Global warming and climate change will have a major bearing on pest incidence and pest associated losses in field crops. Therefore, we studied pest incidence in chickpea across sowing dates to understand the effect of climatic factors on pest incidence on five genotypes of chickpea. The egg laying by the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera decreased across sowing dates from October to December, with a slight increase in oviposition was observed in the January sown crops. ICC 3137 was most preferred for egg laying (9.5 eggs/5 plants), followed by KAK 2 (6.8 eggs/5 plants). The incidence of H. armigera decreased with a delay in time of sowing (60.0 larvae/5plants in the October sown crop to 21.9 larvae/5plants in the December sown crop). However, a slight increase was observed in the January sown crop (34.8 larvae/5plants). The highest incidence of H. armigera larvae was recorded on ICC 3137 (55.1 larvae/5plants), and the lowest on ICCV 10 (29.9 larvae/5plants).
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number 09 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.075 Effect of Different Sowing Dates on Pest Incidence in Chickpea T Pavani1,3, T Ramesh Babu2, D Sridevi3, K Radhika2 and H.C Sharma1,4* International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Rajendranagar 500030, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) Rajendranagar 500030, Hyderabad, Telangana, India YSP University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni 173230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Chickpea, Climate change, Pest incidence, Helicovepa armigera, Spodoptera exigua, Campoletis chlorideae Article Info Accepted: 04 August 2019 Available Online: 10 September 2019 Global warming and climate change will have a major bearing on pest incidence and pest associated losses in field crops Therefore, we studied pest incidence in chickpea across sowing dates to understand the effect of climatic factors on pest incidence on five genotypes of chickpea The egg laying by the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera decreased across sowing dates from October to December, with a slight increase in oviposition was observed in the January sown crops ICC 3137 was most preferred for egg laying (9.5 eggs/5 plants), followed by KAK (6.8 eggs/5 plants) The incidence of H armigera decreased with a delay in time of sowing (60.0 larvae/5plants in the October sown crop to 21.9 larvae/5plants in the December sown crop) However, a slight increase was observed in the January sown crop (34.8 larvae/5plants) The highest incidence of H armigera larvae was recorded on ICC 3137 (55.1 larvae/5plants), and the lowest on ICCV 10 (29.9 larvae/5plants) Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) also known as Bengal gram or gram, is the second most important food legume in Asia, North Africa, and Mexico Recently, it has also become an important grain legume crop in North USA, Canada, and Australia It is grown on 13.5 million hectares worldwide, with an average production of 8.8 million tonnes India is the largest producer of chickpea in the world sharing 71.0 and 67.2% of the total area (9.6 m ha) and production (8.8 mt), respectively (FAOSTAT, 2013) Several biotic and abiotic constraints limit the production and productivity of chickpea, of insect pests are a major constraint to increase the production and productivity of chickpea (Sharma 2005 627 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 and Yadav et al., 2006; Sharma et al., 2011) Losses due to insect pest damage are likely to increase as a result of changes in cropping patterns, and global warming The pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), is one of the most important constraints in chickpea production (Sharma, 2005) Its population peaks generally correspond to the full bloom and pod formation stage of the crop in the post rainy season Temperature, relative humidity (Yadava and Lal 1988, Yadava et al., 1991), rainfall (Tripathi and Sharma 1985), predators (Thakur et al., 1995, Gunathilagaraj 1996) and parasitoids (Bhatnagar 1980, Srinivas and Jayaraj 1989, Thakur et al., 1995) affect the incidence and population densities of H armigera on chickpea Information on pest incidence under field conditions across sowing dates can be used to assess the effect of different climatic variables on pest incidence and grain yield Therefore, we studied the effect of climatic factors on pest incidence and grain yield on five genotypes of chickpea Materials and Methods Five chickpea genotypes (2 resistant - ICCL 86111 and ICCV 10, commercial cultivars JG 11 and KAK 2, and susceptible genotype - ICC 3137) were sown across four planting dates between October - January at monthly intervals during 2012 - 14 post rainy seasons under field conditions The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for each genotype, in a plot of four rows m long (with a spacing of 60 cm between the rows and 10 cm between plants with in a row) Data were recorded on numbers of insects/plant at fortnightly intervals in each planting Data were also recorded on leaf feeding (leaf damage rating on a to scale (1 = 80% leaf area damaged) (Sharma et al., 2005) The incidence/abundance of different insect pests was correlated with the climatic factors (average temperature, open pan evaporation, rainfall, sunshine hours, solar radiation, wind velocity, and relative humidity during the observation period) The crop was raised under normal agronomic practices, and there was no insecticide application in the experimental plots Weather data during the experimental period was obtained from the agro meteorology station at the ICRISAT farm Data on rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, open pan evaporation, sunshine hours, solar radiation and wind velocity during the experimental period was correlated with lead damage, and egg and larval density (Incidence) during the experimental period Results and Discussion Oviposition by H armigera females on different genotypes of chickpea There were significant differences in the numbers of H armigera eggs across different dates of sowing in both the seasons, as well as across the seasons The egg laying by the H armigera females decreased as the sowing dates advanced from October to December (19.9 – 5.2 eggs/5 plants in 2012/13; 9.2 – 3.7 eggs/5 plants in 2013/14 and 13.9 – 4.3 eggs/5 plants across the seasons), but a slight increase in oviposition was recorded in the January sown crop (5.9 eggs/5 plants in 2012 –13, 4.3 eggs/5 plants in 2013 – 2014, and 5.1 eggs/5 plants across the seasons) More number of eggs were recorded in 2012 –13 than in 2013 –14 Highest numbers of eggs were observed in the crop sown in October in both the seasons There were significant differences in oviposition on different genotypes across sowing dates, and the interaction effects were nonsignificant Among the genotypes tested, 628 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 ICC 3137 had the highest number of eggs across the seasons (11.3 eggs/5 plants, in 2012 - 13; 7.7 eggs/ plants in 2013 - 14 and 9.5 eggs/5 plants across the seasons), while the oviposition was recorded on JG 11 (6.3 eggs/ plants) in 2012 – 13, and on ICCV 10 and ICCL 86111 (3.5 eggs/ plants) in 2013 - 14 Across seasons, ICC 3137 was most preferred for egg laying (9.5 eggs/5 plants), followed by KAK (6.8 eggs/5 plants) ICCV 10 and JG 11 (5.9 eggs/5 plants) were relatively nonpreferred for egg laying (Fig 1) Variation in density of H armigera larvae on different genotypes of chickpea across sowings The incidence of H armigera larvae was highest in the crop sown in October (80.7 larvae/5plants), and lowest in the December sown crop (20.1 larvae/5plants) in 2012 – 13 In the 2013 – 14 cropping season, the incidence of H armigera was quite high in the crop sown in November (40.7 larvae/5plants), October (39.3 larvae/5plants) and January (38.3 larvae/5plants), but low in the December sown crop (23.8 larvae/5 plants) Across seasons, the incidence of H armigera declined as the sowing date was advanced from October (60.0 larvae/5plants) to December (21.9 larvae/5plants), but increased in the January sown crop (34.8 larvae/5 plants) There were significant differences in numbers of H armigera larvae across genotypes in both the seasons, but the interaction effects were nonsignificant Highest number of H armigera larvae were recorded on ICC 3137 (51.9 larvae/5plants), followed by KAK (46.6 larvae/5plants) and ICCL 86111 (41.8 larvae/5plants) The lowest incidence of H armigera larvae was recorded in ICCV 10 (28.2 larvae/5plants), followed by JG 11 (38.3 larvae/5plants) In 2013 – 14 post rainy seasons, the H armigera larval density was significantly higher on ICC 3137 (58.3 larvae/5plants) and KAK (37.9 larvae/5plants) than on ICCV 10 (31.7 larvae/5plants), JG 11 (30.1 larvae/5plants and ICCL 86111 (24.7 larvae/5plants) Across seasons, highest incidence was recorded on ICC 3137 (55.1 larvae/5plants), and the lowest on ICCV 10 (29.9 larvae/5plants) The larval density decreased from October to December, but a slight increase was observed in the crop sown in January Across seasons, lowest larval density was recorded on ICCV 10 (15.5 larvae/5plants) in the December sown crop, and highest on ICC 3137 (84.6 larvae/5plants) in the October sown crop (Fig 2) Oviposition by beet armyworm, S exigua on different genotypes of chickpea There were no significant differences in the numbers of S exigua egg masses across the sowings in the 2012 - 13 cropping season No egg masses were observed in the October sown crop in 2012 - 13 Highest egg laying was recorded in the January sown crop (0.4 egg masses/5 plants) The number of egg masses differed significantly across sowing dates in the 2013 - 14 cropping season In 2013 - 14, significantly highest numbers of egg masses were recorded in the December sown crop (1.3 egg masses/5 plants), but the differences in egg laying were nonsignificant in the crops sown in October, November and January Similar trend was observed across seasons The highest numbers of egg masses were recorded in the December sown crop (0.7 egg masses/5 plants), and greater egg laying was recorded in 2013-14 than in 2012 - 13 cropping season No egg laying was observed on ICCL 86111, while a fewer egg masses were recorded on ICCV 10 (0.3 egg masses/ 5plants) in the January sown crop, and in JG 11 in the November and January sown crops The number of egg masses deposited on different genotypes differed significantly during the 629 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 2013 - 14 cropping season, and highest number of egg masses (1.7 egg masses/5 plants) were recorded on KAK 2, while no eggs were recorded in ICCV 10 Across seasons, highest number of S exigua egg masses (1.0 egg masses/5 plants) were recorded on KAK 2, followed by ICC 3137 (0.4 egg masses/5 plants) and ICCL 86111 (0.4 egg masses/5 plants) The interaction effects were non – significant across the seasons No egg masses were recorded in the October sown crop in both the seasons, except on KAK in the 2013 – 14 cropping season (Fig 3) Population of beet armyworm, S exigua larvae on different chickpea genotypes In the 2012 – 13 cropping season, the numbers of S exigua larvae were highest in the crop sown in January (16.1 larvae/5plants), followed by the December (11.6 larvae/5plants), November (10.1 larvae/5plants) and October (4.7 larvae/5plants) sown crops During the 2013 – 14 cropping season, the numbers of S exigua larvae were significantly higher in the crop sown in January (15.5 larvae/5plants), followed by the December sown crop (11.6 larvae/5plants) Significantly lower larval population was recorded in the November (1.3 larvae/5plants) and October (2.0 larvae/ 5plants) sown crops Across the seasons, the S exigua incidence was significantly greater in the January sown crop (15.8 larvae/5plants) than in the crops sown in October, November and December The January sown crop was most affected by S exigua larvae in both the cropping seasons, as the crop grew and matured during the warm months of February to May The larval incidence was comparatively greater in the 2013 - 14 than in 2012 – 13 cropping season There were no significant differences in the numbers of S exigua larvae on different genotypes in the 2012 – 13 cropping season KAK had the maximum numbers of S exigua larvae (15.6 larvae/5plants), followed by ICCL 86111 (11.6 larvae/5plants), JG 11 (9.3 larvae/5plants) and ICC 3137 (8.8 larvae/5plants) Less S exigua larval numbers were recorded on ICCV 10 (7.8 larvae/5plants) During the 2013 – 14 cropping season, there were no significant differences among the genotypes tested However, the highest numbers of S exigua larvae were observed on JG 11 (12.1 larvae/5plants), followed by ICC 3137 and ICCL 86111 (5.1 larvae/5plants) Across seasons, the highest numbers of S exigua larvae were recorded on KAK (12.9 larvae/5plants) and lowest on ICC 3137 (7.0 larvae/5plants) The interaction effects between the genotypes and sowing dates were not significant The lowest (2.5 larvae/5plants) incidence was recorded in ICCV 10 in the November sown crop, and highest in KAK in the January sown crop (27.2 larvae/5plants) Highest numbers of egg masses were also recorded on KAK – Kabuli type genotype, suggesting that it is highly susceptible to S exigua KAK was found to be highly susceptible to S exigua, while ICC 3137 was highly susceptible to H armigera ICCV 10 was relatively resistant to both H armigera and S exigua The S exigua incidence was observed mostly in the early stages of the crop, irrespective of the planting dates (Fig 4) Variation in parasitization of H armigera by the larval parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae During the 2012 – 13 cropping season, greater numbers of cocoons of C chlorideae were observed in the December sown crop (3.4 cocoons/5plants), followed by the October sown crop (2.4 cocoons/5plants) Lowest parasitization (0.1 cocoons/5 plants) were 630 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 recorded in the January sown crop In the 2013 – 14 cropping season, maximum parasatization (5.7 cocoons/5 plants) was recorded in the October sown crop, and the lowest (0.4 cocoons/5 plants) in the January sown crop Across seasons, highest (4.0 cocoons/5 plants) activity of the parasitoid was recorded in the October sown crop, andthe lowest (0.2 cocoons/5 plants) in the January sown crop, suggesting that the parasitoid is mostly active during the cooler part of the winter season Fig.1 Oviposition by H armigera females on different genotypes of chickpea in relation to temperature and RH under natural infestation in the field Fig.2 Abundance of H armigera larvae on different genotypes of chickpea in relation to temperature and RH under natural infestation in the field 631 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 Fig.3 Oviposition by S exigua females on different genotypes of chickpea in relation to temperature and RH under natural infestation in the field Fig.4 Abundance of S exigua larvae on different genotypes of chickpea in relation to temperature and RH under natural infestation in the field 632 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 Fig.5 Numbers of C chloridaea cocoons on different genotypes of chickpea in relation to temperature and RH under natural conditions in the field There were no significant differences in the numbers of C chlorideae cocoons on different genotypes in both the seasons However, highest numbers of cocoons were recorded on ICC 3137 (2.6 cocoons/5plants), and the lowest on KAK and JG 11 (2.0 cocoons/5 plants) The interaction effects were not significant (Fig 5) armigera larvae, and increased crop damage Damage by H armigera increased with an increase in temperature as a result of reduction in the dry matter and grain yield Shankar et al., (2014) reported that numbers of S exigua and H armigera larvae were maximum on ICC 3137 at the vegetative, flowering and podding stages in both the seasons, while ICCL 86111 harboured the lowest numbers of H armigera and S exigua larvae More H armigera moths were trapped during March to April (Mahapatra et al., 2007), and November sown crops suffered less pod damage than that sown in December (Prasad et al., (1989; Begum et al., 1992) Delayed sowing of chickpea is risky under rainfed conditions due to inadequate stored soil moisture, and increased risk of damage by H armigera (Prasad and Singh 1997) Oviposition by H armigera was low in the crop sown between December to MidFebruary due to cold conditions in Pakistan (Shah and Shahzad, 2005), whereas Ali et al., (2009) observed that the numbers of eggs laid In the early sown crop, which developed and matured during the cooler part of the post rainy season, there were significant differences in genotypic susceptibility to pod borer damage, but the differences between the genotypes were less apparent in H armigera larvae in the late sown crops Though the numbers of H armigera larvae decreased with the planting dates, the extent of damage by H armigera increased across the planting dates in both cropping seasons, which could be ascribed to warmer conditions during crop development and maturity Parasitization of H armigera larvae by C chlorideae also decreased with the planting dates, resulting in a decreased in biological control of H 633 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 by H armigera differed significantly across sowings on different genotypes of cotton, but there were no significant differences in larval density and damage across genotypes and sowing dates 2005., Upadhyay et al., 1989; Pandey, 2012) Ugale et al., (2011) reported that moth emergence was negatively correlated with the maximum (r =-0.62) and minimum temperature (r =-0.75), but there was no association with relative humidity Minimum temperature and rainfall exerted a negative influence on pheromone trap catches of H armigera (Prasad et al., (1989) The population of H armigera and S exigua larvae was negatively correlated with relative humidity across genotypes However, a significant and negative correlation has earlier been reported between H armigera larval density and maximum relative humidity (Sharma et al., 2005; Upadhyay et al., 1989; Pandey, 2012 and Shah and Shahzad, 2005) Densities of eggs and of different larval instars of H armigera were significantly and negatively correlated with the maximum relative humidity, but not with the minimum relative humidity Extremes of temperature, humidity and other weather factors (e.g., wind and hailstorm) might result in mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae of most of insect species (Pearson, 1958 and Qayyum and Zalucki, 1987) Pest outbreaks are more likely to occur with stressed plants as a result of weakening of plants' defensive system, and thus, increasing the level of susceptibility to insect pests Global warming will lead to earlier infestation by H armigera in North India (Sharma, 2010a), resulting in increased crop loss Climate change may also alter the interactions between the insect pests and their host plants (Sharma, 2014)) Relationships between insect pests and their natural enemies will change as a result of global warming, resulting in both increases and decreases in the status of individual pest species Changes in temperature will also alter the timing of diurnal activity patterns of different groups of insects and changes in inter specific interactions could also alter the effectiveness of natural enemies for pest management (Hill and Dymock, 1989) The H armigera larval population was high in early sown crops (October 15th to November 1st) than in and delayed sowings (November 1st to 30th) (Anwar et al.,1994) The genotypic response to damage by H amigera varies across seasons and locations (Sharma et al., 2003) The genotypes (ICC 506EB, ICC 12476, ICC 12477, ICC 12478 and ICC 12479) that are not preferred for oviposition also suffer low leaf damage by H armigera (Narayanamma et al., 2007) The abundance of H armigera decreased with an increase in temperature, but plant damage increased with a rise in temperature This may be due to better plant growth in early sowings than in the late sown crops due to inadequate soil moisture and dry weather conditions, which retarded the plant growth, with less pod setting, and consequently resulting in poor grain yield The vegetative growth and the dry matter production decreased with an increase in temperature due to water stress The numbers of C chlorideae cocoons decreased with an increase in temperature Higher temperatures resulted in reduced efficacy of control agents of H armigera, which may also have contributed to increase in plant damage Patnaik and Senapati (1996) observed a negative correlation between mean temperature range and larval incidence of H armigera A positive association was observed between H armigera and S exigua larvae, and similar results were earlier reported by Sharma (2012b) Positive correlation has earlier been observed between H armigera larval incidence and the maximum and the minimum temperatures (Sharma et al., 2005., Shah and Shahzad, 634 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 627-637 Global warming and climate change will influence survival, development and population dynamics of H armigera, and this will have a major bearing on extent of crop losses, and timing of different components of pest management to minimize the losses due to this pest Future studies should focus on simultaneously testing the effects of multiple environmental factors on insect-plant interactions, to gain a realistic perspective of how global climatic changes may impact the production of secondary chemicals and its potential implications for co evolutionary associations between the interacting plant and insect species Research Institute for the SemiAridTropics pp 23 Food and Agriculture Organization, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013, 2013 http://www.fao.org/docrep/013 /i1683e/i1683e.pdf Gunathilagaraj K (1996) Management of Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea with Acridotheres tristis Madras Agricultural Journal 83: 72–73 Hill M.G and Dymock J (1989) Impact of Climate Change: Agricultural/ Horticultural Systems DSIR Entomology Division Submission to the New Zealand Climate Change Program Auckland, New Zealand: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 16 pp Hossain M.A., Haqueb M.A and Prodhan M.Z.H (2008) Incidence and damage severity of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) 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Discussion Oviposition by H armigera females on different genotypes of chickpea There were significant differences in the numbers of H armigera eggs across different dates of sowing in both the seasons,