States of America and the Kingdom of Italy, in the midst of civil wars This is the first book that compares these parallel developments by focusing on the Unionist and pro-Bourbon political forces that opposed the two new nations in inner civil conflicts Overlapping these conflicts were the social revolutions triggered by the rebellions of American slaves and southern Italian peasants against the slaveholding and landowning elites Utilizing a comparative perspective, Enrico Dal Lago sheds light on the reasons why these combined factors of internal opposition proved fatal for the Confederacy in the American Civil War, while the Italian Kingdom survived its own civil war At the heart of this comparison is a desire to understand how and why nineteenth-century nations rose and either endured or disappeared is Professor of American History at the National University of Ireland, Galway He holds a PhD in History from University College London He is the author of several books, including Agrarian Elites: American Slaveholders and Southern Italian Landowners, – (), and William Lloyd Garrison and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform () Cambridge Studies on the American South Series Editors Mark M Smith, University of South Carolina, Columbia Peter Coclanis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Interdisciplinary in its scope and intent, this series builds upon and extends Cambridge University Press’s longstanding commitment to studies on the American South The series offers the best new work on the South’s distinctive institutional, social, economic, and cultural history and also features works in a national, comparative, and transnational perspective Titles in the Series Eugene D Genovese and Douglas Ambrose, The Sweetness of Life: Southern Planters at Home Robert E Bonner, Mastering America: Southern Slaveholders and the Crisis of American Nationhood Ras Michael Brown, African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry Christopher Michael Curtis, Jefferson’s Freeholders and the Politics of Ownership in the Old Dominion Louis A Ferleger and John D Metz, Cultivating Success in the South: Farm Households in Postbellum Georgia Craig Friend and Lorri Glover, eds., Death and the American South Sarah Gardner, Reviewing the South: The Literary Marketplace and the Southern Renaissance, – Luke E Harlow, Religion, Race, and the Making of Confederate Kentucky, – Ari Helo, Thomas Jefferson's Ethics and the Politics of Human Progress: The Morality of a Slaveholder Karlos K Hill, Beyond the Rope: The Impact of Lynching on Black Culture and Memory Katherine Rye Jewell, Dollars for Dixie: Business and the Transformation of Conservatism in the Twentieth Century William A Link and James J Broomall, eds., Rethinking American Emancipation: Legacies of Slavery and the Quest for Black Freedom Keri Leigh Merritt, Masterless Men: Poor Whites and Slavery in the Antebellum South Susanna Michele Lee, Claiming the Union: Citizenship in the Post–Civil War South Scott P Marler, The Merchants’ Capital: New Orleans and the Political Economy of the Nineteenth-Century South Peter McCandless, Slavery, Disease, and Suffering in the Southern Lowcountry James Van Horn Melton, Religion, Community, and Slavery on the Colonial Southern Frontier Barton A Myers, Rebels against the Confederacy: North Carolina's Unionists Thomas Okie, The Georgia Peach: Culture, Agriculture, and Environment in the American South Johanna Nicol Shields, Freedom in a Slave Society: Stories from the Antebellum South Damian Alan Pargas, Slavery and Forced Migration in the Antebellum South Brian Steele, Thomas Jefferson and American Nationhood Jonathan Daniel Wells, Women Writers and Journalists in the Nineteenth-Century South Civil War and Agrarian Unrest The Confederate South and Southern Italy ENRICO DAL LAGO National University of Ireland, Galway University Printing House, Cambridge , United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, th Floor, New York, , USA Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, , Australia –, rd Floor, Plot , Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – , India Anson Road, #–/, Singapore Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ : ./ © Enrico Dal Lago This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data : Dal Lago, Enrico, - author : Civil war and agrarian unrest : the Confederate South and southern Italy / Enrico Dal Lago : Cambridge ; NewYork : Cambridge University Press, | Series: Cambridge studies on the American south | Includes bibliographical references and index : | (hardback) : : Confederate States of America–Politics and government | Italy, Southern–Politics and government–- | Secession–Southern States–History– th century | Secession–Italy–History–th century | Agriculture–Economic aspects–Italy– History–th century | Agriculture–Economic aspects–United States–History–th century | Elite (Social sciences)–Southern States–History–th century | Elite (Social sciences)–Italy, Southern–History–th century | Civil wars–Cross-cultural studies : | ./–dc LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ ---- Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of Maps page ix Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations xi xiii Introduction: Civil War, Nation-Building, and Agrarian Unrest in the Confederate South and Southern Italy – A Comparative Perspective , – Preemptive Counterrevolutions: The Rebellions of the Elites The Difficult Birth of Two Nations Inner Civil Wars in East Tennessee and Northern Terra di Lavoro I, – Inner Civil Wars in East Tennessee and Northern Terra di Lavoro II, – , – Revolutions: The Revolts of the Lower Strata Civil Wars and Agrarian Questions Social Revolutions in the Lower Mississippi Valley and Upper Basilicata I, – vii Table of Contents viii Social Revolutions in the Lower Mississippi Valley and Upper Basilicata II, – Conclusion Bibliography Index Index latifondi (large landed estates in southern Italy), , Latture, Jacob, Leadbetter, Danville, –, , Lee, Robert E., , Lee, Stephen D., legitimacy, – centralization and, – Civil War, American and, –, – Confederacy, inner civil wars in, and, –, Confederacy and, –, , – Francis II (King), Italian Kingdom, inner civil wars in southern Italy and, , –, Italian Kingdom and, –, , – Italian National Unification and, – liberal constitutional government and, – Lincoln and, , nation-building and, – slavery in Confederacy and, – states’ rights in Confederacy and, – Union and, , , –, Le légitimisme en armes (Sarlin), legitimists (pro-Bourbons), , , , –, – See also committees, proBourbon; guerrillas, legitimist (pro-Bourbon) Catholic Church and, compared with Unionists in Confederacy, –, Crocco and, , decline of, , – defeat of, Franco and, Great Brigandage, importance to, – Italian repressive measures and, –, , Massari Parliamentary Commission on Brigandage blaming, Northern Terra di Lavoro and, , , , –, –, – Papal States, fleeing to, peasants, southern Italian and, , –, , Pica Law and, – Sora and, Tristany and, , Upper Basilicata and, Upper Basilicata peasant rebellions and, , Leitman, Spencer, – Lenoir, Walter, – Lepre, Aurelio, – Levine, Bruce, Lewis, J W., liberal constitutional government, – Lichtenstein, Alex, Lillard, Kate, Lincoln, Abraham, , , , , See also Emancipation Proclamation () Border States and, coercion policy of, confiscation and, East Tennessee and, – election of, – Fort Sumter, siege and battle of, and, , , land redistribution and, –, – legitimacy and, , Reconstruction and, slave rebellions in Confederate South and, Liri Valley (Northern Terra di Lavoro), –, , , – Litwack, Leon, , Lopez Colonel, , , –, , – Louis Philippe I (King), – Louis XVIII (King), – Louisiana See also Baton Rouge, LA; Energy Revolt; New Orleans, LA; Port Hudson; St Martin’s Parish, freedpeople resistance and free labor and, – freedpeople resistance and, –, –, –, –, –, – jayhawking and, plantation occupations and, runaway slaves and, , – slave rebellions and, –, –, –, –, , , –, , –, –, – Union occupation of, –, –, – Louisiana State Constitution, emancipation and, Index L’Ouverture, Toussaint, Lower Mississippi Valley, See also Louisiana; Mississippi; Second Creek conspiracy compared with Upper Basilicata, freedpeople and, , – freedpeople resistance and, , , , –, , –, –, – compared with peasant resistance in Upper Basilicata, – runaway slaves and, –, –, , –, –, slave rebellions and, –, , –, , –, –, –, compared with peasant rebellions in Upper Basilicata, – Emancipation Proclamation and, –, –, , compared with state of siege in Upper Basilicata, – land redistribution and, – compared with land redistribution in Upper Basilicata, – plantation occupations and, , –, – compared with occupations of masserie in Upper Basilicata, – social revolution and, – Union army advance and, –, –, – Vicksburg, MS, Union conquest of, and, –, – De Luca, Vespasiano, Lucarelli, Antonio, , Lupo, Salvatore, , , , , – Luvarà, Francesco, Macry, Paolo, , Madden, David, Mammone, Gaetano, , Manchon, Pierre-Yves, manufacturing See industrial production manutengoli (guilty of crime of supporting brigands in southern Italy), , , , , –, National Guard (Italy) and, peasants, southern Italian as, , – Pica Law and, –, – public executions and, women as, , manutengolismo (crime of supporting brigands in southern Italy), , –, –, –, , – Maria Sofia (Bourbon Queen), Marino, Dario, , martial law, See also General Order No ; Pica Law; state of siege Confederacy, inner civil wars of, and, –, , – Davis, Jefferson, and, , East Tennessee and, , , , , –, –, – ex-Confederate south and, Italian Kingdom, inner civil war in southern Italy, and, –, –, – Kirby Smith and, –, –, Knoxville, TN and, Northern Terra di Lavoro and, , – Selva and, Sora and, Martucci, Roberto, , –, –, Maryland, mass flights, , , , Massari, Giuseppe, –, , –, – Massari Parliamentary Commission on Brigandage, –, , –, – masserie (southern Italian landed estates) checkpoint system and, – Crocco and, –, – invasions of, , , , – compared with plantation occupations in Confederate South, – Melfese and, –, –, – Sergente Romano and, , , Upper Basilicata peasant rebellions and, –, , , , –, –, –, –, – Maximilian (Emperor), Maynard, Edward, , – Maynard, Horace, –, , , Mayr, Carlo, , , , Index Mazza, Gaetana, Mazzini, Giuseppe, , McAndrew, Joseph, McCown, John P., – McCurry, Stephanie, , , , on Confederate paramilitary organizations and, on slave rebellions in Confederate South, , –, , McKibben, Davidson Burns, McLenan, Marinda, McMurran, Alice “Alie” Austen, McPherson, James, – Melfese, , – See also Rionero; Upper Basilicata brigand bands and, –, – Crocco and, –, –, –, –, , –, – masserie, invasions of, and, –, –, – peasant rebellions, southern Italian and, – repressive measures and, – Melfese-Capitanata-Terra di Bari See Upper Basilicata Melvin, James W., , Melvin, Robert E., Meriggi, Marco, – Mexico, Mezzogiorno (southern Italy), –, , invented tradition and, – Italian army ruling, Italian Kingdom administration of, – Italian Kingdom annexing, – Northern Terra di Lavoro differences from, –, – socio-economic system of, migration African Americans and, – comparison between African American and southern Italian, freedpeople and, peasants, southern Italian and, , Military District of Melfi and Bovino, – military tribunals, –, –, , , Miller, Alexander R., Minor, William J., –, , –, Minute Men for the Defence of Southern Rights, Mississippi, , –, – See also Free State of Jones; Vicksburg, MS runaway slaves and, –, slave rebellions in Confederate South and, –, , , – Mississippi Valley, plantation occupations and, Missouri, Missouri Crisis, Mitchell, A S., Mitchell, Charles J., – modernization, , Moe, Nelson, , – Molfese, Franco, , , –, , on brigand bands, , , , –, , on class conflict, on state of siege, Mollicone, Alessio, monarchy, Italian, Statuto Albertino and, See also constitutional monarchy; Hapsburg Monarchy Monnier, Marc, Montgomery, Amelia, Montgomery, Benjamin, , Montgomery Convention, – Montieri, Giuseppe, – Moore, Barrington, Jr., Moore, Thomas O., , , –, , Emfield plantation, Rapides Parish, Louisiana and, –, – Moore, William, – Morgan, George, Morgan, John H., mountainous terrain Apennines and, – East Tennessee and, –, , –, Northern Terra di Lavoro and, –, –, Musso, , – Myers, Barton, Myers, Jacob, Index Napoleon III (French Emperor), Natchez, MS, – See also Second Creek conspiracy nation states, nineteenth-century, internal dissent and, – National Guard (Italy), , –, , , , – annexation plebiscites (southern Italy) and, – brigand bands and, , –, , –, –, collaboration with local authorities and, – conscription and, Franco, Antonio and, – manutengoli and, Mobile National Guard, , , , , , – Northern Terra di Lavoro and, –, , –, , –, – peasant rebellions, southern Italian and, , – peasants, southern Italian and, – Pica Law and, – Upper Basilicata peasant rebellions and, –, , nationalism, See also Confederate States of America, nationalism and; Italian Kingdom, nationalism and; peripheral nationalism; unification nationalism Confederacy and, –, –, Italian Kingdom and, –, , nation-building, , –, –, –, comparative approach to nineteenthcentury Euro-American, – Confederacy and, , –, , – Fort Sumter, siege and battle of, and, –, –, Gaeta, siege of, and, –, , Italian Kingdom and, , , –, – peripheral nationalism and, , separatist movements and, – slavery and, , unification nationalism and, , Negri, Pier Eleonoro, Nelson, Scott, –, Nelson, T A R., , –, , Nelson, William, – Netherlands, – New Deal, New Orleans, LA, –, , “Ninco-Nanco” (di Summa, Michele), –, , , North Carolina, secession conventions and, Northern Terra di Lavoro, , , , , , – See also Liri Valley; “Provisions for Public Safety in Prevention of Brigandage”; Selva; Sora agriculture and, , , annexation plebiscites (southern Italy) and, , –, –, – annexation plebiscites in, compared with East Tennessee’s secession conventions, – borders of, –, , Bourbon Kingdom assistance to legitimist guerrillas in, , , –, –, –, , , , –, Bourbon Kingdom potential invasion of, –, , , Bourbon Kingdom strength in, bourgeoisie and, – Castelluccio, burning of, and, –, , –, , Chiavone and, –, –, –, , –, – compared with East Tennessee, – Francis II and, , , guerrilla warfare and, , –, – guerrillas, legitimist (pro-Bourbon) and, , , –, –, –, –, –, , –, – compared with Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee, – industrial production and, , inner civil war in, –, – compared with inner civil war in East Tennessee, –, –, – Italian Kingdom control and, –, –, Index Northern Terra di Lavoro (cont.) Italian National Unification opposed in, –, legitimists (pro-Bourbons) and, , , , –, –, – martial law and, , – Mezzogiorno, differences from, –, – mountainous terrain and, –, –, National Guard and, –, , –, , –, – November burning of Castelluccio compared with November bridge burnings in East Tennessee, – Papal States and, , , peasants, southern Italian and, – public executions and, railroads and, repressive measures, Italian Kingdom and, –, , –, –, –, –, civilians and, –, compared with Confederate repressive measures in East Tennessee, – guerrillas, legitimist (pro-Bourbon) and, , , –, –, –, –, scholarship on, – as socio-economically divided, –, –, state of siege and, , –, – urban centers and, , – Nott, Charles C., Nullification Crisis, Oakes, James, –, – Oath of Allegiance, Confederate, –, –, fugitives, Unionist and, Kirby Smith and, – Proclamation of Amnesty and, Oath of Allegiance, United States, slaveholders, American and, – O’Connell, Daniel, O’Donovan, Susan, , Order , –, Ottoman Empire, – Owen, Ro L., – Owen, Robert, Palazzo, Daniele, Palfrey, William T., –, , Pallavicini, Emilio, , –, –, , , La Marmora and, , , Pica Law and, – Papal States, , , , , paramilitary organizations, Confederate, , , See also Minute Men for the Defence of Southern Rights; Patriot Rangers Act secession conventions and, South Carolina and, Parliament (Italian Kingdom), , See also Parliamentary Elections of Parliamentary Elections of , , Parton, James, Pasolini, Enea, Patriot Rangers Act, Patterson, E.C., peasant rebellions, Irish, , –, See also Captain Rock; Great Famine; Insurrection Act; Land War compared with southern Italian peasant rebellions, – individuals targeted by, land and, modernization and, secret societies and, – social revolution and, peasant rebellions, southern Italian, See also masserie, invasions of; Upper Basilicata, peasant rebellions and achievements of, Basilicata and, class conflict and, –, , compared with Irish peasant rebellions, – compared with slave rebellions in Confederate South, – Democrats (Italy) and, , –, , – Garibaldi and, , “general strike” (Du Bois) and, –, Index Great Brigandage and, –, –, , –, , –, –, – Lagonegro and, – land and, , –, , land redistribution and, , –, –, –, – landowners, southern Italian and, –, , as large scale, –, – Melfese and, – National Guard (Italy) and, , – as part of global agrarian unrest, – Pica Law and, –, , –, – private property and, , repressive measures and, –, , , Sicily and, – slave rebellions in Confederate South and, – social revolution and, –, compared with social revolution caused by slave rebellions in Confederate South, – state of siege and, –, peasant war, peasants, southern Italian, –, , – abolition of feudalism in southern Italy and, brigand bands and, , , –, –, –, Chiavone and, as class, – common land, landowners’ appropriation of (questione demaniale), and, , –, – compared with slaves, African American, – emigration and, , Francis II (King) and, Great Brigandage, after end of, – Great Brigandage and, , , –, as guerrillas, legitimist (pro-Bourbon), land redistribution and, – failure of, compared in ex-Confederate South and southern Italy, –, – landownership and, – legitimists (pro-Bourbons) and, , –, , as manutengoli, , – Northern Terra di Lavoro and, – perpetuation of dependency of, –, compared with perpetuation of dependency of African Americans, , – resistance, – Pedio, Tommaso, Peduzzi, Ubaldino, –, – Pennacchio, Filomena, “People of Campania” (Tristany), peripheral nationalism, –, , Perryville, battle of, Pescasseroli, Zimmerman, L R., and, – Petrusewicz, Marta, – Pettus, John, Petty, George W., Phelps, John W., –, – Pica Law (southern Italy, ), , , –, , , – Great Brigandage and, –, , –, –, legitimists (pro-Bourbons) and, – manutengoli and, –, – masserie, invasions of, and, – Melfese and, – military tribunals and, –, –, , , Pallavicini and, – peasant rebellions, southern Italian and, –, , –, – private property, as defence of, revocation of, – Upper Basilicata peasant rebellions and, , , –, –, women and, Piccirillo, Carlo, Pickens, George, , Piedmont Sardinia, Kingdom of, – See also Turin Pierce, Abner, pilots, Unionist, refugees, Unionist and, Pius IX (Pope), plantation occupations, , compared with invasions of masserie in southern Italy, – Index plantation occupations (cont.) Louisiana and, Lower Mississippi Valley slave rebellions and, , –, – Mississippi and, – Mississippi Valley and, Natchez, MS and, – propaganda and, Poland, – Polish Uprisings, political representation Confederacy and, Constitution (Italian Kingdom) and, Italian Kingdom and, Polk, William H., Pontelandolfo, massacre at, – Port Hudson, , – Banks and, , , , – slaveholders, American and, – Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (), , , prisoners of war, Bourbon, – recruitment into Italian army of, private property, , , Proclamation of Amnesty, Conscription Act and, “Proclamation to the Citizens of East Tennessee” (Leadbetter), , “Proclamation to the People of East Tennessee” (Jones), propaganda, –, , “Provisions for Public Safety in Prevention of Brigandage” (Mayr), , Prussian-Austrian War, public executions, , , – Quigley, Paul, , , Rable, George, Radical Reconstruction, –, – Radical Republicans, , railroads, See also bridge burning East Tennessee and, , –, , –, Northern Terra di Lavoro and, Ramsey, James Gettys McGready, , Randolph, George, , Rankin, William B., Ransdell, John M., –, – Elmwood plantation, Rapides Parish, Louisiana, and, –, – Ransom, Roger, Rattazzi, Urbano, , rebellious slaves, official descriptions of, – Reconstruction, , – Reconstruction Act (), , Red River Banks and, , , , plantations on, –, – slave rebellions in Confederate South and, , –, – refugeeing, slaveholders, American and, –, , refugees, Unionist, Confederate blockade against, – Conscription Act and, – Kentucky and, –, , –, pilots, Unionist and, women and, regionalism Rio Grande Sul and, – Sicily and, – South Carolina, secession of, and, –, – Regis, Repeal of the Act of Union movement, repressive measures See also Alien and Enemies Act; anti-brigandage law, ; civilians, repressive measures and; conscription; Conscription Act; Conscription Law; East Tennessee, repressive measures, Confederacy and; freedpeople resistance, Union army suppressing; Insurrection Act; martial law; Northern Terra di Lavoro, repressive measures, Italian Kingdom and; Oath of Allegiance, Confederate; paramilitary organizations, Confederate; Pica Law; Pontelandolfo, massacre at; “Provisions for Public Safety in Prevention of Brigandage”; public executions; Sequestration Act; state of siege; Tuscaloosa prison; undemocratic practices Index bridge burning in East Tennessee and, Confederacy, inner civil war in, and, , –, –, guerrillas, legitimist (pro-Bourbon) and, – guerrillas, Unionist and, , , –, , , –, –, – Homodei and, –, , –, –, –, Italian Kingdom, inner civil war in southern Italy, and, , –, , , – legitimists (pro-Bourbons) and, –, , Melfese and, – peasant rebellions, southern Italian and, –, , , Sora and, Terra di Bari and, Upper Basilicata peasant rebellions and, –, – Zollicofer and, , –, Republican Party (U.S.A.), , , See also Radical Republicans Revolutions of –, , , , Rhett, Robert Barnwell, Rice, Spotswood, – Richmond, VA, Confederate capital in, Rio Grande Sul, – See also Farroupilha Rio Grande Sul’s slaveholders compared with South Carolina’s slaveholders, – Rionero, Crocco and, Ripley, C Peter, , Rispoli, Alfonso, – Rivière, Henri Arnous de, Rizzo, Giuseppe, – Robinson, Armistead, Rodrigue, John, , , Roediger, David, – Rogers, Thomas, De Rolland, Giulio, , – Romano, Pasquale “Sergente,” , , , , defeats suffered by, masserie, invasions of, and, , , Rosencrans, William, – Rossi, Enrico Pani, Rouston, Hugh L W., – runaway slaves, –, See also Order ; self-emancipation; slaves, African American, mass flights of Butler and, – emancipation and, –, “general strike” and, Louisiana and, , – Lower Mississippi Valley and, –, –, , –, –, Mississippi and, –, New Orleans, LA and, Union, fleeing to, , , Union army turning away, – Russia, – S Gervasio, Saint Domingue, Saint Jorioz, Alessandro Bianco di, , , , Santafede, , Sarlin, Simon, , – Sarno textile mill protest, – Saville, Julie, Savona, Vittorio, Sawyer, Silas, Saxton, Rufus, – Sayler, John, Sayler, John R., Sayler, Mary, Schiavone, Giuseppe, , , , – Schweninger, Loren, – Scotti Douglas, Luigi, Scruggs, James, , Scruggs, William L., secession Appalachia and, East Tennessee and, – slaveholders, American and, of South Carolina, , –, –, South Carolina’s secession comapred with Sicilian separatism, – secession, referendum on, East Tennessee and, –, , , – secession conventions, –, –, – Arkansas and, compared with annexation plebiscites, – Index secession conventions (cont.) Florida and, Fort Sumter, siege and battle of, and, – Mississippi and, North Carolina and, paramilitary organizations, Confederate and, South Carolina and, – Tennessee and, Virginia and, Second Confiscation Act, –, – Second Creek conspiracy, Second Schleswig-Holstein War, second slavery, , , – Civil War, American and, Haitian Revolution and, U.S slave emancipation and, –, – secret societies, peasant rebellions, Irish, and, – Seddon, War J A., Seismit-Doda, Federico, self-determination Confederacy and, , –, – Italian Kingdom and, , – nationalism and, self-emancipation, , See also “general strike” Civil War, American impacted by, Emancipation Proclamation and, Selva, –, – separatist movements, – See also Confederate States of America; Farroupilha war; Irish separatism; Italian Kingdom separatist nationalism See peripheral nationalism Sequestration Act, –, – Sereni, Emilio, – sharecropping, – Sheehan-Dean, Aaron, Sheriff, Carol, –, Sherman, William T., , , Shiloh, Battle of, , – Sicardi, L., Sicily, – counterrevolution and, – Garibaldi and, – inner civil wars and, – internal dissent and, , – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and, , – peasant rebellions, southern Italian and, – regionalism and, – separatism in, compared with Irish separatism, , – separatism in, compared with South Carolina’s secession, – Sinha, Manisha, Sitterson, J Carlyle, Skocpol, Theda, , slave ownership, political representation in Confederacy and, slave rebellions in Confederate South See also Energy Revolt; Lower Mississippi Valley, slave rebellions and; plantation occupations; Second Creek conspiracy achievements of, Civil War, American and, –, – class conflict and, – communication networks (grapevine telegraph) and, , compared with Haiti’s slave rebellion, –, Confederacy, inner civil war in, and, –, drivers and, Du Bois, W E B and, , emancipation and, Emancipation Proclamation and, – “general strike” and, –, land and, land redistribution and, , –, – large scale, – Lincoln and, Louisiana and, –, –, –, –, , , –, , –, –, – McCurry, Stephanie on, , –, , Mississippi and, –, , , – as part of global agrarian unrest, – peasant rebellions, southern Italian compared with, – Index Red River area and, , –, – Republican Party (U.S.A.) and, , social revolution and, –, Union support for, slave resistance in Confederate South, – compared with peasant resistance in southern Italy, – slaveholders, American, , –, , – Confederacy and, –, East Tennessee and, Emancipation Proclamation and, –, modernization and, Oath of Allegiance, United States and, – Port Hudson and, – refugeeing and, –, , secession and, separatist movements of, – in South Carolina, compared with Rio Grande Sul’s slaveholders, – South Carolina and, – Union and, – Union army advance and, –, –, – slavery, American, , class conflict and, – Confederate Constitution and, –, legitimacy and, – slaves, African American, , – See also drivers, slave rebellions in Confederate South and; house slaves, female, resistance of; rebellious slaves, official descriptions of; runaway slaves; self-emancipation as class, – communication networks (grapevine telegraph) and, –, , compared with southern Italian peasants, –, – du Bois and, – emancipation and, Emancipation Proclamation and, Hahn and, Haitian Revolution and, land redistribution, , –, – failure of, compared in ex-Confederate South and southern Italy, and, –, – landownership and, –, mass flights of, , , white farmers and, – Sloan, William E., , Smith, Abraham, – Smith, Benjamin F., social revolution Lower Mississippi slave rebellions and, – peasant rebellions, Irish and, peasant rebellions, southern Italian and, –, slave rebellions in Confederate South and, –, Upper Basilicata peasant rebellions and, – social revolutions agrarian masses and, – Società Economica di Terra di Lavoro (Economic Society of Terra di Lavoro), soldiers, ex-Bourbon, Great Brigandage and, – Somers, Margaret, , Sonderbund, – Sora (Northern Terra di Lavoro), –, , , , , Catholic Church and, Chiavone and, –, , , , industrial production and, Italian Kingdom support in, – legitimists (pro-Bourbons) and, social outlook of, South Carolina, See also fire-eaters counterrevolution and, – internal dissent and, –, – Rio Grande Sul compared with, – secession conventions and, – secession of, , –, –, slaveholders, American and, – Union and, – South Carolina Sea Islands, –, , –, Southern Claims Commission, Index Southern Italy See Mezzogiorno southern regions, inner civil wars and, See also American South; Confederate States of America; Italians, southern; Mezzogiorno Spaventa, Luigi, Spaventa, Silvio, Special Field Order , “Special Message to Congress” (Lincoln), St Martin’s Parish, freedpeople resistance and, –, Stakely, James, Stakely, Martha A., Stanton, Edwin, Star of the West, State Militia Law, state of siege (southern Italy, ), –, , , civilians and, committees, pro-Bourbon and, Crocco and, – Italian Kingdom’s, inner civil wars in southern Italy, and, , – La Marmora and, , Melfese and, Mezzogiorno and, , Northern Terra di Lavoro and, , –, – peasant rebellions, southern Italian and, –, Tristany and, Upper Basilicata peasant rebellions and, –, –, – Statella, Antonio, states’ rights (Confederacy), , –, Statuto Albertino, – See also Constitution Day Stephens, Alexander, Sternhell, Yael A., Stevens, Thaddeus, , Stewart, M B., Stewart, William, , Storey, Margaret, Stover, Daniel, , Strasser, William, Strong, George C., Stuart, J.E.B., Styles, H., sugar industry, freedpeople and, , – Sutherland, Daniel, Swiss Confederation, – Taylor, Nathaniel G., – Temple, Oliver P., –, , , Ten Years’ War (Cuba), , Tennessee, , –, See also East Tennessee; Knoxville, TN Teodoro, Caporal, , , term limits, Confederate Constitution and, Terra di Bari, , Teti, Antonio, , , Thirteenth Amendment (), , Thomas, Emory, Thomas, George H., , , Thomas, Lorenzo, , , Thomas, Samuel, , – Thomas, T P., Thomas, William, Thompson, E.P., Thompson, J., – Thompson, M Jeff, Thompson, Sarah, Tomich, Dale, Tone, Wolfe, Toombs, Robert, – Tortora, Donato, , , , , –, – Trazègnies, Alfred de, Treppiccione, Riccardo, Trigg, Connelly F., Tristany, Rafael, –, , –, , , – arrest of, Chiavone and, , , , – Homodei and, legitimists (pro-Bourbons) and, , Sora and, Tucci, Vincenzo, – Tucker, Ann, Tupelo (Aughey), Turin, –, Turner, Nat, Tuscaloosa prison, , Ulloa, Pietro Calà, undemocratic practices See also paramilitary organizations, Confederate annexation plebiscites (southern Italy) and, , – secession conventions and, –, Index unification nationalism, –, , See also German National Unification; Italian National Unification Union, See also Direct Tax Act; First Confiscation Act; Order ; Second Confiscation Act; Southern Claims Commission Appalachia, support within, compared with Bourbon Kingdom, , – Confederacy, support within, , –, –, –, –, , – Confederacy defined against, East Tennessee and assistance in, , , , , –, –, invasion of, –, –, occupation of, , – strength in, support within, , –, –, , –, –, , , land redistribution in ex-Confederate South and, –, –, compared with land redistribution in southern Italy, –, – legitimacy and, , , –, Louisiana occupied by, –, –, – Natchez, MS invaded by, – New Orleans, LA occupation of, –, runaway slaves fleeing to, , , slave rebellions in Confederate South supported by, slaveholders, American and, – South Carolina and, – Tennessee occupied by, –, Vicksburg, MS captured by, –, –, women and, Union army emancipation and, ex-slaveholders requesting protection of, –, –, – freedpeople, treatment of, – freedpeople in, –, , , , freedpeople resistance suppressed by, –, –, , , , –, , –, – Lower Mississippi Valley slave rebellions impacted by, –, –, – runaway slaves turned away by, – slaveholders, American impacted by, –, –, – Unionists compared with legitimists (pro-Bourbon), –, conscription and, –, –, (See also fugitives, Unionist; guerrillas, Unionist; pilots, Unionist; refugees, Unionist) United States Constitution, Confederate Constitution and, Upper Basilicata (also defined as MelfeseCapitanata-Terra di Bari), , , See also Melfese compared with Lower Mississippi Valley, La Marmora and, , peasant rebellions and, –, –, –, , – anti-brigandage law, and, –, , – brigand bands and, , –, –, –, –, , –, – class conflict and, – compared with slave rebellions in Lower Mississippi Valley, – end of, – Italian army and, land redistribution and, –, –, , – compared with land redistribution in Lower Mississippi Valley, – landowners, southern Italian and, –, –, – legitimists (pro-Bourbons) and, , masserie, invasions of, and, –, , , , –, , –, –, – Index Upper Basilicata (also defined as MelfeseCapitanata-Terra di Bari) (cont.) compared with plantation occupations in Lower Mississippi Valley, – National Guard (Italy) and, –, , Pica Law and, , , –, –, repressive measures and, –, – social revolution and, – state of siege and, –, –, – compared with Emancipation Proclamation in Lower Mississippi Valley, – urban centers, , –, – Valentini, F., Van Dorn, Earl, Veglio, Emilio, , –, –, – Vicksburg, MS, , –, –, –, Grant and, Union conquest of, –, –, Victor Emmanuel II (Piedmontese, then Italian King), , –, , , , – vigilance committees See paramilitary organizations, Confederate Villani, Pasquale, – Virginia, secession conventions and, See also Richmond, VA Volturno, Battle of, , Wadley, Sarah Lois, , – Wagley, W C., Walker, Calvin, Wallace, C., –, Wane, Gideon, War of the Triple Alliance, warfare, nation-building and, – Warren, Henry, –, Washington, George, Watson, William, Wayne, Michael, Webb, William, , Wederstrandt, John C P., Weitzel, G., – West Virginia, wheat, Knoxville, TN and, – Whelan, Paul, , White, T A., White, T.M., – white farmers, slaves, African American and, – Whitmore, Charles, – Wiener, Jonathan, Wiley, Bell I., Williams, David, , , – Williams, John, – Wise, Henry, women, –, –, – See also food riots of ; house slaves, female, resistance of; Sarno textile mill protest brigandage and women in Northern Terra di Lavoro, – brigandage and women southern Italy, – Confederacy, inner civil war in, and, –, , – Confederate conscription and, food riots of (Confederacy), freedpeople resistance (Lower Mississippi Valley) and, house slaves, female, resistence of (Confederacy), – Italian Kingdom, inner civil war in southern Italy and, – as manutengoli (southern Italy), , Pica Law (southern Italy) and, Sarno textile mill protest (southern Italy), – Southern Italy’s anti-Italian and legitimist, compared with Unionist women in Confederacy, – Unionist in Confederacy, – Unionist in East Tennessee, , – Wood, Henry L., – Wood, William B., –, –, – working class, African-American, emancipation and, – Wright, Gavin, – Young Ireland, Index Zanzi, Guglielmo, , –, , , – Zimmerman, Andrew, , Zimmerman, Ludwig Richard, –, –, , , – Basilicata and, Chiavone and, – Pescasseroli and, – Zita, Francesco Paolo, – Zollicofer, Felix, –, –, –, – bridge burning and, compared with Francesco Homodei, – Crittenden replacing, repressive measures and, , –, ... Civil War and Agrarian Unrest Between and , both the Confederate South and Southern Italy underwent dramatic processes of nation building, with the creation of the Confederate. .. concepts such as civil war and agrarian rebellion,” and the significance of their use in relation to the Confederate South and southern Italy in the years –, as will become evident in the. .. understanding the specific challenges to nation building in the Confederate South during the American Civil War and in southern Italy at the time of the Great Brigandage is an exercise in the application
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Xem thêm: Civil war and agrarian unrest the confederate south and southern italy (cambridge studies on the american south)
