Performance analysis of general hybrid TSR-PSR energy harvesting protocol for amplify and forward half duplex relaying networks

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Performance analysis of general hybrid TSR-PSR energy harvesting protocol for amplify and forward half duplex relaying networks

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In this paper, we propose a hybrid protocol for energy harvesting in wireless relay networks, which combines the bene ts of both time-switching relaying (TSR) and powersplitting relaying (PSR), which are two main protocols for energy harvesting. In TSR, a dedicated harvesting time in each time slot is allocated for energy harvesting, while the remaining time is used for information transmission.

❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❍②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ❊♥❡r❣② ❍❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ❆♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❍❛❧❢✲❉✉♣❧❡① ❘❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s P❤✉♦♥❣ ❚✳ ❚❘❆◆ 1,∗ ✱ ❚❛♥ ◆✳ ◆●❯❨❊◆ ✱ ▼✐r♦s❧❛✈ ❱❖❩➀➪❑ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ●r♦✉♣✱ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ❚♦♥ ❉✉❝ ❚❤❛♥❣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❱❙❇ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❖str❛✈❛✱ ✶✼ ▲✐st♦♣❛❞✉ ✶✺✴✷✶✼✷✱ ✼✵✽ ✸✸ ❖str❛✈❛ ✲ P♦r✉❜❛✱ ❈③❡❝❤ ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❆✉t❤♦r✿ P❤✉♦♥❣ ❚✳ ❚❘❆◆ ✭❡♠❛✐❧✿ tr❛♥t❤❛♥❤♣❤✉♦♥❣❅t❞t✳❡❞✉✳✈♥✮ ✭❘❡❝❡✐✈❡❞✿ ✷✽✲▼❛r❝❤✲✷✵✶✽❀ ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞✿ ✵✼✲❏✉❧②✲✷✵✶✽❀ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞✿ ✷✵✲❏✉❧②✲✷✵✶✽✮ ❉❖■✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✷✺✵✼✸✴❥❛❡❝✳✷✵✶✽✷✷✳✶✽✺ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ❤②❜r✐❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss r❡✲ ❧❛② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡s t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ t✐♠❡✲s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✭❚❙❘✮ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r✲ s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✭P❙❘✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❚❙❘✱ ❛ ❞❡❞✲ ✐❝❛t❡❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡ s❧♦t ✐s ❛❧❧♦✲ ❝❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ■♥ P❙❘✱ ❛ ♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ♣♦✇❡r ✐s s♣❧✐t ❢♦r ❡♥✲ ❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✳ ❚❙❘ ❝❛♥ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ P❙❘✱ ❜✉t r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦r ❛❝❤✐❡✈❛❜❧❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ❛ r✐❣♦r♦✉s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡❞✲ ❢♦r♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❢♦r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❲❡ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ✈❛r✲ ✐♦✉s tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s✿ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s tr❛♥s✲ ♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛②✲ t♦❧❡r❛♥t tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❜② ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆❜str❛❝t✳ ❑❡②✇♦r❞s ❊♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✱ t✐♠❡✲s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ r❡❧❛②✲ ✐♥❣✱ ♣♦✇❡r✲s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✱ ❤❛❧❢✲❞✉♣❧❡①✱ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✳ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❊♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧✉❞❡s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❡♥✲ ❡r❣② ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s t♦ t❤❡ r❡✲ ❧❛② ♥♦❞❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❜❛tt❡r② ❝❤❛r❣✲ ✐♥❣ ♦r r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✱ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❜r♦❛❞❧② ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦r♥❡rst♦♥❡ t♦ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ s②st❡♠ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❜♦❧st❡r ♥❡✇ ❛♠❡♥✐t✐❡s ❜❡②♦♥❞ ✷✵✷✵ ✐♥ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✺● s②st❡♠s✳ ❙✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s ✇✐r❡✲ ❧❡ss ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r ✭❙❲■P❚✮ ❤❛s ❛ttr❛❝t❡❞ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❝♦♠✲ ♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✜❡❧❞ r❡❝❡♥t❧② ❬✶❪✱ ❬✷❪✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❞❡✲ ✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss r❡❧❛② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② tr❛♥s❢❡rs t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ s✉♣♣❧✐❡s ✐ts ❡♥❡r❣② t♦ r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡s s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛②s ❝❛♥ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♣❤❛s❡✳ ❙❲■P❚ ❝❛♥ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡ ❢♦r r❡❧❛② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s t♦ ❜❡ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ✶✷✶ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ ♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❣❛✐♥s ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✱ t✐♠❡ ❞❡❧❛②✱ ❡♥❡r❣② ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✲ ❡♥❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❜② s✉♣❡r♣♦s✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r ❬✸❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❙❲■P❚ ✇❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❧② ♣r♦✲ ♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✶❪✳ ▲❛t❡r✱ t✇♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❛r❝❤✐✲ t❡❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥ r❡❧❛② ♥❡t✲ ✇♦r❦s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② t✐♠❡✲s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ✭❚❙❘✮ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r✲ s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ ✭P❙❘✮ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✷❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ P❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛② s♣❧✐ts t❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ str❡❛♠s ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ s✐❣♥❛❧s s✐✲ ♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② ❬✹❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❚❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✱ ❛ ❞❡❞✐✲ ❝❛t❡❞ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡ s❧♦t ✐s ❛❧❧♦✲ ❝❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ s❧♦t ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❩❤❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❍♦ ❬✷❪✱ t❤❡r❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛♥② ✇♦r❦s ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s s❡♣❛r❛t❡❧②✳ ◆❛s✐r ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✺❪✱ ❬✻❪ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s②s✲ t❡♠ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦♥ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✭❆❋✮ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✭❉❋✮ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ❚❙❘ ❛♥❞ P❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ■♥ ❬✼❪✱ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❚❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐♥ ❢✉❧❧✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✐s ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ st❛t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛② ✐s ♥♦t ♣❡r❢❡❝t✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✐♠♣❛✐r♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r✲ ♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❚❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ❤❛❧❢✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✇❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✽❪ ❢♦r ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ str❛t❡❣② ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✐♥ ❬✾❪ ❢♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲ ❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ str❛t❡❣②✳ ❖t❤❡r r❡♣♦rts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛♣✲ ♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❙❲■P❚ ✐♥ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s s✉❝❤ ❛s ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❧❛②❡r s❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❬✶✵❪ ❛♥❞ ❬✶✶❪✳ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❡❧❛② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❍♦✇✲ ❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ♦♥❧② ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ t❤❡✐r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛t t❤❡ ❞❡❧❛②✲s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ♦♥❧②✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✶✷❪✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜rst tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❤♦♣ ✐s ❢✉❧❧② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❛t t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡❞✲❢♦r♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❢♦r ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t❛s❦✳ ❖✉r ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s t♦ ❡①t❡♥❞ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ❬✶✷❪✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦✲ t❡♥t✐❛❧ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❜❡tt❡r ♣❡r❢♦r✲ ♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣②✲❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✲❜❛s❡❞ r❡❧❛② ♥❡t✲ ✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❧❛t❡st ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❤❛❧❢✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡✲ ❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r ❛❧s♦ ❡①t❡♥❞s t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ ❜♦t❤ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s✿ ❞❡❧❛②✲ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ✭♦r ❞❡❧❛②✲s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡✮ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡✳ ❚❤❡s❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s ✇❡r❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✶✸❪ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣②✲ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣✲❜❛s❡❞ r❡❧❛② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❖✉r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✲ t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ❜❡❧♦✇✿ • Pr♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ r✐❣♦r♦✉s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✲ ❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✲ ✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❡✲ ❧❛② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡❞✲❢♦r♠ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❢♦r ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❀ • Pr♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ❆s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ❛❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❦s ❛❜♦✈❡ ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❡❛❝❤ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ s❡♣❛✲ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛t❡❧②✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ✐t ✐s ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ t❤❛t s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st❀ P❙❘ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ • ❈♦♥❞✉❝t ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t♦ ♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡ t❤❛t ❛ ♣r♦♣❡r ♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣② t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s r❡s✉❧ts✱ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r✲ ❢r♦♠ s♦✉r❝❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✐s ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✲ ♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❚❙❘✱ P❙❘✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲ ✈❡st✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ ❚❙❘ ❝❛♥ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✲ P❙❘ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ✜❣✉r❡ ♦✉t t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ✇❛r❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❡①♣❡♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦r ❛❝❤✐❡✈✲ t✐♠❡✲s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r✲s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳ ❛❜❧❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ❜♦t❤ ❚❙❘ ❛♥❞ P❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❞r❛✇❜❛❝❦s✱ ❛ ♥❛t✲ ✉r❛❧ ✐❞❡❛ ✐s t♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s t♦ ❣❡t ❚❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❜❡st ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s ✐❞❡❛ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥tr♦✲ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳ ■♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ✇✐r❡✲ ❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✶✷❪✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ t❤❡ ❧❡ss r❡❧❛② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❡✲ ✶✷✷ ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ t❛✐❧s✳ ❚❤❡♥ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ r✐❣✲ ♦r♦✉s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t tr❛♥s♠✐s✲ s✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ♦❢ ♦✉r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❞✲❢♦r♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ♦❢ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❞❡❧❛②✲ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ♠♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t ♠♦❞❡✳ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts t♦ s✉♣✲ ♣♦rt ♦✉r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹✳ ❋✐✲ ♥❛❧❧②✱ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r✳ ✷✳ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✿ ❙②st❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧✳ ❙②st❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❚❤❡ ❤❛❧❢✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ❙ s❡♥❞s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❉ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❛ r❡❧❛② ❘✳ ❋♦r r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣②✱ t❤✐s ♥❡t✲ ✇♦r❦ ❡♠♣❧♦②s t❤❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r❡s✉♠❛❜❧② ✇❡❛❦✱ s♦ t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❧✐♥❦ ✐s ✈✐❛ t❤❡ r❡✲ ❧❛② ♥♦❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❧❛② ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ♦✇♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ♥♦ ♦t❤❡r ❡♥❡r❣② s✉♣♣❧②✱ s♦ t❤❛t ✐t ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❤❛r✈❡st ❡♥❡r❣② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❍❡r❡✱ t❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❬✶✷❪ ❢♦r s❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐s ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ ❛t r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡✱ ❛s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ s②♠❜♦❧ s❧♦t ✐s ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❜② T ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤r❡❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ βT ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♣♦✇❡r PS ✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ✐s αT ✱ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ str❡❛♠s✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧✱ ❛ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦✇❡r ρPS ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❜② t❤❡ r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ (1 − ρ)PS ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛❧ s❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤ T − αT − βT ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❧❛② t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦❞❡✳ ❖❜✈✐♦✉s❧②✱ ≤ α ≤ ❛♥❞ ≤ β ≤ 1✳ ■❢ α = 0✱ t❤✐s s❝❤❡♠❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s P❙❘✳ ■❢ β = 1−α ❛♥❞ ρ = t❤❡♥ ✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s t❤❡ ❚❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✿ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✳ t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❆❧❧ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❛r❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ ❛s ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ ❢❛❞✲ ✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❦❡❡♣ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✭s❧♦✇ ❢❛❞✐♥❣✮✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ |h|2 ✐s ❛♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ r❛♥❞♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛✲ r❛♠❡t❡r λh ✱ ❛♥❞ |g|2 ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r λg ✳ ✷✳✶✳ ❊♥❡r❣② ❍❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ P❤❛s❡ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣❤❛s❡✱ t❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s ✭✶✮ ye = hxe + nr ✇❤❡r❡ xe ✐s t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣②✲tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✇✐t❤ E[|xe |2 ] = Ps ✭✇❤❡r❡ E[·] ❞❡♥♦t❡s t❤❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✮ ❛♥❞ nr ✐s t❤❡ ③❡r♦✲♠❡❛♥ ❛❞❞✐✲ t✐✈❡ ✇❤✐t❡ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ♥♦✐s❡ ✭❆❲●◆✮ ✇✐t❤ ✈❛r✐✲ ❛♥❝❡ N0 ✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✿ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ✐s t❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ✐♥t❡r✲ ✈❛❧ ❛s ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❢r♦♠ ❚❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♠❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P❙❘ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧✿ 2 Eh = ηPs |h| αT + ηρPs |h| βT ✭✷✮ ✇❤❡r❡ η ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❞❡♥♦t❡s t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❲❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ st❛t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✳ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧②✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❧❛② ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❧❛② t♦ ❚❤❡ r❡❧❛② ✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ t❤✐s ❡♥❡r❣② t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t ✐♥✲ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❛s h ❛♥❞ g ✱ r❡s♣❡❝✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ✶✷✸ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ ♥❡①t ♣❤❛s❡✱ s♦ t❤❡ r❡❧❛② tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ ♣♦✇❡r ✐♥ s✐❣♥❛❧✲t♦✲♥♦✐s❡✲r❛t✐♦ ❛t t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦❞❡ ❝❛♥ t❤❛t ♣❤❛s❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛s ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛s Eh PR = T −αT −βT = = κPs |h| ηPs |h|2 (α+ρβ) 1−α−β ✭✸✮ ✇❤❡r❡ κ η(α+βρ) 1−α−β ✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❛t < α + β < 1✱ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❛❧✐❞✳ ✷✳✷✳ SN R = (1 − ρ)|g| ξ |h| Ps E{|signal|2 } = 2 E{|noise| } |g| ξ N0 + N0 ✭✼✮ ❇② s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♥❣ ✭✸✮ ❛♥❞ ✭✺✮ ✐♥t♦ ✭✼✮✱ ✇❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ P❤❛s❡ SN R = (1 − ρ)|h| |g| Ps |g| N0 + N02 κPS |h|2 + N0 κ(1−ρ) ✭✽✮ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣❤❛s❡ ❧❛sts (1 − β)T ❛♥❞ ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ ❡q✉❛❧✲❧❡♥❣t❤ s✉❜✐♥✲ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t PS >> N0 ✱ t❤❡ ❙◆❘ ♥♦✇ t❡r✈❛❧s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛② r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡❧② t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② (1−ρ)|h|2 |g|2 Ps N0 |g|2 N0 + κ(1−ρ) 2 (1−ρ)κ|h| |g| Ps κ|g|2 N0 +N0 (1−ρ) SN R ≈ yr = hxs + nr ✭✹✮ = ✭✾✮ ✇❤❡r❡ xs ✐s t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❛t✐s✲ ✜❡s E[|xs |2 = (1 − ρ)PS ❛♥❞ nr ✐s t❤❡ ❆❲●◆ ♥♦✐s❡ ❛t r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡ ❛s ✐♥ ✭✶✮✳ ■♥ ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✸✳ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐s ✉s❡❞✱ ❤❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❛t r❡❧❛② ✐s ❛♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❢❛❝t♦r ξ ✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❢♦r✇❛r❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❋♦r t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ t❤❡ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢❛❝t♦r ξ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♥♦❞❡✱ t❤❡ r❡✲ ❧❛② ♥♦❞❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦❞❡ ✐♥ ❤❛❧❢✲ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ √ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s ❬✶✸❪✿ ✐♥st❛♥st❛✲ xr PR = ✭✺✮ ♥❡♦✉s tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ξ= yr (1 − ρ)Ps |h| + N0 ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛② t♦❧❡r❛♥t tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐st✐❣✉✐s❤❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❚❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❛t t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥✲ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♥❡❧ st❛t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭❈❙■✮ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛② ✭✐♥ ❢❛❝t✱ ♣❤❛s❡ ✐s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s ❈❙■ ✐s ❛❧✇❛②s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❞❡s✲ t✐♥❛t✐♦♥✮✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡✱ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ t✐♠❡ s♣❧✐t ✐s ✉♣❞❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ yd = gxr + nd = gξyr + nd ❜② ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❡❞ ❡♥t✐t② ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡ = gξ[hxs + nr ] + nd ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❈❙■✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ❢♦r = gξhxs + gξnr + nd ✭✻✮ t❤❡ ❞❡❧❛② ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛② t♦❧❡r❛♥t noise signal tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s✱ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ st❛t✐st✐❝s ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ t✐♠❡ s♣❧✐t ■t ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❬✶✸❪✳ ❋♦r ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❡r② ✇❡❛❦✱ s♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ts ❛t ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t r❛t❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② s✉❜❥❡❝t ✐♥ t❤✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ r❡❧✐❡s ♠♦st❧② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞❡❞ t♦ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❢❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡✲ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❧❛②✳ ■♥ ✭✻✮✱ nd ✐s t❤❡ ♥♦✐s❡ ❧❡ss ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❧❛② t♦❧❡r❛♥t ✭❉❚✮ ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ❛t t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rs ❛t ❛♥② ✉♥❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ r❛t❡ ✉♣✲ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣♦✇❡r ❛s nr ✳ ❚❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❡♥❞✲t♦✲❡♥❞ ♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✳ ✶✷✹ ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ PS ■♥ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡ t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✲ ✇❤❡r❡ Q = N ✱ λ = 4λh λg ✱ ❛♥❞ Kn (·) ✐s t❤❡ th ✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ n ♦r❞❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❇❡ss❡❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞✳ t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❞❡❧❛②✲ t♦❧❡r❛♥t ♠♦❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ Pr♦♦❢✳ ❚❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭✾✮ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛s t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ (1 − ρ)κXY Ps ✭✶✷✮ SN R = t✐♠❡✲s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✐s ❛❧s♦ κY N0 + N0 (1 − ρ) ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r ❛❧❧♦✲ ❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜② ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♦❝❝✉rs ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ SN R ❛t t❤❡ ❞❡s✲ t✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦❞❡ ❢❛❧❧s ❜❡❧♦✇ t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ✸✳✶✳ ❉❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s Pout = Pr(SN R < γ) ❋♦r t❤❡ ❞❡❧❛② ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛② t♦❧❡r❛♥t tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s✱ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ st❛t✐st✐❝s ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ t✐♠❡ s♣❧✐t ❬✶✸❪✳ ❆s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳ ✱ ❜♦t❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s h ❛♥❞ g ❛r❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ ❛s ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ 2 ❢❛❞✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✳ ▲❡t X = |h| , Y = |g| ✱ t❤❡♥ X ❛♥❞ Y ❛r❡ t✇♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ r❛♥✲ ❞♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs λh ❛♥❞ λg ✱ r❡✲ s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❆ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ts ❛t ❛ ❝♦♥✲ st❛♥t r❛t❡ R✳ ▲❡t γ = 22R − ❜❡ t❤❡ ❧♦✇❡r t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ❢♦r SN R ❛t ❜♦t❤ r❡❧❛② ❛♥❞ ❞❡st✐♥❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♥♦❞❡s✳ ❚❤❛t ♠❡❛♥s t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐❢ SN R ❢❛❧❧s ❜❡❧♦✇ t❤✐s t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✳ ❚❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❧❛✐♠ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜✲ ❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❆❋ ❤❛❧❢✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ r❡s♣❡❝✲ t✐✈❡❧② ❛s ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✶✳ Ps = Pr κY(1−ρ)κXY N0 +N0 (1−ρ) < γ = Pr {κY [(1 − ρ)XPs − γN0 ] < γN0 (1 − ρ)} γN0 /κ γN XPs − 1−ρ0 = Pr (1 − ρ)XPs − γN0 > 0, Y < + Pr {(1 − ρ)XPs − γN0 < 0} ✭✶✸✮ ❉❡♥♦t❡ fX (x) λh e−λh x ❛♥❞ fY (y) −λg y λg e ❛s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞❡♥s✐t② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ X ❛♥❞ Y ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❧❡t g(x) γN0 γ = κ(xQ− γ γN0 ) ✳ ❚❤❡♥ ✭✶✸✮ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s κ(xPs − 1−ρ ) 1−ρ Pout = Pr X > + Pr X < γ Q(1−ρ) , Y γ Q(1−ρ) γ Q(1−ρ) g(X) ∞ fX (x)dx + = < g(X) fX (x)dx γ Q(1−ρ) fY (y)dy γ Q(1−ρ) fX (x)dx = ∞ fX (x) − e−λg g(X) dx + γ Q(1−ρ) ∞ =1− Pout = − e λh γ − Q(1−ρ) λγ K1 κQ λγ κQ ✭✶✵✮ ❛♥❞ τ= λh e−λh x e−λg g(X) dx γ Q(1−ρ) ✭✶✹✮ ❇② ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ t = (1 − ρ)xQ − γ ✱ ✭✶✹✮ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡✇r✐tt❡♥ t♦ λh γ R (1 − α − β).e− Q(1−ρ) λγ K1 κQ λγ κQ ✭✶✶✮ ∞ Pout ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ λh =1− Q e−λh t+ γ 1−ρ Q − λg γ κt dt ✭✶✺✮ ✶✷✺ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ ◆♦✇✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✭✸✳✸✷✹✳✶✮ ✐♥ ❬✶✹❪ t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✭✶✵✮✳ ❋✐✲ ♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜② s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♥❣ ✭✾✮ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ τ (1 − Pout ) R2 (1 − α − β)✳ ∞ C= λh γ λe− Q(1−ρ) K0 2κQ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ λγ log2 (1 + γ)dγ+ κQ ∞ λh γ λh e− Q(1−ρ) Q(1 − ρ) λγ K1 κQ λγ κQ log2 (1 + γ)dγ ✸✳✷✳ ✭✶✾✮ ❉❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ PS ✇❤❡r❡ Q = N ✱ λ = 4λh λg ✱ ❛♥❞ Kn (·) ✐s t❤❡ th n ♦r❞❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❇❡ss❡❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ■♥ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧✱ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rs ❛t ❛♥② t❛r✲ ❦✐♥❞✳ ❣❡t r❛t❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✲ ✐t②✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡✇♦r❞ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ✐s s✉✣❝✐❡♥t❧② ❧❛r❣❡ Pr♦♦❢✳ ❇② t❛❦✐♥❣ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✭✶✽✮ ❛♥❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❧❡♥❣t❤✱ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡✲ n (z) = −Kn−1 (z) − nz Kn (z)✱ ✇❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ∂K∂z ✇♦r❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛❧❧ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❬✶✸❪✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✿ fSN R (γ) = C = Eh,g {log2 (1 + SN R)} λh γ λh e− Q(1−ρ) Q(1 − ρ) ∞ = λh γ + e− Q(1−ρ) ✭✶✻✮ fSN R (γ)log2 (1 + γ)dγ λ K0 2κQ λγ K1 κQ λγ κQ λγ κQ ✭✷✵✮ ✇❤❡r❡ fSN R (γ) ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞❡♥s✐t② ❢✉♥❝✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ SN R✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s fSN R (γ) ∂FSN R (γ) ∂γ ✭✶✼✮ ❇② s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✮ ✐♥t♦ ✭✶✻✮✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢✳ ✹✳ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ■♥ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✲ ❍❡r❡✱ FSN R (γ) ✐s t❤❡ ❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✉❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ SN R✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜② ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s s❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t②✱ ✐♥ ♦✉r s✐♠✉❧❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✲r❡❧❛② ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛②✲❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ❜♦t❤ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ t♦ ✉♥✐t ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❖t❤❡r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛r❡ FSN R (γ) = Pr(SN R < γ) ❧✐st❡❞ ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✳ λh γ λγ λγ − Q(1−ρ) =1−e K1 ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs κQ κQ ❙②♠❜♦❧ ◆❛♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡s ✭✶✽✮ R ❙♦✉r❝❡ r❛t❡ ✶✳✺ ❜♣s✴❍③ γ ❙◆❘ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✼ ◆♦✇✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ st❛t❡ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ❛s ❢♦❧✲ η ❊♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ✵✳✻ ❧♦✇s✳ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② λh P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ♦❢ |h|2 ✵✳✺ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ❆❋ ❤❛❧❢✲ λg P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ♦❢ |g|2 ✵✳✺ ❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ❡♥✲ Ps /N0 ❙✐❣♥❛❧ t♦ ◆♦✐s❡ ❘❛t✐♦ ✵✲✸✵ ❞❇ ❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s ✶✷✻ ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ ✹✳✶✳ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ ❉❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸ ❛♥❞ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❛❜❧❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✈❡rs✉s t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ PS /N0 ❢♦r t❤r❡❡ ♣r♦✲ t♦❝♦❧s ❚❙❘✱ P❙❘✱ ❛♥❞ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ♦♥❡✱ α ✐s s❡t t♦ ✵✳✶✱ β ✐s s❡t t♦ ✵✳✹✺✱ ❛♥❞ ρ ✐s s❡t t♦ ✵✳✸✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤✐s s❡tt✐♥❣✱ ✇❡ s❡t ✉♣ t❤❡ ♣❛✲ r❛♠❡t❡rs ❢♦r ❚❙❘ ❛♥❞ P❙❘ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧② t♦ ♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✐s ❡q✉❛❧ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✸ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❚❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝✉r✈❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❝✉r✈❡ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥✜r♠s t❤❛t ♦✉r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡✳ ❆s t♦ ❜❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✱ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ PS /N0 ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲ P❙❘ ❝❛♥ ❣✐✈❡ ❜❡tt❡r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t❤❛♥ ❜♦t❤ ❚❙❘ ❛♥❞ P❙❘✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✹✿ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ✈❡rs✉s PS /N0 ❋✐❣✳ ✺✿ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ✈❡rs✉s ρ ❢♦r ✸ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ❢♦r ❤②❜r✐❞ ❛♥❞ P❙❘ ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧s✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✸✿ ❖✉t❣❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✈❡rs✉s PS /N0 ❢♦r ✸ ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✺ ♣❧♦ts t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦❢ P❙❘ ❛♥❞ ❤②✲ ❜r✐❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✈❡rs✉s t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ρ✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ ρ = 0✱ t❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s t❤❡ ❚❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✳ ❆❣❛✐♥✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❤②✲ ❜r✐❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ♦✉t♣❡r❢♦r♠s t❤❡ P❙❘ ♦♥❡✱ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ PS /N0 ✐s s♠❛❧❧✳ ❊❛❝❤ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❤❛s ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ρ t♦ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✵✳✺ t♦ ✵✳✻ ❢♦r P❙❘ ❛♥❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✵✳✹ ✲ ✵✳✺ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ♦♥❡✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r❧②✱ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t♦r α ♦♥ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ✐s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②✲ ❜r✐❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ♠♦r❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t t❤❛♥ ❚❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛t ❧♦✇ PS /N0 r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❆t ❤✐❣❤ PS /N0 r❡❣✐♠❡✱ ❜♦t❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s s❡❡♠ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ s✐♠✲ ✐❧❛r t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ✹✳✷✳ ❉❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ■♥ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✼ ❞✐s✲ ♣❧❛②s t❤❡ ♣❧♦t ♦❢ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❝✉r✈❡s ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡tt✐♥❣s ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐✲ ♦✉s s❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ st✐❧❧ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡s t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r t✇♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ❚❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛✲ t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ❛❣r❡❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②✲ s✐s✳ ■t ✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ PS /N0 ✳ ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ✶✷✼ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ α ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡ ✐s s❤✐❢t✲ ✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥✇❛r❞ ✇❤❡♥ ρ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✻✿ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ✈❡rs✉s α ❢♦r ❤②❜r✐❞ ❛♥❞ ❚❙❘ ♣r♦✲ t♦❝♦❧s✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✽✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t ♠♦❞❡s✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✼✿ ❊r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✈❡rs✉s PS /N0 ❢♦r ✸ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ❆s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧②✱ t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✲ ❋✐❣✳ ✾✿ ❊r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ✈❡rs✉s ρ✳ ✐t② ✐s ❛♥ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❛❜❧❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡✇♦r❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛❧❧ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✐s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❜② ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✽✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✜❣✉r❡✱ t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛✲ ✺✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♣❛❝✐t② ❢♦r ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t ♠♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤✲ ♣✉t ❢♦r ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ♠♦❞❡ ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ r✐❣♦r♦✉s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ✈❛r✐♦✉s s❡tt✐♥❣s ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❆❋ ❤❛❧❢✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥❡t✲ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❋✐❣✳ ✾ ❛♥❞ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✵ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ✇♦r❦s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♠♣❧♦② t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ρ ❛♥❞ α ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ P❙❘ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛② t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ♥♦❞❡s✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♣❛♣❡rs t❤❛t ♦♥❧② ✾ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ρ t❤❛t ♠❛①✲ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s s❡♣❛r❛t❡❧②✱ ✐♠✐③❡s t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✳ ❆❧s♦✱ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❝✉r✈❡ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡s t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ♠❡t❤✲ t❡♥❞s t♦ s❤✐❢t ✉♣✇❛r❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ α ✐♥✲ ♦❞s ✐♥ ❛ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ❡♥❡r❣② ♣r♦✲ ❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ■♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✵✱ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t♦❝♦❧✳ ■t ✐s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❛t ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r♦♣❡r ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✷✽ ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ▼❛❣✲ ❛③✐♥❡✱ ✺✷✭✶✶✮✱ ✶✵✹✲✶✶✵✳ ❬✹❪ ❏✉✱ ▼✳✱ ❑❛♥❣✱ ❑✳ ▼✳✱ ❍✇❛♥❣✱ ❑✳ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❏❡♦♥❣✱ ❈✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❘❛t❡ ♦❢ P❙❘✴❚❙❘ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❊♥❡r❣② ❍❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❉❋✲❇❛s❡❞ ❘❡❧❛② ◆❡t✲ ✇♦r❦s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦♥ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❆r❡❛s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✸✸✭✶✷✮✱ ✷✼✵✶✲✷✼✶✼✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✵✿ ❊r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❚❙❘✲P❙❘ ✈❡rs✉s α✳ ♣♦✇❡r✲s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ t✐♠❡✲s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢❛❝✲ t♦rs✱ t❤✐s ❤②❜r✐❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❝❛♥ ♦✉t♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦♥❡s✳ ■♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤✲ ♣✉t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ✶✳✺ t✐♠❡s ❛t ❧♦✇ Ps /N0 ✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s✿ ❞❡❧❛②✲❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥s✐❣❤t❢✉❧ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠✲ ♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✲ ✈✐❞❡✳ ❆❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❜② ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ t❤❡ ❞♦♦r t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❤②❜r✐❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞ s❝❡✲ ♥❛r✐♦s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✐♠♣❛✐r♠❡♥t✳ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❬✶❪ ❱❛rs❤♥❡②✱ ▲✳ ❘✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✱ ❏✉❧②✮✳ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt✲ ✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❡r❣② s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧②✳ ■♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r②✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ■❙■❚ ✷✵✵✽✳ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ✭♣♣✳ ✶✻✶✷✲✶✻✶✻✮✳ ■❊❊❊✳ ❬✷❪ ❩❤❛♥❣✱ ❘✳✱ ✫ ❍♦✱ ❈✳ ❑✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ▼■▼❖ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st✐♥❣ ❢♦r s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✶✷✭✺✮✱ ✶✾✽✾✲✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✸❪ ❑r✐❦✐❞✐s✱ ■✳✱ ❚✐♠♦t❤❡♦✉✱ ❙✳✱ ◆✐❦♦❧❛♦✉✱ ❙✳✱ ❩❤❡♥❣✱ ●✳✱ ◆❣✱ ❉✳ ❲✳ ❑✳✱ ✫ ❙❝❤♦❜❡r✱ ❘✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❙✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛✲ ❬✺❪ ◆❛s✐r✱ ❆✳ ❆✳✱ ❩❤♦✉✱ ❳✳✱ ❉✉rr❛♥✐✱ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❑❡♥♥❡❞②✱ ❘✳ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❘❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✶✷✭✼✮✱ ✸✻✷✷✲ ✸✻✸✻✳ ❬✻❪ ◆❛s✐r✱ ❆✳ ❆✳✱ ❩❤♦✉✱ ❳✳✱ ❉✉rr❛♥✐✱ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❑❡♥♥❡❞②✱ ❘✳ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✱ ❏✉♥❡✮✳ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤✲ ♣✉t ❛♥❞ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❡♥✲ ❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❜❛s❡❞ ❉❋ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ■♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✭■❈❈✮✱ ✷✵✶✹ ■❊❊❊ ■♥✲ t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ✭♣♣✳ ✹✵✻✻✲✹✵✼✶✮✳ ■❊❊❊✳ ❬✼❪ ◆❣✉②❡♥✱ ❚✳ ◆✳✱ ❉♦✱ ❉✳ ❚✳✱ ❚r❛♥✱ P✳ ❚✳✱ ✫ ❱♦③➡á❦✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❚✐♠❡ s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❢✉❧❧✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✐♠♣❡r❢❡❝t ❈❙■ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❬✽❪ ◆❣✉②❡♥✱ ❚✳ ◆✳✱ ❚r❛♥✱ P✳ ❚✳✱ ❍♦❛♥❣✱ ❍✳ ●✳✱ ◆❣✉②❡♥✱ ❍✳ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❱♦③♥❛❦✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✱ ❉❡✲ ❝❡♠❜❡r✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲ ❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❤❛❧❢✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t✐♠❡ s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜❛s❡❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✐♠♣❛✐r♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ■♥✲ t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ■♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✭♣♣✳ ✹✷✶✲✹✸✵✮✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❈❤❛♠✳ ❬✾❪ ◆❣✉②❡♥✱ ❚✳ ◆✳✱ ❚r❛♥✱ P✳ ❚✳✱ ❱♦③♥❛❦✱ ▼✳✱ ✫ ❇❡❤❛♥✱ ▲✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✱ ❆♣r✐❧✮✳ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜❛s❡❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✲ ✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❢②✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❤❛❧❢✲❞✉♣❧❡① r❡✲ ❧❛②✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✐♠♣❛✐r♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ❘❛✲ ❞✐♦❡❧❡❦tr♦♥✐❦❛ ✭❘❆❉■❖❊▲❊❑❚❘❖◆■❑❆✮✱ ✷✵✶✼ ✷✼t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭♣♣✳ ✶✲ ✺✮✳ ■❊❊❊✳ ❬✶✵❪ ❍♦❛♥❣✱ ❚✳ ▼✳✱ ❉✉♦♥❣✱ ❚✳ ◗✳✱ ❱♦✱ ◆✳ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❑✉♥❞✉✱ ❈✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ P❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❧❛②❡r s❡❝✉✲ r✐t② ✐♥ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ♥❡t✲ ✇♦r❦s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❥❛♠♠❡r✳ ■❊❊❊ ❲✐r❡✲ ❧❡ss ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ▲❡tt❡rs✱ ✻✭✷✮✱ ✶✼✹✲✶✼✼✳ ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ✶✷✾ ❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷ | ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✷ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❏✉♥❡ ❬✶✶❪ P❛r❦✱ ❙✳✱ ❑✐♠✱ ❍✳✱ ✫ ❍♦♥❣✱ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❈♦❣✲ ❚❛♥ ◆✳ ◆●❯❨❊◆ ✇❛s ❜♦r♥ ✐♥ ✶✾✽✻ ✐♥ ◆❤❛ ♥✐t✐✈❡ r❛❞✐♦ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✇✐t❤ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✲ ❚r❛♥❣ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠✳ ❍❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❇✳❙✳ ❛♥❞ ▼✳❙✳ ✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❝♦♠✲ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ✐♥ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✶✷✭✸✮✱ ✶✸✽✻✲✶✸✾✼✳ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❬✶✷❪ ❊❧♠♦rs❤❡❞②✱ ▲✳✱ ▲❡✉♥❣✱ ❈✳✱ ✫ ▼♦✉s❛✈✐❢❛r✱ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✽ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✷✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ■♥ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❤❡ ❙✳ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✱ ▼❛②✮✳ ❘❋ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❥♦✐♥❡❞ t❤❡ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ✐♥ ❉❋ r❡❧❛② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❚♦♥ ❉✉❝ ❚❤❛♥❣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐♥❣ s✐❣♥❛❧✳ ■♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❛s ❛ ❧❡❝t✉r❡r✳ ❍❡ ✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ♣✉rs✉✐♥❣ ✭■❈❈✮✱ ✷✵✶✻ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❤✐s P❤✳❉✳ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✐♥ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛t ♦♥ ✭♣♣✳ ✶✲✻✮✳ ■❊❊❊✳ ❱❙❇ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❖str❛✈❛✱ ❈③❡❝❤ ❬✶✸❪ ❩❤♦♥❣✱ ❈✳✱ ❙✉r❛✇❡❡r❛✱ ❍✳ ❆✳✱ ❩❤❡♥❣✱ ●✳✱ ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝✳ ❍✐s ♠❛❥♦r ✐♥t❡r❡sts ❛r❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❑r✐❦✐❞✐s✱ ■✳✱ ✫ ❩❤❛♥❣✱ ❩✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❲✐r❡✲ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ r❛❞✐♦✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❧❡ss ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r ✇✐t❤ ❧❛②❡r s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❢✉❧❧ ❞✉♣❧❡① r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✻✷✭✶✵✮✱ ✸✹✹✼✲✸✹✻✶✳ ❬✶✹❪ ●r❛❞s❤t❡②♥✱ ■✳ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❘②③❤✐❦✱ ■✳ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧s✱ s❡r✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✱ s❡✈❡♥t❤ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✧✱ ❊❧s❡✲ ✈✐❡r✴❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ Pr❡ss✱ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♠✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ■❙❇◆✿ ✾✼✽✕✵✕✶✷✕✸✼✸✻✸✼✕✻❀ ✵✕✶✷✕✸✼✸✻✸✼✕✹✳ ❚r❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❘✉ss✐❛♥✱ ❚r❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡❞✐t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r❡❢❛❝❡ ❜② ❆❧❛♥ ❏❡✛r❡② ❛♥❞ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❩✇✐❧❧✲✐♥❣❡r✱ ❲✐t❤ ♦♥❡ ❈❉✲❘❖▼ ✭❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ▼❛❝✐♥t♦s❤ ❛♥❞ ❯◆■❳✮✳ ❆❜♦✉t ❆✉t❤♦rs ❚✳ ❚❘❆◆ ✭❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❛✉t❤♦r✮ ✇❛s ❜♦r♥ ✐♥ ✶✾✼✾ ✐♥ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t✲ ♥❛♠✳ ❍❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❇✳❊♥❣✳ ❛♥❞ ▼✳❊♥❣ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ✐♥ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✷ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✺✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ■♥ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❤❡ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❋♦✉♥❞❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❋❡❧❧♦✇ ❛t P✉r❞✉❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❯✳❙✳❆✳✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❤✐s P❤✳❉✳ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✐♥ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✸✳ ■♥ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❤❡ ❥♦✐♥❡❞ t❤❡ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❚♦♥ ❉✉❝ ❚❤❛♥❣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❛♥❞ s❡r✈❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❱✐❝❡ ❉❡❛♥ ♦❢ ❋❛❝✉❧t② s✐♥❝❡ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✶✹✳ ❍✐s ♠❛❥♦r ✐♥t❡r❡sts ❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡♦r②✳ P❤✉♦♥❣ ✶✸✵ ❱❖❩➀➪❑ ❜♦r♥ ✐♥ ✶✾✼✶ ✐s ❛♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❖str❛✈❛✱ ❈③❡❝❤ ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r❡✐❣♥ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✇✐t❤ ❚♦♥ ❉✉❝ ❚❤❛♥❣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✐♥ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❈✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠✳ ❍❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❤✐s P❤✳❉✳ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✐♥ t❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✷✵✵✷ ❛t t❤❡ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❖str❛✈❛✳ ❍❡ ✐s ❛ s❡♥✐♦r r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❝❡♥t❡r ■❚✹■♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❖str❛✈❛✱ ❈③❡❝❤ ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ❛ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❡❞✐t♦r✐❛❧ ❜♦❛r❞s ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧s ❛♥❞ ❜♦❛r❞s ♦❢ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ✐♥❢♦ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t http://voznak.eu✳ ❚♦♣✐❝s ♦❢ ❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥t❡r❡sts ❛r❡ ■P t❡❧❡♣❤♦♥②✱ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ s♣❡❡❝❤ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ▼✐r♦s❧❛✈ "This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0)." ❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮ ... an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original

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Mục lục

  • Introduction

  • System Model

    • Energy Harvesting Phase

    • Information Transmission Phase

    • Performance Analysis

      • Delay-limited Transmissions

      • Delay-tolerant Transmission

      • Numerical Analysis

        • Delay-limited transmission

        • Delay-tolerant transmission

        • Conclusion

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