Lecture Development economics - Lecture 4: Measuring economic growth and development

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Lecture Development economics - Lecture 4: Measuring economic growth and development

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In this chapter, students will be able to understand: State some comparative statistics on rich and poor countries, differentiate growth from development and explain how those differences affect macroeconomic policy, explain the particular problems of monetary policy in a developing country context, list seven obstacles facing developing countries.

Lecture 4 Measuring Economic Growth  and Development The Process of Economic Development • • • • • • • • • • • Is Development synonymous simply with  Economic Growth? Different Development Goals of Society  Equality of opportunity Rising income and standard of living Equity in the distribution of income and wealth Political democracy and wide­spread participation Expanded role for women, minorities and all social classes  in public life Increased opportunities for education and self­ improvement Expanded availability of and improvements in health care Public and private safety nets to protect the vulnerable A clean and healthy environment Efficient, competent and fairly administered public sector A reasonable degree of competition in the private sector High­quality growth  • Over the 1990s, the IMF seemed slowly to be learning from  the criticisms of its policies  • Now, the IMF sees itself as promoting so­called `high­quality  growth’,  • • “defined as growth that is sustainable, brings lasting gains in employment  and living standards and reduces poverty.  High­quality growth should  promote greater equity and equality of opportunity. It should respect  human freedom and protect the environment. Obviously, growth cannot  be high quality   if it does not benefit fully, tangibly, and equitably a  group that constitutes more than one half the population of the world and  still bears the primary responsibility for the care, nutrition, and education  of the world’s children.  Achieving high­quality growth depends,  therefore, not only on pursuing sound economic policies, but also on  implementing a broad range of social policies.” IMF(1995) Measuring Economic Growth and  Development What is the criterion for development? 1. The economic growth / income criterion:  GNP, GDP, rate of growth • Simple and easy to use • Yet does it really capture development? 2. The indicators criterion:  e.g. Human Development Index (HDI), PI, GDI, GPI  • More comprehensive and realisitc • Yet difficult to measure and use for international  comparisons The economic growth  or economic income criterion Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of all  income (= value of final output) accruing to residents of a  country, regardless of the sources of that income Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all  income (= value of final output) created within the borders  of a country, regardless of whether the ultimate recipient  of that income resides within or outside the country Difference between GNP vs. GDP • • • • • If an economy were closed, GNP = GDP with capital & labor flows across borders, GNP & GDP  diverge from one another.  – profits – dividends – interest payments – worker  remittances net income from the rest of the world= income flows  into the country from the ROW – income leakages from  the country to the ROW If inflows > outflows, then GNP > GDP If inflows  GNP Table 2.1 GDP and GNI comparisons, selected nations, 1990 & 2006          Algeria Argentina Bangladesh Bolivia Botswana Brazil Cambodia Chile China Côte d’Ivoire Costa Rica Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Guatemala Haiti India Indonesia J amaica Kenya Korea (Rep.) Malaysia Mexico Mozambique Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Rwanda Sri Lanka Sudan Thailand Venezuela Vietnam Population           Total                                        (millions)        GDPa  1990      2006    1990   2006  25.3 33.3 62.0 114.7 32.6 39.1 141.4 214.1 104.0 144.3 30.1 62.0 6.7 9.3 4.9 11.2 1.4 1.8 3.8 10.3 149.4 188.7 462.0 1,068.0 9.7 14.4 1.1 7.2 13.2 16.5 31.6 145.8 1,135.2 1,311.8 354.6 2,668.1 12.7 18.5 10.8 17.5 3.1 4.4 7.4 22.1 55.7 75.4 43.1 107.5 51.2 72.7 12.1 13.3 15.5 22.5 5.9 12.9 8.9 12.9 7.7 35.3 6.9 8.6 2.9 5.0 849.5 1,109.8 316.9 906.3 178.2 223.0 114.4 364.5 2.4 2.7 4.6 10.5 23.4 35.1 8.6 21.2 42.9 48.4 263.8 888.0 17.8 25.8 44.0 148.9 83.2 104.2 262.7 839.2 13.4 20.1 2.5 7.6 94.5 144.7 28.5 114.7 108.0 159.0 40.0 128.8 61.1 84.6 44.3 116.9 7.1 9.2 2.6 2.5 17.0 19.8 8.0 27.0 26.1 37.0 13.2 37.6 54.6 64.7 85.3 206.2 19.8 27.0 47.0 181.9 66.2 84.1 6.5 60.9      Total     GDP/GNI GNI per capita                 GNIa        g a p b                    ( $ )     9         0                  0       9 0   60.0 107.3 7.4 2,371 3,218 135.2 208.6 5.4 4,148 5,333 30.8 65.4 -3.5 296 453 4.6 10.8 0.4 694 1,156 3.7 9.7 0.7 2,580 5,498 449.7 1,038.4 29.5 3,010 5,503 1.1 6.9 0.3 114 481 29.8 129.8 16.0 2,261 7,892 355.7 2,694.8 -26.8 313 2,054 9.2 16.0 1.5 728 865 7.2 21.4 0.8 2,325 4,870 42.0 108.0 -0.5 755 1,433 12.0 13.3 0.0 235 183 5.8 12.8 0.1 373 569 7.5 35.3 0.0 843 2,735 2.8 4.3 0.6 413 501 312.7 900.9 5.3 368 812 109.2 348.7 15.7 613 1,563 4.2 9.4 1.1 1,740 3,525 8.2 20.9 0.3 351 596 263.6 888.0 0.0 6,149 18,340 42.2 144.2 4.7 2,362 5,596 254.1 830.7 8.5 3,053 7,970 2.3 6.9 0.7 173 344 25.6 103.3 11.4 271 713 41.7 126.2 2.7 387 793 44.1 127.8 -10.9 721 1,511 2.6 2.5 0.0 362 268 7.9 26.6 0.4 462 1,344 12.4 34.2 3.4 476 925 84.3 202.1 4.1 1,542 3,122 46.3 180.4 1.5 2,342 6,676 6.1 59.4 1.5 92 706 a billions of US dollars b GDP/GNI gap = GDP – GNI, in billions of US dollars.  A positive value means that GDP > GNI; a negative value indicates that  GNI > GDP Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations: Five Necessary Adjustments 1. Adjusting for Population Size GNP per capita  =  GNP                                        total population GDP per capita  =  GDP                                        total population % change GNI per capita = %  (total GNI/total population)  = %  total GNI – %   population  • Caution: this an identity, no causal relation – not correct to infer from this equation that slow population growth  causes a faster rate of growth of income per person or that rapid  population growth causes slower growth in income per person.  Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations: Five Necessary Adjustments 2. Adjusting for Nominal Income Total nominal GDP =  i=1n PiQi n :the no. goods and services produced;  P the price of each good Q the quantity of each good Real GDP at base year’s prices 2008 GDP at 1992 prices =  i=1 n  Pi,1992 Qi,2008 Alternatively: Real GDP = nominal GDP / GDP deflator total nominal GDP in 2008 = US$3,337 million,  the price index for 2008 (deflator)= 331.7  1992, the base year deflator = 100  Then 2008 total GDP  x 100  =  US$3,337 million   x 100             2008 Price Index                     331.7 = US$1,006 million Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations: Five Necessary Adjustments Accounting for Income Distribution: Gini Coefficient hypothetical income distribution for a country: Accounting for Income Distribution:Gini Coefficient The Gini coefficient = area A/ area(A+B) percentage of income X % of families receive exactly X % of income  10% of the population receive 10% of the income dispersion of actual income  distribution what would be a  perfectly equal distribution   percentage of population Table 2.3 Income distribution, selected economies  Country      Algeria (1995)     Poorest 20%          7.0 R iches t 20%          42.6 R i ches t   %a       Gini  Poores t  20%      coeffi ci ent   6.1 35.3 Argentina (2004) Bangladesh (2000) Botswana (1993) Brazil (2004) Chile (2003) China (2004) Côte d’Ivoire (2002) Egypt (1999-2000) Ethiopia (1999-2000) Ghana (1998-99) Guatemala (2002) India (2004-05) Indonesia (2002) Jamaica (2004) Kenya (1997) Korea (1998) Malaysia (1997) Mexico (2004) Morocco (1998–99) Mozambique (2002-03) Pakistan (2002) Philippines (2003) Rwanda (2000) Thailand (2002) Venezuela (2003) Vietnam(2004) 3.1 8.6 3.2 2.8 3.8 4.3 5.2 8.6 9.1 5.6 2.9 8.1 8.4 5.3 6.0 7.9 4.4 4.3 6.5 5.4 9.3 5.4 5.3 6.3 3.3 4.2 55.4 42.7 65.1 61.1 60.0 51.9 50.7 43.6 39.4 46.6 59.5 45.3 45.3 51.6 49.1 37.5 54.3 55.1 46.6 53.6 40.3 50.6 53.0 49.0 52.1 44.3 7.9 5.0 20.3 21.8 15.8 12.1 9.8 5.1 4.3 8.3 20.5 5.6 5.4 9.7 8.2 4.7 12.3 12.8 7.2 9.9 4.3 9.4 10.0 7.8 15.8 10.5 51.3 33.4 60.5 57.0 54.9 46.9 44.6 29.5 25.5 40.8 55.1 36.8 34.3 45.5 42.5 31.6 49.2 46.1 39.5 47.3 30.6 44.5 46.8 42.0 48.2 34.4 Japan (1993) US (2000) 10.6 5.4 35.7 45.8 3.4 8.5 24.9 40.8 a Share of total income (or, for some economies, consumption) received by the richest 20 percent of the population divided by  the share of total income (or consumption) received by the poorest 20 percent of the population Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations: Necessary Adjustments Accounting for value of home or non­ market production – Non­market activities left out:  • Home­baked cake vs. market bought cake • Kindergarten care vs. home care • Cleaning lady vs. self­cleaning – Mostly women’s work –invisible work – Yet very important  • Women’s unpaid activities estimated around 50% of global  GDP • they account for an important share of a population’s  consumption contributing to higher life standards.  • After all isn’t this what development is all about? Higher life  standards Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations: Necessary Adjustments • Accounting for environmental destruction:  • A number of productive activities that detract from quality of life,  – production of military weapons – operations that cause environmental destruction of forests,  – production processes that  • spew toxic wastes into the air and water and then force society to  pay for their clean­up or  • which create health problems requiring remediation  These are still counted as positive contributions to the measured  level of GNP and GDP • Rather than adding to welfare, actually these are negative  externalities of the production process • economists have developed some alternative measures of  economic welfare   International Comparisons of Income:  Purchasing Power Parity • Qi,m = output vector of all newly produced final goods or  services i, in country M • Pi,us = price vector for goods and services i in US prices • As such PPP measure provides the estimated value of  Mozambique’s physical output and income weighted by  the prices for such goods and services prevailing in the  U.S Table 2.4 The purchasing power parity (PPP) measure of GNI per capita GNI per capita at official exchange rate, 2005 PPP GNI per capita, 2005 Algeria Argentina Bangladesh Botswana Brazil Chile China Côte d’Ivoire Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Guatemala Haiti India Indonesia Jamaica Kenya Korea Malaysia Mexico Morocco Mozambique Pakistan Philippines Thailand Rwanda Venezuela Vietnam 2,730 4,470 470 5,590 3,550 5,870 1,740 870 1,260 160 450 2,400 450 730 1,280 3,390 540 15,840 4,970 7,310 1,740 310 690 1,320 2,720 230 4,820 620 6,770 13,920 2,090 10,250 8,230 11,470 6,600 1,490 4,440 1,000 2,370 4,410 1,840 3,460 3,720 4,110 1,170 21,850 10,320 10,030 4,360 1,270 2,350 5,300 8,440 1,320 6,440 3,010 Ireland Japan 41,140 38,950 34,720 31,410 Source:  World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007: Table 1.1, pp. 14­16 Measuring Economic Growth and  Development What is the criterion for development? 1. The economic growth / income criterion • Simple and easy to use • Yet does it really capture development? 2. The indicators criterion  • More comprehensive and realistic • Yet difficult to measure and use for  international comparisons The Indicators Criterion of  Development • Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW) • Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) • Human Development Index (HDI) “longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard  of living” • Gender­related Development Index  (GDI) • Human Poverty Index Human Development Index HDI = 1/3 L + 1/3 E + 1/3 Y E = Educational attainment L = Life Expectancy  Y = Income xi = E, L, Y xi = actual value of xi – minimum value of xi        maximum value of xi – minimum value of xi E = 2/3 adult literacy rate (A) + 1/3 combined enrollment ratio (C) max E = 100%; min E = 0% min L= 25 yrs; max L = 85 yrs Y = log (PPP measure of GDP per capita) – log (100) log (40,000) – log (100) Calculation of the HDI  Example: Albania 2001 L = 73.4 – 25  = 0.807          85 – 25 A = 85.3 – 0  = 0.853    100 – 0 C = 69 – 0 = 0.690        100­0 E = 2/3(0.853) + 1/3 (0.690) = 0.798 Y = log(3680) – log(100) = 0.602       log(40,000) – log (100)  HDI = 1/3 L + 1/3 E + 1/3 Y   = 1/3 (0.807) + 1/3 (0.798) + 1/3 (0.602)  = 0.735 Adjustments to the HDI • The gender­related development index: GDI  – takes into account the differences between women and  men on the values of the indicators that enter the HDI.  – All countries do worse as reflected in the deterioration  of their HDI as converted into GDI • The human poverty index: HPI  – corrects for another weakness of HDI in that it does not  show what’s happening to the poorest members of  society.  – slightly different variables in the index – e.g. % of  people not using improved water sources; % of children  under five who are underweight, etc Table 2.5 Human development index (HDI) and GDI, selected countries, 1990 & 2004                 HDI value            1990  2004  High Human  Development (HDI > 0.800 in 2004)  Australia 0.893 0.957 J apan 0.914 0.949 United States 0.917 0.948 United Kingdom 0.889 0.940 Singapore 0.823 0.916 Korea 0.823 0.912 Argentina 0.813 0.863 Chile 0.787 0.859 Costa Rica 0.793 0.841 United Arab Emirates 0.810 0.839 Mexico 0.766 0.821 Malaysia 0.723 0.805 HDI ranka          PPPGDP ranking­HDI Rankingb    2004           2004  18 25 26 36 38 48 49 53 61 Medium Human  Development (0.500

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Mục lục

  • Lecture 4 Measuring Economic Growth and Development

  • Is Development synonymous simply with Economic Growth? Different Development Goals of Society

  • High-quality growth

  • Measuring Economic Growth and Development

  • The economic growth or economic income criterion

  • Difference between GNP vs. GDP

  • Slide 7

  • Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations: Five Necessary Adjustments

  • Slide 9

  • Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations: Five Necessary Adjustments Accounting for Income Distribution: Gini Coefficient

  • Accounting for Income Distribution:Gini Coefficient

  • Slide 12

  • Using GNP or GDP for Ranking Nations: Necessary Adjustments

  • Slide 14

  • International Comparisons of Income: Purchasing Power Parity

  • Slide 16

  • Slide 17

  • The Indicators Criterion of Development

  • Human Development Index

  • Calculation of the HDI Example: Albania 2001

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