Brief Contents Editing Checklist Revising and Editing Symbols Words Are the verb tenses correct? Do the subjects and verbs agree? Preface vii Part I The Writing Process Exploring 4 Developing 12 Revising and Editing 31 Paragraph Patterns 44 Writing the Essay 93 Part II The Editing Handbook 108 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Nouns, Determiners, and Prepositions 110 Pronouns 126 Identifying Subjects and Verbs in Simple Sentences 145 Present and Past Tenses 157 Past Participles 175 Progressive Tenses 192 Other Verb Forms 202 Subject–Verb Agreement 217 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Adjectives and Adverbs 291 Do the pronouns agree with their antecedents? Mistakes with Modifiers 307 Are the verbs and pronouns consistent, with no unnecessary shifts? Exact Language 317 Is the choice of words appropriate? Spelling 326 Are the words spelled correctly? Commonly Confused Words 338 Commas 348 Sentences The Apostrophe 361 Quotation Marks and Capitalization 371 Are the ideas in the sentences expressed in a parallel way? Part III Reading Strategies and Selections 388 Meaning Chapter Reference ad Adjective or adverb problem 21 agr Agreement problem (subject and verb or pronoun and antecedent not agree) 13 cap Capital letter is missing or is used unnecessarily 28 coh Coherence is lacking 2, cliché Cliché, or overused phrase, should be removed 23 Combine words or sentences 15, 16, 17 dev Development needed 2, 3, � Faulty logic (ideas lacking in logic or clarity) 2, 3, frag Fragment (incomplete sentence) 18 intro Introduction needs to be added or improved 2, m Modifier error (dangling or misplaced modiffer) 22 Standard Symbol Are the sentences complete, with a subject and verb? Are the parts of the sentences correctly connected? Editing Practice 382 Alternate or Your Instructor’s Symbols (please ffll in) Are the modifiers near the words being modified? Punctuation and Mechanics p Punctuation problem 26, 27, 28 Are punctuation marks used correctly? pl Plural form error Are the words capitalized correctly? pro Pronoun error ro Run-on sentence (two complete sentences are incorrectly connected) 19 shi� Tense or pronoun shifts illogically 7, 14 sp Spelling error (misspelled word or look-alike, sound-alike error) 24 supp Support is inadequate (lacks complete supporting details) 2, 3, tense, vt Verb tense error 9, 10, 11, 12 trans Transition needed 2, 3, Appendix 5 Spelling, Grammar, and Vocabulary Logs 447 ts Topic sentence or thesis statement problem 2, Credits 451 unity Unity problem (sentences not relate to the topic sentence or the thesis statement) 2, 3, wc Word choice problem (wrong choice of word) 23 // Parallel structure error (parts of the sentence are not uniform) 20 Remove a word, phrase, or paragraph 2, 3, wo Word order is incorrect 21, 22 ? Unclear meaning 23, 24 30 Reading Strategies and Selections 390 Appendices 440 Appendix 1 Grammar Glossary 440 Appendix 2 Verb Tenses 442 Appendix 3 Combining Ideas in Sentences 443 Appendix 4 Punctuation and Mechanics 444 Tense Consistency 231 Compound Sentences 238 Complex Sentences 249 Sentence Variety 261 Fragments 267 Index 453 Inside Back Cover Revising and Editing Symbols Editing Checklist Revising Checklist for a Paragraph Revising Checklist for an Essay Run-Ons 276 Faulty Parallel Structure 282 INSIDE FRONT COVER GAET.5142.S&P Inside cover.indd INSIDE BACK COVER 11/8/13 5:41 PM The Writer’s World Sentences and Paragraphs Fourth Edition Lynne Gaetz Suneeti Phadke Lionel Groulx College St Jerome College Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Executive Editor: Matthew Wright Editorial Assistant: Laura Marenghi Senior Development Editor: Marion Castellucci Development Editor: Erica Nikolaidis Senior Supplements Editor: Donna Campion Executive Digital Producer: Stefanie Snajder Content Specialist: Erin Jenkins Digital Editor: Sara Gordus Executive Marketing Manager: Roxanne McCarley Production Manager: Denise Phillip Grant Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Laserwords Private Limited Cover Designer/Manager: Wendy Ann Fredericks Cover Photo: © Shutterstock Text Permissions: Aptara Photo Researcher: Integra Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Dennis Para Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color Hagerstown Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text and on pages 451–452 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gaetz, Lynne, 1960– The writer’s world : sentences and paragraphs / Lynne Gaetz, Lionel Groulx College ; Suneeti Phadke, St Jerome College — Fourth Edition pages cm ISBN 978-0-321-89514-1 (alk paper) English language—Sentences—Problems, exercises, etc English language—Paragraphs—Problems, exercises, etc I Phadke, Suneeti, 1961– II Title PE1441.G34 2014 808’.042—dc23 2013028567 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1—CRK—17 16 15 14 Student Edition ISBN-13: Student Edition ISBN-10: 978-0-321-89514-1 0-321-89514-2 A la Carte Edition ISBN-13: 978-0-321-90799-8 A la Carte Edition ISBN-10: 0-321-90799-X Contents Preface vii The Thesis Statement 97 The Supporting Ideas 100 The Essay Plan 101 The Introduction 102 The Conclusion 103 The First Draft 105 Revising and Editing the Essay 105 The Final Draft 106 Part I The Writing Process 2 Exploring 4 What Is Exploring? 4 Topic 5 Audience 5 Purpose 5 Exploring Strategies 6 Journal and Portfolio Writing 10 Developing 12 What Is Developing? 12 Narrow the Topic 14 The Topic Sentence 15 The Supporting Ideas 20 The Paragraph Plan 27 The First Draft 28 Part II The Editing Handbook 108 SECTION Some Parts of Speech THEME: Lifestyles Writing the Essay 93 Exploring the Essay 93 Explore Topics 96 126 Pronouns Pronoun–Antecedent Agreement 127 Indefinite Pronouns 128 Vague Pronouns 130 Pronoun Shifts 131 Pronoun Case 133 Problems with Possessive Pronouns 134 Relative Pronouns 138 Reflexive Pronouns (-self, -selves) 140 Paragraph Patterns 44 What Are Paragraph Patterns? 44 A) The Illustration Paragraph 45 B) The Narrative Paragraph 50 C) The Descriptive Paragraph 55 D) The Process Paragraph 61 E) The Definition Paragraph 66 F) The Comparison and Contrast Paragraph 71 G) The Cause and Effect Paragraph 76 H) The Classification Paragraph 81 I) The Argument Paragraph 87 Nouns 111 Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns 115 Determiners 116 Prepositions 120 Revising and Editing 31 What Are Revising and Editing? 31 Revise for Unity 32 Revise for Adequate Support 34 Revise for Coherence 36 Revise for Style 38 Edit for Errors 39 The Final Draft 42 Nouns, Determiners, and Prepositions 110 SECTION Problems with Verbs THEME: Entertainment and Culture Identifying Subjects and Verbs in Simple Sentences 145 Identifying Subjects 146 Identifying Prepositional Phrases 149 Identifying Verbs 150 157 Present and Past Tenses Understanding Verb Tense 158 The Simple Present Tense 158 iii iv Contents The Simple Past Tense 164 Avoiding Double Negatives 171 10 Past Participles 175 17 Past Participles 176 The Present Perfect Tense: Have/Has + Past Participle 180 The Past Perfect Tense: Had + Past Participle 183 The Past Participle as an Adjective 185 The Passive Voice: Be + Past Participle 186 11 Progressive Tenses 192 Understanding Progressive Tenses 193 Present Progressive 193 Past Progressive 195 Using Complete Verbs 197 Other Progressive Forms 198 12 Other Verb Forms 202 Modals 203 Nonstandard Forms: gonna, gotta, wanna 207 Conditional Forms 208 Gerunds and Infinitives 211 SECTION Verb Agreement and Consistency THEME: Beliefs 13 217 Subject–Verb Agreement Basic Subject–Verb Agreement Rules 218 Verb Before the Subject 221 More Than One Subject 223 Special Subject Forms 224 Interrupting Words and Phrases 226 14 Tense Consistency Using Relative Pronouns 255 Combining Questions 257 Sentence Variety 261 Vary the Opening Words 262 Vary the Length of Sentences 263 SECTION Common Sentence Errors THEME: The Earth and Beyond 18 267 Fragments Understanding Fragments 268 Phrase Fragments 268 Explanatory Fragments 269 Dependent-Clause Fragments 271 19 276 Run-Ons Understanding Run-Ons 277 20 Faulty Parallel Structure 282 Identifying Parallel Structure 283 Correcting Faulty Parallel Structure 284 SECTION Modifiers THEME: Relationships 21 291 Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives 292 Adverbs 296 Comparative and Superlative Forms 299 22 307 Mistakes with Modifiers Misplaced Modifiers 308 Dangling Modifiers 312 231 Consistent Verb Tense 232 SECTION Effective Sentences THEME: Trades and Technology 15 Compound Sentences 238 Comparing Simple and Compound Sentences 239 Combining Sentences Using Coordinating Conjunctions 239 Combining Sentences Using Semicolons 243 Combining Sentences Using Transitional Expressions 244 16 Complex Sentences 249 Understanding Complex Sentences 250 Using Subordinating Conjunctions 251 SECTION Word Use and Spelling THEME: Creatures Large and Small 23 317 Exact Language Using a Dictionary and Thesaurus 318 Using Specific Vocabulary 320 Avoiding Clichés 322 Slang versus Standard American English 323 24 Spelling 326 Improving Your Spelling 327 Writing ie or ei 327 Adding Prefixes and Suffixes 328 Writing Two-Part Words 333 120 Commonly Misspelled Words 334 Contents v 25 338 Commonly Confused Words Commonly Confused Words 339 “Skydiving” by Touré 402 980L/1114 words Entertainment, Culture, and Beliefs SECTION Punctuation and Mechanics “What’s Your Humor Style?” by Louise Dobson 405 THEME: The Business World 1160L/894 words 26 1150L/854 words “A Cultural Minefield” by William Ecenbarger 408 348 Commas “Celanthropists” by Katrina Onstad 411 Understanding Commas 349 Commas in a Series 349 Commas After Introductory Words and Phrases 350 Commas Around Interrupting Words and Phrases 351 Commas in Compound Sentences 353 Commas in Complex Sentences 354 Commas in Business Letters 357 27 1310L/813 words “The Cult of Emaciation” by Ben Barry 414 990L/1283 words “Shopping for Religion” by Ellen Goodman 417 1080L/760 words The Earth and Its Creatures “The Reverend Evans’s Universe” by Bill Bryson 421 1240L/819 words “Saving Animals” by Tom Spears 423 361 1180L/601 words The Apostrophe Understanding Apostrophes 362 Using Apostrophes in Contractions 362 Using Apostrophes to Show Ownership 365 Using Apostrophes in Expressions of Time 367 28 Trades, Technology, and the Business World “The Allure of Apple” by Juan Rodriguez 429 1190L/807 words 1000L/657 words “How to Remember Names” by Roger Seip 434 1100L/801 words “The Rewards of Dirty Work” by Linda L Lindsey and Stephen Beach 436 1180L/531 words SECTION Editing Editing Practice 1050L/849 words “How to Handle Conflict” by P Gregory Smith 432 Quotation Marks and Capitalization 371 Direct and Indirect Quotations 372 Quotation Marks 372 Capitalization 376 Titles 378 29 “Is It Love or a Trick?” by Jon Katz 425 Appendices 440 382 Appendix 1 Grammar Glossary 440 Part III Reading Strategies and Selections 388 30 Reading Strategies and Selections Reading Strategies 390 Reading Selections 393 Lifestyles and Relationships “Fish Cheeks” by Amy Tan 393 910L/504 words “Birth” by Maya Angelou 395 880L/751 words “Your World’s a Stage” by Josh Freed 397 1290L/698 words “Fat Chance” by Dorothy Nixon 399 1100L/750 words Appendix 2 Verb Tenses 442 Appendix 3 Combining Ideas in Sentences 443 390 Appendix 4 Punctuation and Mechanics 444 Appendix 5 Spelling, Grammar, and Vocabulary Logs 447 Credits 451 Index 453 Inside Back Cover Revising and Editing Symbols Editing Checklist Revising Checklist for a Paragraph Revising Checklist for an Essay This page intentionally left blank Preface Thank you for making the third edition of The Writer’s World a resounding success; we are delighted that the book has been able to help so many students across the country This fourth edition, too, can help your students produce writing that is technically correct and richly detailed whether your classes are filled with students who have varying skill levels, whether students are native or nonnative speakers of English, or whether they learn better through the use of visuals When we started the first edition, we set out to develop practical and pedagogically sound approaches to these challenges, and we are pleased to hear that the book has been helping students succeed in their writing courses We began with the idea that this project should be a collaboration with other developmental writing teachers So we met with more than forty-five instructors from around the country, asking for their opinions and insights regarding (1) the challenges posed by the course, (2) the needs of today’s ever-changing student population, and (3) the ideas and features we were proposing to provide them and you with a more effective teaching and learning tool Pearson also commissioned dozens of detailed manuscript reviews from instructors, asking them to analyze and evaluate each draft of the manuscript These reviewers identified numerous ways in which we could refine and enhance our key features Their invaluable feedback was incorporated throughout The Writer’s World The text you are seeing is truly the product of a successful partnership between the authors, publisher, and well over one hundred developmental writing instructors What’s New in the Fourth Edition? Deeper MyWritingLab Integration New to this edition, resources and assessments designed specifically for The Writer’s World are in MyWritingLab along with the eText and all the diagnostic, practice, and assessment resources of MyWritingLab Students can use MyWritingLab to access media resources, practice, and assessment for each chapter of The Writer’s World When they see in the text, students have the option of completing the practice online right in MyWritingLab Most practice assessments will flow to your instructor gradebook in MyWritingLab, reducing grading time and allowing you to focus attention on those students who may need extra help and practice All Writer’s Room activities can be completed in MyWritingLab, giving students access to a wide range of customizable instruction, practice, and assessment Students can now answer additional reading comprehension questions for readings in Chapter 30 in MyWritingLab, offering extra practice and assessment and helping students strengthen their grasp of the readings A New Look A new clean and modern design streamlines instruction and increases usability, allowing students to more effectively find and retain the information covered vii viii Preface New Grammar Practices Most of the grammar practices in Part II: The Editing Handbook are new, providing updated grammar instruction through the lens of topical and culturally relevant content New and More Images This edition presents new dynamic and vibrant images—photos of colorful ethnic celebrations, pop culture icons, and a Banksy mural—that will engage students and prompt critical thinking New Readings In Chapter 30, five new readings relate to the grammar themes Thought-provoking essays from Touré, Josh Freed, Katrina Onstad, Bill Bryson, and Tom Spears discuss Internet privacy, modern notions of multiculturalism, and celebrity philanthropy Updated Film Writing Prompts The film writing prompts in Chapter 30 have been updated to include newer and more recent movies, as well as a range of independent and mainstream selections, such as The Hunger Games, Silver Linings Playbook, and Dredd How The Writer’s World Meets Students’ Diverse Needs We created The Writer’s World to meet your students’ diverse needs To accomplish this goal, we asked both the instructors in our focus groups and the reviewers at every stage not only to critique our ideas but also to offer their suggestions and recommendations for features that would enhance the learning process of their students The result has been the integration of many elements that are not found in other textbooks, including our visual program, coverage of nonnative speaker material, and strategies for addressing the varying skill levels students bring to the course The Visual Program A stimulating full-color book, The Writer’s World recognizes that today’s world is a visual one, and it encourages students to become better communicators by responding to images Chapter-opening visuals in Part I help students think about the chapters’ key concepts in new ways For example, in the Chapter opener, a photograph of a skyscraper sets the stage for essay writing Both the skyscraper and an essay need specific types of support to make them sturdy structures Each chapter in Part II opens with a photo to help illustrate the theme of the examples and exercises in that chapter and section The visuals in Part III provide students with further opportunities to write in response to images Students get additional writing practice through different activities such as looking at photos and watching films These visual aids inspire students and give them varied and engaging topics for writing Seamless Coverage for Nonnative Speakers Instructors in our focus groups noted the growing number of nonnative/ESL speakers enrolling in their developmental writing courses Although some of these students have special needs relating to the writing process, many of you still have a large ... Preface vii The Thesis Statement 97 The Supporting Ideas 100 The Essay Plan 101 The Introduction 102 The Conclusion 103 The First Draft 105 Revising and Editing the Essay 105 The Final Draft 106... around a common theme These themes include Lifestyles, Entertainment and Culture, Beliefs, Trades and Technology, The Earth and Beyond, Relationships, Creatures Large and Small, and The Business... around the country, asking for their opinions and insights regarding (1) the challenges posed by the course, (2) the needs of today’s ever-changing student population, and (3) the ideas and features