Lecture Principles of microeconomics - Chapter 11: Public goods and common resources

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Lecture Principles of microeconomics - Chapter 11: Public goods and common resources

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In this chapter we examine the problems that arise for goods without market prices. After completing this chapter, students will be able to: Learn the defining characteristics of public goods and common resources, examine why private markets fail to provide public goods, consider some of the important public goods in our economy,...

Public Goods and Common Resources Chapter 11 Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc All rights reserved.   Requests for permission to make copies of any part of  the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, “The best things in life are free .” Free goods provide a special challenge for  economic analysis Most goods in our economy are allocated  in markets… …for these goods, prices are the  signals that guide the decisions of  buyers and sellers Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc “The best things in life are free .” When goods are free, people do  not have the incentive to produce Market forces are absent Government must step in Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc The Different Kinds of Goods When thinking about the various  goods in the economy, it is useful to  group them according to two  characteristics:  Is the good excludable?  Is the good rival? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc The Different Kinds of Goods Excludability People can be prevented from enjoying  the good Laws recognize and enforce private  property rights Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc The Different Kinds of Goods  Rivalness One person’s use of the good  diminishes another person’s  enjoyment of it.   Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Four Types of Goods Private Goods Public Goods Common Resources Natural Monopolies Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Types of Goods Private Goods Are both excludable and rival Public Goods Are neither excludable nor rival Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Types of Goods Common Resources Are rival but not excludable Natural Monopolies Are excludable but not rival Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Types of Goods Rival? Yes  Private Goods   Yes  Excludable? No  Ice­cream cones  Clothing  Congested toll roads  No Natural Monopolies   Fire protection  Cable TV  Uncongested toll  roads  Common Resources  Public Goods  Fish in the ocean  The environment  Congested nontoll  roads    Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc National defense  Knowledge  Uncongested nontoll  roads  The Free-Rider Problem A free­rider is a person who  receives the benefit of a good  but avoids paying for it Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc The Free-Rider Problem Since people cannot be excluded from  enjoying the benefits of a public good,  individuals may withhold paying for  the good hoping that others will pay  for it The free­rider problem prevents  private markets from supplying  public goods Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Solving the Free-Rider Problem The government can decide to provide  the public good if the total benefits  exceed the costs The government can make everyone  better off by providing the public good  and paying for it with tax revenue Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Some Important Public Goods National Defense Basic Research Programs to Fight Poverty Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Are Lighthouses Public Goods? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Cost-Benefit Analysis In order to decide whether to provide a  public good or not, the total benefits of all  those who use the good must be compared  to the costs of providing and maintaining  the public good Cost benefit analysis estimates the total  costs and benefits of a good to society as a  whole Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Cost-Benefit Analysis A cost­benefit analysis would be used to  estimate the total costs and benefits of the  project to society as a whole It is difficult to do because of the absence of  prices needed to estimate social benefits and  resource costs The value of life, the consumer’s time, and  aesthetics are difficult to assess Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Common Resources Common resources, like public  goods, are not excludable. They are  available free of charge to anyone  who wishes to use them Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Common Resources Common resources are rival  goods because one person’s use  of the common resource reduces  other people’s use Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Tragedy of the Commons The Tragedy of the Commons is a story  with a general lesson:  When one person  uses a common resource, he or she  diminishes another person’s enjoyment  of it Common resources tend to be used  excessively when individuals are not  charged for their usage.  This creates a negative externality Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Examples of Common Resources Clean air and water Oil pools Congested roads Fish, whales, and other wildlife Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Why Isn’t the Cow Extinct? (As opposed to other animals!) Private Ownership and the Profit Motive! Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Importance of Property Rights The market fails to allocate resources  efficiently when property rights are  not well­established (i.e. some item of  value does not have an owner with the  legal authority to control it) Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Importance of Property Rights When the absence of property  rights causes a market failure, the  government can potentially solve  the problem Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc ... Types of Goods Private Goods Are both excludable and rival Public Goods Are neither excludable nor rival Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Types of Goods Common Resources. .. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Four Types of Goods Private Goods Public Goods Common Resources Natural Monopolies Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc... The value of life, the consumer’s time, and aesthetics are difficult to assess Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc Common Resources Common resources,  like public goods,  are not excludable. They are 

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Mục lục

  • Public Goods and Common Resources

  • “The best things in life are free. . .”

  • Slide 3

  • The Different Kinds of Goods

  • Slide 5

  • Slide 6

  • Four Types of Goods

  • Types of Goods

  • Slide 9

  • Slide 10

  • The Free-Rider Problem

  • Slide 12

  • Solving the Free-Rider Problem

  • Some Important Public Goods

  • Are Lighthouses Public Goods?

  • Cost-Benefit Analysis

  • Slide 17

  • Common Resources

  • Slide 19

  • Tragedy of the Commons

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