After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Explain how gross domestic product (GDP) is defined and measured; describe the relationships among GDP, net domestic product, national income, personal income, and disposable income; discuss the nature and function of a GDP price index, and describe the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP; list and explain some limitations of the GDP measure.
07 MeasuringDomesticOutputandNational Income McGrawưHill/Irwin Copyrightâ2012byTheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved AssessingtheEconomysPerformance National Income Accounting measures • LO1 economy’s overall performance Bureau of Economic Analysis compiles National Income and Product Accounts • Assess health of economy • Track long run course • Formulate policy 7-2 Gross Domestic Product • Measure of aggregate output • Monetary measure • Avoid multiple counting • Market value final goods • Ignore intermediate goods • Count value added LO1 7-3 Gross Domestic Product • Exclude financial transactions • Public transfer payments • Private transfer payments • Stock (and bond) market • LO1 transactions Exclude second hand sales • Sell used car to a friend 7-4 Two Approaches to GDP • Income approach • Count income derived from • LO2 production • Wages, rental income, interest income, profit Expenditure approach • Count sum of money spent buying the final goods • Who buys the goods? 7-5 Two Approaches to GDP Expenditures or Output Approach Income or Allocations Approach Consumption by Households Wages Investment by Businesses Rents + + Government Purchases + Expenditures By Foreigners LO2 G = D= P + + + + Interest Profits Statistical Adjustments 7-6 Expenditures Approach • Personal consumption expenditures (C) • Durable consumer goods • Nondurable consumer goods • Consumer expenditures for services • Domestic plus foreign goods produced LO2 7-7 Expenditures Approach • Gross private domestic investment (Ig) • Machinery, equipment, and tools • All construction • Changes in inventories • Creation of new capital assets • Noninvestment transactions excluded LO2 7-8 Expenditures Approach • Government purchases (G) • Expenditures for goods and services • Expenditures for publicly owned capital • Excludes transfer payments • Net exports (Xn) • Add exported goods • Subtract imported goods • Xn = exports – imports • GDP = C + Ig + G + Xn LO2 7-9 U.S. Economy 2009 In Billions Receipts Expenditures Approach Allocations Income Approach Personal Consumption (C) $10,089 Compensation $ 7792 Gross Private Domestic Rents 268 788 Investment (Ig) 1628 Interest Government Purchases (G) 2931 Proprietor’s Income 1041 Net Exports (Xn) -392 Corporate Profits 1309 Taxes on Production and Imports National Income 1090 $12,288 Net Foreign Factor Income (-) 105 Statistical Discrepancy (+) 209 Consumption of Fixed Capital (+) Gross Domestic Product $ 14,256 LO2 Gross Domestic Product 1864 $ 14,256 7-10 Comparative GDP LO2 7-11 The Income Approach • Compensation of employees • Rents • Interest • Proprietor’s income • Corporate profits • Corporate income taxes • Dividends • Undistributed corporate profits • Taxes on production and imports LO2 7-12 The Income Approach LO2 • From national income to GDP • Subtract net foreign factor income • Statistical discrepancy • Consumption of fixed capital • Other national accounts • Net domestic product (NDP) • National income (NI) • Personal income (PI) • Disposable income (DI) 7-13 U.S. Income Relationships 2009 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Less: Consumption of Fixed Capital Equals: Net Domestic Product (NDP) Less: Statistical Discrepancy Plus: Net Foreign Factor Income Equals: National Income (NI) Less: Taxes on Production and Imports Less: Social Security Contributions Less: Corporate Income Taxes Less: Undistributed Corporate Profits Plus: Transfer Payments Equals: Personal Income (PI) Less: Personal Taxes Equals: Disposable Income (DI) LO2 $ 14,256 1864 $ 12,392 209 105 $ 12,288 1090 967 315 418 2528 $ 12,026 1102 $ 10,924 7-14 Nominal vs. Real GDP • GDP is a dollar measure of • • • LO3 production Using dollar values creates problems Nominal GDP • Use prevailing price Real GDP • Reflect changes in price • Use base year price 7-15 GDP Price Index • Use price index to determine real GDP Price Index in Given Year Real GDP LO3 = = Price of Market Basket in Specific Year Price of Same Basket in Base Year x 100 Nominal GDP Price Index (in hundredths) 7-16 Shortcomings of GDP • Nonmarket activities • Leisure • Improved product quality • The underground economy • GDP and the environment • Composition and distribution of the • LO4 output Noneconomic sources of well-being 7-17 Underground Economy LO4 7-18 ... capital • Other national accounts • Net domestic product (NDP) • National income (NI) • Personal income (PI) • Disposable income (DI) 7-1 3 U.S. Income Relationships 2009 Gross Domestic Product... Corporate income taxes • Dividends • Undistributed corporate profits • Taxes on production and imports LO2 7-1 2 The Income Approach LO2 • From national income to GDP • Subtract net foreign factor income. .. Purchases (G) 2931 Proprietor’s Income 1041 Net Exports (Xn) -3 92 Corporate Profits 1309 Taxes on Production and Imports National Income 1090 $12,288 Net Foreign Factor Income (-) 105 Statistical Discrepancy