Changes in oxygen saturation (SpO2) exposure have been shown to have a marked impact on neonatal outcomes and therefore careful titration of inspired oxygen is essential. In routine use, however, the frequency of SpO2 alarms not requiring intervention results in alarm fatigue and its corresponding risk. SpO2 control systems that automate oxygen adjustments (Auto-FiO2) have been shown to be safe and effective.
Warakomska et al BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:142 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1496-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Evaluation of two SpO2 alarm strategies during automated FiO2 control in the NICU: a randomized crossover study Malgorzata Warakomska1, Thomas E Bachman2 and Maria Wilinska3* Abstract Background: Changes in oxygen saturation (SpO2) exposure have been shown to have a marked impact on neonatal outcomes and therefore careful titration of inspired oxygen is essential In routine use, however, the frequency of SpO2 alarms not requiring intervention results in alarm fatigue and its corresponding risk SpO2 control systems that automate oxygen adjustments (Auto-FiO2) have been shown to be safe and effective We speculated that when using Auto-FiO2, alarm settings could be refined to reduce unnecessary alarms, without compromising safety Methods: An unblinded randomized crossover study was conducted in a single NICU among infants routinely managed with Auto-FiO2 During the first days of respiratory support a tight and a loose alarm strategy were switched each 24 h A balanced block randomization was used The tight strategy set the alarms at the prescribed SpO2 target range, with a 30-s delay The loose strategy set the alarms wider, with a 90-s delay The effectiveness outcome was the frequency of SpO2 alarms, and the safety outcomes were time at SpO2 extremes (< 80, > 98%) We hypothesized that the loose strategy would result in a marked decrease in the frequency of SpO2 alarms, and no increases at SpO2 extremes with 20 subjects Within subject differences between alarm strategies for the primary outcomes were evaluated with Wilcoxon signed-rank test Results: During a 13-month period 26 neonates were randomized The analysis included 21 subjects with 49 days of both tight and loose intervention The loose alarm strategy resulted in a reduction in the median rate of SpO2 alarms from 5.2 to 1.6 per hour (p < 0.001, 95%-CI difference 1.6–3.7) The incidence of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia were very low (less than 0.1%-time) with no difference associated with the alarm strategy (95%-CI difference less than 0.0–0.2%) Conclusions: In this group of infants we found a marked advantage of the looser alarm strategy We conclude that the paradigms of alarm strategies used for manual titration of oxygen need to be reconsidered when using Auto-FiO2 We speculate that with optimal settings false positive SpO2 alarms can be minimized, with better vigilance of clinically relevant alarms Trial registration: Retrospectively registered 15 May 2018 at ISRCTN (49239883) Keywords: Oxygen saturation, Alarm fatigue, Automated oxygen control * Correspondence: wilinska.maria@gmail.com Department of Neonatology, Centre of Medical Postgraduate Education, 231 Czerniakowska str, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated Warakomska et al BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:142 Background Pulse oximetry (SpO2) is the standard of care for monitoring oxygenation in the NICU [1, 2] Changes in SpO2 exposure, particularly extremes associated with hypoxemia and hyperoxemia are associated with marked changes in morbidity and mortality [3] Notwithstanding its utility, nurses find managing SpO2 levels challenging [4–11] Frequent false positive SpO2 swings are associated with motion artifact and erratic poor perfusion In addition to these artifacts, excursions outside the desired SpO2 target range are often transient and not require intervention For these reasons, in the NICU, SpO2 alarms are the most prevalent and also the most often ignored by nurses [4] Alarm fatigue is defined as becoming desensitized to alarms as a result of frequent non-actionable alarms It is considered a major hazard in the ICU [7, 8] While selection of proper SpO2 alarm settings has been proposed as a mitigating solution [8–10] to excess alarms, this is a trade-off Creation of alarm fatigue with its associated loss of vigilance must be balanced with the risk of missing or delaying response to clinically relevant events There is some evidence that setting alarms tightly can result in better SpO2 control [2] This is perhaps true in clinical studies, but others contend looser settings are more appropriated for routine care [1] Finally situational improvisation by nurses, both from unit alarm guidelines for alarm settings and from desirable alarm response, is common [6, 11] Automated FiO2 control systems (Auto-FiO2) have become available and have been shown to be safe and effective [12] Importantly with the advent of Auto-FiO2 a different paradigm is relevant when considering SpO2 alarm strategies During periods of manual titration of FiO2, the alarms serve to alert the nurse that a change in FiO2 should be considered During Auto-FiO2, the system is making reasoned adjustments to the FiO2 continuously Alarms serve rather to alert the nurse that despite these FiO2 adjustments, SpO2 readings are still compromised and therefore other interventions should be considered Interventions might include moving the SpO2 sensor, arousing the infant, or perhaps adjusting the baseline FiO2 When using Auto-FiO2 the need to adjust the FiO2 is infrequent, generally only a few times per day With such infrequent need to adjust the FiO2, another potential hazard is created, over reliance on automation We previously reported on the first year’s experience with routine use of Auto-FiO2 at centers in Poland [13] One finding was that looser alarm settings reduced the perception of excessive alarms Nevertheless in considering this finding we realized that the opportunity of reducing alarms not needing intervention must also be balanced with the risk of over reliance on automation and missing relevant events The aim of this prospective controlled study was to determine whether a loose alarm strategy could significantly Page of reduce SpO2 alarm frequency without increasing over reliance on automation resulting in an increased exposure to SpO2 extremes Methods This was a single center study, conducted at the Independent Public Clinical Hospital of Prof W Orlowski, in Warsaw Poland The NICU is a tertiary care unit, with beds, and 250 annual admissions, of which 96% are inborn After reviews of the protocol, the parent information sheet and the Informed Consent document, the study was approved by the institution’s Research Bioethics Committee At the time of the study, and for several prior years, the unit used only one type of mechanical ventilator (AVEA, Vyaire, Yorba Linda, CA, USA) All ventilators included the Auto-FiO2 option (CLiO2) The standard practice was to routinely use the Auto-FiO2 system when infants were initially intubated, and required supplemental oxygen The system is also capable of noninvasive support and was used sometimes when infants were transitioning from intubation, and also later in their course of treatment, in the case of exacerbation and prevalent desaturations This was a crossover study of two alarm strategies, tight and loose It started on the first day of life or on initiation of support with the Auto-FiO2 system and ended with a transition from respiratory support or after days, whichever occurred first Assignment to the alarm strategy for the first day was randomized, and then switched every 24 h Infants were eligible for the study dependent on an anticipated duration of at least days of respiratory support with the Auto-FiO2 system, written informed consent, and the availability of the research team The initial alarm strategy was assigned based on a balanced block (4) table There was no blinding of the prospective or actual intervention The SpO2 target range, set on the Auto-FiO2 system, was selected by the attending physician The prevailing unit preference was a setting of 88–95% SpO2 The initial and daily changes to alarm settings were implemented by the research team The tight strategy set the SpO2 alarms to trigger just outside the target range, nominally at 87 and 96% SpO2 The loose strategy set the thresholds wider, nominally 85 and 98% SpO2 The SpO2 alarm delays were also different, 30 s and 90 s respectively The outcomes were selected prospectively The primary effectiveness outcome was the relative frequency of audible SpO2 alarms The primary safety outcomes were the prevalence (percent time) at extreme SpO2 levels We defined these as hyperoxemia (SpO2 > 98% with FiO2 > 21%) and hypoxemia (SpO2 < 80%) Several secondary descriptive outcomes were also specified Prolonged episodes of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia were defined as longer than and In addition a liberal definition of normal SpO2 (86–96% SpO2) was retrospectively defined to be Warakomska et al BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:142 more inclusive of the variation in the actual set SpO2 control ranges It was reported both as normoxemia which included time when SpO2 > 96% with a FiO2 of 0.21, and also only during periods of supplemental oxygenation The median SpO2 and FiO2 were calculated for each hour, and reported as the mean of the median levels Data from the ventilator were collected on a data logger every s It was summarized with purpose build software We have used these tools in previous studies [14, 15] We determined that we would be able to detect a drop in the alarm frequency of 50% associated with the loose strategy, assuming a within subject standard deviation of 75%, with 20 subjects (power > 0.80, p < 0.05) Summary data were analyzed using XLSTAT v19.02 (Addinsoft, Paris, France) The data for the periods of tight and periods of loose alarm strategy were pooled for each subject These data are presented as mean (STD) or median (IQR) Correspondingly within subject differences between alarm strategies were evaluated with paired t or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, as appropriate A p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant Effect sizes of the primary outcomes were also described with 95% confidence intervals of the median difference Results In a 13-month period starting in June 2016, thirty-three infants were treated with the Auto-FiO2 system Of these were not considered because of the absence of the research team, and were excluded because their anticipated need for respiratory support was very short The remaining 26 subjects all consented to participate and were enrolled in the study Five of the 26 did not complete two days of intervention and were excluded from this analysis Recruitment stopped when 20 subjects had completed the study The demographics of the remaining 21 subjects are summarized in Table As shown, the subjects were mostly preterm infants Their birth weights ranged between 0.60 and 3.3 kg The study interventions began in the first or second day of life in all but subjects Those three subjects were 3, 3, and 26 days old at enrollment Surfactant was administered in nearly all (15/17) of the infants less than 32 weeks gestational age Two received a second dose Each nurse was usually responsible for infants such as those in the study, although staffing was not recorded Sedation and analgesia are not used during respiratory support Details of respiratory support during intervention and the reason for exit are shown in Table Most (17/21) were intubated at the start of the study and remained intubated until exit (14/17) None were moved from noninvasive to intubation during the study period Many of the subjects (8/21) were exited before the 6-day limit In addition days of intervention were excluded for Page of Table Subject Demographics and Physiological Baseline Parameter Number of subjects 21 Birth Weight (grams) 930 (800–1955) Gestational Age (weeks) 28 (25–31) Gender (female/male) 4/17 Any NCPAP prior to enrollment (%) 13 [62%] Maximum FiO2 prior to enrollment (%) 50 (43–68) FiO2 at enrollment (%) 33 (26–51) Age greater than days (14%) Median (IQR), frequency (%) protocol violations (alarm settings were inconsistent with either alarm strategy) Thus 98 days of intervention were evaluated, 49 during the loose alarm strategy and 49 during the tight alarm strategy The subjects who exited prior to days no longer needed respiratory support on the ventilator with Auto-FiO2 Most of these required a lower level of support However, were transferred to HFOV, one as a result of a pneumothorax and the other hypercapnia There were no adverse events noted related to the protocol or Auto-FiO2 system The only mode of noninvasive support was nasal CPAP For intubated infants time-cycled, pressure-limited support was the predominant mode (65% A/C, 15% SIMV) Histograms of the SpO2 exposure during the study are shown in Fig.1a and b Figure 1a shows the histogram of the median of the 21 subjects, including the IQR at each SpO2 level The variability among subjects is further depicted in Fig 1b; a SpO2 histogram for each of the 21 subjects Among the 98 days of intervention the median SpO2 ranged between 89 and 96% and the FiO2 ranged between 0.21 and 0.67 The median and (IRQ) of the FiO2 at the initiation of the study was 0.33 (0.26–0.51) Table Entrance and Exit Parameter First day assignment (Tight/Loose) 12/9 Intubated at enrollment (%) 17 (81%) Transitioned to NCPAP during study (%) (14%) Ventilation (noninvasive/invasive %) 23%/77% Reason for Exit Completed days 13 (62%) Transferred to HFOV (10%) Transitioned from respiratory support (29%) Data not available Exit before days (days) 21 Miss-set SpO2 alarms (days) Total days of data analyzed (days) 98 days of data analyzed (Tight/Loose) 49/49 frequency (%) Warakomska et al BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:142 Page of Fig.1 a SpO2 Histogram when FiO2 > 0.21 Bars are the median percent time, and whiskers their IQR b SpO2 Histogram of Each Subject when FiO2 > 0.21 The subject whose distribution is skewed to the right had an upper SpO2 control limit setting of 97% In the first day the changes in FiO2 ranged between a drop of 0.42 and an increase of 0.06 Across these changes in oxygenation requirements, Auto-FiO2 was quite effective Manual FiO2 adjustments were infrequent, ranging between and 14 per day Further the percent time with SpO2 between 86 and 96% during supplement oxygen in ranged between 60 and 98% The average Auto-FiO2 settings, inspired oxygen and oxygenation saturation for the 21 subjects are shown in Table 3, tabulated by the alarm strategy There was no difference in the set auto control target range, nominally 88–95% SpO2 The differences in the alarm settings were as planned During the loose alarm strategy the High and Low SpO2 alarms were each set about wider than during the tight alarm strategy and the alarm delay was three times longer; 90 s as compared to 30 s There were no differences in the median FiO2, time with normal oxygen saturation or manual adjustments of FiO2 associated with the two alarm strategies The median SpO2 was slightly higher during the loose strategy, but both were near the mid point of the set control range The study outcomes are shown in Table The loose alarm strategy resulted in a 69% reduction in the frequency of SpO2 alarms (from median per hour of 5.2 to 1.6, p < 0.001, 95% CI difference 1.6–3.7) Reinforcing this difference, the alarm frequency range and frequency in individual days are shown in the descriptive histogram in Fig There are two alarm related exploratory variables in the table First, the loose strategy also resulted in less total time with any alarm active (41% reduction p < 0.034) Second, even with these reductions, SpO2 alarms accounted for about half of all the alarms during the loose strategy The difference in percent time at SpO2 extremes was not different, Warakomska et al BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:142 Page of Fig Histogram of SpO2 Alarm Events Reflects the hourly rate of events for each study day and the 95% confidence intervals of the differences were small (hypoxemia 0–0.2% and hyperoxemia − 0.1-0.1%) In addition there were no differences in the frequency of prolonged episodes of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia Episodes of hyperoxemia of or longer were rare During all 98 days there were only 14 There was a trend of more frequent episodes during use of the loose alarm strategy (11/14) Discussion SpO2 alarm fatigue is a major issue in the NICU We evaluated the impact of setting SpO2 alarms looser during automated FiO2-SpO2 control We found these looser settings dramatically reduced the frequency and duration of SpO2 alarms without compromising safety To our knowledge this is the first study evaluating the impact of specific SpO2 alarm levels during automated FiO2-SpO2 control A recent report on the results of a quality improvement effort reported similar reductions in non-actionable alarms during manual control associated with refinements to the target range, SpO2 alarm levels and alarm delays [9] An idealistic goal would be to set the breadth and time delay of alarms such that false alarms (i.e., those not Table Course of Study Intervention Loose Alarm Strategy Tight Alarm Strategy P 21 21 – High Target-Range (SpO2%) 95.1 (0.8) 95.0 (0.7) ns Low Target-Range (SpO2%) 88.4 (1.0) 88.5 (1.0) ns High SpO2 Alarm (SpO2%) 98.0 (0.9) 96.3 (0.8) < 0.001 Low SpO2 Alarm (SpO2%) 85.6 (1.1) 87.4 (1.0) < 0.001 SpO2 alarm delay (sec) 90.0 (2.9) 30.4 (1.7) < 0.001 Number of subjects Automated FiO2 Settings Median FiO2 (%) 28.1 (6.2) 30.7 (8.6) ns Median SpO2 (%) 92.5 (1.1) 92.1 (1.0) 0.039 SpO2 86–96%* (%time) 89.7(6.8) 91.5 (8.9) ns Normoxemia** (%time) 95.2 (3.9) 94.9 (4.6) ns Manual FiO2 adjustments (/day) (1–5) (2–3) ns * during periods when FiO2 > 0.21, **Normoxemia is defined as SpO2 between 86 and 96% or > 96% if FiO2 = 0.21 P for paired comparison of the mean (SD) or median (25th–75th percentile) with paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test Warakomska et al BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:142 Page of Table Outcomes of Study Interventions Loose Alarm Strategy Tight Alarm Strategy P Number of subjects 21 21 – SpO2 Alarms (#/hour) 1.6 (0.8–2.6) 5.2 (3.0–6.6) < 0.001 SpO2/all Alarms (%) 47 (30–75) 75 (64–91) < 0.001 Audible alarm (% time) 6.9 (2.9–14.3) 11.7 (10.5–16.4) 0.034 Total (% time) 0.2 (0.1–0.4) 0.3 (0.1–0.8) ns Episodes> (#/24-h) 1.2 (0–2.2) 1.1 (0.3–2.2) ns Episodes> (#/24-h) (0–0.4) (0–0.5) ns Total (% time) 0.2 (0–0.2) 0.2 (0.1–0.5) ns Episodes > (#/24-h) 0.7 (0–1.7) 0.5 (0–1.7) ns Episodes > (#/24-h) (0–0) (0–0) ns Hypoxemia [SpO2 < 80%] Hyperoxemia [SpO2 > 98%] SpO2 > 98% excludes time when FiO2 = 0.21 Median (25th–75th percentile) P for paired comparison with Wilcoxon signed-rank test needing intervention) were eliminated, without missing relevant events While our loose alarm strategy was a marked improvement, its definition was arbitrary It was based only on subjective experiences [13] and also impacted by the clinician selected SpO2 target range In considering the optimum alarm strategy it is likely that the high level, and low level and time delay should each be considered separately That is, each independent of the desired SpO2 target range, but rather associated with risks of oxygenation extremes In our study the attending physician selected the set target range It varied but was nominally 88–95% One study suggests that a narrower set target range when using Auto-FiO2 is beneficial [16] In that study comparing set target ranges during the use of the same Auto-FiO2 system that we used, van den Heuvel et al found that 88–92% was preferred to either 86–94% or 89–91%, assuming a goal of reducing exposure to SpO2 extremes Two studies have also shown that a modest shift in the median of the set target range during Auto-FiO2 has a marked effect on the SpO2 exposure [14, 15] A recent study of the SpO2-PaO2 relationship provides some perspective for high and low SpO2 alarm levels [17] The likelihood of hypoxemia increases as SpO2 drops below 90% and is marked below 85% The likelihood of hyperoxemia increases as SpO2 is above 95% However it is different for preterm and near term infants In preterm infants it is not marked until the SpO2 is above 98% In contrast for near term infants it is marked above 96% So these potential alarm levels (85 & 98% for preterms and 85 & 96% for near terms) represent the thresholds for a marked likelihood of oxygenation extremes that should be avoided Tighter SpO2 alarm settings of the higher or lower threshold would provide a margin of error Finally the alarm delay needs to be considered Poets et al., evaluated the relationship between hypoxemia (SpO2 < 80%) and long term outcomes [18] They found that episodes longer than were the main cause of increased time in hypoxemia, which was also correlated with poor outcomes These prolonged episodes, that impacted outcome, represented only 14% of all the episodes < 80% SpO2 We are unaware of any such careful analysis of the clinical impact of hyperoxemic episodes on outcome Nevertheless it is clear that increased time at very high levels of SpO2 impact outcome [3] In our study using Auto-FiO2 there were only a few episodes longer than per day Another study of this Auto-FiO2 system found the number of these episodes seemed to be associated with the actual set control target range [16] With all this in mind we speculate that there would be little utility in increasing the alarm delay beyond 90 s, and that reducing it to 60 s could be appropriate especially for the widest high and low SpO2 alarm levels It should be noted that while high and low SpO2 alarms predominate in routine manual care, the oximeter also includes other alarms These warn of poor signal quality and drop-out and can be prevalent These conditions, when persistent, are certainly relevant to the need for clinical assessment Our study was not designed to analyze the direct impact of alarm delay on signal quality alarms Since the 90-s delay in the loose alarm strategy should have eliminated all but a few high and low SpO2 alarms each day, we speculate that the residue of a couple per hour are persistent signal quality alarms Nearly all of the studies on the effectiveness of Auto-FiO2 have been short-term crossover studies [19] Studies during routine use, like ours, are limited Our previous report on the general use of Auto-FiO2 with 121 infants in Polish centers, described indications for use, typical settings and general outcomes and impressions, but not the quantitative effectiveness of SpO2 control [13] Van Zanten et al reported on their transition to routine use of Auto-FiO2 in a before-after study [19] Their Auto-FiO2 arm included 21 preterm infants over a Warakomska et al BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:142 5-month period They were treated for a median of 11 days, predominately with noninvasive respiratory support often following an initial phase of invasive support Compared to the crossover studies they reported lower levels of hypoxemia (median 0.9% time SpO2 < 80%) and hyperoxemia (median 2.1% time SpO2 > 98%) In our study we experienced even lower levels at these SpO2 extremes We speculate that the difference is a reflection of the treatment populations We studied mostly infants in the first week of life who were also more likely to be intubated For these reasons they were probably more stable than those studied over their full course of respiratory support reported by van Zanten Our study has some limitations to consider with regard to generalizability First the criteria defining both of the alarm strategies were selected based on our general experience and not based on a priori knowledge about the SpO2 exposure Had the SpO2 target range been controlled, and the SpO2 alarm limits set independently, the results might have been more precise However as suggested above, this would have resulted in reduced incidence of SpO2 extremes, which were already sparse Second we studied infants according to our standard practice of use of the system, that is, mostly when intubated in the first days of life This resulted in a population that was relatively stable, compared to infants later in life, or on noninvasive support The infants we studied experienced about desaturations per hour that triggered an alarm during the tight SpO2 alarm strategy It is not certain whether the 69% reduction in SpO2 alarms might be anticipated in less stable infants Although this seems to be a reasonable assumption, it should be prospectively studied Third we averaged the response to the two strategies for each of 21 subjects, rather than treating each of the 98 days of use as independent parameters This seems to us as the most conservative approach and provides statistical validity of a within subject paired evaluation However the latter could have yielded different results, as more than a quarter of the subjects were weaned from the system in less than days Likewise the days excluded for protocol violations is also of concern Fourth this study was powered to detect a large change in the frequency of alarms, and was under-powered to detect subtle differences related to safety Finally this study used one model of Auto-FiO2, application of these findings to other Auto-FiO2 systems ought to consider the construct of their alarm systems and their relative effectiveness at reducing prolonged events of extreme SpO2 Conclusion The benefit of a looser approach in setting SpO2 alarm levels during Auto-FiO2 in this group of neonates is clear Importantly it suggests the possibility of reducing Page of the risk associated with alarm fatigue with the implementation of Auto-FiO2 with appropriate alarm levels We conclude that the paradigms of alarm strategies used during manual titration of FiO2 need to be reconsidered when using Auto-FiO2 systems We speculate that with reconsidered optimal settings, false positive SpO2 alarms can be minimized with better vigilance of clinically relevant alarms Such changes in strategy should be prospectively evaluated as part of process improvement initiatives Additional file Additional file 1: CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial* (DOCX 155 kb) Abbreviations Auto-FiO2: Automated control of inspired oxygen; FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; SpO2: Arterial oxygen saturation measured noninvasively Acknowledgements None Scientific (medical) writers Not applicable Third party submissions Not applicable Statement Our study adheres to CONSORT guidelines and a completed CONSORT checklist has been included as an additional file Funding There was no funding provided to support the planning, implementation, analysis or manuscript development Availability of data and materials The data sets generated and analyzed during this study are not currently publically available, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Authors’ contribution TB was responsible for the conception, design, randomization table, data analysis and initial draft of the manuscript MW1 implemented the interventions and collected the data MW2 supervised the informed consent, as well as data collection and its review All authors critically reviewed and approved the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the project Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw Poland (14 November 2015, ref.: 77/PB/2015) The study included written parental informed consent Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare they have no competing interests Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Warakomska et al BMC Pediatrics (2019) 19:142 Author details Department of Neonatology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital of Prof W, Orlowski 231 Czerniakowska str, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland 2Department Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic 3Department of Neonatology, Centre of Medical Postgraduate Education, 231 Czerniakowska str, 00-416 Warsaw, Poland Received: January 2019 Accepted: April 2019 References Cummings JJ, Polin RA Committee on fetus and newborn Oxygen targeting in extremely low birth weight infants Pediatrics 2016;138(2): e20161576 Sweet DG, Carnielli V, Greisen G, et al European consensus guidelines on the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome 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Hummler HD, Wilinska M, et al Automated versus manual oxygen control with different saturation targets and modes of respiratory support in preterm infants J Pediatr 2015;167:545–50 16 van den Heuvel ME, van Zanten HA , T Bachman T, et al Optimal target range of closed-loop inspired oxygen support in preterm infants: a randomized controlled study J Pediatr 2018;197:36:41 17 Bachman TE, Newth CJL, Iyer NP, et al Hypoxemia and hyperoxemic likelihood in pulse oximetery ranges: NICU observational study Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2018;0:F1–6 18 Poets CF, Roberts RS, Schmidt B, et al Association between intermittent hypoxemia or bradycardia and late death or disability in extremely preterm infants JAMA 2015;314:595–603 19 van Zenten HA, Kuypers KLAM, Stenson BJ, et al The effect of implementing an automated oxygen control on oxygen saturation in preterm infants Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2017;102(5):F395–9 Page of ... reducing Page of the risk associated with alarm fatigue with the implementation of Auto -FiO2 with appropriate alarm levels We conclude that the paradigms of alarm strategies used during manual titration... transitioning from intubation, and also later in their course of treatment, in the case of exacerbation and prevalent desaturations This was a crossover study of two alarm strategies, tight and... with the Auto -FiO2 system, written informed consent, and the availability of the research team The initial alarm strategy was assigned based on a balanced block (4) table There was no blinding of