INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS DOCUMENTATION

Contents List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 The Process Flow Diagram, The PFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 PIDs and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Lists and Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Specification Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Purchasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Logic Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Loop Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Installation Details and Location Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Drawings, Title Blocks Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Role of Standards and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Appendix A, Answers to Chapter 2 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Appendix B, Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Appendix C, Typical ISATR20.00.01 Specification Form . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Appendix D, Drawing Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Appendix E, Recommended References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation Notice The information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader Because neither the author nor the publisher have any control over the use of the information by the reader, both the author and the publisher disclaim any and all liability of any kind arising out of such use The reader is expected to exercise sound professional judgment in using any of the information presented in a particular application Additionally, neither the author nor the publisher have investigated or considered the affect of any patents on the ability of the reader to use any of the information in a particular application The reader is responsible for reviewing any possible patents that may affect any particular use of the information presented Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only Neither the author nor the publisher endorses any referenced commercial product Any trademarks or trade names referenced belong to the respective owner of the mark or name Neither the author nor the publisher makes any representation regarding the availability of any referenced commercial product at any time The manufacturer’s instructions on use of any commercial product must be followed at all times, even if in conflict with the information in this publication Copyright © 2004 ISA – The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 ISBN 1-55617-870-0 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISA 67 Alexander Drive P.O Box 12277 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is in process Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation ABOUT FRED MEIER Fred Meier's career spans more than 50 years as a control systems engineer, chief engineer, and engineering manager in the oil, chemical and engineering industries in the United States, Algeria, Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom He has held Professional Engineer licenses in New York, New Jersey, California, Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan He completed U.S Army training as an electrical engineer and has a Mechanical Engineering Degree from Stevens Institute of Technology and an MBA from Rutgers University Fred has been an ISA member more than 40 years He has served as President of the New York Section; the Edmonton, Alberta, Section; and the Tarheel (North Carolina) Capital Area Section He was awarded the ISA District II Golden Eagle Award in 2000 Fred presented two papers at ISA 1982, “Why Not Be An Adaptive Manager?” and, jointly with co-worker Trevor Haines, “Contractor Handling of Engineering for Distributed Control Systems” He authored the cover article for CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Feb 22, 1982, “Is your control system ready to start up?” Fred and son Cliff (this book's co-author) presented a joint paper at ISA 1999, “A Standard P&ID, Elusive as the Scarlet Pimpernel” Fred also published an editorial viewpoint in ISA TRANSACTIONS, October 2002, “A P&ID standard: What, Why, How?” After Fred's “first” retirement, he served as the ISA Staff Engineer; after his “second” retirement, as an ISA Instructor and Consultant; and, since his “third” retirement, as co-author of this book Fred and Jean have been married for 56 years, and are the proud parents of four children, four grandchildren, and one great granddaughter They currently live in Chapel Hill, North Carolina ABOUT CLIFF MEIER Cliff Meier's 26 years of engineering experience started with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Northeastern University His attraction to the widgets and intricacies of Instrumentation and Controls has taken him to three continents and to industrial controls projects in nuclear and fossil fuel power generation, oil and gas production, chemical and pulp and paper industries, and microelectronics factories Cliff has worked exclusively in consulting engineering on projects ranging in complexity from a few loops to complex modernization projects and greenfield installations entailing thousands of loops His career started with manual drafting on Mylar sheets and has transitioned to computer-aided design (CAD), where data handling has almost eclipsed the importance of the physical drawings While he enjoys the team relationships of industrial design projects, he finds construction and commissioning work to be almost as rewarding as writing with his Dad Cliff is a member of ISA and holds professional engineering licenses in Texas and Oregon Cliff and his wife, Cris, have been married more than 25 years and are the parents of the two finest kids on earth — Will and Helen They live in Beaverton, Oregon, where they can gaze at snow-capped mountains when it isn't raining, which, come to think of it, is not that often XV Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation List of Illustrations I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 Typical Continuous Processes Instrument Drawing Schedule Field Mounted Pressure Gauge Complex Tag Number Process Flow Diagram 12 Process Description 13 PFD Equipment Symbols 15 Recipe Contents 17 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-23 2-24 2-25 3-1 Instrument & Process Control Defined 21 Sensing & Comparing Defined 22 Correcting Defined 23 Loop Defined 23 Actuator Action and Power Failure 24 An Electronic Loop 25 Identification Letters 28 Filter Press with D/P Indicator 29 Filter Press with D/P Transmitter 29 Typical Letter Combinations 30 Instrument Numbering 33 General Instrument or Function Symbols 34 Instrument Line Symbols 36 Pneumatic Transmission 37 Electronic Transmission 38 Valves 39 Typical Transmitters - Flow 40 Flow Devices 41 Descriptions 42 Symbols 43 P&ID 45 Flow Loop FRC-100 48 Pressure Loop PIC-100 49 Level Loop LIC-100 50 Local Panel Switches & Lights 52 Instrument List 55 XI XII Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 A Typical Instrument List 56 Typical Example of a Company's I&C Data Flow Diagram 59 Instrument Data Fields 62 Common Service Description Formats 63 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 Specification Forms 68 Pressure Gauge - Specification Form 71 Pressure Gauge - Instructions 72 Level Instrument - Specification Form 74 Level Instrument - Instructions, Part 75 Level Instrument - Instructions, Part 76 Hazardous (Classified) Locations 78 Area Classification - Electrical 78 NEMA Standard 250-2003 80 Intrinsic Safety 81 5-1 Seven Steps of Acquisition 83 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 Logic Diagram 97 Binary Logic Symbols - AND & OR 97 Binary Logic Symbols - NOT & MEMORY (FLIP -FLOP) 98 Motor Start Logic 100 Logic Diagram L-1 101 Integrated SIS 104 Separated SIS 105 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 A Pneumatic Loop 108 An Electronic Loop 108 Loop Diagram - Terminal Symbols 113 Loop Diagram - Energy Supply 114 Loop Diagram - Instrument Action 114 Loop Diagram - PIC -100 116 Loop Diagram - Electronic Minimum 117 Loop Diagram - Electronic Minimum & Optional 119 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 Installation Detail, Type - Thermowell 128 Installation Detail, Type - Flow Transmitter 129 Installation Detail, Type - Conduit 130 Location Plan, Approach A 131 Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation 8-5 8-6 Location Plan, Approach B 133 Location Plan, Approach C 134 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 ANSI Document Sizes for Engineering Drawings 137 European Document Sizes 139 Typical Title Block 140 Typical Revision Block 143 Notes and Revision Cloud 145 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 Hazardous Area Classification 148 29 CFR 1910.119 (d) Process Safety Information 149 29 CFR 1910 (f) Operating Procedures 150 29 CFR 1910.119 (l) Management of Change 150 ISA-5 Documentation Series 152 XIII DEDICATION This book is dedicated to Cris and Jean, Without whose assistance and encouragement this book would not have been started, let alone finished Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank all those who assisted in the development of this book, especially Dave Fusaro of Control, a Putman Media Co publication; Ken Bradham of Industrial Design Corporation; co-workers at Harris Group Inc.; and to the Technical and Education Services Departments of ISA, especially Lois Ferson, Alice Heaney and Linda Wolffe; designer, Vanessa F Harris; and our copyeditor, Jim Strothman Cliff would like to especially thank the lads in Dublin, for making it fun, and in particular to Tony Riordan, whose encouragement to have that ceremonial first scoop with "me Da" eventually led to the idea of writing this book Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation Contents List of Illustrations XI About the Authors XV Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation The Process Flow Diagram, The PFD 11 P&IDs and Symbols 19 Lists and Databases 55 Specification Forms 67 Purchasing 83 Logic Diagrams 95 Loop Diagrams 107 Installation Details and Location Plans 123 Drawings, Title Blocks & Revisions 137 Role of Standards and Regulations 147 Appendix A, Answers to Chapter Exercise 159 Appendix B, Abbreviations 161 Appendix C, Typical ISA-TR20.00.01 Specification Form 163 Appendix D, Drawing Sizes 165 Appendix E, Recommended References 167 Index 171 IX INTRODUCTION Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation Introduction There are three types of processes in industry: continuous, batch, and discrete manufacturing A brief description of each type follows: Continuous Material is fed into and removed from the process at the same time Petroleum refining is a good example Batch Material is added to a vessel or other piece of equipment, some process takes place, and the changed material is subject to another step Many repeats of the above steps, perhaps using different equipment, may be necessary to make the finished product Beer, for example, is made by a batch process Discrete manufacturing Separate components, parts or sub-assemblies are manufactured or assembled to produce a product Automobile manufacturing is an example The process industry sector of the worldwide economy consists of plants that operate continuously and those that operate in batch mode Since there are similarities in design and operation, plants that operate continuously and those that operate in batch mode are generally combined under the “process industries” label All documents discussed in this book are common in process industries The nature of the documentation we use to describe modern instrumentation and control systems has evolved over many years to maintain a primary objective – to impart efficiently and clearly salient points about a specific process to the trained viewer As processes we are concerned with become more complex, so then does the documentation An ancient simple batch process like making brine might be defined quite clearly without so much as a schematic drawing, simply by showing a few pipes, a tank and some manual valves A modern continuous process that runs twenty-four Figure I-1: Typical Continuous Processes hours a day, seven days a week, with specific piping and valve requirements, many interrelated controls, • Steam production numerous monitoring points, operator control • Chemical reactions requirements, pumps, motorized equipment and • Separations safety systems will, of course, require a more complex • Waste treatment documentation system Figure I-1 shows examples of • Distillation typical continuous processes 156 Chapter 10: Role of Standards and Regulations At the time of their withdrawal, SAMA gave ISA permission to use the SAMA work Portions of PMC 22.1 are directly incorporated into the current edition of ISA-5.1 The entire PMC 22.1 is in the process of being issued by an ISA standards committee Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) TAPPI is a technical association founded in 1915 Over 20,000 individual members are involved in the pulp, paper, and converting industry TAPPI has developed and revised Test Methods and Standard Practices for use in the industry Location-Specific Documents These are the standards and other documents developed for a specific location or a specific project They may be a simple document or they may be a very specific and detailed set of books They may be as basic as the legend sheet that should (but is not always) included with every issue of a set of P&IDs The legend sheet, or sheets, should indicate the symbols, abbreviations, and letter designations used in the attached documents Some projects add additional information including typical P&IDs and other sample documents There are two international standards organizations that develop standards for worldwide use — the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Electrotechnical Commission The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) (http://www.iec.ch) is a standards organization dealing with electrical, electronic, and related technologies Many of its standards are developed jointly with ISO IEC is made up a representatives of national standards bodies It was founded in 1906 and currently has more than 60 participating countries IEC headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland The United States member of IEC is American National Standards Institute (ANSI) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISO (http://www.iso.ch) is unique because it is composed of the national standards institutes of 147 countries Some of these standards institutes are part of their country’s government, while others are in their country’s private sector ISO develops voluntary standards that are very useful in facilitating international trade For example, the ISO 9000 series are generic quality management Role of Standards and Regulations 157 standards, which confirm that a location has a system in place to maintain quality by managing its processes or activities The procedures to confirm conformity to the standard have been developed by ISO together with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) The conformity assessment, or outside audit, is carried out by other organizations Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, (Springfield, MA, G&C Merriam Co., 1967) p.853 op cit The Automation, Systems, and Instrumentation Dictionary, 4th edition (Research Triangle Park, NC: ISA — The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 1984), p354 ISA-FG-15, Developing and Applying Standard Instrumentation & Control Documentation, Version 2.2 Slide 30 ISA Standards and Practices Department Accredited Procedures (Research Triangle Park, NC, ISA, January 31, 2001) p.5 159 APPENDIX A Appendix A Answers to Chapter Exercise Figure 2-19, Descriptions Figure 2-20, Symbols U H 15 L or O A S 16 N C 10 F 17 Q P 11 B 18 R T 12 L or O 19 K D 13 E 20 M J 14 G 21 I 161 APPENDIX B Appendix B Abbreviations Abbreviation Explanation ac AI ANSI AO API A/R ARO ASA ASME BPCS CAD CADD CE CS CSA dc DCN DCS DI DIR DO dp EPC F FC FDA FI FL FM FO FOB I&C I/O Alternating Current Analog Input American National Standards Institute Analog Output American Petroleum Institute As Required After Receipt of Order American Standards Association (NOTE: Superceded by ANSI) American Society of Mechanical Engineers Basic Process Control System Computer-Aided Design or Drafting Computer-Aided Design and Drafting European Community Mark, indicating compliance with European requirements Carbon Steel Canadian Standards Association Direct Current Drawing Change Notice Distributed Control System Digital Input Direct Digital Output Differential Pressure Engineering - Procurement - Construction Fahrenheit Fail Closed Food and Drug Administration Fail Indeterminate Fail Last, or Locked Factory Mutual Fail Open Freight On Board Instrumentation and Control Input/Output 162 Appendix B — Abbreviations Abbreviation Explanation I/P IA IEC IEEE IL ISA ISA Dictionary ISA-FG15 Current to Pneumatic (converter) Instrument Air International Electrotechnical Commission Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Instrument List ISA — The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society The Automation, Systems, and Instrumentation Dictionary, 4th edition ISA Training Course FG15, Developing amd Applying Standard Instrumentation & Control Documentation, Version 2.2 ISA Training Course S106, Version 2.0, Introduction to Measurement and Control — Technology, Industries & People International Organization for Standardization Knock Out Milliamperes Manway or Access Port National Electric Code National Electric Manufacturers Association National Fire Protection Association Occupational Safety and Health Administration Oily Water Sewer Plant Automation System Piping and Instrumentation Drawing Professional Engineer (licensed) Programmable Electronic System Process Flow Diagram Proportional-Integral-Derivative Process Industries Practices, founded by Construction Industries Institute (CII) Programmable Logic Controller Personnel Protection Prepay and Add (freight costs) Pounds per square inch Pounds per square inch gauge Process Variable Reverse Request For Quotation Return On Investment Scientific Apparatus Makers Association Supervisory Control and Date Acquisition Safety Instrumented Systems Single Loop Digital Controller Set Point Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Terms and Conditions Underwriters Laboratory Volts - alternating current Volts - direct current ISA-S106 ISO KO mA MW NEC NEMA NFPA OSHA OWS PAS P&ID PE PES PFD PID PIP PLC PP PPA psi psig PV REV RFQ ROI SAMA SCADA SIS SLDC SP TAPPI T&C UL v ac v dc 163 APPENDIX C Appendix C Typical ISA-TR20.00.01 Specification Form The following page was excerpted from the CD of ISA-TR20.00.01-2001, Specification Forms for Process Measurement and Control Instruments, Part 1: General Considerations It is the first page of the device specification for a displacer-type level transmitter or local controller, Form 20L2121 Rev The CD also provides additional pages that form a “pick list” (not included in this book) The “pick list” offers a choice for each of the lines of the device specification For example, for line 13, “process connection, nominal size and rating”, it is possible to select any one of eight sizes ranging from 1½ inches to inches, or 50 mm to 100 mm for the process connection size 164 Appendix C: Typical Specification Form 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 Rev RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION DISPLACER-TYPE LEVEL TRANSMITTER OR LOCAL CONTROLLER Device Specification BODY OR CAGE Body/Cage type Process conn nominal size Process conn termn type Flange facing finish Lower conn location Gage glass conn nom size Gage glass conn type Vent/Drain conn nom size Vent/Drain termn type Head orientation/type Extension/Heat insulator Body/Cage material Bolting material Gasket/O ring material Rating Style Upper Rating Style Rating Style SENSING ELEMENT Sensor type Sp gr Lower Range-Limit URL Displacer diameter Length Extension length Displacer material Torque tube/Spring matl Extension/Cable material Trim material CONNECTION HEAD Type Enclosure type no/class Signal termination type Cert/Approval type Enclosure material SPECIFICATION IDENTIFICATIONS Document no Latest revision Date Issue status 10 TRANSMITTER OR CONTROLLER Continued Cert/Approval type Mounting location/type Span-Zero adjust lct Enclosure material 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 69 Max press at design temp At 70 Min working temperature Max 71 Accuracy rating 72 Level Lower Range-Limit URL 73 Min level span Max 74 Min differential sp gr 75 Min ambient working temp Max 76 Contacts ac rating At max 77 Contacts dc rating At max 78 79 80 81 ACCESSORIES 82 Connecting cables length 83 Air set filter style 84 Air set gauges 85 Gage glass style 86 Gage valve style 87 88 89 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS 90 Custom tag 91 Reference specification 92 Special preparation 93 Compliance standard 94 Construction code 95 Software configuration 96 97 98 PHYSICAL DATA 99 Estimated weight 100 Overall height 101 Removal clearance 102 Upper to lower conn lg 103 Lower to drain conn lg 104 Signal conn nominal size Style 105 Mfr reference dwg 106 107 108 INPUT OR SETPOINT OUTPUT OR SCALE LRV URV ACTION LRV URV TRANSMITTER OR CONTROLLER w/wo SWITCHES Housing type Output signal type Enclosure type no/class Control mode Digital communication std Signal power source Contacts arrangement Quantity Transient protection Integral indicator style Signal termination type CALIBRATIONS AND TEST TAG NO/FUNCTIONAL IDENT MEAS/SIGNAL/TEST Level-Analog output Level-Digital output Level-Scale Level setpoint 1-Output Level setpoint 2-Output Test pressure COMPONENT IDENTIFICATIONS COMPONENT TYPE MANUFACTURER Date Form: 20L2121 Rev Revision Description By Appv1 Appv2 Appv3 MODEL NUMBER REMARKS © 2001 ISA 165 APPENDIX D Appendix D Drawing Sizes The tables below compare architectural and engineering drawing sizes Until 1995, sizes A through E, below, were used in the United States for both architectural and engineering drawings Engineering Drawing Sizes ANSI Size Dimensions (inches) Dimensions (millimeters) A 8.5 × 11 216 × 279 B 11 × 17 279 × 432 C 17 × 22 432 × 559 D 22 × 34 559 × 864 E 34 × 44 864 × 1,118 Since 1995, the sizes ARCH through below have been used for Architectural Drawings Architectural Paper Sizes Size Dimensions (inches) Dimensions (millimeters) ARCH × 12 229 × 305 ARCH 12 × 18 305 × 457 ARCH 18 × 24 457 × 610 ARCH 24 × 36 610 × 914 ARCH 30 × 42 762 × 1,067 ARCH 36 × 48 914 × 1,219 167 APPENDIX E Appendix E Recommended References The authors asked several I&CS practitioners what books they have near their desk for ready reference We also have added our ideas to produce the following list Control Valves • Control Valves, Guy Borden, Jr., Editor, an ISA publication An overall view of control valves – their application, construction, design, and maintenance The information assists engineers during control valve selection and operation • Control Valve Primer, a User’s Guide, H D Baumann, an ISA publication This book gives practical advice on how to apply control valves It presents insights on valve sizing, smart valve positioners, field-based architecture, network system technology, and control loop performance evaluation • The Control Valve Handbook, Fisher Controls, 2nd edition, third printing There are several good manufacturers’ handbooks This one happens to be the one with which we are most familiar It is a good reference that explains the function, features, terminology and individual components that comprise a control valve The handbook explains how a control valve works and may provide insight into why your valve is behaving oddly Even old timers will revisit the handbook from time to time Electrical • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 70, National Electric Code (NEC) (latest edition) Well, you can’t, or should not, play the game without knowing the rules, and here are the rules, electrically anyway There are good classes out there that will introduce neophytes to “the code”, as well as offer refresher courses to the rest of us 168 Appendix E: Recommended References Flow • Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe, Crane Technical Paper 410, 21st Printing, 1982, The Crane Company This is that little orange spiral bound book seen on control systems engineers’ desks, as well as on the desks of process and mechanical engineers Crane Technical Paper 410 contains an invaluable memory jogging multi-page listing of fluid flow equations, an explanation of how to calculate fluid flow losses through valves and fittings, fluid property tables, and even tables showing conversion factors It is probably the most used reference book on many desks • Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, 2nd edition, R.W Miller, McGraw Hill This is a fine handbook providing clear, concise, and, if you want it, detailed and technical information about the science and application of flow measurement devices It is a good source for orifice plate bore calculations We recommend that everyone run through the manual calculation occasionally so you can better appreciate the software It also is good to remember the factors that influence the reading you see after the system is installed • Flow Measurement, 2nd edition, D W Spitzer, Editor, an ISA publication An excellent handbook covering the whole array of flow meters Emphasis is placed on the accuracy of measurement and how to ensure it The book includes topics on forecasting flow conditions, flow meter selection, installation, calibration, and maintenance Standards • ISA-5.1-1984-(R1992), Instrument Symbols and Identification This is the oracle for anyone documenting a control system From P&IDs to sketches, this is the standard for the symbolism used This was the source document for thousands of P&ID legend sheets – and hundreds of thousands of spirited discussions known colloquially as arguments • ISA-5.4-1991, Instrument Loop Diagrams So what makes a Loop Diagram? Well, this standard not only establishes the content of the ubiquitous loop, but it also presents increasing levels of complexity that can be seen in typical Loop Diagrams ISA-5.4 includes sample loop diagrams for pneumatic, electronic and shared display systems The sample loops define the minimum requirements for Loop Diagrams as well as additional optional items that can be included • ISA-20-1981, Specification Forms for Process Measurement and Control Instruments, Primary Elements, and Control Valves Not only are there blank specification data sheets in this standard, but next to each data sheet template, a line-by-line listing can be found telling the user what information each block or datum was supposed to provide Recommended References 169 Temperature • The Temperature Handbook, 27th edition (or latest), Omega Technologies Almost everyone has at least one Omega handbook at their desk The one referred to most often might be The Temperature Handbook, as it includes so much information about thermocouples, RTDs and other temperature elements, transmitters and controllers – “hey, what color code is used for a type K thermocouple, anyway?” Contains easy-to-understand technical information on many topics Vendors • Vendor catalogs, CDs, or more commonly, Web access to catalog information If you are working with instrumentation, Internet access to manufacturer’s current specification information and model numbers is essentially a requirement Some manufacturers have well organized, intuitive and accessible Web sites; some have simply awful Web sites Thankfully, the better instrument and control valve suppliers have user-friendly access to ALL their technical data, which we feel is a critical criterion for instrumentation and controls professionals If your supplier doesn’t have accessible, current and complete information available on the Web, including installation and termination information, ask them to fix the site or think about finding another supplier Hopefully, all our suppliers will eventually respond to suggestions, so it is up to us to share the pain when the sites don’t work like we need them to work The worst offenders offer minimal, glossy information with no technical “meat”, telling us to contact our local representative for details In our experience, it is better to simply use a different supplier Many instrument users link to vendor Web sites or have loaded the manufacturers’ installation, operation and maintenance manuals onto their Intranet, so there are no libraries of out-ofdate information to lead us astray • ISA Directory, Latest Edition The ISA Directory is the ubiquitous desk reference for locating and contacting instrument suppliers It is invaluable, particularly when you have to depart from your “comfort zone” of standard devices When you have to come up with a widget that you have never specified before, this directory gives you names to call 171 Index Term Links A ANSI Y14.1, 137-141 Fig 9-1 Fig 9-2 ANSI/ISA-84.01, 103-106 ANSI/ISA-88.01, API, Area Classification, Electrical, ASME, 153 17 153-154 154 78-81, Fig 4-8 154 B Batch Processes, Bid Package, 17 85-90 C Company Standards, Comparing, 150-151 21-22 Fig 2-1 Fig 2-2 Consensus Standards, 151-156 Continuous Processes, Control Loop, 23 Fig 2-4 Control Valve Failure Position, Symbols, Controlled Documents, 24-25 Fig 2-5 39 Fig 2-5 Fig 2-16 20-21 Controller Direct Acting, 113-115 Fig 7-5 Reverse Acting, 113-115 Fig 7-5 Correcting, 22-23 Fig 2-3 D Deliverables, Direct Acting Controller, 10 113-115 Fig 7-5 Discrete Control, Discrete Manufacturing Processes, Drawing Bills of Material, 123-125 Numbers, 141-142 Title Blocks, 140-144 Fig 9-3 Fig 9-4 Revisions, 144-145 Fig 9-5 Sizes, European, Sizes, U.S., 139 Fig 9-2 137-138 Fig.9-1 E Electronic Loop, Electronic Transmission, Engineering Design Team, Equipment Symbols, European Drawing Sizes, F 108 Fig 7-2 38-39 Fig 2-15 14 15-16 Fig 1-3 139 Fig 9-2 172 Index Term FDA, Links 147-148 Flow Devices, 40-41 Fig 2-17 Fig 2-18 Loop, 48-49 Fig 2-22 Transmitters, 40-41 Fig 2-17 Functional Specification, 96 G Government Standards, 147-150 H Hazardous (Classified) Locations, 78-81 Fig 4-7 Fig 4-8 I IEC, 156 Industry Standards, 150-151 Installation Details, 123-136 Fig 8-1 Fig 8-2 Fig 8-3 Instrument Definition, Database, 21 Fig 2-1 55-66 Drawing Schedule, Fig I-2 Installation Details, 6-7 123-136 List, Loop, 55-66 Fig 3-1 Fig 3-2 23 Fig 2-4 Symbols, 8-9 19-54 Tag Number, 8-9 Fig I-4 19-54 Instrumentation and Controls Design Group, Documents, ISA-5.1, 5-10 Fig I-2 19-52 Fig 2-5 Fig 2-7 Fig 2-10 Fig.2-12 Fig 2-13 Fig 2-16 thru Fig 2-20 152-154 Fig 10-5 ISA-5.2, 152-154 Fig 10-5 ISA-5.3, 152-153 Fig 10-5 ISA-5.4, 107-122 Fig 7-3 thru Fig 7-8 152-153 Fig 10-5 ISA-5.5, 15-16 Fig 1-3 152-153 Fig.10-5 ISA-20, 67-82 Fig 4-2 thru Fig.4-6 ISA-TR20.00.01, 67-82 Appendix C ISA Standards, ISO, 147-156 156 L Ladder Diagrams, 95 97-98 Level Instrument Specification Form, 73-78 Fig.4-4 Fig 4-5 Fig 4-6 Loop, 50-51 Fig 2-24 Location Plans, 123-136 Fig 8-4 Fig 8-5 Fig.8-6 Logic Diagrams, Loop Diagrams, 107-122 Fig 7-3 thru Fig 7-8 95-122 Fig 6-1 thru Fig.6-5 173 Index Term Links M Mandatory Standards Food & Drug Administration, National Electric Code, OSHA, Mechanical Completion, 147-148 148 149-150 Fig.10-2 10-3 10-4 121 N NEC, 148 O On-Off Control, OSHA, 95-106 149-150 Fig 10-2 Fig 10-3 Fig 10-4 P P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Drawing, Symbols, Payment Terms, PIP, Piping Design Group, Pneumatic Loop, Pneumatic Transmission, 6-7 Fig I-2 19-53 Fig 2-21 19-53 Fig 2-5 Fig 2-6 Fig 2-8 Fig 2-9 Fig 2-12 Fig 2-13 Fig 2-16 thru Fig 2-20 92 155 125-126 132-133 108 Fig 7-1 116 Fig 7-6 37 Fig 2-14 Pressure Gauge Specification Form, 70-73 Fig 4-2 Gauge Instructions, 70-73 Fig 4-3 Loop, 23 Fig 2-4 Process Control (Definition), Description, Design Documentation, 21 Fig 2-1 13-16 Fig 1-2 1-8 Process Flow Diagram, Process Industry, Fig I-2 Fig I-2 11-18 Processes Batch, Continuous, Discrete Manufacturing, Purchasing, 17 Fig 1-4 83-94 Fig 5-1 R Recipes, Recommended Practices (ISA), 17 Fig 1-4 152 Regulations, 147-157 Fig 10-1 thru Fig 10-5 Reverse Acting Controller, 113-115 Fig 7-5 Revisions, 144-145 Fig 9-5 S SAMA, 155-156 174 Index Term Links Sensing, 21-22 Fig 2-1 Fig 2-2 Shipping, 91-92 SIS Integrated, 104-105 Fig 6-6 Safety Instrumented Systems, 104-106 Fig 6-6 Fig 6-7 Separated, 104-105 Fig 6-7 Specification Forms, 67-82 Fig 4-1 thru Fig 4-6 Standards Consensus, 151-157 Company, 150 Government, 150 Industry, 150 ISA, 151-154 Mandatory, 147-150 Fig 10-1 thru Fig.10-4 T Tagging, 89 TAPPI, 156 Title Blocks, 140-144 Fig 9-3 Fig 9-4 Transmission Electronic, 38-39 Fig 2-15 Pneumatic, 37-38 Fig 2-14 U U S Drawing Sizes, 137-138 Fig 9-1 Appendix D 73 ... using standards, including industry standards developed by ISA — The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society and other organizations, and plant standards developed Instrumentation and Control. .. Details are used to show how the instrumentation and control system components are connected and interconnected to the process They Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation provide the methods... Designator Unit Designator Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation The instrumentation and controls design group personnel place tag numbers on the P&ID and enter them into the Instrument