Communication through wireless links among mobile hosts in their Antennas. Manet if often susceptible to security attacks due to its features of Physical security, Mobility modules, Lack of centralized monitoring and organization points.
ISSN:2249-5789 Dr K Prabha et al, International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks,Vol 7(3),40-45 An Estimating Routing Technique for Node Mobility and Route Validity using MANET Dr.K.Prabha1 , K.Nirmaladevi2 (Assistant Professor of Computer Science , Periyar University PG Extension Center, Dharmapuri, Tamilnadu, India) (Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, Periyar University PG Extension Center, Dharmapuri, Tamilnadu, India) nirmaladevi0291@gmail.com prabhaeac@gmail.com Abstract- A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a selfconfiguring, infrastructure, self-organized wireless network through the multi hop network with rapidly changing topology causing wireless links to be at any time of mobile phones Ad hoc network (S, A, L), the Source node(S) need to make communication with the destination node(L) and both of them S and L, to send/receive or forward the packets from source to destination A Manet consists of a set of mobile hosts operating without the aid of the established infrastructure of centralized administration through base stations or access points Communication through wireless links among mobile hosts in their Antennas Manet if often susceptible to security attacks due to its features of Physical security, Mobility modules, Lack of centralized monitoring and organization points Keywords— Node Mobility, Local Connectivity, Path Maintenance, MAD-AODV I INTRODUCTION A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a selfconfiguring network of mobile nodes connected by wireless links, to form an arbitrary topology The nodes are free to move randomly The networks wireless topology may be unpredictable and may be change rapidly The mobility of the nodes attacks the number of average connected paths, which in turn affect the performance of algorithm Mobility Models Average Connected Paths Routing Algorithm Routing is no default router available Every node should be able to forward Network Simulator (NS2): NS2 is simply an event driven simulation tools that has proved useful in the dynamic nature of communication IJCSCN | June-July 2017 Available online@www.ijcscn.com networks Simulation of wired as well as wireless network functions and protocols legacy, routing algorithms, TCP and UDP DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Project Agency VINT – Virtual Internetwork Test bed NSF – National Science Foundation NS2 Components: TCL is open script language which is used to program NS2 NAM – Network Animator, its consists of visual demonstration of NS of output Its declared the preprocessing and post analysis Trace analysis using PERL/ MATLAB Mobility Models: According to the mobility models are commonly used in their spatial and temporal dependencies The mobility model should be attempting the movements of real nodes Its based on setting out different parameters related to node movement The entity of mobility models should be specified to handle the movement of the individual mobile nodes within the group (V min, V max) The random models like the statistical models, nodes are move the randomly Its mainly used in randomness, random way point, random direction and random walk mobility model Spatial Dependency: It is a measure of how two nodes are dependent in their motion If two nodes are moving in same direction then they have spatial dependency Temporal Dependency: The current velocity magnitude and direction are related to previous velocity nodes having some velocity have high temporal dependency 40 ISSN:2249-5789 Dr K Prabha et al, International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks,Vol 7(3),40-45 MANETs are extremely dynamic due to the mobility of their nodes, the wireless channel's adverse conditions and the energy limitations of small, mobile devices The great majority of service discovery protocols developed for MANETs deal with the above issues at the application layer Application layer service discovery protocols implementations keep the abstraction layers of the networking stack intact and thus can be implemented above any routing protocol On the contrary, cross layer service discovery protocols, frequently impose modifications and/or extensions to the underlying routing protocol in order to provide their functionality, and hence are protocol dependent and protocol specific II CHARACTERISTICS OF MANETS A Autonomous Behavior: In MANET, each node acts as both host and router That is it is autonomous in behavior Fluctuating Link Bandwidth: The effects of high bit error rate are more common in wireless communication More than one end-to-end path can use a given link in ad hoc wireless networks, and if the links were to break, could disrupt several sessions during period of high bit transmission rate Limited Energy Resources: Mobile nodes are characterized with less memory, power and light weight features Wireless devices are battery powered therefor designing energy efficient mechanisms are an important feature in designing algorithms and protocols Mechanisms used to reduce energy consumption include (a) communicating devices goes into sleep state when having no any sending and receiving of data (b) routing paths that minimize energy consumption, (c) construct communication and data delivery structures that minimize energy consumption, and (d) reduce networking overhead B Goals in Mobile Ad hoc Networks Quality of services (QoS): QoS defines assurance of data packets delivery at communicating destination Easy discovery of node when any devise want to connect Bi-directional communication between nodes Provide access to information and services supporting their movable geographical position in network These networks can be set up at any place and time This is not centralized network Self-configuring, dynamic, movable network, nodes are also act as routers Less expensive as compared to wired network Scalable is accommodates the addition of more nodes Secure routing and transfer protocols Improved flexibility IJCSCN | June-July 2017 Available online@www.ijcscn.com III ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MM The Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is an improvement of the Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol It is based on distance vector and also uses the destination sequence numbers to determine the freshness of the routes AODV requires hosts to maintain only active routes The advantage of AODV is that it tries to minimize the number of required broadcasts It creates the routes on an on-demand basis, as opposed to maintain a complete list of routes for each destination Therefore, the literature on AODV, classifies it as a pure on-demand route acquisition system TORA is a reactive routing algorithm based on the concept of link reversal and used in MANETs to improve the scalability Highly dynamic Mobile Ad-hoc Networks can be used by TORA It is an adaptive routing protocol used in multi-hop networks It makes scaled routes between source and destination There are three basic functions in TORA: Route Creation, Route Maintenance and Route Erasure OLSR is a proactive link-state routing protocol, which uses Hello and Topology Control (TC) messages to discover and then disseminate link state information throughout the Mobile Adhoc Network Individual nodes use this topology information to compute next hop destinations for all nodes in the network using shortest hop forwarding paths A Flooding Flooding approach uses a simple protocol in which each node receiving a packet for a group first checks whether it is a duplicate and, if not, forwards the packet by retransmitting it To check for duplicates, each node stores the sequence number of the last packet it receives for each multicast group B On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) A source periodically builds a multicast tree for a group by flooding a control packet throughout the network The member nodes of the group respond to this control packet and help the source to establish multicast tree The nodes which are on the tree use soft state meaning their status as forwarders for a given group times out if not refreshed The source rebuilds the tree periodically, the set of forwarders at any one time actually forms a mesh, providing robustness for the mobile receivers Sources periodically send a network wide flood, but only at a very low rate in order to recover from network partitions In addition, forwarding nodes in the multicast tree may monitor the 41 ISSN:2249-5789 Dr K Prabha et al, International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks,Vol 7(3),40-45 Algorithm 1: NM and RVN packet forwarding rate to determine when the tree has broken or the source has become silent Receivers likewise monitor the packet reception rate and can re-join the multicast tree if intermediate nodes have been unable to reconnect the tree C Evaluation Metrics In the simulations presented in this paper the following Parameter are analyzed to study the effects of mobility on each of the multicast routing protocols: A mobility model should attempt to emulate the movements of real mobile nodes Mobility models are based on setting out different parameters related to node movement Basic parameters are the starting location of mobile nodes, their movement direction, velocity range, speed changes over time The RWP model assumes that each host is initially placed at a random position within the simulation area As the simulation progresses, each host pauses at its current location for a determinable period called the pause time RWP model assumes the possibility of setting cut-of phase, scenario duration, width and height of the area (x, y) minimum and maximum speed ( Vmin and Vmax ), as well as maximum pause time It includes pause times between changes in direction and/or speed Pause time is used to overcome abrupt stopping and starting in the random walk model Upon expiry of this pause, the node arbitrary selects a new location to move towards and a new speed which is uniformly and randomly selected from the interval ( V and V max ) Route Validity To ensures that the route between each node-pair is valid It states that traffic is circulating from node i to node j only when the link (i ,j) exists i.j,tj ∑(i, j)x £ x (S,M) The routing algorithm is analyzed through the effects of mobility model are compared the node density and classifier using Mobile Ad hoc Network The ratio of the number of packets received and number of packets delivered The delay path is different from source to destination or sender and receiver paths The ratio of number of data messages are oriented or forwarded The route validity is defined as the dominant form of addressing on the internet through widely used in localized environment The numbers of delivers schemes are routing schemes like unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast, geocast A mobile node participation of MANET will be entries in node‟s route cache IJCSCN | June-July 2017 Available online@www.ijcscn.com Step 1: Evaluate the number of nodes N Step 2: For each node in N Step 3: To activate the mobility speed is 30 m/s Step 4: To initial energy „E‟ Step 5: Set mobile node „N‟ Step 6: Set Random Validity Node „RVN‟ Step 7: Apply for Node Mobility Step 8: Based on optimized grid nodal size Step 9: Segregate zonal areas Step 10: Apply nonlinear programming Step 11: Find stable link path IV PERFORMANCE EVALUTION Performance of DSR and DSDV for varying number of hops: Simulation for varying number of hops, we see that the performance of DSDV deteriorates very badly for higher number of hops But performance of DSR is much better than DSDV for both the cases considered Here the maximum number of hops for any data path is nine If we consider a larger scenario with higher number of nodes then we can compare performance for larger routes (higher hops) From the results we can see that if we compare the performance for higher number hops it will deteriorate in both the cases but much faster in case of DSR than DSDV Route maintenance is much better in DSR as compared to DSDV The reduction in performance may be attributed to link breakage, which is more probable as the length of the route increases In case of DSDV re-establishment of new routes does not take place till there is a route table information packet coming from its neighbor nodes But in case of DSR, when route breakage takes place, packets are cached and route repair takes place This improves the overall through put of the system In Random Waypoint mobility is defined as V max Thus scenario having higher V max is highly mobile To calculate the performance, 10 data connections are monitored and averaged In RPGM mobility model mobility is defined as V max of leader‟s, because the leader is highly mobile, other nodes in the group are spatially and temporally correlated to the motion of the leader In RPGM four groups were formed random l with 10 nodes each Randomly one node in each group was elected as leader All the nodes in the group remain within 100 meter radius the leader To calculate the performance, 10 data connections are monitored and averaged, irrespective of group membership In Freeway mobility model the mobility is defined as maximum allowed velocity of medium lane and fast and slow lane velocity +10 mtr/sec and -10 mtr/sec of medium lane 42 ISSN:2249-5789 Dr K Prabha et al, International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks,Vol 7(3),40-45 velocity Thus increasing velocity of middle lane the velocity of whole scenario can be increased Initially all the nodes were distributed randomly in all the three lanes To calculate the performance, 10 data connections are monitored and averaged In case of Manhattan mobility model each node can have any velocity from to Vmax and moves with this velocity whole time thus Vmax is defined as mobility parameter of the scenario To calculate the performance, 10 data connections are monitored and averaged PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) PDR = Number of packets successfully delivered / Number of packets generated by the source node Average end-to-end delay EE = ∑ / Number of delivered data packets Throughput Let T is the unit time PDR = (PTR / PTS) *100 V EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Table – 1: Parameters using during simulation Parameters Simulation Area No of nodes Times of Period No of repetition Radio transmission range Physical/Mac layer Pause time Mobility model Node movement Data sending rate Protocols Traffic Type Value 1500*2000 m 50 to 100 200 sec times 100 m IEEE 802.11 30 sec Random direction model – 35 m/s Mbps DSDV / AOMDV CBR / TCP MANETS uses a multiple number of metrics to evaluate the performance of protocols in the network A Throughput: It is used to calculate the average throughput of the application traffic between the nodes Throughput = Total received bytes/Elapsed time Simply the time taken for a packet to travel from source to destination when it reaches the destination that particular time is said as a throughput B Packet Loss: Amount of packets lost / dropped between the nodes due to traffic congestion and overloading in the network Packet loss = Number of loss packets / (Number of lost packet + Number of packets received successfully) IJCSCN | June-July 2017 Available online@www.ijcscn.com C End-To-End Delay: The average time taken by a data Packet to reach its destination It also includes the delay triggered by route discovery process and the queue in the data packet transmission Only the data packets that such Victoriously delivered to destinations were counted Table -1 Generated only 50 nodes: Node Mobility (m/s) Node Lifetime Existing NMDC Proposed RVM Proposed Node Mobility 98 97 10 75 71 82 78 20 76 77 96 30 40 62 60 63 62 95 94 50 58 61 93 Figure – Node of Validity 50 Nodes 120 100 Existing 80 60 Proposed NM 40 Proposed RVM 20 10 20 40 able – Random Node30 Mobility Node Mobility (m/s) 50 Random Node Mobility Existing NMDC Proposed RVM Proposed Node Mobility 6.1 15 0.7 8.5 25 1.0 10.5 7.5 35 45 1.2 1.4 12.5 13.5 8.2 11.0 55 65 1.6 1.8 14.0 15.3 12.3 13.8 75 2.0 16.5 14.7 43 ISSN:2249-5789 Dr K Prabha et al, International Journal of Computer Science & Communication Networks,Vol 7(3),40-45 Figure – Random Validity Node Mobility REFERENCES [1] Rusnac, Ruxandra-Ioana, Gontean, and Aurel, “Modeling and Simulation of wireless sensor networks for event detection”, International Joint Conference on Computational Cybernetics and Technical Informatics, pp.535-545, May 2010 [2] Li Jinlai, Lu Xiangging, and Gao Guohong, “A mobile ad hoc network security architecture based on immune agents”, International Conference on Communication System, Network and Applications, Vol.2, pp.224-227, July 2010 [3] Mohamad Nikravan and Seyed Mahdi Jameii, “Combining Harmony Search and Learning Automata form Topology Control I Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks, Vol.4, No.6, Dec 2012 VI CONCLUSION The performance of a routing protocol varies widely across different mobility models and hence the study results from one model cannot be applied to other model Hence we have to consider the mobility of an application while selecting a routing protocol DSR gives better performance for highly mobile networks than DSDV DSR is faster in discovering new route to the destination when the old route is broken as it invokes route repair mechanism locally whereas in DSDV there is no route repair mechanism In DSDV, if no route is found to the destination, the packets are dropped In this paper we have compared two routing protocols AOMDV, DSDV The simulation of these protocols has been carried out using NS-2 simulator Three different simulation network parameters are performed to calculate the performance of these routing protocols Taking the three metrics for comparison we have concluded that in case of packet loss, End-to-End delay and throughput DSDV showed better results than AOMDV [4] CH V Raghavendran, G Naga Satish, and Prof P Suresh Varma,“Intelligent Routing Techniques for Mobile Ad 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Networks,Vol 7(3),40-45 Figure – Random Validity Node Mobility REFERENCES [1] Rusnac, Ruxandra-Ioana, Gontean, and Aurel, “Modeling and Simulation of wireless sensor networks for event detection”, International... pause, the node arbitrary selects a new location to move towards and a new speed which is uniformly and randomly selected from the interval ( V and V max ) Route Validity To ensures that the route. .. monitored and averaged, irrespective of group membership In Freeway mobility model the mobility is defined as maximum allowed velocity of medium lane and fast and slow lane velocity +10 mtr/sec and