Lecture Project management: A managerial approach – Chapter 11: Project control

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Lecture Project management: A managerial approach – Chapter 11: Project control

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Chapter 11 then describes the control process in project management software. Chapter 11 then describes the control process in project management - keeping the project under control and bringing it back into alignment with plans when our monitoring shows that it is delivering.

Chapter 11 Project Control Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Focus of Control    Scope Cost Time 11­2 Scope  Technical problems  Technical difficulties  Quality problems  Client wants changes  Interfunctional complications  Technological breakthroughs  Intrateam conflict  Market changes 11­3 Cost  Difficulties may need more resources  Scope may increase  Initial bid was too low  Reporting was poor  Budget was inadequate  Correction not on time  Input price changed 11­4 Time  Difficulties took longer than planned to  solve  Initial estimates were optimistic  Sequencing was incorrect  Unavailable resources  Preceding tasks were incomplete  Change orders  Governmental regulations were altered 11­5 The Fundamental Purposes of Control The regulation of results through the  alteration of activities The stewardship of organizational  assets 11­6 Physical Asset Control  Control over the use of physical assets  Includes preventive and corrective  maintenance  Must also control inventory 11­7 Human Resource Control  Controlling and maintaining the growth of  people  People working on projects can gain a  wide range of experience  Measurement of human resource  conservation is difficult  Performance appraisals and other  measures are not satisfactory devices 11­8 Financial Resource Control  Current asset control  Project budget  Capital investment control  Techniques same as those applied to general  operation of the firm  Context is different because project is  accountable to an outsider  Must exercise due diligence over resources  owned by the client 11­9 Three Types of Control Processes    Cybernetic control Go/no­go control Post control 11­10 Critical Ratio Control Charts  Made up of two parts:  – – Ratio of actual progress to scheduled  progress Ratio of budgeted cost to actual cost  Caeteris paribus Critical ratio actual progress schedule progress budgeted cost actual cost 11­21 Critical Ratio Control Chart 11­22 Critical Ratio Control Charts 11­23 Benchmarking  making comparisons to “best in class”  practices across organizations  11­24 Benchmarking Best Practices Promoting the benefits of project  management Personnel Methodology Results of project management On­course improvement in project  management practices 11­25 Control of Change and Scope Creep     Uncertainty about the technology Increase in the knowledge base or  sophistication Modification of the rules applying to the  project Coping with changes is perceived as the  most important problem facing project  managers 11­26 Purpose of Formal Change Control  System  Review all changes  Identify all task impacts  Translate impacts into scope, cost, and  schedule  Evaluate the benefits and costs 11­27 Purpose of Formal Change Control  System Continued  Identify alternative changes  Accept or reject  Communicate  Ensure implementation  Report 11­28 Guidelines for an Effective Change  Control Procedure      Include change process in all  agreements Issue a change order for all approved  changes Project manager must be consulted Changes must be approved in writing Master plan must be amended 11­29 Control: A Primary Function of  Management  Control is usually exercised through  people  Control is exercised when monitoring  flags a problem  The control may come from any level of  management  The goal of the control is to get the  project back on track 11­30 Human Response to Controls  Cybernetic controls – Response tends to be positive  Go/no­go controls – Response tends to be neutral or negative  Post controls – – Seen as a report card Response depends on “grade” 11­31 Balance in a Control System      Placing too much weight on easy­to­ measure factors Emphasizing shorter­run results at the  expense of longer­run objectives Ignoring changes in the environment or  goals Overcontrol by the top management “If it is not measured, it is not important” 11­32 Controlling Creative Activities Creativity is hard to control Too much control will stifle creativity Three general approaches    – – – Process Review Personnel Reassignment Control of Input Resources 11­33 Formal Change Control System  Review requests for changes  Identify impacts  Translate impacts to plan  Evaluate cost and benefits  Identify alternative changes  Accept or reject  Communicate  Ensure implementation  Report 11­34 Change Guidelines      All contracts specify how change will be  handled Any change requires a change order Project manager must be consulted Must be approved in writing Master plan should reflect changes 11­35 ... Testing to see if some preset condition  has been met  Most of project management is go/no­go  controls  Use cannot be based on the calendar – – – Some will take place at milestones Some will take place when work packages  are completed... Issue a change order for all approved  changes Project manager must be consulted Changes must be approved in writing Master plan must be amended 11­29 Control: A Primary Function of  Management  Control is usually exercised through ... progress Ratio of budgeted cost to actual cost  Caeteris paribus Critical ratio actual progress schedule progress budgeted cost actual cost 11­21 Critical Ratio Control Chart 11­22 Critical Ratio Control Charts

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Mục lục

    The Fundamental Purposes of Control

    Three Types of Control Processes

    A Cybernetic Control System

    Information Requirements for Cybernetic Controllers

    Go/No-go Controls Continued

    The Design of Control Systems

    Characteristics of a Good Control System

    Critical Ratio Control Charts

    Critical Ratio Control Chart

    Control of Change and Scope Creep

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