Korean Studies of the Henry M Jackson School of International Studies Clark W Sorensen, Editor KOREAN STUDIES OF THE HENRY M JACKSON SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Over the Mountains Are Mountains: Korean Peasant Households and Their Adaptations to Rapid Industrialization, by Clark W Sorensen Cultural Nationalism in Colonial Korea, 1920-1925, by Michael Edson Robinson, with a new preface by the author Offspring of Empire: The Koch'(;mg Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876-1945, by Carter J Eckert, with a new preface by the author Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty, by James B Palais Peasant Protest and Social Change in Colonial Korea, by Gi-Wook Shin The Origins of the Choson Dynasty, by John B Duncan Protestantism and Politics in Korea, by Chung-shin Park Marginality and Subversion in Korea: The Hong Kyongnae Rebellion of 1812, by Sun Joo Kim Building Ships, Building a Nation: Korea's Democratic Unionism under Park Chung Hee, by Hwasook Nam Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945 by Mark E Caprio Fightingfor the Enemy: Koreans in Japan's War, 1937-1945, by Brandon Palmer Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity, by Hyung II Pai Wrongful Deaths: Selected Inquest Records from Nineteenth-Century Korea, compiled and translated by Sun Joo Kim and Jungwon Kim OFFSPRING OF EMPIRE The Kocnang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876-1945 Carter f Eckert With a new preface by the author University of Washington Press Seattle and London This publication was supported in part by the Korea Studies Program of the University of Washington in cooperation with the Henry M Jackson School ofInternational Studies © 1991 by the University of Washington Press Preface to the 2014 edition © 2014 by the University of Washington Press Printed and bound in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher University of Washington Press PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145, USA www.washington.edu/uwpress Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eckert, Carter J Offspring of empire: the Kocnang Kims and the colonial origins of Korean capitalism, 1876-1945/ Carter J Eckert; with a new preface by the author pages cm - (Korean Studies of the Henry M Jackson School ofInternational Studies) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-295-99388-1 (pbk.: alk paper) Businesspeople-Korea-History policy-Korea-History History Kim family Capitalism-Korea-History HC466.5.A2E25 Industrial Korea-Dependency on JapanL Title 2014 338.9519009'041-dc23 2013046770 The paper used in this publication is acid-free and meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.00 For Emeline J Eckert Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface to the First Edition xi Preface to the 2014 Edition xvii PART I: THE RISE OF KOREAN CAPITALISM 1 Merchants and Landlords: The Accumulation of Capital, 1876-1919 An Industrial Bourgeoisie: Transition and Emergence, 1919-45 65 PART II: THE PATTERNS OF GROWTH Class and State: The Financial Nexus 27 69 Class and State: Partners in Management 103 Between Metropole and Hinterland: The Acquisition of Raw Materials and Technology 127 Between Metropole and Hinterland: The Quest for Markets PART III: CLASS AND SOCIETY 154 188 "Without Any Trouble": Capitalist Views and Treatment of the Working Class 191 Class Over Nation: Naisen Ittai and the Korean Bourgeoisie 224 Conclusion: The Colonial Legacy 253 Appendix Protectorate and Colonial Administrations, 1905-45 260 Appendix "Dying for a Righteous Cause: The Responsibility of i/.ens Is Great" Notes 265 Guide to ROfp· Bibliography Index 371 349 Z39 Illustrations Photographs Following page 126 The Kim family compound in Inch'on today Kim Kijung Kim Kyongjung Kim Songsu and Kim YOnsu as schoolboys in Tokyo Kim Songsu (1921) Kim Yonsu (1921) Pak YOnghyo Saito Makoto Aruga Mitsutoyo Downtown Seoul (1930s) Following page 190 The Kyongsong Spinning and Weaving Company (YOngdungp'o, 1930s) Kyongbang's board of directors (1930s) Cotton spinning at Kyongbang (1930s) Cotton weaving at Kyongbang (1930s) Calisthenics at K yongbang's South Manchurian Spinning Company (1940s) The industrial commission (1938) Sekiya Teizaburo Kim llinsu hosting Manchukuo anniversary luncheon (1942) Preparation for military conscription (Seoul, 1942) A Korean "student soldier" (hakpyong) Training and "spiritual mobilization" in the Naisen Ittai period 374 INDEX C Itoh Trading Company: founder of Kureha Spinning Company, 118; and Kyongbang, relationship with, 118, 150, 151, 152-53, 161, 178, 301n19; as source for Kyongbang's technology, 152-53; distributor for Kyongbang, 160; in Manchurian expansion, 178; expansion of, 212-13 Clothing accessories, 29 Coal, 138 Coexistence (kyoson), Japanese-Korean, 49 Collaboration: the colonized mentality, 228-31; and cooperative capitalist development, 232-35; and Naisen Ittai, 235-51, 332n64; and end of bourgeois nationalism, 251-52 See also Advancement Society; Antinationalist trials; Assimilation; Han Sangnyong; Kim Songsu; Kim YOnsu; Kyongbang; N aisen Ittai College of Assembled Worthies, 227 Colonial legacy, darker aspects of, xii, 257-58 Colonial policies: on Korea as market for Japanese industrial products, 40; change in, 40-49; on education of Koreans, 148-49; and Manchurian connection, 164-72; on maintaining Korean subordinate status, 164; and textiles, 165, 279n51; Vice-GovernorGeneral Mizuno on, 166; and maintenance of commercial ties with Korea, 167; and 1936 industrial commission, 168; and Han Sangnyong, 169, 170; and Korean response to, 169-72 See also Colonialism; Company Law; Naisen Ittai; Saito Makoto Colonial tenant farms (nongjang), 18, 164 Colonialism: as setting for Korean capitalism, 65-67, 253-54; and Korean mentality, 228-31 Commerce: as bonds of empire, 167-69 Common welfare (kyodo no fukuri): and 1921 industrial commission, 48-49 Communist party, Korean, 15,206-7, 21~220,240, 334n70 Company Law: denouncement of, by Japanese businessmen, 41-42; Korean disaffection with, 45; abolition of, 48, 50,55, 281n66; relaxation of, 57; and commercial agriculture, 75; and banks, 88 Comprador bourgeoisie, 66, 2'84n2 Congress of Korean Industry, 104, 232 Conscription: initial interest in Korean "human resources," 235-36, 239-40; preparation for, 244-45, 332n62; and hakpyong campaign, 245-51; and involvement by Kims, 245-51 See also Kim Songsu; Kim YOnsu; Naisen Ittai Control Faction (lOseiha), 72 Controls, wartime, 107-10 Cooptation, economic: of bourgeoisie, 232-35; and class differentiation, 234 Co-prosperity (kyoei): and 1921 industrial commission, 48-49 Cotton Cloth Controls Committee, 110 Cotton: -ginning: Kyongbang's facilities for, 58, 93,122 -raw: Korean production of, 10, 134-36; Kyongbang's need for, 129-31, 133, 141; price instability of, 131; need for intermediary in obtaining, 132-33; American upland, 134-35, 138, 139, 140, 301n23; Manchurian, 136, 139; Chinese, 136, 139-41; export of, 138; Indian, 138-40; Japanese need for, 139, 141 -textiles: Korean demand for, 10, 80; Korea's production of, 28-29, 42, 44, 136-38, 140; demand for Japanese, 40, 303n47; government control of, 108-10, 160; wartime rationing of, 117-18; procurement process of, 131-33; Korea's role in production of, 136-37, 302n29; export of, by Japan, 137; Britain's role in, 141-43, 148; Japan and production of, 141-44; and Arno S Pearse, 143-44; Korea's dependence on Japanese in production of, 144-53; distribution of, 155-61; and Hwasin Trading Company, 15960; Kyongbang and Manchurian production of, 162-64, 172-80; markets for, 164-66, 172 -spinning: facilities at Kyongbang, 130-33; and Korean Cotton Corporation, 134; Korean expansion of, under Japanese, 135, 136, 137; and Japanese machinery, 147 -weaving: and Korean role in colonial policy, 136, 137; Miyabayashi Taiji on, 136-37; and Japan's market, 137-38 -yarn: and Kyongbang and Yi Kanghyon disaster, 79, 132; sources of, 130-33; control of, 132; and Index Kyongbang and Yagi Trading Company, 133; export of, by Japan, 134, 136-37; cost of, 323n79 See also Exports; Imports; Miyabayashi Taiji Council of Ministers Without Portfolio (Chungch'uwon), 25 Country magistrate (kunsu), 25 Cultural nationalism, 235, 242-43, 249 Cumings, Bruce, 49 Currency, 11-12, 270nn21, 22 Dai Nippon Boseki Rengokai See All Japan Cotton Spinners Association Dai Nippon Spinning Company, 131, 174, 175, 176 Dairen, 168, 174, 179 Dairen Machine Works, 314n113 Dependency theorists, 300nl Development policy, 127-28 Dictatorship: as prerequisite for Korean bourgeois survival, 258 Dore, Ronald, 231 Datai (torso): Japan as, in regional economic integration, 115 Dowries, 198-99 Duus, Peter, 10 Economic "miracle": scholarly interest in, xi-xiii; price of, xii; and Cholla provinces, 18 Economy: political, as molded by colonial experience, xii; new market, 7-11 Edo: and merchants, Education: -Japanese: and industry, 148-50; necessity for, of Korean technicians, 151 -Korean: Japanese attitudes toward, 148-49; industrial, 149-51; and establishment of imperial college, 149; and Keijo Higher Industrial School, 149, 152-53 Elite, Korean: in Yi dynasty, 226; and sadai legacy, 227 Endo Ryiisaku, 250, 334n75 Engels, Friedrich, 257, 266n5 Enlightenment party (Kaehwadang), 31, 32, 35, 98, 276n13 Equity capital, 74-79 Estate records (tojobu), 26 "Evil ideological elements," 196, 318n27 Examination, higher civil (munkwa), 25, 33,272n51,274n76 Exports: -Japanese: of textiles (1908-21), 36; 375 cotton goods to Korea and Asia (1890s), 37, 278n36; of cotton yarn, 130, 134, 136-37; of cotton cloth, 133, 137-39; and U.S Tariff Commission, 138 See also Technology, Japanese -Korean: of grains, 9; of rice, 40; of textiles, 44; as part of colonial policy, 44-45; of coal, 138; markets for, 166-67; to Yen Bloc, 172, 176; to Manchuria, 174-75 See also Kyongbang Factory legislation: absence of, in Korea, 191-92; in Japan, 203, 317n4 Formosa, 43 Fraternal organization (ch'inmok tanch'e), 112 Fukokuji (colonial notices), 107 Fuminkan (Citizens Hall), 246 Furei (executive ordinances), 70, 107 Fushun,179 Gale, James S., 19 Geography: of Korea, 18-20 Gerschenkron, Alexander, 231 Ginseng, 8, 11 Go, 112 Gosho Merchants Company (Gosho KK), 132, 160 Government-business relationship (Japan) See Chosen Spinning and Weaving Company; Company Law; Mitsubishi; Subsidies Government-business relationship (Korea), 70 See also Bourgeoisie (Korean); Government-General; Industrial Commissions; Kyongbang; Naisen Ittai; Subsidies Government-General: as ultimate lawmaker in Korea, 41; and use of force, 46; and agriculture, 49; and zaibatsu projects in colonial Korea, 54-55; as military dictatorship, 70-71; control of financial structure, 73; and promotion of Korean products, 154; and trade with China, 183; and Manchurian expansion, 178; and Inner Mongolia, 183 See also Appendix 1; Company Law; Industrial Commissions; Kyongbang; Minami Jiro; Saito Makoto; Subsidies Governor-General (satoku), 70, 74 See also Koiso Kuniaki; Minami Jiro; Saito Makoto; Ugaki Kazunari 376 INDEX Grajdanzev, Andrew: expose of Japanese administration of Korea, 50-51, 54; on Korean and Japanese industrialists, 191; on suppression of trade unions, 204 Gramsci, Antonio, 188-89 Great Korea Study Society (Taehan Hiinghakhoe), 34 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 49,139 Guadalcanal, 120 Guarantors, 22 Gun no shitei kojo (military plant), 122 Haedong Bank, 88, 91 Haeju,89 Haeri,18 Hakhoe (study societies): and Western culture, 31 Hakpyong, 245-48 Hammyong hoesa (unlimited stock companies),75 Han'giil (Korean phonetic script), 201, 227 Hamgyong (North), 159 Han River, 79 Han River Hydroelectric Company, 88, 101, 102, 116 Han Sangnyong: and Chosen Trust Company, 99; as chairman, Chosen Business Club, 113-14; and "holy war" (seisen), 121-22; on dependence on Japanese capital and technology, 145, 232; and Korean education, 149; and Manchurian Incident, 169; and Korean population in Manchuria, 170; on Korean trade with China, 181, 184; and Hansong Bank, 181, 296n24; and 1921 industrial commission, 232; as "classic collaborator," 242; and relationship with Kim Yonsu, 242; and sadae attitude toward Japan, 228; background of, 296n24 Hansong Bank, 15,44, 88, 100, 167 See also Han Sangnyong Hansong sunbo, 75 Hanyang Women's Association, 194, 200 Hapcha hoesa (limited stock companies), 75 Harbin, 169, 181 Harvard Institute for International Development, 14 Hayashi Shigeki, 100"':'102 Hayashi Shigezo, 88, 100-102 Hayashi Yutaka, 100 Heitambu (commissariat): Korea as, 116 Hegemony (capitalist), 188-89 Hemingway, Ernest, 162 Hemp, 117-18 Herb of Eternal Youth (Pulloch'o), 173-74 Hinomaru, 225 Historiography, Japanese: on traditional Korean economy, Historiography, Korean: on colonial Korean capitalist development, 1-2, 5-6; Marxist influence on, 2; on capitalist development in Yi dynasty, 2-5; on Koch'ang Kims, 241 Hojo (subsidies), 82 Honam Bank, 88 See also Hyon Chunho Honam hakpo, 32, 33 See also Kim Kyongjung Honam Plain, 18-20, 75, 97, 193 Honam Study Society, 32, 33 Honan, 184, 186 Hsinking, 169, 174, 181 Hwangsong sinmun, 12 Hwasin Chain Stores, 159 See also Pak Hiingsik Hwasin (department store), 159, 196 See also Pak Hiingsik Hwasin Sangsa CH See Hwasin Trading Company Hwasin Trading Company, Ltd., 159-60, 185-86 Hyon Chunho: attitude toward Japan, 228; adoption of Japanese ideology, 231; and Japanese language, 230, 326n8; and Korean business participation, plea for, 233; background of, 325-26n7; and Naisen Ittai, 329n41 See also Pak Hiingsik Hyon Sangyung, 280-81n63 Hyundai, 55 See also Chong Chuyong Iinkai, 103, 204 See also Industrial Commissions Ikeda Torazo, 133 Ikuta, Commerce and Industry Section Chief, Bureau of Industry, 11 Ilchinhoe See Advancement Society I/gitpche (daily wage system), 197-99 Immigration: Korean families into Manchuria, 163 Imori Meiji, 101 Imperialism: as impetus for Korean development, 6; nature of, 50-51; Ko- Index rean businessmen's interest in perpetuation of, 129; Korean businessmen as surrogate imperialists, 171 Imports: first textile imports, 79-80; Japanese, 81; wartime controls of, 107; of American and Indian cotton, 117; of cotton yarn, 130; (Japanese) of raw cotton, 134, 140-41; of Swiss spindles, 146; of Nogami automatic looms, 146; of Japanese machinery, 147 See also Coal; Cotton Inch'on,24 Independence movement See March First independence movement Industrial Bank See Chosen Industrial Bank Industrial bourgeoisie: emergence of, 49-51 Industrial commissions: and economic connections between Korea and Japan, 44, 127-29, 288n49; and cooperative capitalist development, 48; complaints at, by Korean businessmen, 94, 104-5; as policy making between government and business, 103-7; and 1921 General Industrial Policy, 115; and expansion of military industry, 116-17; and Chinese cotton, 140-41; and expansion of Korean machine and tool industries, 145; and Korean textile industry, 164-65, 167-68; and Korean trade with Manchuria, 168-69; and Asia as market for Korean goods, 181; and Ch'oe Rin, 231; and Congress of Korean Industry, 232-33; on Korea as military supply depot, 236; and Naisen Ittai, 239, 244 See also Bourgeoisie, Korean; Subsidies Industrial development (Korea): early, 27; and capitalism, 29-30; by Japan, 144; as different from Japan, 145 Industrialization (Japan), 9-10, 27-29, 36-37 See also Japan; Toyoda Automatic Loom; Training, technical Industrialization (Korea), 27-29; and industrial capitalism, 29-36; Japan as model, 36-37; transition to, 37-40; and colonial policy, 40-45 See also Exports; Industrial commissions; Korea; Saito Makoto Inner Mongolia, 183 International economic war (sekai keizaisen), 115 377 International Federation of Master Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers Association, 202 See also Pearse, Arno S Itagaki Taisuke, 36 Ito Chii Shoji KK See C Itoh Trading Company Ito Hirobumi, 156 Japan: influence on Korea (1876), 1-2, 31; and exports, 9-10, 36; industrialization of, 9-10, 36-37; and political interest in Korea, 10; as training ground for new generation of Koreans, 34-37; and textiles, 36-37, 44-45; territorial expansion of, 43-44; economic expansion of, in Asia, 44-45 Japan Chronicle-Weekly Commercial Supplement, 212 Japan Cotton (Nippon Menka), 160 Japan Cotton Trading Company, 132 Japan Nitrogenous Fertilizer Company, 72, 116, 119 See also Noguchi Jun Japan Petroleum, 119 "Japanese brothers" (Naichi doho), 183 Japanese Imperial Army, 123 Japanese-Korean harmony, 48 Japanese-Manchurian Bloc (Nichiman Ittai), 115 Jifu (loving father), 74, 113-14 Joint (Japanese-Korean) companies: growth of, 54-55 Jones, E C, 139 Jugyoin (factory workers), 319n38 Juhn, Daniel S., 78 Kabo Reforms, 28, 75, 97 Kaehwadang See Enlightenment party Kaekchu (yogak): as middlemen and bankers, 12; accumulation of capital by, 12-13; as burgeoning capitalists, 14; and international market, 15; as landlords, 16 Kaesong, 8, 9, 11 Kamikaze raids, 121, 298n51; production of airplanes for, 120-21 See also Taiatari Kamsayok (auditor), 277n23 Kamyok,25 Kanai Noburo, 203 Kanebo See Kanegafuchi Spinning Company Kanegafuchi Spinning Company: expansion into Korea, 72, 135, 176; and "familialism," 74; Kim Yonsu's invest- 378 INDEX ment in, 118; as competition with Kyongbang, 130; in Manchuria, 175, 178, 180,202, 313n99, 316n130; and penetration of China market, 182; work force of, 191; merger with Kanegafuchi Jitsugyo, 297n45 See also Tsuda Shingo Kang Chaehu, 163 Kanghwa Treaty, 1, 9, 10, 75 Kangje chogum (compulsory savings), 195 Kang Man'gil, Kangwon Province, 202 Kanrikan (supervisor), 88 Kapsin Coup (1884), 97 Kato, distributor for Kyongbang, 160 Kawasaki Heavy Industries, 118, 121, 297-98n45 Keijo Higher Industrial School: as source of technicians for Kyongbang, 149, 152-53; curriculum of, 304-5n70 Keijo nippo, 211, 220, 247 Keizai keisatsu (economic police), 108 Kim Chonghan, 15 Kim Chongho, Kim Inhu, 18 Kim Kijung: and business acumen, 20; and family compound in Inch'on, 24; and chinsa degree, 25; wealth of, 26, 274nn29, 33; and Enlightenment party, 32; and YOngsin School, 32; and Songsu's education, 34; and World War I boom, 38-40; and purchase of Kyongbang's first shares, 77; and collateral for first loan, 85 Kim Kyongjung: and acquisition of rice land, 20; and family compound in Inch'on, 24; wealth of (1919), 26, 287n33; sons of, 30; and Enlightenment party, 32; and Honam Study Society, 32; and purchase of Kyongbang's first shares, 77 Kim, Kyu Hyun, 337n3 Kim, Richard, 239 Kim Sanghong, 313n107, 314-15n115 Kim Sanghyop, 21, 313nl07 Kim Sangjun, 297n45, 313nn108, 110; 314nnl13, 114 Kim Sayon, 170 Kim Songsu: family lineage, 18; and acquisition of property, 20; and stewards, 23; and Song Chinu, 34, 277-78n26; adoptive heir of Kim Kijung, 30; interests of, 30, 275nll; and Japanese annexation, 32; and nationalism, 32, 35; education of, 33-35; and Okuma Shigenobu as model, 36; and establishment of Chungang Hakkyo and investment in textile industry, 37; and Yi Kanghyon, 37, 56, 57; acquisition of Kyongsong Cord Company, 56-57; expansion of Kyongsong Cord Company into Kyongsong Spinning and Weaving Company (Kyongbang), 57; and YOnsu and company management, 58-59, 284n98; and Tonga ilbo, 59, 275nll; and financing of Kyongbang, 76-77; and Haedong Bank, 90; and loans, 92; and Shokugin, 94; on Manchurian Spinning Company, 177; children of, 199; on acquisition of money, 225; and 1921 industrial commission, 232, 242; letter to Governor-General Saito, 233-34; and hakpyong campaign, 245-47, 262-64, 333-34n70; letter to Sekiya Teizaburo, 249-51, 334n74; and independence movement, 28081n63; and collaboration question, 249-51, 333-34n70, 335nn7~ 79; mentioned, 24, 90, 97, 98 See also Koch'ang Kims; Kyongbang: Naisen Ittai; Tonga ilbo Kim T'aebong, 181 Kim Yehyon, 183-84, 315n121 Kim YObaek, 164 Kim Yongju, 336-37n2 Kim YOngmo, 15 Kim Yongson, 313n103 Kim Yongwan: on Haedong Bank, 90; on Aruga Mitsutoyo, 95, 96; and Chosen Business Club, 112; on war standards of quality, 123; and Kyongbang cotton suppliers, 132, 314n112; and Chungang Commercial and Industrial Company, 151, 33536n2; on Kureha Spinning, 153; on communism, 207; on Kyongbang during colonial period, 222; and South Korean-Japanese normalization, 255; as FKI chairman, 255, and post-1945 activities, 290n79 Kim YOnsu: and Honam Plain land acquisitions, 18-20; and rice business, 21-22; and family'S economic ascent, 24; as entrepreneur, 30; and childhood atmosphere of nationalism and economic reform, 31-32, 35; education Index and marriage of, 34-35, 283n97; diversified investment portfolio of, 53; and business interests, 58-59; managerial talents of, 67; as president of Kyongbang, 78; and Haedong Bank, 87; and Chosen Industrial Bank, 89, 99-100, 102; at 1936 industrial commission, 104-6, 138; and Chosen Spinners Association, 105, 109-10; and Chosen Business Club, 112; and expansion of Kyongbang, 114; investments of, in war industries, 117; and investments in heavy industries, 118-20; and Pak Hungsik and airplane manufacture, 120-21; wartime profits of, 123; in 1945, 125,222, 224; and stake in imperial system, 129; on Korean "sheeting," 137, 31O-11n76; on coal, 138; and Manchuria, 155, 163-64, 171, 173, 175, 177, 180-81, 295n19; and Hwasin Trading Company, 160-61; and Yingkow Spinning and Weaving Company, 171, 31On66; on government controls, 176; investment in Manchurian companies, 180-81; and Chinese market, 185; sets up "model village," 195-96; children of, 199; and cooperation with Japanese, 242; and founding of Manchukuo, 248; and Naisen Ittai, 248; as premier business figure (1961), 254; and Park Chung Hee, 254-55; and land reclamation project, 279n43; in antinationalist trials, 333n69, 335n79; as Honorary Consul-General of Manchukuo, 248, 334n71 See also Kyongbang Kingdom of t~e Industrial Bank (Shokugin Okoku), 96 King Kojong, 34 Kita Ikki, 71 Kobayashi Hideo, 116 Kobun (follower), 228, 326n8 Kobushi (fist): Manchuria as, to Japan's torso, 115 Koch'ang County, 17, 18-20,24 Koch'ang Kims: origins and early history of, 17-21; and estate management, 22-23; and bureaucratic posts, 24; as part of first Korean industrial bourgeoisie, 27; and land, 30-37; and nationalism, 37-38, 241-43, 251; land acquisition, after World War I, 39; and capitalism in colonial setting, 56; and 379 commercial agriculture, 75-76; and Japanese language, 230; ties to land (1945), 253; landholdings of, 272n53; in Korea's hierarchy of wealth, 286n23; and retainment of Korean name, 333n70; mentioned, 70 See also individual names Ko Chongju, 33, 277n25 Koiso Kuniaki, 71, 73, 105 Kokoku shimminka, 236 See also Naisen Ittai Kokumin Soryoku Chosen Remmei See Chosen League for Concerted National Power Kokutai (national polity), 204, 237 See also Naisen Ittai Kokutai no hongi, 72-74, 106 Kondankai (factory councils), 204 Kongin (tribute merchants), 11 Konoike (Tokugawa merchant house), Konshinkai (fellowship parties), 113 Korea: and interaction with Japan, xiii; and roots of capitalism, 2; and opening of ports, 10; as market for Japan, 41-42; as source of agricultural raw materials, 41; as Japan's economic stepping-stone, 43; importance of geographical position, 45; as advance military supply base, 77, 114-22, 126; and industrial commissions, 104-7; as Japan's arm (ude), 115; as wartime provisioner, 116-17; as link to Asian continent, 129; and enthusiasm of businessmen about Manchukuo, 170, 171; foreign trade of, 171; exports of, to Yen Bloc, 172, 176; and colonial policy to eradicate culture of, 190; work force of, 191; "effeminacy" of, 246, 332n64 See also Naisen Ittai; "Sprouts" Korea Development Bank, 14 Korea Shipbuilding and Engineering Corporation (formerly Chosen Heavy Industries, Ltd.), 119-20 Korean Cotton Corporation, 134 Korean Declaration of Independence, 231 Korean War, 257 Korean Worker-Peasant League, 206-7 Korean Workers Mutual Aid Society, 205 Koto keisatsu (Higher or Political Police), 217-18 Kudae, 164 Ku Inhoe, 55-56 Kumiai (cartels and subcartels), 108-10 380 INDEX Kun (prince), 69 Kundaehwa (modernization): Japan as agency of, Kunsan, 9, 20, 21, 22, 75 Kuomintang, 182 Kunsu See County magistrate Kup'o Bank, 13 Kup'o Savings Company Ltd., 13 Kurabu (club), 113-14 Kureha Spinning Company, 118, 152-53, 213 See also C Itoh Trading Company Kwalliin (stewards), 22-23 Kwangju, 156 Kwantung army, 41,115-16, 286nll Kwantung Leased Territory, 167 Kyodo no fukuri (common welfare), 48-49 Kyoei (co-prosperity), 48-49 Kyoha estate, 164 Kyongbang: as first Korean-owned largescale enterprise, xiii; as landlord effort, 14; financing of, 24; nationalism, and founding of, 38; loans to, 54, 84-87; as one of first chaebol, 56-59; and Kim Songsu, 56; meeting of first stockholders (1919), 57; diversification and expansion of, 58; as symbol of colonial capitalist development, 65; stockholders of, 67; and government control, 73; first sale of shares in,76; Korean investment in, 77; Japanese investment in, 78, 100-102,232; difficulties in establishing market, 79-80; and subsidies, 81, 82-84, 86, 154; and industrial commissions, 81-82, 103; sources of loans to, 87-91; loan terms to, 91-93; and Chosen Industrial Bank, 94-102; and Kingdom of the Industrial Bank, 96; and Chosen Textile Industry Association, 108-10; and wartime fusion with state policies, 114-22; and implementation of wartime policies, 117; and C Itoh Trading Company, 118, 151-53, 160, 161, 305n83; investments of, 102, 118-21, 294n123; expansion of, 121-22; wartime service of, 122-25; reserves of (1938 and 1945), 124-25; and Japanese trading companies, 133, 301n19; and need for raw cotton, 133; and dependence on Japanese technology, 141-47, 303n60; and dependence on Japanese machinery, 144-47; and technical expertise, 147-53; and Osaka representative office, 147, 303-4; and Korean technicians, 150, 306n87; and Japanese technicians, 150-51,232; collaboration with Japanese imperialism, 154; marketing difficulties of, 154-61, 306nl; and Pak Siingjik, 156-58, 160, 161; and Pak Hiingsik, 157-60; and Manchurian markets, 162, 163, 164, 172-77; market structure of, 162-64; and colonial policies, 164-72; in Manchuria, 172-77; and Pulloch'o cloth, 173-81; and fall in exports to Manchuria, 175; and move to Manchuria, 177-81, 315n123; in China, 181-86; and re' jection of China factory idea, 185; working conditions in, 192-202, 317nn7, 13, 318n15, 319nn31, 33, 319-20n38; and contract wage system, 197-99; and daily wage system, 197-99; resistance and repression in, 205-6; strike of 1926, 205-10; dependence on police, 209-10, 221, 222; strike of 1931, 210-20; 1931 expansion of, 212-14; response to workers' demands, 216-18; and workers after 1931 strike, 220-23; and workers in 1945,222-23; and Naisen Ittai, 245; in comparison to other Korean companies, 283n90; profits of, 320n38; and bonuses, 320n38; mentioned, xiii, 18, 28, 34 See also Kim Songsu; Kim YOnsu; Koch'ang Kims; Manchuria; Saito Makoto; Subsidies Kyonggi Province, 156 Kyongsong Chingnyu See Kyongsong Cord Company Kyongsong Cord Company, 28, 29, 56, 75,150 Kyongsong Spinning and Weaving Company See Kyongbang Kyoson See Coexistence Kyoto University Chemical Research Institute, 151 Kyiishii University, 151 Labor: Korean, as outside jurisdiction of Japanese factory laws, 191, 192, 193; hierarchical division of, in Japanese Empire, 139; beginning of movement, 205-6 See also Kyongbang; Strike of 1926; Strike of 1931; Workers Index Land: as investment, 75-77 Landed elite, 11, 14-15 Landes, David, 257 Landlords: as element in Korean bourgeoisie, 14-17; prosperity of, 16-17; and Koch'ang Kims, 17; enterprise of, 20-23; and use of excess capital, 39-40; transition to industrial capitalism of, 55 Liaotung Peninsula, 43 Liberation, 251-53 Limited stock companies, 75 Lockwood, William, 144 Lucky Group, 55 Loans: to Kyongbang, 84-102, 291n91; size of, 86-87; sources of, 87-91; and Bank of Chosen, 87; and special role of Chosen Industrial Bank, 87-88, 89, 94; from Korean banks, 88-89; terms of, 91-93, 279n43; low interest of, 92; in perspective, 93-102 See also Aruga Mitsutoyo; Chosen Industrial Bank; Kyongbang Machine and tool industry, 145 Maeha estate, 164 Maeil sinbo, 231, 245, 246, 247 Maenga See "Sprouts" Maep'an chabon (compradore capital), 284n2 Manchukuo See Manchuria Manchuria, 43, 50, 71; Liaotung Peninsula, 43; South Manchuria Railway, 43; in 1932,49; puppet state of, 71-72; role of, in 1936 conference, 104; textile business in, 110, 175; invasion of (1931), 115-16; as provisioner of raw materials, 136, 138-39; Kyongbang's factory in, 155,242; expansion into, by Korean capital, 162-64, 169-72; Korean population in, 163, 170, 171, 194-95; as market for Korean goods, 166, 170-77; Chinese population in, 170, 173; economy of, developed at expense of Chinese native capital, 171; establishment of Manchukuo, 172; tariffs of, 175-76, 311nn84, 86; and national selfsufficiency, 177; Korean investment in, 180-81; as new market, 211; Kim YOnsu as Honorary Consul-General of Manchukuo,248,334n71 Manchurian-Chinese, 170, 194, 318n19 Manchurian-Koreans, 170, 318n19 381 Manchurian cotton, 139 Manchurian Incident, 169 Manp'ojin, 173 Mansokkun, 23 Mantetsu See South Manchuria Railway Company March First independence movement: as watershed for modern Korean history, 27; and nationalism as forcing Japanese policy change, 45-49, 70-71, 83,104,225-26,235; and Saito administration, 46-49; bourgeois participation in, 47; and Kim family, 47; failure of, 205-6, 226; and Ch'oe Rin, 231, 280-81n63; and Kim Songsu, 280-81n63; and Song Chinu, 280-81n63; mentioned, 233, 280n60 Marco Polo Bridge incident, 116, 235 Market structure: Kyongbang's expansion of, 162-86 Martin, Edwin M., 162 Marumiya, 160 Marx, Karl: in North and South Korean historiography, 2, 4; on relationship between capitalism and technology, 3-4; influence on intellectuals in 1920s colonial Korea, 205; influence on Korean Worker-Peasant League, 206; on bourgeoisie, 257, 266n5 Masan, 55, 56 Mataichi, 160 Matsuzawa Tatsuo, 110 Meiji Japan, 10,27,32,97; and Chinese cotton, 139, 142; and Factory Law, 203; and Universal Suffrage Law, 203 Memmi, Albert, 229, 230 Mempu wsei Iinkai (Cotton Cloth Controls Committee), 110 Merchants, 11-14 Military plant (gun no shitei kojo), 122 Military rule (budan seiji), 46 Min Ch'igu, Min family, 1, 3, 265nl, 265-66n4 Min Pyongsok, 28 Min Siingho, Min Taesik, 99 Min Tuho, 265nl, 265-66n4 Min YOnghwi, 90, 286n23 Minami Jim: and national economy and colonial industrial policies, 71-73; and regional economic integration, 115; and Pak Hiingsik, 159; and Naisen Ittai, 240, 244 382 INDEX Minjok chahon See "National capital" Minobe Shunkichi, 111 "Miracle on the Han," xi, xii Mishima Taro, 94 Mitsubishi, 10, 88, 181 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, 119-20 Mitsui: and Showa Aircraft Company, 121; as distributor for Kyongbang, 160; mentioned, 8, 44,88,89, 132, 161 Mitsui Bussan, 132, 160, 161 Miyabayashi Taiji: and 1936 industrial commission, 116, 136-38; and Chinese tariffs, 175; and Manchurian tariffs, 311n84 Mizuno, Vice-Governor-General, 44, 111, 127-28; on Korean products required by Japan, 145; on peripheral export markets for Korea, 166-67 Mokp'o, 9, 101, 134-35, 203 Moore, Barrington, 257 Movement to Promote Korean Goods, 173 Mukden: Kyongbang's factory near, 110; as Manchuria's growing industrial base, 162, 164, 169, 178-80; Government-General mission to, 168; and Kyongbang's branch office in, 174, 244 Munkwa See Examination, higher civil Mun Sangu, 34, 277n23 Murakami Shoten, 146 Muromachi Period, 134 Murchison, Claudius T., 138 Musubi (connecting or joining), 72, 73, 106 Mutual aid organizations, 99 Myonhoe (outside visitations), 197 Nagoya, 147 Naichi (imperial metropole), 164 Naichi d8h8 (Japanese brothers), 183 Naigai, 175 Naisen lttai: and Korea as advance military supply depot, 235-36; and Korea's new political status, 236; and use of Japanese language, 237; and Shintoism, 237, 238, 251; and imperial oath, 237; and Korean adoption of Japanese names, 238, 287-88n37; and Chosen League for Concerted National Power, 238, 244; and Chosen Federation of Youth, 238; and youth training centers (seinen kunrenjo), 238; Korean reaction to, 239; bourgeois response to, 239-41; Japanese conception of, 239, 329n42; and police force, 239; and Seikiya Teizaburo, 239,248-51; Hyon Chunho and, 239-40, 244, 249; Ch'oe Rin on Korean national character, 240; as opportunity to expand bourgeois privileges, 240; and Japanese citizenship, 240-41; Yi Siingu and, 240-41; Koch'ang Kims and, 241-43; and class over nation, 243-51; and Ch'oe Tuson, 243-44; and Kim YOnsu, 243; and Kim Songsu, 244-51, 251-52, 262-64; and Yi Kanghyon, Kim Chaesu, Pak Hiingsik, Ch'oe Ch'anghak, and Min Kyusik, 244; and Governor-General Minami, 245; Korean conscription system under, 245-51; Chang lOksu and hakpyong campaign, 246; and inflammation of Korean nationalism, 251-52; and Vice-Governor-General Endo, 250; and assimilation of Koreans, 329n42; Korean collaborators with, 332n64 Najin, 168 Nakamura Takafusa, 42 Nakatomi Keita, 99-100, 293n15 Namman Pangjok CH See South Manchurian Spinning Company Namsan (Seoul's South Mountain), 247 National General Mobilization Law, 221-22 "National capital" (minjok chabon), 66, 67,78, 141 National Council of Korean Labor Unions (Choson Nodong Chohap ChOn'guk P'yonguihoe, or Chonp'yong), 222 National polity (kokutai), 204, 237 Nationalism: development of, 31; and founding of Kyongbang, 38; rise of (1905-18), 45-56; as key to bourgeois ideological leadership, 224-35; and capitalism, 224-35; cultural, 235, 242-43,249; and Naisen Ittai, 251 Native cloth: durability of, 10 "New learning," 32 "New thought," 32 Nexus, government-business social, 110-14 Nichiman lttai (Japanese-Manchurian Bloc), 115 Index Nippon Chisso, 149 See also Japan Nitrogenous Fertilizer Company; NoguchiJun Nippon Machine Industry Company KK, 146 Nippon Menka, 133 Nippon seishin See Naisen Ittai Nishimura, director, Bureau of Industry, 127-28 Nishimura Kenkichi, 38 Nissen Yuwa Oapanese-Korean harmony),48 Noda Shingo, 100 Nogami automatic looms, 146 Noguchi Jun: and Japan Nitrogenous Fertilizer Company, 72; and development of Korean hydroelectric power, 116; on education for Koreans, 149, 150; and Korean hiring policies, 179 Nong;ang (colonial tenant farms; large agricultural estates), 18, 164 North Chima Livestock Company, 13 North Chima Railway Company, 13 North Cholla Province: as rice-rich plain, 13 North Korean historiography See Historiography, Korean Noryangjin, 91 Nosawa Machinery KK, 146 (lji Paper Company, 159 Qkubo Toshimichi, 10 Qkuma Shigenobu, 37 Okura Kihachiro, 10 Oligopolization of economy, 108 Ondol, 199 Onishi Shoten KK, 146 Oppert, Ernst, Oriental Cotton Trading Company (loyo Menka KK), 132, 160, 175 Oriental Development Company, 16, 119,159 Oriental Trading Company, 132 Osaka, 58, 120, 132, 134, 143, 146, 147, 151, 157,200,212-13, 304n64 Qsaka Spinning Company, 142 Oshima, Bureau Director, 250, 334n74 Ototo (younger brothers), 228 Oyabun (patrons), 228, 326n8 Ozaki Steamship Line, 130 Pacification work (sembu kosaku): of Japanese army in Inner Mongolia, 183 383 Paduk, 112 Pak Hiingsik: and Aruga Mitsutoyo, 96; and airplane manufacturing, 120-21; background of, 156-59, 307n16; and Kyongbang, 157-60; export to Manchuria and China, 159; and Hwasin (department store), 159, 196; and Hwasin Trading Company, 159-60, 185-86; and business prospects opened up by Sino-Japanese War, 185 Pak Kisun, 13 Pak Munho, Pak Siingjik: as successful kaekcho, 13; and Japanese competition, 14; and Kyongbang and C Itoh relationships, 153; cooperation with Japanese, 156-57; and Kyongbang, 157, 160, 161, 307n15; and expansion into Manchuria, 169; and Japanese language, 230; and Japanese partners, 231 Pak YOngch'ol: president of Chosen Commercial Bank, 13; and Chosen Trust Company, 99; speech against Noguchi Jun's hiring policy, 179; and plea for end to Japanese discrimination in hiring, 229; on assimilation, 230; on Korean recognition of dependence on Japan, 234; on the Manchurian Incident, 234; as Honorary ConsulGeneral of Manchukuo, 259n19; background of, 327n113 Pak Yonghiii, 270n32 Pak YOnghyo: and Kapsin Coup, 97; as Kyongbang's first president, 97-98, 292n106; and Aruga Mitsutoyo, 98, 99; and Congress of Korean Industry, 104,232; and 1921 industrial commission, 232 Pansok estate, 164 Park Chung Hee: colonial training of, 254; and Kim YOnsu, 254-55; and influence of colonial model of development, 256-57; and South Korean rapid industrialization, 259; background of, 337n5 Partnerships, 75 Paternalism: at Kim YOnsu's "model farms," 195-96; in Kyongbang's labor relations, 195-202 Peace Preservation Law, 204 Pearse, Arno S.: and Japan as "one trust," 97; on Japanese cotton traders, 132; and Japanese cotton, 137; and 384 INDEX Toyoda Automatic Loom, 143; and Asian female workers, 202 Penhsihu, 179 Pescadores, 43 Patriotic enlightenment movement, 31 Petition of Kyongbang workers, 214-15 Platt Brothers of Oldham, England, 142, 144 Pojungin (guarantors), 22 Polanyi, Karl, 267n11 PolgUm chedo (penalty system), 195 Police: changes under Governor-General Saito, 46; use of, to suppress strikes, 204-5; in Kyongbang strikes, 209-10, 217-20; use of, after 1938,222, 239 See also Keizai keisatsu; Koto keisatsu Policy: making and implementing of, 103-7 Pongsa (minor rank), 25 Ports: opening of, 9-11, 34 Portsmouth Treaty (1905), 43 Private schools (sodang), 32 Protection (keigo): call for, by Korean bourgeoisie, 82 Protectorate regime (1905), 31 Pulloch'o (Herb of Eternal Youth), 173-75, 177, 184 Property, private ownership of, Public Order and Police Law, 204 Pusan, 9, 10,44,57, 119, 130, 159 P'yong (3.95 square yards), 91 P'yongyang, 101, 159, 171,209 Pusan, port of: opening of, 9; early trade in, 10,44,57; businesses in, 44, 57, 159, 161, 175, 176, 180, 192 Quotas, production and distribution: during war, 109 Racism, Japanese: and colonialism, 229 Raw materials: See China; Cotton; Imports; Korea; Kyongbang; Manchuria Regulations for Commercial Firms, 75 Rengokai (cartels), 108-10 Reserves, special (betto tsumitatekin), 125 Rhee, Syngman, 257 Rice: export trade, 16; Japanese import tariff, 16; and economic boom (1914-20), 17; and Kunsan, 20; fall in price of, after World War I, 38; and productivity in Korea, 39; "Rice Riots" in Japan, 38, 39; cultivation by Manchurian-Koreans, 163; price of (1910-20), 272n49 Richman, Lawrence, 138 "Righteous army" (uibyong), 21, 31 Robinson, Michael, 208-9 Royal Library (Kyujanggak), 33 Royal Secretariat (Pisowon), 25 Royal Repair and Construction Office (Son'gonggam), 25 Russian Revolution, 43, 205-6, 207 Russo-Japanese War, 16, 43, 80, 97 Saberushugi (militarism), 41 Sadae: legacy of, 226-28 Saeki Tasuke, 217-18 Saigo Takamori, 36 Saihensei (reconstitution), 107 Saikaku Ihara, Saito Iron Works, 119-20 Saito Makoto: and cooperative capitalist development, 8, 116, 145, 178,232; and enlightened policy, 46, 281n65; and March First movement, 47; and Korean nationalist movement, 48; and Korean resistance, 49; and industrialization, 49,81; strategies adopted by successors, 54; and subsidies, 81-84; and return to Korea, 113-14; letter to, from Kim Songsu, 233-34 Sales agents, special (t'ugyak p'anmaejom), 156 Samch'ok Enterprises, 164 Samch'ol/i, 90, 225 Samnam Bank, Chonju, 13 Sampin (Osaka cotton market), 79, 132 Sampo, or Industrial Patriotic movement, 203-4 Samsung (Samsong) Group, 55-56 See also Yi Pyongch'ol Samurai, 7-8 Samyang Company, Kyongbang affiliate, 86, 93, 163-64 Samyang Foundation (Samyang Tongjehoe): as mutual aid organization, 99; and company funds, 102; and war bonds, 117; and shares in Chobo, 180; establishment of, 292n113 Samyang Salt Company, 18-19, 273n55 Sanggong wolbo, 37 Sangyo Hokoku Undo See Sampo Sangjohoe: organized by Kyongbang workers, 206; demands of, 206-7; reaction to demands by, 207-8; dissolving of, 210 Index Sarang (reception quarters), 24 Seikan ron, 36 Seinen kunren;o (youth training centers), 238 Seirei (executive ordinances), 70 Sejong, King, 227 Sekai keizaisen (international economic war),115 Seikiya Teizabur6: support of Kyongbang's Manchurian Spinning Company, 178; letters from Kim YOnsu to, 178,249; and Naisen Ittai, 239,241, 329n41; letters from Kim Songsu to, 249-50 "Self-strengthening," 31, 276n13 Sembu kosaku (pacification work), 183 Seoul-Ch'unch'on Railway, 87-88, 101, 102 Seoul: in nineteenth century, xi; industries in, 58, 192; conferences in, 138; imperial university in, 149; and Keijo Higher Industrial School, 152; as Kyongbang market, 195; organization of cotton cloth traders in, 157; industrial commission in, 167; and symposium on Korean-Manchurian trade, 169; railway to, 179 Shanghai, 183, 186 Shantung, 44, 182 Sheeting, 80-81, 173, 176 Shibusawa Eiichi, 41 Shinto shrines, 237, 244, 251 Shioda, Archives Section Chief, 230 Shiraishi Jinkichi, 100 Shagi (Asian chess), 112 Shoko Kaigisho (Chamber of Commerce and Industry), 111 Shokugin Kei (Industrial Bank Group), 88 Shokugin Okoku (Kingdom of the Industrial Bank), 96 Shokuin (white-collar personnel), 319n38 Showa Aircraft Company, 121 Showa Kirin Beer Company, 181 Sh8yo (special bonuses), 319n38 Sihling, 58, 125 Sihling Workers and Friends Mutual Aid Society (Sihling Nou Sangjohoe): affiliate of Korean Communist party, 206-10; police attitude toward, 207, 322n63 Sim Sangik, 89 Sin Ch'olhun, 89 Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), 43, 278n36 385 Sino-Japanese War (1937-45): and industrial boom in Korea, 49, 53; and Kyongbang financing, 86; wartime fusion of corporate and state policy, 114-22; and Korea as military supply base, 116-17, 135; outbreak of, 17677; economic benefits of, 183-84 Sinsa yuramdan (gentlemen'S sightseeing group),277n24 Sin T'aehwa, 159 Sinliiju, 173 Smith, Adam, 224 SDk (5.1 bushels), 26 Song Chinu: and Kim Songsu, 34, 277n26, 281n63; and March First movement, 280-81n63; and Choson Mulsan Changnyohoe, 281n64 Song Kwangmun, 215, 217, 219 Song Pyongjun, 35 Son Kijong, 229 Sotoku See Governor-General South Korea: economic transformation of, xiii; and National Assembly trials, 332n64; current dependence on Japan, 338nlO South Korean historiography See Historiography, Korean South Manchuria Railway Company (Mantetsu), 43, 44, 71, 139 South Manchuria Railway Zone, 167 South Manchurian Spinning Company: subsidiary of Kyongbang, 117, 162; reasons for establishment of, 175-77, 185; Kim Songsu and Kim YOnsu, 177; Japanese assistance in setting up, 178; scale of, 178-79; Sekiya Teizaburo's support of, 178; financing of, 178; location, board of directors, and labor force of, 179 Spinning See under Cotton "Sprouts" (maenga): of capitalist growth in Yi dynasty, 2-3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 65 Ssangnimdong, 58 State Tribunal (Uiglimbu), 25 Stephan, C H., 211 Stewards (kwalliin), 22-23 Strike of 1926: issues in, 205; Korean Communist party and, 206-7; and Worker-Peasant League, 207; Kyongbang's response to, 208-9; police response to, 209-10 See also Kyongbang; Sangjohoe; Workers, Korean Strike of 1928, 211-12 386 INDEX Strike of 1931: causes of, 210-11, 213; and corporate expansion, 214; demands of workers, 215-16; stalemate in, 217; and police, 218-19; end of, 219-20 Strikes: and police control, 189,209-10, 218-19,221-23; number of, 324n116 Study societies (hakhoe): and Western culture, 31 Subsidies (hojo), 39, 79-84 Suchiatun, 179, 185 Sugihara Company, 147 Suh Sang-Chul, 52-53 Supervisor (kanrikan), 88 Taedong Cloth, Ltd., 160 Taegu,55 T'aegiiksong (Star of the Great Ultimate): Kyongbang's label, 172-73 Taehan Hiinghakhoe (Great Korea Study Society), 34 Taejon, 118, 152 Taenim, 29 Taiatari (suicide attacks), 121 Taisei,180 TaishO,203 Taiwan, 42, 43, 114 Takada, Police Inspector, 218 Takahashi Kamekichi, 229 Takase, distributor for Kyongbang, 160 Takashimaya, 146, 147 Tan (roll, of cloth), 80, 173 Tanegashima Shigeru, 100 Tariffs: on rice imports to Japan, 17; fluctuations of, 17; abolition of, 43, 145; between Korea and Japan, 81, 127, 279n51; on cotton piece goods into Manchuria, 104, 311nn84, 86, 88; Manchurian, 168, 175-76; reduction in Chinese, 175, 182 Teate (small allowances), 319n38 Technology, Japanese: and foreign, 141-42; in Korea, 141, 145,232; in cotton textile industry, 142; early, and World War I, 142; flowering of, 143-44; views of, 143, 144; success of abroad, 144; compared to Korean, 144,145 Technology, Korean: importing of,S, 232 See also Imports; Kyongbang; Training, technical Tenant farmers, 17 Terada Kazuichi, 100 Textiles See under Cotton Tiehsi, 179-80 Todori (president), 101, 102 Togiipche (contract wage systems), 189-99 Tojo, Premier, 71 Tojobu (estate records), 26 Tokubetsu teiri kashitsuke, 92 See also Loans Tokugawa period, Japan, 7-8 Tokyo asahi shimbun, 41 Tonga ilbo: on necessity for subsidies, 82, 83, 188, 208, 242; as vehicle for demand of subsidies, 209, 242; and labor movement, 209, 210; and 1931 strike, 216, 217-20; and 1921 industrial commission, 232-33, 242; closure of, 238; and China Incident, 245; founding of, 275 n 11 See also Kim Songsu Tongil Bank, 88-89 Tonggwang Silk Company, 93, 108 Tosa (minor rank), 125 Toseiha (Control Faction of army), 72 Tciy6 Menka: and Kyongbang, 132, 133, 160, 161 Tciy6b6, 85; textile mill in Korea, 130, 135,176; and Triple A broadcloth, 155, 172; and Kyongbang, 173; work force of, 191 Toyoda, 178, 184 Toyoda Automatic Loom, 79, 143-44, 146, 147, 148 See also Pearse, Arno S Trade agencies (assen kikan): in Manchuria, 168 Trading companies, Japanese, 131-33 Training, technical: of Koreans, 147-53; of Japanese, 148; of Britons by Japanese, 148; and Kyongbang, 151 See also Kyongbang; Technology, Japanese Tribute merchants (kongin), 11 Triple A (broadcloth), 155, 172 Tsingtao, 174, 183 Tsuda Shingo, 74, 176, 183-84 T'ugyak p'anmaejom (special sales agents), 156 Tuman (Tumen) River, 163 Tungchow, 184 Tusan Group, 152 Twenty-One Demands, 43 Ude (arm): Korea as, in regional economic integration, 115 Index Ugaki Kazunari, 71, 72, 116; and cotton "production, 135; and Pak Hungsik, 159 Uibyong (righteous army), 21 Uiju,173 Ulsan Kim clan, 18, 272n51 Umi no oya (founding father), 95 Unggi,168 United States Tariff Commission, 138 Unlimited stock companies, 75 Veblen, Thorstein, Versailles conference, 115 Wages See Kyongbang; Workers War bonds, 117 War-related industries, 50, 117 Wartime mobilization: in late 1930s, 104, 107; as part of Naisen Ittai policy, 236-39; and Koch'ang Kims, 243-51 See also Industrial Commissions; Kim YOnsu; Kumiai; Kyongbang; Naisen Ittai; SinoJapanese War (1937-45) Watanabe Toyohiko, 100 Weaving, 136-38 Wittfogel, Karl, 69 WiSnsan, 9, 159, 160 Workers: -Korean: nature of, 191; lack of protection of, 191-92; female, 191-96; hours of, 193; health hazards of, 194; in Manchuria, 194; and regime at Kyongbang, 196-97; compensation of, 196-99,203; and dowries, 198-99; and sanitary facilities, 200; food of, 200-201; educational provision for, 201-2; and precolonial unrest, 202-3; deteriorating conditions of, 204-5 See also Hanyang Women's Association; Kyongbang; Labor; Peace Preservation Law; Pearse, Arno S.; Public Order and Police Law; Strike of 1926; Strike of 1931; Strikes -Japanese, 191, 199-200,202,203-4 World of Commerce, 31, 34 World of Industry, 31 World War I: as benefit to Japan, 38; and Kim Kyongjung, 39; economic effects of, 38-40; recession after, 80; and Japanese textile industry, 143 World War II: controls during, 107-10, 299n64 387 Yagi Trading Company (Yagi Shoten), 132-33,150,160,161,256 Yamamoto Jotaro, 44, 280n55 Yamato people, 231 Yangban: and landownership, 8, 15, 271n37; and late Choson entrepreneurship, 15,28,33; and heritage of Koch'ang Kims, 18, 158; and sadae, 227-28; and Meiji Japan, 227-28; and Yi ruling house, 338n15 Yangp'yongdong, 58, 125 Yarn See under Cotton Yawata steel plant, 120 Yen Bloc, 177 Yesok chabon (subordinate capital), 284n2 Yi Chaegon, 194 Yi Ch'olsung, 333-34n70 Yi dynasty See Choson dynasty Yi Hwang (T'oegye), 18 Yi Kanghyon, 56-57, 79, 91; unwillingness of to compromise with striking workers, 218; and expansion of Kyongbang, 213-14; and use of Japanese engineer, 151; and Kim Songsu, 37; and Kyongsong Cord Company, 57; and labor unrest, 208; and 1931 wage reduction, 210-11; and 1926 strike, 210-11; and strike of 1928, 212; rebuttal of workers' demands, 216-17 Yi Kwangsu: and cultural nationalist movement, 243; and collaboration, 330-31n53; and Naisen Ittai, 334n72 Yingkow, 164, 171, 175, 176, 180 Yingkow Spinning and Weaving Company, 171, 180 Yi Pyongch'ol, 55-56, 256-57 Yi Sangu, 130, 133, 150, 240-41 Yi Sungu: and Naisen Ittai, 240, 331n53; and antinationalist trials, 235; background of, 329-30n43 Yi Toyong, 336n2 Yi Wanyong, 97, 296n24 YOgak (wholesale merchants) See Kaekchu YOngdungp'o: Kyongbang factory in, 58, 84, 91, 114, 186, 301n13; expansion of factory in, 174; labor from area of, 192; workers' group in, 206; police of, 209,217-19,220,222 Yonggang, 158 388 INDEX Yongjong Trading Company, 163 YOngsin School, 40 Yuguij6n, 11 Yu Kilchun, 75 Yun Ch'iho, 28, 275n5 Yun Chongha, 34, 276-77n23 Yun Chubok, 151 Yun Poson, 28 Yun Thgyong, 89 Zaibatsu, 54, 59, 71, 72, 87, 89, 96 Zenshin heitan kichi (advance military supply base), 77, 114 ... Jose Ortega y Gasset OFFSPRING OF EMPIRE The Koch'ang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876- 1945 PART I THE RISE OF KOREAN CAPITALISM In 1876, on the eve of the Kanghwa Treaty... by the author Offspring of Empire: The Koch'(;mg Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876- 1945, by Carter J Eckert, with a new preface by the author Confucian Statecraft and Korean. .. compiled and translated by Sun Joo Kim and Jungwon Kim OFFSPRING OF EMPIRE The Kocnang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876- 1945 Carter f Eckert With a new preface by the author