Green web II standards and perspectives from the IUCN

Green WEB-II: Technical topics discussed in the book include: • Motivation of Environment Conservation - How personal efforts make difference •  Role of International Environment Conservation Organizations •  Political Economy of Organizations, Network theory, Institutional theory, Stakeholder theory, Governance theory •  Governance performances and Competitiveness •  Popularity indices •  Knowledge creation and diffusion •  Conservation commons River Publishers Green WEB-II: STANDARDS AND PERSPECTIVES FROM THE IUCN MEDANI P BHANDARI Medani P Bhandari In dealing with the IUCN, one must bear in mind that there never has been, and undoubtedly never will be, any other organization even remotely resembling it Its peculiarities, subtleties and complexities are sometimes mind-boggling (Nicholson 1990 in Holdgate 1999: ix) Green Web-II investigates IUCN's role in global biodiversity conservation policy as well as in national program development in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh It explores how nature protection priorities and approaches are promoted or addressed by IUCN, an international organization, and how environment conservation policies are created and maintained in states with different capacities of South Asia It also evaluates IUCN's competency in bio-diversity, climate change, nature conservation and environmental policy formulation at global, regional and country level This study is the first detailed scholarly study on the IUCN as an organization as well as on its efforts in biodiversity conservation This book adds to our knowledge, firstly by contributing to a small but growing body of work on the sociology of international organizations IOs, especially International Governmental Organizations (IGOs), have long been the subject of mostly political science Secondly, it applies a fuller sociological imagination to the study of IOs by critically exploring one of the largest and most active nature conservation organizations in the world Thirdly, it also explores how the IUCN actually goes about building protectoral programs with individual member nations Additionally, the book explores the recent development of the green economy (GE) concepts into IUCN's program planning today The green economy initiative applies a people-first approach Although the concept is relatively new, this research explores the theoretical development of a green economy and illustrates how this theory is applied in IUCN's program planning to program implementation Green Web-II: MEDANI P BHANDARI Standards and Perspectives from the IUCN STANDARDS AND PERSPECTIVES FROM THE IUCN River Publishers Series in Chemical, Environmental, and Energy Engineering River Publishers River www.allitebooks.com Green Web-II: Standards and Perspectives from the IUCN www.allitebooks.com RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN CHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ENERGY ENGINEERING Series Editors ALIREZA BAZARGAN NVCo and K.N Toosi University of Technology Iran MEDANI P BHANDARI Akamai University, USA Sumy State University, Ukraine Atlantic State Legal Foundation, NY, USA HANNA SHVINDINA Sumy State University Ukraine Indexing: All books published in this series are submitted to the Web of Science Book Citation Index (BkCI), to CrossRef and to Google Scholar The “River Publishers Series in Chemical, Environmental, and Energy Engineering” is a series of comprehensive academic and professional books which focus on Environmental and Energy Engineering subjects The series focuses on topics ranging from theory to policy and technology to applications Books published in the series include research monographs, edited volumes, handbooks and textbooks The books provide professionals, researchers, educators, and advanced students in the field with an invaluable insight into the latest research and developments Topics covered in the series include, but are by no means restricted to the following: • • • • • • • • Energy and Energy Policy Chemical Engineering Water Management Sustainable Development Climate Change Mitigation Environmental Engineering Environmental System Monitoring and Analysis Sustainability: Greening the World Economy For a list of other books in this series, visit www.riverpublishers.com www.allitebooks.com Green Web-II: Standards and Perspectives from the IUCN Medani P Bhandari Akamai University, Hawaii, USA and Sumy State University, Ukraine River Publishers www.allitebooks.com Published, sold and distributed by: River Publishers Alsbjergvej 10 9260 Gistrup Denmark River Publishers Lange Geer 44 2611 PW Delft The Netherlands Tel.: +45369953197 www.riverpublishers.com ISBN: 978-87-70220-12-5 (Hardback) 978-87-70220-11-8 (Ebook) c 2018 River Publishers All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers www.allitebooks.com I dedicate this book to Prajita Bhandari (My wife, my friend, co-author in creative writing, and co-founder of the Association for Protection of the Environment and Culture, which first connected me with IUCN) Contents Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Endorsements xix List of Figures xxiii List of Tables xxv Introduction 1.1 Why I Chose IUCN for My Research 1.2 The Power of Logo/The Brand 1.3 Academic Reasons for Choosing IUCN for My Research 1.4 Four Countries’ Scenario in Terms of Strength 1.5 Why this Book: The Objectives 1.6 The Importance of the Research 1.7 Intellectual Merit and the Significance of the Study 1.8 The Broader Impact 1.9 Chapter Outline 1 8 10 11 11 Literature on the Topic 2.1 Theoretical Frameworks 2.2 Political Economy of Organizations 2.3 Network Theory 2.4 Institutional Theory 2.5 Stakeholder Theory 2.6 Governance Theory 13 15 16 17 18 20 21 vii viii Contents Methodology 3.1 The Unit of Analysis and Participants 3.2 Ethical Concerns 3.3 Limitations of This Study The IUCN – An International Organization for Environment Conservation 4.1 Introduction to the IUCN 4.2 The Organizational Structure of IUCN 4.3 The Governance of IUCN 4.4 The World Conservation Congress (WCC): A Global Policy Producer Through the Resolution 4.5 The Membership System of IUCN 4.6 The Council 4.7 The Commissions 4.7.1 The Commission on Education and Communication (CEC) 4.7.2 IUCN Commission on Environmental Law (CEL): A Volunteer Global Environmental Law Network 4.7.3 The Species Survival Commission (SSC) 4.7.4 The Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM) 4.7.5 The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) 4.7.6 The Commission on Environmental, Economic, and Social Policy (CEESP) 4.7.7 IUCN Secretariat 4.7.8 IUCN’s Programs 4.7.9 Types of Programs 4.7.9.1 The Major Thematic Program Areas of IUCN 4.7.9.2 The Major Programs of IUCN to Achieve the Goals of Thematic Areas 4.8 Funding Mechanism of IUCN 4.9 Distribution and Volume of Income 4.10 The Budget Allocations and Operational Plan 2008–2012 4.11 Organizational Balance Sheet Analysis 4.12 The Problems of Funding Mechanism 4.13 The Major Donor Agencies of IUCN 4.14 Conclusion 25 27 28 29 31 31 36 36 38 41 41 42 43 44 44 45 46 46 49 51 51 53 56 68 70 73 73 79 80 82 Contents Exploring IUCN’s Failings – Members Perspective 5.1 View from the Members in the IUCN System 5.2 The Blind Spots in IUCN’s Principles and Practices 5.3 Comments from Members: How they Value IUCN 5.4 What Members Say About IUCN? 5.5 The Members’ Voices Regarding their Involvement with IUCN Regional Thematic Programs 5.6 Members’ Voice on Involvement of Global Thematic Programs 5.7 Voices of the Members as Shown in the Figures 5.8 Member’s Voices as Depicted in the Figure in Terms of their Involvement to the Commissions The Strengths and Weaknesses of the IUCN 6.1 The Framework of Organizational Evaluation 6.2 Major Challenges of IUCN 6.2.1 Focus Group Views on IUCN Decentralization 6.3 The Weaknesses of IUCN 6.4 The Members’ Views on the IUCN System 6.5 The Councilor’s Views 6.6 The Secretariat Comparative Chapter: Case Studies of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan 7.1 A Brief Account of the Four Countries 7.2 Governance Performances of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan 7.2.1 Summary of the Results on Governance Performance 7.3 Competitiveness of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan 7.4 Competitiveness Level in Relation to the 12 Pillars 7.5 Four Countries’ Competitiveness Level in Relation to the 12 Pillars (in Tables 7.4–7.6) 7.6 Institutional Competitiveness in Global Context (In Rank) 7.7 The Environmental Performance of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan 7.8 Environmental Conservation Movement in South Asia with Focus on Forest Conservation 7.8.1 Historical Outline of Conservation 7.8.2 Modern Practices ix 85 85 85 86 87 89 92 92 94 99 99 102 105 112 113 116 117 125 126 128 128 131 132 133 136 138 141 141 144 Index Ecosystems and Private Sector 45 education 2, 43, 133, 240 effective laws efficiency 7, 58, 131, 244 Efficiency enhancers 131, 135, 153, 245 election 30 eminent scholars 200 empirical insights 13 empower 4, 84, 223, 235 empowering 5, 69, 177, 236 Empowerment 23, 53, 83, 155, 235 encourage 6, 82, 168, 239 end-user residents 224 energy 12, 82, 204, 235 energy and ecosystems 55, 166, 235 engages in polemics 234 Environment and Social Development Organization (ESDO) 182, Environment Conservation Movements 126, 153, 212, 245 Environment Conservation Policies 5, 200 Environment Performance 125 Environmental Action Plan of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development 160 environmental and climate change regime creation 184 environmental burden of disease 138, 139, 153, 244 Environmental Camps for Conservation Awareness 189 environmental conservation 2, 56, 155 317 Environmental Conservation movement 245 environmental governance 10, 70, 198, 247 environmental governance system 103, 149, 251 environmental health 139, 244 environmental inventory development 156 environmental issues 33, 185, 244 environmental law 43, 58, 171, 220 environmental performance index 125 environmental politics and policies 208 environmental regime creation 159 environmental sustainability 29, 63, 138, 204 environmentalism 29, 198 equitable 6, 62, 82, 159, 239 equitable and ecologically sustainable 6, 82, 195, 239 equitable distribution of wealth 15 European Union 167, 206 evaluation of results 99 evaluation processes 99 experts on plants 44 external competitions 103, 112, 238 external evaluations 25 External Review 70, 104, 175, 251 extreme poverty 127 318 Index F face-to-face interviews 25, 27 facilitating 5, 167, 212 FAO 4, 142, 171, 249 financial management 70, 107, 128 Financial market development 132, 134 financial resources 70, 123, 237, 248 fish 44, 147, 166 fisheries 20, 62, 139, 244 Fisheries Expert Group (FEG) 45 Forest 3, 55, 141, 226 Forest Rehabilitation program 151 forestry 14, 59, 143, 244 forests 6, 61, 171, 246 foundation 11, 82, 193, 238 fragile ecosystems 110, 103, 168 framework agreements 70, 103, 234 Friends of the Earth 238 full-fledged commissions 34, 244 funding mechanism 12, 68, 155, 195 funding opportunities 86 futuristic 29 G Ganges 146 Gangetic river plains Gender 6, 51, 161, 228 geographic factors geographic regions 234 Geo-reports 234 Gland 67, 118, 238 global 5, 118, 212 Global Biodiversity Strategy 240 global bridge-building network 239, 250 global common good 20, 230 Global Competitiveness Index 8, 136, 245 global conservation forums 162 global conservation strategies 9, 234 Global environmental governance 10, 208 global governance issues 25 global mission 235 global phenomenon 23, 213 global policy 6, 25, 38, 48 global policy formulation 203 global strategies 83, 85 globalization 20, 111, 230, 259 globalizing the world economy 14 GNI/capita 127 goals 5, 13, 17, 21 Good Environmental Governance 208 Good performance 109 Goods market efficiency 132, 134 Google 241, 242 Google News 242 governance 10, 20, 37, 40 governance performance 125, 129, 153, 245 governance system 103, 149, 212, 251 Governance theory 21, 207, 247, 239 governing the commons 19, 230 government delegations 234 Index Government Effectiveness 26, 128, 153, 244 Government Effectiveness and Regulatory Quality 128 government officials 3, 28, 44, 137 governments 6, 21, 48, 53 Grassland Ecosystems 45 Green Economic Initiatives (GEI) 83 green economy 6, 205, 310 Green forest greening the world economy 36, 72, 161, 204 Greenpeace 207 group awareness 213 Guatemala 186 Gujarat 171 H health 14, 61, 66, 83 Health and primary education 131, 133, 134 Health Indicators 127 Health Services 126, 127, 167, 228 hegemonic 7, 178, 237 Higher education and training 131, 134 Himalayan mountains Himalayan Region Water and Nature Initiative 171 historical development of global institutions 10 Holarctic Steppes 45 Holcim 57, 82, 112, 169 Homophily 214 human control 228 319 Human Development Index (HDI) 8, 311, 312 human rights 14, 47, 59, 222 human well-being 54, 63, 66, 72 humanly devised 227, 228 hybrid 7, 32, 78, 118 hybrid membership mechanism 207 hypothetical program 234 I ICIMOD 146, 157, 167, 174 ideological 29, 32 implement policy 83, 155, 233 implementation 7, 11, 17, 30, 31 incentive 16, 58, 132, 171 inception 7, 14, 51, 175 independent respondent 85 in-depth interviews 25 India 7, 129, 133, 144 indigenous peoples’ 2, 62 individual scientists 31 Indo-Malayan and Paleo-Arctic realms 145 Indonesia 33, 63, 160, 171 inequality influence 6, 54, 120, 238 information 15, 94, 214, 250 Infrastructure 7, 54, 133, 228 INGOs 8, 35, 234, 247 Innovation 10, 111, 136, 247 inspired 39, 111 institute employees 44 institution 12, 19, 293, 310 Institution builder 12, 227, 229 institutional 18, 66, 136, 137 institutional and environmental competitiveness 126 institutional capacity 6, 41 320 Index institutional competitiveness 136, 137, 139, 244 Institutional theory 18, 19, 228, 247 Institutions 18, 55, 133, 242 integrity and diversity 3, 64, 96, 195 Intellectual merit 10 intergenerational equity 15 internalization of externalities 15 international associations 206 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development 157 international cooperation 15, 70, 81, 168 International Council of Environmental Law (ICEL) 220 International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) 57 international environmental conventions 61, 240 international environmental organization 23, 169, 185, 242 international environmental regime 203 International Governmental organizations (IGOs) 13 international liability 15 international organizations 4, 129 international program development 12, 201, 203, 204 international relations 13, 18 inter-regional groups 207 interventions 6, 195, 208, 221 invertebrates 44 invitation 6, 120, 155 Island Ecosystems 45 IUCN 1, 155, 159, 195 IUCN Environmental Law Program 220 IUCN officials 96, 180, 195, 225 J JICA 150 judicial systems 19, 230, 310 K Karachi 103, 153, 195, 238 Kathmandu 103, 189, 193, 238 Kautilya’s Arthashastra 147 Kenya 63, 186 knowledge 10, 162, 234, 246 knowledge creation 12, 83, 201, 203 knowledge development 162, 236 knowledge diffusion 12, 201 knowledge-building 68 L Labor market efficiency 132, 134 lack of transparency 42, 251 lands 20, 55, 210, 222 landscape restoration 59, 165, 235 Lao PDR 156 Laos PDR 164 laws 5, 83, 155, 235 lawyers 31, 44, 182 legal frameworks 165, 209 legitimacy 9, 88, 117, 249 legitimate authority 13 liability 15, 102, 137 Likert scale 93, 94, 95, 96 livelihoods 47, 101, 163, 222 Index livelihoods and landscapes strategy (LLS) 168, 171 local communities 6, 82, 155, 239 logo 4, 86, 158, 240 M Macroeconomic environment 131, 133, 134 MagPortal 242 maintaining international rules 14 major international organization 233 Maldives 63, 171 mammals 44, 147 Management 45, 58, 244, 250 management and implementation 122, 156 management of industrial site 237 managing ecosystems 36, 72, 207 managing the climate forecast 36 Mangroves for the Future (MFF) 168 Mangroves for the Future Initiative 168 marine and polar 61, 63, 83, 227 marine and polar life marine biologists 44 Marine Turtle Newsletter 169 Marine Turtle Specialist Group 170 Market size 132, 134, 135 Maternal mortality ratio 127 meaningful 38, 53, 59, 213 members 3, 35, 95, 251 memorandum of understanding 161, 180 321 Meso and South America 96, 97, 116 Meta Evaluation 99 Methodology 11, 25 microcredit 14 Millennium Development Goals and Human Wellbeing 84 mobilizing organizations 34, 195, 235 Mongolia 156 monitoring 6, 46, 90, 235 monitoring indicators 161 Mortality rate 127 motions 3, 39, 40, 117 mountain ecosystems 8, 45 multilateral environmental agreements 60 multilateral organizations 61, 206 Multi-stakeholder governance 211 mutuality N national boundary 207 national committees and the secretariat 96 national conservation agendas 158 national environmental conservation organizations 31 national environmental legislation 240 national governments 41, 120, 206, 229 National Planning Commission 178 national program development 12, 201, 204 322 Index National Trust for Nature Conservation 187 nation-states 9, 114, 229, 234 natural resource management strategies 226 natural resources 5, 41, 96, 194 natural resources conflict management 12, 155, 244 nature conservation 81, 179 negotiations 13, 101, 187, 229 Nepal 1, 128, 157, 245 Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists 189 Nestl´e Nespresso 57 network 6, 147, 214, 247 network of networks 48, 122, 215, 231 Network theory 17, 213, 239, 247 networks 4, 89, 123, 213 neutral forum for governments 96, 203, 234 New Delhi 177, 178, 184 Newslookup 242 Nexis (Lexis Nexis) 242 NGOs 4, 64, 173, 247 NGOs leaders 28, 114, 180, 198 non-binding treaties 207 non-government organizations 21, 82, 155, 234 non-governmental organizations 82, 129, 227, 233 non-profit organizations 232 North America and Caribbean 96 North America and the Caribbean 46, 88, 116 North and Central Asia 96, 116 Nutrient Cycling 45 O Oceania 46, 96, 97, 116 operational plan 73 opinion survey 85 opinions of stakeholders 12 Organization of Multiple Networks 213 organizational composition 11 organizational evaluation 99 organizational governance 37, 203 organizational structure 16, 36, 37, 157 Orissa 169, 171, 172, 173 Our Common Future 32 Overseas Development Assistance 106 P Pakistan 5, 27, 125, 246 participation 12, 93, 143, 176 particular niche 196, 217, 225 partnerships 6, 43, 69, 251 pastures 19, 230, 310 peace and security 166, 235 people participation 144, 153, 154, 198 percentage level 93 performance assessment 86 performance on measures of governance 244 performances in governance 125 personal and group networking 213 personal observations 25 personnel evaluation processes 99 phenomena 16, 104 Philippines 175, 186 Index Physicians 127 platform for learning 86 policies and best-practices 34, 56, 195, 235 policy development 18, 156, 200, 248 policy evaluation 100 policy instruments 61, 126, 180, 208 policy recommendations 233, 236, 249 political and social networks 213 Political economy of Organizations 16 political science 10, 121, 228, 239 Political Stability and Absence of Violence 126, 137, 153, 244 polity and economy 16 polluting business organization 237 popularity and legitimacy 240 popularity index 242, 243 population 31, 62, 104, 127 Population density 127, 128 population growth 31, 128 possible solutions 107, 141 POUSH-Bangladesh 181 poverty 2, 48, 84, 311 Poverty and Social Equity 161 poverty eradication 48, 210 power and global influence 248 powerful states 13 PPP GNI/capita 127 Practical Action 180 pragmatic solutions 6, 92, 155, 234 precautionary approach 15 323 Precautionary Principle to Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management 209 premier conservation organization 103 Priest 1, primary and secondary data 25 principles and practices 65, 85 prioritizing of national capacity building 122 private governance 211, 212 private sector institutions 224 professional standards and practices 234 program planning 5, 31, 118, 237 promoting nature energy 36 protected area management 46, 125, 153, 235 protected area managers 44, 226 protected areas 46, 83, 147, 311 protected areas systems 147 provide 17, 88, 234, 311 provocative institutions of power 13 public administration 13 public opinions 12, 155 public participation and wellbeing 122 public participation in conservation 12, 150, 189, 244 puzzling forms 99 Q qualitative research methods 121 quality of protected areas 12, 155, 244 324 Index R Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the World Heritage Convention 160 Rana regime 142 randomly 30 rationalization 109 reconstruction 31, 43 Red List Partnership 66 Red-list 45 regimes 14, 120, 194, 236 regional 6, 78, 168, 226 Regional Environmental Law Program 171, 174 Regulatory Quality 126, 153, 244, 245 rehabilitation 151, 165, 235 reptiles 44, 147 reputation 48, 123, 165, 238 research procedures 29 resolution process 26, 114, 199, 234 resolutions 4, 92, 176, 236 resource efficiency 84, 204, 205 resources 5, 106, 197, 310 respondents 26, 108, 200, 239 Responsibilities 16, 141, 221, 247 Restoration Ecosystem Services 45 results 6, 96, 140, 245 Rewards 16, 221 Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) right to development 15 Rights 2, 128, 230 rights of indigenous peoples to their spirituality 210 Rio Tinto 57, 83, 112 Risks 12, 51, 103, 250 rituals 1, 141 River Systems 162 role for conservation of nature 155, 203 Role in Implementation 206 Rule of Law 126, 153, 222, 244 rule of law and control of corruption 244 S SAARC 148, 149, 150 safeguard 6, 41 Sanskritization satisfaction 85, 93, 97, 183 science and knowledge science and learning 83, 227 Science and Learning program 65 Science and Learning Unit 65 Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 31, 81 scientific community 34 scientists 6, 13, 31, 203 secretariats 5, 68, 93, 103 secure 7, 19, 139, 179 self-regulating policy 212 self-sustaining NGOs 178 Seychelles 63, 171 shaping a sustainable future 207 Shell 51, 57, 82, 112 significance 10 significant relationships 25 similarities and differences 125, 155 Sindh 161, 167 situation analysis 105, 112, 225 social justice 2, 59 social policy 6, 46, 53, 66 Index socio-economic and environmental problems 247, 251 sociological imagination 10, 13, 239 sociological theory 11, 99 sophistication factors 131, 132, 136, 153 South Africa 33, 46, 175, 186 South and East Asia 96, 116 South Asia 2, 25, 141, 147 South Asian Association Regional Cooperation -SAARC 207 species 4, 14, 44, 54 species and water 6, 53, 83 specific ecological niches 9, 234 spiritual well-being 210 Sri Lanka 44, 62, 149, 165 SSC 4, 44, 67, 159 stake of the members 203 stakeholder 5, 20, 55, 218 stakeholder networks 213 Stakeholder Theory 20, 219, 220, 247 state bureaucracies 244 state-IO engagements 10 strategic management challenges 102 strategies 9, 39, 61, 83 strengthening 6, 62, 92, 165 strengths and weaknesses 98, 99, 115, 123 Strong ties 178, 199, 214 structure 11, 13, 37, 54 subtropical Sunderban biological diversity hotspots 146 survival 1, 10, 44, 168 325 sustainable consumption and production (SCP) 15 Sustainable energy 6, 54, 122, 166 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation 70, 81, 164, 166 Switzerland 7, 27, 31, 50, 108 synchronize priority 109 Synthesis Evaluation 100 Syracuse University 29 systematic data 85 T Tamil Nadu 171 Tanzania 63, 186 Technological readiness 132, 134 temperate grassland 8, 145 territorially based activities 163 Territory 125, 142, 187 Thailand 27, 156, 230 the democratic content 199 The Ecosystem Approach 45 The Energy and Resources Institute 171 The Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative (GOBI) 63 the islands of Lakshadweep the rules of the game 227, 228 the scholars 18, 120, 180, 185 the southern (Deccan) plateau Theoretical contribution 115, 248 Theoretical frameworks 201, 228 theoretical perspective 13 Theory of Governance 206 Tiger Reserve Assessment 171 timing and frequencies 242 TMSS Thangamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha 182 326 Index Topix.net 242 Total expenditure 127 traditional economic sectors 204 training 6, 34, 134, 235 Trans-Atlantic Partnership 207 trans-boundary conservation issues 235 transitional democratic system 8, 125 transnational policy intervention transnational pressure group 211 transparency 42, 107, 208, 251 Tribhuvan University 3, 189 tributaries 146 tropical arid tropical seasonal forest 8, 145 trusted knowledge 218 U Uganda 186 umbrella organization 97, 109 UN Environment Conference 148 UN peace Keeping force 142 Understanding Institutional Diversity 20, 230 UNDP 60, 128, 189 UNEP 29, 100, 150, 241 UNESCO 14, 40, 240 union of unions 213, 215 unique personality 39 United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) 29, 46, 100, 241 United Nations 4, 33, 142, 244 United Nations agencies 34, 82, 155, 233 United Nations Educational 31, 81 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 60, 145, 160, 181 Unrestricted income 71 Urban Ecosystems 45 US states 207 V value proposition 85, 115, 189, 218 values and conserves nature 6, 34, 82, 232 Vietnam 62, 156, 160, 164 vision 6, 29, 59, 71 Voice and Accountability 126, 128, 129, 153 voluntary contributions 70, 234 volunteers 21, 36, 48, 102 voting members 7, 21, 35, 227 vulnerable households 204 W waste 117, 144, 204 water 6, 45, 55, 67 water and coastal area management 235 water and nature initiative (WANI) 55, 168, 171 water resources for ecosystems 138, 153, 244 water resources for human health 138, 153, 244 WCPA 32, 46, 148, 159 weak democratic system 8, 125 Weak ties 214 well-functioning ecosystems 163 West Asia 62, 96, 97, 116 West Bengal 171 West Europe 96, 116 Index Wetland Ecosystems Connectivity 45 Wetlands 145, 147, 150, 162 Wild Life Protection 144 Wild Water Buffaloes (Bubalus arnee) wildlife 2, 20, 44, 147 wildlife veterinarians 44 Winrock International 171 WMO 305 women’s rights 14, 47 World Bank 14, 82, 125, 167 World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) 57 World Charter for Nature 210, 240 World Congress 23, 38, 42, 72 World Conservation Congress 4, 38, 62, 77 World Conservation Learning Network 43 World Conservation Strategies 160 327 World Conservation Strategy 161, 177, 184, 210 world heritage 6, 65, 67, 83 World Heritage Convention 33, 67 world politics 14 world polity 201 World Resource Institute 234 world that values and conserves nature 6, 34, 82, 233 World Trade Organization 160 World Wildlife Fund 120, 174, 207, 238 worldwide Secretariat 6, 122, 217, 218 WWF 5, 33, 101, 167 Y Yahoo 242 Z Zimbabwe 186 zoo and botanical institute employees 44 About the Author Dr Medani P Bhandari completed his M.A in Anthropology (Tribhuvan University, Nepal), M.Sc Environmental System Monitoring and Analysis (ITC-The University of Twente, the Netherlands), M.A Sustainable International Development (Brandeis University, Massachusetts, USA), M.A and Ph.D in Sociology (Syracuse University, NY, USA) He is dedicated to conservation of nature and natural resources and social empowerment through research and action project His purpose of life is to give or contribute to the society fullest through whatever he has, earned, learned or experienced He has worked with various organizations as consultant-United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)/Adelaide University, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the IUCN, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the World Resource Institute (WRI), Winrock International, the Japan Environment Education Forum, and the Pajaro Jai Foundation (PJF), along with others During 2015–17, he served as a Professor of Natural Resources and Environment at the Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain Prof Bhandari has spent most of his career focusing on the Sociological Theories; Environmental Sustainability; Social Inclusion, Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation; Environmental Health Hazard; Environmental Management; Social Innovation; Developing along the way expertise in Global and International Environmental Politics, Environmental Institutions and Natural Resources Governance; Climate Change Policy and Implementation, Environmental Justice, Sustainable Development; Theory of Natural Resources Governance; Impact Evaluation of Rural Livelihood; International Organizations; Public/Social Policy; The Non-Profit Sector; Low Carbon Mechanism; Good Governance; Climate Adaptation; REDD Plus; Carbon Financing; Green Economy and Renewable Energy; Nature, Culture and Power Prof Bhandari’s major teaching and research specialties include: Sociological Theories and Practices; Environmental Health; Social and Environmental research methods; Social and Environmental Innovation; Social and Environmental policies; Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation; International Environmental Governance; Green Economy; Sustainability 329 330 About the Author and assessment of the Economic, Social and Environmental impacts on society and nature In brief, Prof Bhandari has sound theoretical and practical knowledge in social science and environment science His field experience spans across Asia, Africa, the North America, Western Europe, Australia, Japan and the Middle East Professor Bhandari has published books, and about 50 scholarly papers in international scientific journals Currently, he is serving as a Professor of Inter-Disciplinary Department – Natural Resource & Environment/Sustainability Studies, at the Akamai University, USA and Professor of the Department of Finance and Entrepreneurship, Sumy State University (SSU) Ukraine; and International Program Coordinator, Atlantic State Legal Foundation, NY, USA (remotely) Green WEB-II: Technical topics discussed in the book include: • Motivation of Environment Conservation - How personal efforts make difference •  Role of International Environment Conservation Organizations •  Political Economy of Organizations, Network theory, Institutional theory, Stakeholder theory, Governance theory •  Governance performances and Competitiveness •  Popularity indices •  Knowledge creation and diffusion •  Conservation commons River Publishers Green WEB-II: STANDARDS AND PERSPECTIVES FROM THE IUCN MEDANI P BHANDARI Medani P Bhandari In dealing with the IUCN, one must bear in mind that there never has been, and undoubtedly never will be, any other organization even remotely resembling it Its peculiarities, subtleties and complexities are sometimes mind-boggling (Nicholson 1990 in Holdgate 1999: ix) Green Web-II investigates IUCN's role in global biodiversity conservation policy as well as in national program development in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh It explores how nature protection priorities and approaches are promoted or addressed by IUCN, an international organization, and how environment conservation policies are created and maintained in states with different capacities of South Asia It also evaluates IUCN's competency in bio-diversity, climate change, nature conservation and environmental policy formulation at global, regional and country level This study is the first detailed scholarly study on the IUCN as an organization as well as on its efforts in biodiversity conservation This book adds to our knowledge, firstly by contributing to a small but growing body of work on the sociology of international organizations IOs, especially International Governmental Organizations (IGOs), have long been the subject of mostly political science Secondly, it applies a fuller sociological imagination to the study of IOs by critically exploring one of the largest and most active nature conservation organizations in the world Thirdly, it also explores how the IUCN actually goes about building protectoral programs with individual member nations Additionally, the book explores the recent development of the green economy (GE) concepts into IUCN's program planning today The green economy initiative applies a people-first approach Although the concept is relatively new, this research explores the theoretical development of a green economy and illustrates how this theory is applied in IUCN's program planning to program implementation Green Web-II: MEDANI P BHANDARI Standards and Perspectives from the IUCN STANDARDS AND PERSPECTIVES FROM THE IUCN River Publishers Series in Chemical, Environmental, and Energy Engineering River River Publishers ... International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) The Green Web- II: Standards and Perspectives from the IUCN delves into the foundational values, standards, evolution, and impact of IUCN as an organization... Hilo, Hawaii, USA Prof Medani Bhandari’s book Green Web- II: Standards and Perspectives from the IUCN is an important contribution toward understanding how IUCN functions in South Asia The book... Endorsements This outstanding book, Green Web- II: Standards and Perspectives from the IUCN – Program and Policy Development in Environment Conservation by Prof Medani P Bhandari, is the first known