The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook Second Edition Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook Second Edition fUNDAMENTALS AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS INTERVENTIONS, CONTROLS, AND APPLICATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook Second Edition Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics Edited by William S Marras The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A Waldemar Karwowski University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1938-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1938-9 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005052860 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Interventions, controls, and applications in occupational ergonomics / edited by William S Marras and Waldemar Karwowski p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8493-1938-2 (alk paper) Human engineering Handbooks, manuals, etc Industrial hygiene Handbooks, manuals, etc I Marras, William S (William Steven), date II Karwowski, Waldemar, date TA166.I5685 2005 620.8'2 dc22 2005052860 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface Development of the 2nd edition of the Occupational Ergonomics Handbook was motivated by our desire to facilitate a wide application of ergonomics knowledge to work systems design, testing and evaluation in order to improve the quality of life for millions of workers around the world Ergonomics (or human factors) is defined by the International Ergonomics Association (www.iea.cc) as the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance Ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments, and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities, and limitations of people The ergonomics discipline promotes a holistic approach to the design of work systems with due consideration of the physical, cognitive, social, organizational, environmental, and other relevant factors The application of ergonomics knowledge should help to improve work system effectiveness and reliability, increase productivity, reduce employee health care costs, and improve the quality of production processes, services, products, and working life for all employees In this context, professional ergonomists, practitioners, and students should have a broad understanding of the full scope and breadth of knowledge of this demanding and challenging discipline Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics contains a total of 52 chapters divided into eight parts Part I, Ergonomics Processes, describes the elements of the ergonomics processes, including success factors for implementation of industrial ergonomics programs, practical interventions in industry that utilize participatory approaches, surveillance, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recordkeeping requirements, and psychosocial work factors Part II, Surveillance, discusses the injury surveillance database systems and corporate health management for the design and evaluation of health in industrial organizations Part III, Industrial Process Applications, is devoted to ergonomics processes from the small and large industry perspectives The main focus of Part IV, Upstream Ergonomics, is on human digital modeling, as well as facilities planning and organizational design and macroergonomics Part V and Part VI deal with the engineering and administrative controls of work-related musculoskeletal disorders Part V, Engineering Controls, presents the methods and techniques for engineering control, including the knowledge of what works and what does not, general solutions for the control of upper extremity and low back disorders, application of lift assist rail systems and hand tools, as well such engineering controls as gloves, wrist supports, and lower extremity supports Part VI, Administrative Controls, discusses the theory and practice of ergonomics interventions in the workplace, worker selection for physically demanding jobs, physical ability testing, training, secondary assessment of worker functional capacities, interventions for low back pain, human resource management and selection, work v day length, shiftwork, and job rotation issues This part also provides an update on the use of back belts in industry, and discusses best practices for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders at work Part VII, Medical Management, addresses the issues of medical management of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, systems approach to rehabilitation, wrist splints, and application of the clinical lumbar motion monitor Finally, Part VIII, Ergonomics Industrial Interventions, provides an overview of best practices for ergonomics interventions with respect to the design and use of chairs and office furniture, as well as design of computer keyboards and notebook computers This part also discusses ergonomics interventions in a variety of industries, including meat and poultry processing, agriculture, distribution centers (case picking), healthcare (patient handling), as well as service systems, that is, grocery stores/bakery, furniture manufacturing, and construction industry This section also addresses the problem of medical errors, discusses the challenges and rewards of applying ergonomics in developing areas, and looks into the future of human work The knowledge presented in this book should help the readers to improve their understanding of the complex interactions between the people at work and other systems, which must be considered in the context of rapidly changing Occupational Ergonomics technology and evolving social needs We hope that this book will be useful to the professionals, students, and practitioners who aim to optimize the design of systems, products, and processes, manage the workers’ health and safety, and improve the overall quality and productivity of contemporary businesses William S Marras The Ohio State University Waldemar Karwowski University of Louisville vi About the Editors William S Marras, Ph.D., D.Sc (Hon), C.P.E., holds the Honda endowed chair in transportation in the department of industrial, welding, and systems engineering at The Ohio State University He is the director of the biodynamics laboratory and holds joint appointments in the departments of orthopedic surgery, physical medicine, and biomedical engineering He is also the co-director of The Ohio State University Institute for Ergonomics Dr Marras received his Ph.D in bioengineering and ergonomics from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan He is also a certified professional ergonomist (CPE) His research is centered around occupational biomechanics Specifically, his research includes workplace biomechanical epidemiologic studies, laboratory biomechanic studies, mathematical modeling, and clinical studies of the back and wrist His findings have been published in over 170 refereed journal articles, books, and over 25 book chapters He also holds several patents, including one for the Lumbar Motion Monitor (LMM) Professor Marras has been selected by the National Academy of Sciences to serve on several committees investigating causality and musculoskeletal disorders He also serves as the chair of the Human Factors Committee for the National Research Council within the National Academy of Sciences His work has attracted national and international recognition He has been twice winner (1993 and 2002) of the prestigious Swedish Volvo Award for low back pain research as well as Austria’s Vienna Award for Physical Medicine He recently won the Liberty Mutual Prize for injury prevention research Recently, he was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree from the University of Waterloo for his work on the biomechanics of low back disorders In his spare moments, Dr Marras trains in Shotkan karate (a black belt), enjoys playing and listening to music, sailing, and fishing vii Waldemar Karwowski, Sc.D., Ph.D., P.E., C.P.E., is professor of industrial engineering and director of the center for industrial ergonomics at the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky He holds an M.S (1978) in production engineering and management from the Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland, and a Ph.D (1982) in industrial engineering from Texas Tech University He was awarded the Sc.D (dr hab.) degree in management science by the Institute for Organization and Management in Industry (ORGMASZ), Warsaw, Poland (June 2004) He is also a board certified professional ergonomist (BCPE) He also received doctor of science honoris causa from the South Ukrainian State K.D Ushynsky Pedagogical University of Odessa, Ukraine (May 2004) His research, teaching, and consulting activities focus on human system integration and safety aspects of advanced manufacturing enterprises, human –computer interaction, prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace and equipment design, and theoretical aspects of ergonomics science Dr Karwowski is the author or co-author of more than 300 scientific publications (including more than 100 peer-reviewed archival journal papers) in the areas of work systems design, organization, and management; macroergonomics; human– system integration and safety of advanced manufacturing; industrial ergonomics; neuro-fuzzy modeling in human factors; fuzzy systems; and forensics He has edited or co-edited 35 books, including the International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Taylor & Francis, London (2001) Dr Karwowski served as a secretary-general (1997–2000) and president (2000–2003) of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) He was elected as an honorary academician of the International Academy of Human Problems in Aviation and Astronautics (Moscow, Russia, 2003), and was named the alumni scholar for research (2004 –2006) by the J B Speed School of Engineering of the University of Louisville He has received the Jack A Kraft Innovator Award from the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, USA (2004), and serves as a corresponding member of the European Academy of Arts, Sciences and Humanities viii Contributors David C Alexander Gene Buer Marvin J Dainoff Auburn Engineers, Inc Auburn, Alabama Crane Equipment and Service, Inc Subsidiary of Columbus McKinnon Corp Eureka, Illinois Psychology Department Miami University Oxford, Ohio W Gary Allread Institute for Ergonomics The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Charles K Anderson Advanced Ergonomics, Inc Dallas, Texas David Caple David Caple & Associates Pty Ltd Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Pascale Carayon Joseph M Deeb ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc Annandale, New Jersey Jack Dennerlein Ecole des Mines de Nancy, France Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts Ernesto Carcamo C.G Drury WISHA Services Washington State Department of Labor and Industries Olympia, Washington Department of Industrial Engineering University of Buffalo Buffalo, New York Physical Therapy Department College of Health Professions Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Don B Chaffin Bradley Evanoff University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, Missouri Patricia Bertsche Industrial, Welding and Systems Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Susan Evans Larry J Chapman Fadi A Fathallah A Asmus Industrial, Welding and Systems Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Ann E Barr Ross Laboratories Chicago, Illinois R.R Bishu Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska Marilyn Sue Bogner Institute for the Study of Human Error, LLC Bethesda, Maryland A.-M Chany Sue Evans & Associates, Inc Fairfax, Virginia Department of Biological Systems Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department University of California Davis, California David J Cochran Sue A Ferguson Department of Industrial Engineering University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska Industrial, Welding and Systems Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio ix I-4 Corporate health management (CHM), (Continued) implementation procedures, 7-34 improvement activities, 7-26 to 7-27 integrating health and safety topics, 7-11 to 7-12 integrating in management systems, 7-11 to 7-17 integrating OHS and health promotion in, 7-11 integration, 7-6 strategies, 7-7 to 7-10 leadership, 7-9 to 7-10 open systems approach, 7-7 to 7-8 organizational structure, 7-31 to 7-33, 7-32 self-assessment, 7-24 to 7-25, 7-28 strategic alignment, 7-33 to 7-35 system implementation, 7-31 to 7-35 systems evaluation, 7-17 to 7-21 Corporate health promotion, 7-6 Corporate social responsibility, 7-3 Corridors, 11-16 Costs benefits, 8-16, 9-24 crawling physiologic cost, 43-10 data collection for intervention costs, 9-22 to 9-23 for ergonomics programs, 2-3 for installation of equipment, 9-23 intervention, 9-17 material handling, 11-8 medical cost system, 9-19 to 9-20 physiologic restricted postures, 43-9 to 43-10 unusual postures, 43-9 to 43-10 of plant ergonomics programs, 9-10 projects for intervention costs data collection, 9-22 tabulation of cost, 2-5 purchasing for intervention costs data collection, 9-22 solutions, 2-5 stoopwalking physiologic cost, 43-10 upper extremity disorders, 32-1 to 32-2 value/cost relationship, 2-3, 2-4 walking physiologic cost, 43-10 worker’s compensation small industry, 8-4 work-related diseases in Germany, 7-2 Coupling, 45-20 Covered employees, 4-8 Cranes, 11-15 Crawling physiologic cost, 43-10 Cross-dock system, 45-4 to 45-5 example, 45-4 Cubicles, 11-16 to 11-17 Culture, 2-7 changes plan stages, 2-7 to 2-8 Index Cumulative stress reduction (CSR) index, 2-4 Cutting cable, 14-5 to 14-7 D Dairy cattle intervention examples, 44-10 MSD risk factors, 44-3 to 44-4 Damaged loads transfer, 17-10 Data collection for intervention costs, 9-22 to 9-23 methods of, 9-16 to 9-23 Days away from work, 8-4 Design, 11-1 to 11-21 Desktop computers, 40-1 postures, 40-3 Developing countries, 51-1 to 51-8 cultural influences, 51-4 ergonomics education, 51-2 to 51-3 future challenges, 51-5 to 51-6 government inspectors, 51-3 to 51-4 occupational health and safety legislation, 51-2 studying abroad, 51-3 technology transfer, 51-4 to 51-5 understanding needs, 51-2 union representatives, 51-3 to 51-4 Development, 38-7 Diazepam, 47-10 Dietary habits shiftwork, 29-6 interventions, 3-11 services, 3-12 Digital human modeling for computer-aided ergonomics, 10-1 to 10-13 future challenges, 10-13 technology, 10-2 to 10-4 in virtual manufacturing workstation, 10-2 Diphenhydramine, 47-9 Direct dynamics, 10-4 Direct kinematics, 10-4 Direct worker involvement, 3-15 Disabled and working patient functional performance probability across time, 37-15 Discomfort surveys, 8-12 Discontinuous shift system, 29-13 Distribution center system mixture systems, 45-6 Diverters, 16-18 Dollies, 16-14 to 16-15, 42-13 Double-deep slot configurations, 45-14 Drowsiness workday length, 29-1 to 29-2 Drywall handling, 3-16 installation, 50-12 to 50-13 sheets worker manually handling, 50-12 transport cart, 50-13 I-5 Index Dynamic models with musculature, 10-5 to 10-6 without musculature, 10-6 Dynamometer, 15-3 E Easy chair, 38-16 Easy reach, 16-17 Ecological approach, 38-9 core concepts, 38-10 to ergonomics, 38-9 to 38-12 Education and training, 8-10 Effectivities, 38-10 Egg production MSD risk factors, 44-4 Elbows hazards for, 3-25 Elderly care, 3-10 to 3-11 Electricians, 50-10 Electric power utilities, 14-3 Electromagnetic system measuring shoulder and upper extremity motions, 10-9 Empire Bolt and Screw, 3-18 to 3-21 features, 3-20 Employee involvement, 8-8 to 8-9 placement, 28-2 reports, 8-13 retention, 28-2 to 28-3 rotation, 42-7 selection, 28-2 tracking, 6-6 to 6-7 Empty pallets stacking, 45-18 Enclosed track rail systems, 17-6 to 17-7 Engineering-based approaches, 38-3 Engineering changes, 8-16 Engineering controls, 11-21, 13-1 to 13-13, 14-1 to 14-8 agriculture, 44-6 to 44-8 poultry processing, 42-8 to 42-14 Environments, 11-18 to 11-21 Epicondylitis, 32-6, 32-7 Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), 8-5 Equipment costs for installation of, 9-23 operators, 50-15 organizational process for installation of, 9-4 Ergo-babble, 2-7 Ergonomics action plan from manufacturing facility, 9-13 awareness board, 3-19 committee, 9-11 candidates for, 9-12 definition of, 9-2 to 9-3 description, 38-10 goal, 38-5, 38-10, 38-12 intervention validity, 38-2 motion classifications, 17-13 organization for manufacturing plant, 9-14 practice vs program, 2-9 to 2-11 process of, 6-9, 8-6 to 8-16 elements of, 8-7 rationale underlying design specifications, 38-2 selecting approach, 8-6 team poultry processing, 42-3 to 42-4 Ergonomics Program Management Guidelines for Meatpacking Plants, 41-4 to 41-5 Ergonomics programs characteristics of, 1-2 elements to implement, 1-1 to 1-2 plant benefits of, 9-10 Ergonomics rapid continuous improvement (ERCI), 3-4 Ergonomics Rule, 3-2 Error as behavior, 47-3 to 47-4 artichoke systems approach, 47-13 to 47-14 reporting presumption, 47-3 research, 47-3 safety, 47-6 to 47-7 European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), 7-13 Business Excellence model for, 7-22 to 7-23 Business Excellence Model, 7-13, 7-14 European Union Strategy on Health and Safety at Work 2002, 7-5 Excessive case weights, 45-7 reduce, 45-7 Expert approach to effecting change, 9-6 to 9-7 Expert-help problems, 2-5 Expert systems, 10-3 Expert training, 9-14 to 9-16 Exposure assessment methods, 50-16 to 50-17 F Facilities planning, 11-1 to 11-21 Family life shiftwork, 29-7 to 29-8 Farming intervention examples, 44-10 Fatality reporting, 4-8 Fatigue, 11-5 to 11-6 shiftwork, 29-5 to 29-6 workday length, 29-1 to 29-2 Feedback systems, 9-25 for communication, 9-24 Female work area, 11-11 Filler jobs, 11-4 Filler people, 11-4 I-6 Firefighters, 22-11 physical demands, 22-4 physical job demands, 22-9 to 22-10 physical work ability, 22-10 to 22-11 pre-employment screening, 22-9 to 22-12 Fixed automation, 11-12 Flex conveyor, 16-15 Flexibility, 38-12 Floaters, 42-7 Floor installation, 50-8 Floriculture crops MSD risk factors, 44-3 Flow rack/full slot ratio, 45-14 Flow-through system, 45-5 to 45-6 schematic figure, 45-5 Follow-through, 8-16 Food distribution centers, 45-1 Food service, 11-17 to 11-18 Foot supports, 20-5 to 20-6 Footrails, 42-15 Forklifts, 3-7 to 3-9 driver maintain clearance between pallets, 45-15 Fork model stacker, 17-8 Forms, 4-4 to 4-7 Forward bending movement, 23-6 Forward dynamics, 10-4 model incorporating system identification, 10-12 Forward kinematics, 10-4 Forward solution, 10-4 Fresh market vegetable crops intervention examples, 44-9 MSD risk factors, 44-3 Friction reducing systems, 16-6 Friction-increasing gloves, 45-11 Fruit crops intervention examples, 44-8 to 44-9 MSD risk factors, 44-3 Full slots, 45-12 Full-pallet flow racks using, 45-8 Functional assessment construct taxonomy domains and conceptual factors, 22-6 to 22-7 Functional capacity assessment (FCA), 26-1 to 26-2 administrative controls, 21-5 Functional coronary angiography flow chart, 26-10 Functional design, 12-2 Functional operating organization or large industrial facility, 9-11 Functional organizational structure, 12-3 Functional performance probability, 37-7 to 37-8 independent validation, 37-7 Functional purpose, 38-12 Functional regression model, 10-11 Functional restoration, 35-5 evidence for, 35-6 Furniture, 38-1 to 38-19 ergonomics of, 38-6 to 38-11 manufacturing industry, 14-2, 49-1 to 49-9 Index development team, 49-1 to 49-2 process, 49-2 product, 49-2 to 49-4 G Gender pre-employment screening, 22-17 to 22-18 General construction, 50-1 to 50-24 ergonomics challenges, 50-3 to 50-4 Genetics nonspecific low back pain, 24-3 Geodon, 47-8 Geographic design, 12-3 Geographical organizational structure, 12-4 Geometric keyboard, 39-4 Glare changes, 38-19 Global information system (GIS), 6-15 Globalization, 52-4 to 52-5 Gloves, 18-1 to 18-14 assembly time, 18-7 attributes, 18-12 to 18-13 design, 18-13 to 18-14 effect on dexterity, 18-6 to 18-8 effect on miscellaneous performance, 18-10 to 18-11 effect on tactility, 18-8 to 18-9 effect on vibration, 18-9 to 18-10 effects on strength, 18-3 to 18-6 endurance time, 18-6 evaluation protocol, 18-14 fitting, 42-7 to 42-8 grip strength, 18-3 to 18-5 vs hand, 18-3 liners, 18-11 to 18-12 manipulation time, 18-8 pegboard time, 18-7 pinch strength, 18-5 to 18-6 rope-tying task, 18-8 standards, 18-14 sweat absorption, 18-10 tactility, 18-9 torque strength, 18-5 types, 18-2 to 18-3 GLY Construction, 3-17 to 3-18 features, 3-18 Goal system, 7-35 Goal-directed perception –action cycles, 38-10 Goals, 1-4 Grain crops MSD risk factors, 44-2 Graphic communications industry, 14-1 Gravity, 11-10 Gravity-fed flow racks disadvantages, 45-13 example, 45-13 Gravity feed, 16-9 Gravity principle, 16-6 Greenhouse crops MSD risk factors, 44-3 Grocery distribution centers, 45-1 to 45-22 musculoskeletal disorder intervention strategies, 45-6 to 45-20 I-7 Index Group discussion problem identification, 1-4 H Half slots fitting, 45-11 posture of individuals working, 45-11 to 45-14 rotate pallets, 45-14 use, 45-14 Hand(s) around waist height, 16-6 to 16-8 vs glove, 18-3 hazards for, 3-24, 3-25 importance of, 18-1 prehensile capabilities, 18-1 to 18-2 protection, 18-2 therapists, 33-4 Hand trucks, 16-12 to 16-13, 16-14 Hand–arm vibration, 3-27 syndrome, 36-5 Hand-intensive tasks, 36-4 to 36-5 Handle cutouts, 45-9 Handling reduction, 42-13 Handling tray packs, 45-8 Handtools, 15-1 to 15-12, 42-14 to 42-18 selection, 15-2 Hazard risk factor checklist, 3-23 to 3-27 Hazard Zone checklist, 3-2 Headsets example, 45-21 vs order sheets, 45-20 Health changing understanding of, 7-3 to 7-5 disorders shiftwork, 29-6 to 29-7 insurance companies, 7-27 in organizations, 7-1 to 7-3 improving, 7-5 to 7-6 and safety programs participation in, 9-7 and safety table rate of return calculation for, 9-11 Healthcare, 3-10 to 3-11 professionals communication with, 6-4 low back disability, 24-8 to 24-9 Health-care providers (HCP), 34-8 accountability, 47-10 to 47-11 communication, 34-7 employee evaluation, 33-5 to 33-7 employee treatment, 33-7 to 33-12 follow-up, 33-12 to 33-13 low back disability, 24-5 return to work, 33-13 screening, 33-13 selection, 33-2 to 33-3 systems influencing, 47-6 Hearing loss, 4-4 Height-adjustable upholstery bucks, 49-3 High sincerity score velocity –acceleration phase plane, 37-11 High-fidelity biomechanical linkage representation as modeling basis, 10-8 to 10-11 High-risk tasks in patient handling, 46-2 ergonomic solutions, 46-6 to 46-9 prioritizing, 46-4 Hog livestock MSD risk factors, 44-4 Hoists, 16-3, 16-4, 16-5 Holistic management systems integrating health topics into, 7-12 to 7-13 Horizontal work envelope, 38-18 Hospitals, 3-10 to 3-11 Hot wax, 33-12 Housekeeping construction industry, 50-18 interventions, 3-11 Human assets valuing, 28-9 Human factors change in, 52-6 to 52-8 demand/capability matrix, 52-8 enterprise response, 52-7 to 52-8 professional response, 52-6 to 52-7 Human motion data acquisition for model development and validation, 10-7 to 10-8 Human motion modeling research, 10-4 to 10-13 Human resources absenteeism function, 28-7 compensation function, 28-6 to 28-7 disability function, 28-6 diversity function, 28-3 functions, 28-2 to 28-7 labor relations function, 28-3 to 28-4 role, 28-1 to 28-2 training and development function, 28-7 vision, 28-7 to 28-8 wellness function, 28-7 workers’ compensation function, 28-4 to 28-6 Human resources management, 28-1 to 28-9 I Icing buckets scooping, 48-7 interventions, 48-10 to 48-11 mixing, 48-7 press gun, 48-11 Idle capacity, 11-3 Illness, 4-4 Illumination, 11-19 to 11-20, Improvement process, 42-6 poultry processing, 42-5 to 42-6 Improvements, 8-16 Increased workloads, 9-4 In-depth training, 8-10 to 8-11 Industrial ergonomics programs, 2-1 to 2-14 Industrial scissors lifts, 17-2 Industrial therapy worker care spectrum, 26-2 Industry competitiveness, 8-3 compliance, 8-5 I-8 Industry-specific guidelines impact and strategies, 3-3 Industry-wide focus groups, 3-15 to 3-16 Information improving safety, 47-3 Information communication, 11-6 Information flow, 9-24 Injury, 4-4 data, 6-4 and illness rates calculation guidance, 4-7 incidence, 4-7 by industry employment size, 8-4 management, 34-5 to 34-9 Injury surveillance database systems, 6-1 to 6-19, 6-6 advanced analysis features of, 6-17 benefits of, 6-7 challenges, 6-11 commercial selection, 6-18 to 6-19 commercial software, 6-15 company size, 6-12 confidentiality, 6-15 data entry, 6-15 defining model, 6-11 to 6-15 early databases, 6-10 to 6-11 ergonomics modules of, 6-9 to 6-10 integration of, 6-7 to 6-8 large companies, 6-12 model types, 6-14 to 6-15 onsite vs offsite, 6-13 report generation, 6-17 small and medium companies, 6-12 to 6-13 statistical data treatment, 6-15 to 6-17 system design, 6-12 data sources, 6-4 to 6-7 and ergonomics, 6-8 to 6-10 goals and objectives, 6-3 history of, 6-2 to 6-3 Input devices alternative, 38-17 support surface, 38-17 Instructions writing guidelines, 11-6 Insurance companies health, 7-27 Integrated management system, 7-12 Integrated research programs vs financial support, 38-5 need for, 38-7 to 38-9 Intelligent assist devices (IAD), 16-3 to 16-4 Interdisciplinary approaches evidence, 35-3 Interdisciplinary assessment, 35-4 to 35-5 Internal statistics problem identification, 1-4 Internal vertebral rotation related to externally estimated intersegmental motion, 10-10 Index International Foodservice Distribution Association (IFDA) injuries reported, 45-1 International Labor Office (ILO), 5-3 Internet, 9-23 to 9-28 Intervention costs, 9-17 levels, 3-3 research, 1-6 studies, 13-4 to 13-5 validity, 38-2 Interviews, 8-13 Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), 43-9 Inverse dynamics, 10-4 Inverse kinematics, 10-4 ISO 9004:2000, 7-19 J Jebsen Hand Function Test, 36-5 Jeffersonian approach, 38-7, 38-8 to 38-9 Jeffersonian Research Program for chair design example, 38-8 to 38-9 Job analyses, 8-13 to 8-16, 27-2 to 27-3 equal treatment, 27-6 prior experience, 27-6 to 27-7 responsibility for, 8-14 test battery design, 27-3 to 27-4 validation, 27-4 to 27-5 characterization, 33-9 to 33-11 descriptions, 6-5 to 6-6 design, 11-2 to 11-6 fitting to worker, 22-1 to 22-2 hazard analysis, 41-4 identification system, 9-19 placement, 22-2 to 22-3 rotation, 31-1 to 31-11, 43-13 cognitive tasks, 31-3 to 31-4 evaluation, 31-8 generic strategy, 31-5 to 31-8 job determination, 31-7 to 31-8 job sequence, 31-8 knowledge management, 31-9 to 31-10 management, 31-9 manufacturing systems, 31-8 to 31-9 physical tasks, 31-2 to 31-3 problem job identification, 31-5 to 31-6 quantitative methods, 31-4 risks, 31-6 to 31-7 Job Characteristics Theory, 5-2 Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), 5-7 Job placement assessment (JPA), 26-2 to 26-3 flow chart, 26-9 Job Stress questionnaire NIOSH, 5-7 K Kaizen, 1-3 Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 9-8 I-9 Index Keyboard alternative, 38-17 applied forces, 39-6 conventional, 39-2 force-displacement curves, 39-6 geometric, 39-4 integration with workstation design, 39-7 to 39-8 NPC, 40-2 to 40-7 peripheral, 40-4 to 40-5 sizing, 40-4 split, 39-3, 39-4 system design, 39-1 to 39-8 posture, 39-2 to 39-5 tilt, 39-3 trays, 38-18 Key movement, 39-7 Keyswitch design, 39-5 to 39-7 Kinematics, 10-4 Kneeling, 43-3 comfort agriculture, 44-6 to 44-7 Knees hazards for, 3-23, 3-25 supports, 20-4 to 20-5 Knives, 42-15 to 42-16 Knowledge-based barriers, 9-6 Knowledge-oriented research, 38-7 L Labor-management committees, 3-11 to 3-14 Laborers construction industry, 50-15 Laser screeding leveling concrete, 50-10 Lateral bending movement, 23-6 Laundry interventions, 3-11 Layer-by-layer depalletizing of cases, 45-9 to 45-10 Lean ergonomics, 3-5 Lean operating model, 17-12 Lean stool, 16-19 Leveling concrete laser screeding, 50-10 manual screeding, 50-9 Level Purpose-Related Functions, 38-15 Levobunolol, 47-9 Life space, 47-3 to 47-4 Lift pallets means to lift, 45-14 Lift tables, 13-7, 17-2 means to lift, 45-14 Lift trucks, 16-10 to 16-12 Lifting, 3-5 to 3-6, 3-7 to 3-9, 3-14, 3-16, 3-19, 3-20, 3-26 assists and aids, 3-5, 13-6, 17-10 to 17-13 devices, 3-21, 13-6 equipment, 3-5 to 3-6 equipment and systems, 17-2 to 17-10 hazards, 3-12 issues, 3-21 repetitive, 3-18 techniques training, 46-9 Lighting, 11-19 to 11-20 Liquid crystal displays (LCD), 40-7 to 40-8 usage factors, 40-8 to 40-9 Livestock MSD risk factors, 44-4 Load bringing close, 16-8 to 16-9 Load transfer devices agriculture, 44-7 intervention examples, 44-10 Lorazepam, 47-9 Loss of consciousness, 4-4 Lost time application for, 9-17 to 9-18 Lost workdays, 8-4 Low back disability communication, 24-8 compensation insurance, 24-6 reducing, 24-6 returning to work, 24-6, 24-7 to 24-8 supervisor training, 24-9 to 24-10 Low back disorders, 16-1 to 16-20 categories, 37-6 handling aids, 16-3 to 16-4 hands-off, 16-3 interventions, 16-2 to 16-3 lifting, 16-3 solutions, 16-2 Low back function objective quantitative assessment purpose, 37-2 Low back pain diagnosis, 24-3 to 24-4 patients database, 37-5 percentage normal, 37-8 prognosis, 24-3 to 24-4 secondary intervention, 24-1 to 24-10 treatment, 24-3 to 24-4 Lower extremity injuries biomechanical risks, 20-2 occupations, 20-3 to 20-4 prevention, 20-2 to 20-6 Lower extremity supports, 20-1 to 20-6 Lower extremity surgery, 20-6 Low sincerity score velocity –acceleration phase plane, 37-11 Lumbar motion monitor (LMM), 37-2 Lumbar supports, 30-1 to 30-6 Lumber-handling jobs, 3-16, 3-17 Lung gun, 42-17, 42-18 M Macroergonomics, 12-5 to 12-6 Magnetic lift, 13-8 Malcolm Baldrige Self-Assessment Model, 7-21 to 7-22 Male work area, 11-11 I-10 Management commitment, 8-7 to 8-8 complications, 1-3 construction industry, 50-18 poultry processing, 42-3 Manhole covers, 14-3 to 14-6 Manipulators, 11-12, 11-13, 17-5 to 17-7 Manual screeding leveling concrete, 50-9 Manual torque task, 13-10 Manufacturing plant ergonomics organization, 9-14 Manufacturing workstations, 11-1 to 11-21 Marker placement schemes, 10-7 Market-oriented research, 38-7 Masonry, 50-14 Material handling, 3-5 to 3-6, 3-20 costs, 11-8 problems solutions, 2-4 between workstations, 11-13 to 11-15 Material logistics construction industry, 50-17 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), 6-15 Material storage, 3-7 to 3-9 Matrix design, 12-3 to 12-4 Matrix organizational structure, 12-4 McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), 37-14 Means-end abstraction hierarchy, 38-10 levels, 38-12 to 38-13 to office workplace application, 38-11 Meatpacking ergonomics implementation, 41-6 to 41-7 guidelines, 41-6 effectiveness, 41-5 to 41-6 operations, 41-1 to 41-8 characteristics, 41-1 to 41-2 ergonomics issues, 41-2 to 41-3 information reducing ergonomics hazards, 41-3 to 41-4 OSHA enforcement activities, 41-3 Mechanical-assist devices and tools, 43-13 Mechanical lift, 16-5 Mechanical load splitter, 45-11 example, 45-12 Mechanical worker protection agriculture, 44-6 Mechanized operations agriculture, 44-7 to 44-8 Medical cost system, 9-19 to 9-20 Medical data collection of, 9-16 to 9-20 Medical doctors, 34-8 Medical errors prevention, 47-1 to 47-14 Medical information, 8-11 to 8-13 Medical management, 8-9 to 8-10 programs purpose, 37-1 Medical model vs ergonomic approach, 38-5 Index Medical procedures wrist and arm supports, 19-7 Medical records, 6-5 analysis system personal computer-based database, 9-20 Medical removal, 4-4 Medical treatment beyond first aid, 4-4 compliance, 36-3 for elbow disorders wrist splints, 36-4 for wrist disorders wrist splints, 36-2 to 36-3 Medication misadventures, 47-7 to 47-10 Medication-dispensing solution development, 3-11 Melon crops MSD risk factors, 44-2 to 44-3 Metropolitan Market, 3-15 features, 3-15 Milk livestock MSD risk factors, 44-3 to 44-4 Million Visual Analog Scale (MVAS), 37-14 Miners strength, 43-7 Mission statements, 2-8 Mixture systems distribution center system, 45-6 Momentum, 11-10 Monitor placement, 38-19 Monitor support surface, 38-18 Mousetraps, 42-15, 42-16 Movement, 38-13, 38-15 Multiple business establishments, 4-7 Multiple spindle bolt runner, 28-8 Multisite company level impact and strategies, 3-3 Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), 4-8, 6-3, 13-1, 45-1 construction trade, 50-7 controls, 13-3 to 13-4 ICD9, 33-8 and physical work factors, 13-2 and risk factors, 13-2 to 13-3 N National Association of Wholesale Grocers of America (NAWGA), 45-1 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 6-2, 45-1 Job Stress questionnaire, 5-7 team building issues, 1-3 Work Practices Guide, 9-21 National Quality Awards, 7-17 National Research Council (NRC), 6-2 Neck hazards for, 3-23, 3-25 Needlesticks, 4-4 Neutral posture, 38-12, 38-13, 38-15 BRS/HFES 100 defines, 38-17 New case, 4-3 New design, 8-15 to 8-16 I-11 Index Noise, 11-21 No-lift policies, 46-8 Nonspecific low back pain, 24-2 to 24-10 North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), 6-16 Notebook PCs (NPC), 40-1 to 40-11 design and location, 40-2 to 40-8 display design and location, 40-7 to 40-8 keyboard layout, 40-2 to 40-3 keyboard location, 40-5 to 40-7 keyboard sizing, 40-4 palm/wrist rests, 40-4 peripheral keyboards, 40-4 to 40-5 pointing devices design and location, 40-6 to 40-7 integrated vs peripheral, 40-7 postures, 40-3 selection and use guidelines, 40-10 to 40-11 temporal factors, 40-8 to 40-9 transportation, 40-9 to 40-10 workstation configurations, 40-9 Nurseries, 3-6 to 3-7 Nursery crops MSD risk factors, 44-3 Nursing care provider hazard evaluation, 46-3 Nursing home, 3-10 to 3-11 guidelines, 14-1 Nutrunner torque reaction force, 15-9 O Occasional lifting guidelines, 11-12 Occupation low back disability, 24-4 to 24-5 nonspecific low back pain, 24-2 to 24-3 Occupational health nurses, 33-3 Occupational Medical Practice Committee (OMPC) ACOEM, 6-7 to 6-8 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 9-7 Act of 1970, 6-2, 6-4 ergonomics guidelines, 14-1 forms, 4-4 to 4-7 Handbook for Small Businesses, 8-5 recordkeeping, 4-1 to 4-8, 6-4 assistance, 4-8 forms and recording criteria, 4-2 to 4-7 purpose, 4-2 scope, 4-2 website, 4-1 Occupational therapists, 33-3, 34-8 Office definition, 38-1 Offices, 11-16 to 11-17 Office work alternative working postures, 38-17 Office workstation best practices for, 38-12 Off-the-shelf solutions, 3-13 Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation safety grant studies, 13-5 to 13-11 Oil crops MSD risk factors, 44-2 Operating room high-risk tasks, 46-2 Optimization-based differential inverse kinematics (ODIK), 10-6, 10-12 Optimization system review, 45-14 Optoelectronic systems, 10-7 to 10-8 Oral medications, 33-11 to 33-12 Order-picking hook, 3-7 to 3-9 Organization hazard evaluation, 46-6 Organizational design, 12-1 to 12-6 challenges, 12-4 to 12-6 structural foundations, 12-2 transfer, 12-6 types, 12-2 to 12-3 Organizational models, 9-3 to 9-6 Organizational politics model, 9-4, 9-5 Organizational-based barriers, 9-6 Organized labor low back disability, 24-6, 24-10 Outcomes data collection for, 9-20 to 9-22 Overexertion injuries construction trade, 50-6 Overhead drilling, 50-11 Overtime management administrative controls, 21-4 P Painting, 50-14 Pallet(s), 16-9 access between, 45-16 break down, 45-12 clearance, 45-15 clearance between, 45-17 elevation, 45-15, 45-16 empty stacking, 45-18 features, 45-16 to 45-17 fitting, 45-11 increase clearance, 45-15 lift tables, 45-7 racks, 16-8 raising, 45-7, 45-8 redesign racks to elevate, 45-15 rotators/invertors, 17-10 to 17-12 turn around with fork trucks, 45-15 Palletizing, 3-19 Pallet jacks, 16-12, 45-19 education, 45-18 example, 45-18 features, 45-17 to 45-18 maintenance, 45-18 modify, 45-19 physical stress from, 45-18 I-12 Palliative pain management, 35-6 Paradigm change, 47-13 to 47-14 Parallel effect model, 25-4 Paramedic workers, 22-14 physical job demands, 22-12 to 22-13 physical work ability, 22-13 to 22-14 pre-employment screening, 22-12 to 22-13 Participation role training in, 9-8 to 9-9 Participation models, 3-4 Participative approach for change, 1-5 to effecting change, 9-7 Participative problem solving obstacles to effective use of, 9-7 to 9-8 Participative programs needs of, 9-8 to 9-9 Participative teams, 9-24, 9-25 Participatory approaches practical interventions in industry, 3-1 to 3-21 Participatory ergonomics, 1-3 Participatory process diagram, 3-7 Passive surveillance, 6-3, 9-18 Patient assessment tools, 46-8 Patient handling, 46-1 to 46-10 hazard evaluation, 46-3 to 46-6 high-risk tasks, 46-1 to 46-2 Patient handling devices and equipment hazard evaluation, 46-5 to 46-6 Patient handling equipment, 46-7, 46-9 Patient lift teams, 46-9 Patient lifting devices, 13-10 to 13-11 Patient load hazard evaluation, 46-3 Patient safety, 47-2 to 47-3 Patient-bathing solution, 3-11 Patient-handling intervention implementation, 3-11 Patients impaired percentage, 37-14 Peak hand velocity, 15-11 Peer leaders, 46-9 Perceptibility, 38-12 Perception–action cycles, 38-10 goal-directed, 38-10 Performance shiftwork, 29-8 to 29-9 workday length, 29-2 Personal behavior nonspecific low back pain, 24-3 Personal computer-based medical records analysis system database logic for, 9-20 Personal digital assistants (PDA), 6-15 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 6-15, 13-3, 43-14 Physical ability testing, 27-1 to 27-7 administrative controls, 21-6 implementation, 27-2 to 27-6 Physical and occupational therapy, 35-5 to 35-6 Physical environment hazard evaluation, 46-4 Index Physical fitness work ability, 22-16 to 22-17 Physical form, 38-10, 38-13 Physical functioning, 38-10, 38-13 taxonomic approach, 22-5 Physical realism data-supported modeling approaches to, 10-11 to 10-12 Physical therapists, 33-4, 34-8 Physical therapy, 35-2 to 35-3 Physical work ability assessment prerequisites, 22-8 to 22-9 tests, 22-8 to 22-9 Physiologic costs stoopwalking, 43-10 unusual postures, 43-9 to 43-10 walking, 43-10 Pick and place task, 36-4 Pick sticks, 45-19 to 45-20 access, 45-20 example, 45-20 Pick system width of aisles, 45-16 Pig livestock MSD risk factors, 44-4 Pilot ergonomics program, 9-10 to 9-12 Pinch force, 3-14 Pinch grips, 3-13 Pipefitters, 50-10 Pistol grip force model, 15-7 Plant ergonomics programs benefits of, 9-10 expanding plant-wide, 9-12 implementation methods for, 9-9 to 9-16 rules and regulations of, 9-12 setting up, 9-9 to 9-13 training needs of, 9-13 to 9-14 Plant hospital case history, 9-17 Plant nurseries, 3-6 to 3-7 intervention examples, 44-9 Plastic wrap cases, 45-8 handles, 45-19 issues, 45-18 to 45-19 roll size, 45-19 Platform lift, 16-11 Platform trucks, 16-12 Plumbers, 50-10 Police officers physical job demands, 22-14 to 22-15 physical work ability, 22-15 pre-employment screening, 22-14 to 22-15 Portable tilters, 17-9 Postinjury rehabilitation/management, 35-1 to 35-7 Postures See also Restricted postures awkward, 43-1 to 43-14 cake decorating, 48-4, 48-5 computer keyboard system, 39-2 to 39-5 desktop computers (DPC), 40-3 drill extension modifying, 50-10 I-13 Index neutral, 38-12, 38-13, 38-15 BRS/HFES 100 defines, 38-17 reduce awkward reaching, 3-11 seating lordotic and kyphotic, 38-16 specific strength capacity design loads, 43-12 unusual biomechanics, 43-7 to 43-9 intervention principles, 43-11 to 43-14 physiologic costs, 43-9 to 43-10 working, 3-5, 3-18 workstation fit, 38-12 Poultry livestock MSD risk factors, 44-4 Poultry processing, 42-1 to 42-19 administrative controls, 42-6 to 42-8 engineering controls, 42-8 to 42-14 ergonomics guidelines, 41-7 to 41-8 ergonomics process, 42-2 to 42-6 ergonomics team, 42-3 to 42-4 management, 42-3 solutions, 42-6 to 42-19 Poultry processing guidelines, 14-1 Power tools dynamic reaction force, 15-8 to 15-11 handle size and grip force, 15-3 to 15-6 static hand force, 15-6 to 15-8 triggers and grip force, 15-2 to 15-3 vibration, 15-11 to 15-12 Powered mechanical lifts, 16-5 Powered scissor-lift, 13-6 Practical ergonomic interventions, 3-2 to 3-3 Precor Inc., 3-5 to 3-6 features, 3-6 Pre-employment screening reliability, 22-17 safety workers, 22-9 to 22-16 validity, 22-17 Primary care definition, 35-1 Primary nonoperative care, 35-2 Prioritization, 8-13 Privacy protection, 4-7 Problem identification, 1-3 solving, 8-14 solving skills efficiently using, 2-6 Procedures, 2-7 Process, 6-9, 8-6 to 8-16 based quality management system, 7-12 economic evaluation of outcome, 1-6 elements of, 1-1 to 1-6 flow chart, 9-10 information, 9-25 large industry perspective, 9-1 to 9-29 organization, 1-2 organizational issues in developing, 9-3 to 9-9 steps, 1-2 Product design, 12-3 organizational structure, 12-3 orientation, 42-11 Production, 8-13 Productivity, 9-21 small industry, 8-3 Program assessment, 2-12 to 2-13 checklist, 3-2 political support, 2-13 vs practice, 2-9 to 2-11 regular quantitative evaluation, 2-11 scoring success, 2-12 stages, 2-10 top management support, 2-13 Project approval for intervention costs data collection, 9-22 group for corporate health management, 7-31 and process, 1-2 progression of results, 2-2 quantitatively evaluating, 2-4 success factors groups, 2-2 tabulation of cost, 2-5 Prone workstations agriculture, 44-7 intervention examples, 44-9 to 44-10 Proposal writing for intervention costs data collection, 9-22 Protective sheaths, 42-15 Psychologists, 34-8 Psychosocial factors low back disability, 24-5 Psychosocial health, 7-5 Psychosocial interventions, 35-3 and disability management, 35-6 Psychosocial work factors, 5-1 to 5-8 definitions, 5-2 to 5-3 examples of, 5-3 to 5-4 managing and controlling, 5-7 to 5-8 measurement of, 5-6 to 5-7 objectivity, 5-3 occupational ergonomics, 5-4 to 5-6 related to physical work factors, 5-5 Pull/push assist devices, 16-15 Purchasing for intervention costs data collection, 9-22 Purpose-related function, 38-10, 38-12 PW Pipe, 3-18 features, 3-18 Pyramiding depalletizing, 45-10 Q Quality, 8-13, 9-21 small industry, 8-3 I-14 Quality circles, 9-8 Quantification, 8-14 to 8-15 Quantification of recovery, 37-12 to 37-13 R Rail systems enclosed track, 17-6 to 17-7 Railing, 16-19 Random orbital sander harness, 49-5 Rational Actor Model, 9-3 Reach, 38-12 Reach reduction, 42-9 Reach sticks, 16-9 Reach trucks, 16-10 Readability, 38-13, 38-16, 38-19 Recording criteria, 4-2, 4-3 Recordkeeping OSHA, 4-1 to 4-8, 6-4 assistance, 4-8 forms and recording criteria, 4-2 to 4-7 purpose, 4-2 scope, 4-2 Records accidents, 6-5 Refresher training, 8-11 Registered nurses, 34-8 Regular use, 2-7 Relational database systems, 9-19 to 9-20 Repetition reduction, 42-10 Repetitive lifting, 3-18 Reports employee, 8-13 Research basic and applied, 38-7 Research studies brief encounters vs long-term programmatic research, 38-5 Resources use efficiently, 2-5 Respiratory hazards, 11-21 Rest breaks, 43-13 agriculture, 44-11 Restricted postures biomechanics, 43-7 to 43-9 epidemiologic studies, 43-3 to 43-4 intervention principles, 43-11 to 43-14 performance limitations, 43-4 to 43-11 physiologic costs, 43-9 to 43-10 strength, 43-7 to 43-8 trunk muscle activity, 43-9 Restricted spaces, 43-1 to 43-14 Restricted work activity, 4-3 Restricted workspaces lumbar spine loads, 43-8, 43-9 Restructuring paradox, 12-4 to 12-5 Retail grocery stores guidelines, 14-1 Retention employee, 28-2 to 28-3 Index Risers, 45-16 Risk factors low back disability, 24-4 for low back pain, 9-21 Robots, 11-12 Roller conveyors, 45-14 Roofing, 50-15 Rotate pallet, 45-10 S Scaffold erection, 50-13 to 50-14 Scheduling and sequencing construction industry, 50-17 to 50-18 Scissors, 42-17 lift table, 3-5 makers wrist tendinitis, 32-5 Scooping bucket, 48-10 Scoops, 42-18 Scrap rates, 9-21 Screeding leveling concrete, 50-9, 50-10 Seating postures lordotic and kyphotic illustrations, 38-16 Secondary rehabilitation, 35-2 definition, 35-1 Security guards physical job demands, 22-15 to 22-16 physical work ability, 22-16 pre-employment screening, 22-15 to 22-16 Seed crops MSD risk factors, 44-2 Selectors and pick sticks, 45-20 Self-assessment, 7-18 Self-help problems, 2-5 Semiautomation, 13-9 to 13-10 Sequencing construction industry, 50-17 to 50-18 Service move to, 52-3 Service areas, 11-16 to 11-18 Sharps, 4-4 Sheet metal workers, 50-10 Sheet rock handling, 3-16 installation, 50-12 to 50-13 transport cart, 50-13 worker manually handling, 50-12 Shell Oil Company injury surveillance database systems confidentiality, 6-15 Shift system continuous, 29-12 discontinuous, 29-13 Shiftwork, 29-4 to 29-13 accidents, 29-8 to 29-9 defined, 29-4 I-15 Index dietary habits, 29-6 ergonomics recommendations, 29-10 to 29-11 physiological and social rhythms, 29-4 to 29-5 relative risks, 29-8, 29-9 social life, 29-7 to 29-8 Shoulders hazards for, 3-23, 3-25 Shovels, 42-18 Side effects headset technology, 45-20 Sincerity of effort, 37-10 to 37-11 interpretation, 37-12 model components, 37-12 protocol, 37-10 repeatability and validation, 37-12 sensitivity and specificity, 37-10 to 37-11 Single lift, 43-5 lifting capacity, 43-4 to 43-6 Sit/stand, 42-14 Skilled-help problems, 2-5 Sleep problems shiftwork, 29-5 to 29-6 Sleepiness workday length, 29-1 to 29-2 Sliding vs lifting, 16-5 to 16-6, 42-14 Slot features, 45-11 to 45-16 Slot width increase, 45-15 Slot-management system develop/revise, 45-14 Slow-moving products incorporate flow racks, 45-12 Small business defined, 8-1 to 8-2 Small industry, 8-1 to 8-17 characteristics of, 8-2 competitiveness, 8-3 compliance, 8-5 ergonomics implementation reasons for, 8-2 to 8-6 Small single location workplace impact and strategies, 3-3 Small-diameter gauges, 3-13 Smoothing tool icing, 48-8 Social life shiftwork, 29-7 to 29-8 Social/organizational structure, 38-9 Societal changes, 52-1 to 52-6 Societal level impact and strategies, 3-3 Sociotechnical Systems Theory, 5-2, 5-7 Solutions cost, 2-5 Spatula icing, 48-7, 48-8 Specialization, 11-3 Specialized cart, 43-13 Speech recognition, 39-7 Spinal loading, 37-7 to 37-8, 45-15 Splint use acute injury risk, 36-6 Split keyboard, 39-3, 39-4 Spring loaded fabric cart, 49-4 Spring stretcher, 49-6 Stack pallets, 45-14 Stackers, 17-8 Stacking empty pallets, 45-18 Stacking station, 16-10 Static models with musculature, 10-5 without musculature, 10-5 Steel skid plates concrete hose junction, 50-9 Steeling, 42-15, 42-16 Steering committee for corporate health management, 7-31 Steroid injections, 33-12 Stick figures optoelectronic systems, 10-8 Sticker dispenser, 45-20 Stimulation, 11-5 Stooping, 43-3 Stoopwalking physiologic cost, 43-10 Strain/sprain injuries construction trade, 50-5 Strategic plan, 2-8 to 2-9, 2-11 Strategic research, 38-7 Streamline functional performance protocol, 37-9 Strength demands of work classification, 22-4 Strengthening, 33-12 Stretching, 33-12 Supervisor training low back disability, 24-9 to 24-10 Supervisors and pick sticks, 45-20 Surface markers relationship to internal CORs, 10-11 Surgery, 33-12 Surveillance, 8-11 to 8-13 methods of, 8-11 to 8-12 Survey problem identification, 1-4 Suspended tabletop rubbing machine, 49-7 Sustained efforts reduction, 42-9 SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities, threats), 7-34 Symptom survey, 41-4 System group approach, 1-3 for change, 1-5 Systems ergonomics, 12-5 to 12-6 T Table with multidirectional rollers, 16-18 Tactical plan example, 2-12 types, 2-11 I-16 Task performance wrist splints, 36-4 Technological changes, 52-2 Telecommunications industry, 14-2 Tender pulling, 42-17, 42-18 Tendonitis, 50-4 to 50-5 Tertiary rehabilitation, 35-3 to 35-6 definition, 35-2 Thermal environment, 11-21 Thermal therapy, 33-11 Threaded fastener joints, 15-9 Tilt table, 13-7 Tilted box with clips, 13-9 Tilting containers, 16-9 Tilting turntable, 48-12 Timolol, 47-9 Toilets, 11-17 Tools conceptualization, 47-6 protection, 42-16 to 42-17 Top-down decision making, 9-4 Torque reaction force, 15-10 Torso flexion avoid full, 43-11 to 43-12 hazards, 43-10 to 43-11 Total paid benefits, 7-29 Total productivity, 28-8 to 28-9 Toxic compounds, 11-21 Toxic exposure workday length, 29-3 Track rail systems, 17-6 to 17-7 Trading zones, 38-9 Traditional order pick system, 45-2, 45-3 example, 45-3 Training, 1-3 administrative controls, 21-2 to 21-3 awareness, 8-11, 9-13 for communication, 9-24, 9-25 expert, 9-14 to 9-16 and infrastructure, 2-6 to 2-7 lifting techniques, 23-1 to 23-11 biomechanics, 23-4 to 23-7 data, 23-7 to 23-11 effectiveness, 23-4 to 23-11 maintenance, 23-11 traditional programs, 23-3 to 23-4 usability, 23-4 to 23-7 poultry processing, 42-4 to 42-5 supervisor low back disability, 24-9 to 24-10 Transfer to another job, 4-3 Transitions, 42-13 Transport devices, 13-6 Transporting, 16-10 to 16-19 Tray packs concerns, 45-9 example, 45-9, 45-10 incorporate lift assists, 45-9 packaging, 45-9 slip sheets between layers, 45-9 weight, 45-9 Index Tree crops intervention examples, 44-8 to 44-9 MSD risk factors, 44-3 Trial, 2-7 Triple slots disadvantages, 45-14 example, 45-12 posture of individuals working, 45-11 to 45-14 Trunk kinematic measures, 37-3 repeatability, 37-3 to 37-4 Trunk kinematics sensitivity and specificity, 37-6 Tuberculosis, 4-4 Turnover, 8-12 to 8-13 Turntables, 11-12, 11-14 29 CFR Part 1904, 4-1 Twisting moments, 23-6 U University of Michigan Human Motion Simulation Laboratory, 10-11 University of Michigan Static Strength Model, 9-21 Unusual postures biomechanics, 43-7 to 43-9 intervention principles, 43-11 to 43-14 physiologic costs, 43-9 to 43-10 Upper extremity disorders costs, 32-1 to 32-2 epidemiology, 32-1 to 32-8 frequency, 32-1 to 32-2 natural history, 32-2 to 32-3 rates, 32-1 to 32-2 types, 32-2 to 32-3 work-related factors, 32-4 to 32-8 Upper extremity MSD, 36-6 Upper extremity problem jobs checklist, 31-7 Upper extremity support with computers, 19-6 Usability, 38-13 controls, 38-12 V Vacuum assist devices, 17-5 Vacuum heads, 17-5 Vacuum lifter, 13-7 Value/cost relationship, 2-3, 2-4 Values and priorities, 38-12 Vegetable crops MSD risk factors, 44-2 to 44-3 Vehicles, 11-14 to 11-15 Vendors for intervention costs data collection, 9-22 Vertical stacking vs horizontal stacking, 3-20 Vibration exposure, 36-5 Video display terminal (VDT) technology, 38-2 Vision statements, 2-9 Volume control, 42-12 Index W Waist-held sticker dispenser, 45-21 Walkies, 16-10 Walking physiologic cost, 43-10 Warm ups, 42-7 Washington State Department of Labor and Industries (WSDLI) ergonomics demonstration projects, 14-2 Washington State Drywall Industry, 3-15 to 3-16 features, 3-16 Washington State Ergonomics Rule website address, 3-1 Washington State Sawmills, 3-16 to 3-17 features, 3-16 Water closets, 11-18 Weight reducing, 16-5 Weight support, 42-12 Wheelchair propulsion, 36-6 Wooden pallet dispenser, 45-17 Work changes to, 52-3 future of, 52-1 to 52-8 Work cases days away from, 4-3 Work methods-based approaches, 38-3 Work organization defined, 5-3 Work practices hazard evaluation, 46-5 Work Practices Guide NIOSH, 9-21 Work psychosocial characteristics targets for change, 25-1 to 25-11 Work-related diseases costs in Germany, 7-2 Work-related injuries and illnesses log, 4-5 Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), 5-6, 38-2 assessment and diagnosis, 34-13 to 34-15 biopsychosocial model, 34-5 clinical management, 34-11 to 34-15 definition, 34-2 developmental studies, 25-8 to 25-9 effectiveness studies, 25-10 flags, 34-14 to 34-15 ICD9, 34-3 to 34-4 implementation research, 25-9 to 25-10 medical management, 33-1 to 33-13, 34-10 multidisciplinary management program, 34-2 to 34-5 physical examination, 34-13 preventive intervention, 25-5 to 25-7 preventive research, 25-7 to 25-10 psychosocial work characteristics, 25-2 to 25-5 questionnaires, 34-11, 34-12 to 34-13 secondary prevention, 34-9 to 34-11 terminology, 33-2 treatment, 34-15 to 34-18 pitfalls, 34-17 to 34-18 I-17 Work-relatedness, 4-2 to 4-3 Work teams, 3-4 to 3-10 Workday length, 29-1 to 29-13 drowsiness, 29-1 to 29-2 ergonomic recommendations, 29-3 to 29-4 Worker aids agriculture, 44-6 to 44-7 Worker and product motion, 17-13 Worker consultation, 3-17 to 3-29 Worker functional capacities assessment, 26-1 to 26-12 components, 26-3 to 26-5 diversification options, 26-9 to 26-11 mobile occupational health clinic, 26-10 to 26-11 outcomes, 26-7 to 26-8 principles, 26-6 providers, 26-7 reports, 26-6 standardization, 26-5 to 26-6 Worker involvement, 3-15 Worker rotation administrative controls, 21-3 to 21-4 Worker satisfaction, 9-21 Worker selection administrative controls, 21-3 for physically demanding jobs, 22-1 to 22-18 job demands, 22-3 to 22-5 validation approaches, 22-3 to 22-7 Worker tracking, 6-6 to 6-7 Worker’s compensation costs small industry, 8-4 Worker’s compensation data, 6-4 to 6-5 Workforce changes, 52-2 Working conditions in European Union, 7-4 Working height comfortable, 16-16 to 16-17 Working postures, 3-5, 3-18 Working times, 52-5 to 52-6 Workplace changes, 52-1 to 52-6 computerized ergonomic aspects, 38-2 elements, 38-17 injuries, 7-2 interventions functional and structural, 38-3 monitoring poultry processing, 42-5 redesign low back disability, 24-6 to 24-7 Worksite evaluation, 1-4 Workspace –worker interface agriculture, 44-6 Works surface, 38-17 Works system model, 12-5 Workstations, 11-2 activity at, 16-16 adjustable, 17-7 agriculture, 44-7 analysis, 8-15 I-18 Workstations (Continued) best practices, 38-12 and chairs fit between, 38-6 configurations NPC, 40-9 cranes, 17-6 to 17-7 design, 13-7 to 13-8, 13-11 computer, 13-11 digital human modeling, 10-2 fit between, 38-6 integration with keyboard, 39-7 to 39-8 manufacturing, 11-1 to 11-21 material handling, 11-12 to 11-16 material handling between, 11-13 to 11-15 physical design, 11-9 to 11-12 postures, 38-12 relation among, 11-6 to 11-9 system integration components, 38-18 Index Worksurface height ranges of adjustability, 38-15 to 38-17 vs chair adjustability, 38-14 surrounding, 38-19 Wrist hazards for, 3-24, 3-25 splints, 36-1 to 36-6 applications, 36-2 to 36-5 fundamentals, 36-1 supports, 19-1 to 19-8 adverse results, 19-7 applications, 19-3 to 19-7 computers use, 19-4 to 19-5 joint and soft tissue stress reduction, 19-2 to 19-3 methods of support, 19-3 posture, 19-3 on vibration transmission, 36-5 tendinitis scissors makers, 32-5 Written program, 8-9 ... OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS INTERVENTIONS, CONTROLS, AND APPLICATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook Second Edition Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational. .. broad understanding of the full scope and breadth of knowledge of this demanding and challenging discipline Interventions, Controls, and Applications in Occupational Ergonomics contains a total... trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Interventions, controls, and applications in occupational ergonomics