www.ebook3000.com Romances of Free Trade This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Romances of Free Trade British Literature, Laissez-Faire, and the Global Nineteenth Century Ayşe Çelikkol Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Çelikkol, Ayşe Romances of free trade : British literature, laissez-faire, and the global nineteenth century / Ayşe Çelikkol p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-19-976900-1 English literature—19th century—History and criticism Free trade in literature Capitalism in literature Economics in literature Globalization in literature Sovereignty in literature Authors, English—19th century—Political and social views Economics and literature—Great Britain—History—19th century I Title PR468.F74C45 2011 820.9′3553—dc22 2010036265 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper www.ebook3000.com For Ưznur Çelikkol and Ahmet Çelikkol, my parents This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Contents Acknowledgments Introduction: Narrating Global Capitalism in the Romance Mode ix Walter Scott’s Disloyal Smugglers 21 Meandering Merchants and Narrators in Captain Marryat’s Nautical Fiction 43 Harriet Martineau on the Fertility of Exchange 63 Promiscuity, Commerce, and Closure in Early Victorian Drama 83 Mutuality, Marriage, and Charlotte Brontë’s Free Traders 101 The Compression of Space in Charles Dickens’s Little Dorrit 123 Epilogue: Cycles of Capitalist Expansion 143 Notes Select Bibliography Index 151 177 185 This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Acknowledgments I have had the great fortune of having extraordinary mentors who have inspired and encouraged me from the earliest iterations of the ideas that shaped this book Helena Michie and Robert L Patten, my dissertation directors at Rice University’s English Department, have offered generous criticism and suggestions during and far beyond my years at Rice I thank them for their unending support and guidance Many scholars and intellectual communities have provided support and inspiration over the years as I worked on this book Betty Joseph always asked difficult questions and encouraged me to take on challenges; Peter C Caldwell helped me work through the history of political economy; and Ed Snow allowed me to think about language like never before Dickens Universe has been a source of intellectual wonder and pleasure, and I am deeply grateful to John Jordan and everybody else who makes the Universe work My colleagues at Macalester College from 2005 to 2009 gave me the gift of their warm smiles and more In addition to providing useful feedback on my writing, Theresa Krier inspired me with her prose Daylanne English, as chair, created many opportunities for me to conduct research and collect feedback from experts in the field during the most critical years of my work on this book At Macalester, drafting chapters in my office late at night would not have been as much fun without Maura Tarnoff writing next door Macalester’s Wallace Grant funded crucial archival research at the British Library While I worked through the ix Notes to Pages 145–148 175 Arrighi explains how the cycles by nature consume themselves: “Capitalist power in the world system cannot expand indefinitely without undermining inter-state competition for mobile capital on which the expansion rests” (The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times [New York: Verso, 1994], 18) Each cycle’s reliance on the nation-state for expansion has not always been recognized: “capitalism and nation-states grew up together and presumably depended on each other in some way, yet capitalists and centers of accumulation often offered concerted resistance to the expansion of state power” (Charles Tilly, Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons [New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1989], 140) In 1860, England and France signed a treaty to allow free trade between the two countries This treaty is an important exception to Britain’s former practice of unilateral free trade Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 55 For an exploration of why Britain emerged victorious in this cycle of capitalist expansion, see 36–47 10 Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon, 1957), 3–20 11 Polanyi, The Great Transformation, 139 12 Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 54 13 Ellen Meiksins Wood, Capital of Empire (New York: Verso, 2005), 111 14 Charles Kindleberger, American Business Abroad: Six Lectures on Direct Investment (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969), 207 15 For the decline of state power and the increasing sovereignty of corporations and other commercial units, see Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); for the paradoxical strengthening of the nation-state in globalization and the shifting functions of governments, see, respectively, Michael Mann, “Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?” Review of International Political Economy 4, no (1997); and Ron Martin and Peter Surley, “The Post-Keynesian State and the Space Economy,” in Geographies of Economies, ed R Lee and J Willis (London: Arnold, 1997), 280–291 For an overview of this debate, see David Held and Anthony McGrew, “The Great Globalization Debate: An Introduction,” in The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate, ed David Held and Anthony McGrew (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000) 16 Giovanni Arrighi, Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999) 17 Meiksins Wood, Capital of Empire, 18 Anthony Giddens and Will Hutton, eds., Global Capitalism (New York: New Press, 2000); Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001) 19 Mann, “Has Globalization Ended?” 472; Held and McGrew, “The Great Globalization Debate,” 11 Even these points are not uncontested Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson maintain that the system is still international, not transnational: “The present highly internationalized economy is not unprecedented: it is one of a number of distinct conjunctures or states of the international economy that have existed since . the 1860s In some respects, the current international economy is less open and integrated than the regime that prevailed from 1870 to 1914.” Genuinely transnational companies (TNCs) appear to be relatively rare Most companies are nationally based and trade multinationally on the strength of a major national location of production and 176 Notes to Pages 148–149 sales (Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance [Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996], 2) 20 The phrase “uneven development” was originally used by Karl Marx to describe the necessary coexistence of the rich and the poor under capitalism (Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, vols., trans Ben Fowkes and introd Ernest Mandel [New York: Penguin, 1992]) Recently, the term is evoked in globalization debates to stress that the affluence of some parts of the world requires the underdevelopment of others See especially David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007) www.ebook3000.com Select Bibliography Agathocleous, Tanya “London Mysteries and International Conspiracies: James, Doyle, and the Aesthetics of Cosmopolitanism.” Nineteenth-Century Contexts 26 (2004): 125–148 Anderson, Amanda Powers of Distance: Cosmopolitanism and the Cultivation of Detachment Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001 Anderson, Benedict Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism New York: Verso, 1991 Armstrong, Nancy Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel New York: Oxford University Press, 1987 Arrighi, Giovanni Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999 Bakhtin, Mikhail “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel.” In The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M M Bakhtin, ed Michael Holquist, trans Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981 Beer, Gillian The Romance London: Methuen, 1970 Bellamy, Richard Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought and Practice New York: Routledge, 1990 Bentham, Jeremy An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation London: Pickering, 1823 Bigelow, Gordon Fiction, Famine, and the Rise of Economics in Victorian Britain and Ireland New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003 Blaug, Mark Economic Theory in Retrospect Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 Bloch, Ernest Heritage of Our Times New York: Polity, 1991 Booth, Michael R English Melodrama London: Herbert Jenkins, 1965 ——— Theatre in the Victorian Age New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991 Brantlinger, Patrick The Spirit of Reform: British Literature and Politics, 1832–1867 Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977 177 178 Select Bibliography Braudel, Fernand Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism, trans Patricia M Ranum Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977 ——— Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century, trans Sian Reynolds, vols Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992 Brontë, Charlotte The Professor New York: Oxford University Press, 1989 ——— Shirley New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 Buzard, James Disorienting Fiction: The Autoethnographic Work of Nineteenth-Century British Novels Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005 Buzard, James, Joseph Childers, and Eileen Gillooly Victorian Prism: Refractions of the Crystal Palace Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007 Byron, Glennis, and David Punter, eds Spectral Readings: Towards a Gothic Geography New York: St Martin’s, 1999 Byron, Lord Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, in The Major Works, ed and introd Jerome J McGann New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 Cain, Peter J., and Anthony G Hopkins British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion 1688– 1914 New York: Longman: 1993 Carlyle, Thomas Past and Present and Chartism New York: George Putnam, 1848 Casarino, Cesare Modernity at Sea: Melville, Marx, Conrad in Crisis Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002 Chrisman, Laura Rereading the Imperial Romance: British Realism and South African Resistance in Haggard, Schreiner, and Plaatje New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 Claybaugh, Amanda The Novel of Purpose: Literature and Social Reform in the Anglo-American World Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007 Clery, E J The Feminization Debate in Eighteenth-Century England: Literature, Commerce, and Luxury New York: Palgrave, 2004 Cobden, Richard Speeches on Free Trade New York: Macmillan, 1903 Cohen, Margaret, and Caroline Dever The Literary Channel: The International Invention of the Novel Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002 Colley, Linda Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992 David, Deidre Intellectual Women and Victorian Patriarchy: Harriet Martineau, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George Eliot Basingstoke, England: Macmillan, 1987 Davis, Tracy C The Economics of the British Stage, 1800–1914 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 Dickens, Charles Bleak House New York, Penguin, 1996 ——— Little Dorrit New York: Penguin, 1997 Duncan, Ian Modern Romance and the Transformations of the Novel: The Gothic, Scott, Dickens New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992 ——— “Primitive Inventions: Rob Roy, Nation, and World System.” Eighteenth-Century Fiction 15 (2002): 81–102 Dwyer, John The Age of the Passions: An Interpretation of Adam Smith and Scottish Enlightenment Culture East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell, 1998 Elliot, John Lettsom A Letter to the Electors of Westminster: From a Protectionist London: Hearne, 1848; Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1987 ——— Five to Two: A Comedy London: John Hearne, 1851 www.ebook3000.com Select Bibliography 179 Elliott, Ebenezer More Verse and Prose by the Corn-Law Rhymer London: C Fox, 1850 ——— The Splendid Village; Corn Law Rhymes; and Other Poems London: Benjamin Steill, 1834 Ermarth, Elizabeth Deeds Realism and Consensus in the English Novel: Time, Space, and Narrative Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 1998 Ferber, Marianne A., and Julie A Nelson Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993 Ferris, Ina The Romantic National Tale and the Question of Ireland New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002 Frye, Northrop Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957 ——— The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976 Fuchs, Barbara Romance New York: Routledge, 2004 Gagnier, Regenia The Insatiability of Human Wants: Economics and Aesthetics in Market Society Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 Gallagher, Catherine The Body Economic: Life Death and Sensation in Political Economy and the Victorian Novel Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006 ——— The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction: 1832–1867 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985 Gallagher, John, and Ronald Robinson “The Imperialism of Free Trade.” Economic History Review, Second Series, (1953): 1–15 Gellner, Ernst Nations and Nationalism Introduction by John Breuilly New York: Cornell University Press, 2009 Giddens Anthony, and Will Hutton, eds Global Capitalism New York: New Press, 2000 Gilroy, Paul The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993 Glascock, William Nugent “Breeze at Spithead.” In Tales of a Tar, with Characteristic Anecdotes London: H Colburn and R Bentley, 1830 Goodlad, Lauren “Trollopian ‘Foreign Policy’: Rootedness and Cosmopolitanism in the MidVictorian Global Imaginary.” PMLA 124 (2009): 437–454 ——— Victorian Literature and the Victorian State: Character and Governance in a Liberal Society Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003 Gordon, Barry Political Economy in Parliament 1819–1823 New York: Harper and Row, 1977 Green, Thomas Hill Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation London: Longmans, 1895 Haggard, Henry Rider King Solomon’s Mines London: Cassell, 1885 Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri Empire Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 Harvey, David A Brief History of Neoliberalism New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 ——— The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 2004 Held, David, and Anthony McGrew, eds The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000 Herbert, Christopher Culture and Anomie: Ethnographic Imagination in the Nineteenth-Century Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991 18 Select Bibliography Hilton, Boyd The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1785–1865 New York: Oxford University Press, 1988 Hodgskin, Thomas A Lecture on Free Trade: In Connection with the Corn Laws, Delivered at the White Conduit House, on January 31, 1843 London: G J Palmer, 1843 ——— Popular Political Economy, Four Lectures Delivered at the London Mechanics Institution London: Charles Tait, 1827 Houston, Gail Turley From Dickens to Dracula: Gothic, Economics, and Victorian Fiction Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 Howe, Anthony Free Trade and Liberal England New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 Hume, David “Of Commerce.” In Hume: Political Essays Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 Irwin, Douglas A Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997 James, George Payne Rainsford The Smuggler: A Tale New York: Harper, 1845 Jameson, Fredrick “Romance and Reification: Plot Construction and Ideological Closure in Joseph Conrad.” In The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981 Kadish, Alon The Corn Laws: The Formation of Popular Economics in Britain, vols London: Pickering, 1996 Kell, Edmund The Injurious Effects of the Corn Laws on All Classes of the Community, Including the Farmer and the Landowner: A Lecture London: Smallfield, 1840 Klaver, Claudia A/Moral Economics: Classical Political Economy and Cultural Authority in Nineteenth-Century England Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003 Kofman, Eleonore, and Gillians Young, eds Globalization: Theory and Practice London: Pinter, 1996 Lipkes, Jeff Politics, Religion and Classical Political Economy in Britain: John Stuart Mill and His Followers New York: St Martin’s, 1999 Locke, John Two Treatises of Government: A Critical Edition with an Introduction and Apparatus Criticus, ed Peter Laslett Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963 Lukács, Georg The Historical Novel, trans Hannah Mitchell and Stanley Mitchell Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983 ——— History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, trans Rodney Livingstone Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971 Lynch, Deidre Shauna The Economy of Character: Novels, Market Culture, and the Business of Inner Meaning Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 Malthus, Thomas Parallel Chapters from the First and Second Editions of an Essay on the Principle of Population New York: Macmillan, 1985 Marryat, Frederick Frederick Marryat, The King’s Own London: Routledge, 1866 ——— Mr Midshipman Easy New York: Derby and Jackson, 1860 ——— The Phantom Ship London: George Routledge, 1857 ——— Newton Forster, or, the Merchant Service London: George Routledge, 1873 ——— Snarleyyow or The Dog Fiend Ithaca, NY: McBooks, 2000 Martineau, Harriet British Rule in India In Harriet Martineau’s Writing on the British Empire vols., ed Deborah Logan London: Pickering, 2004 ——— Illustrations of Political Economy, vols London: Charles Fox, 1834 www.ebook3000.com Select Bibliography 18 ——— Society in America New York: AMS, 1966 ——— Suggestions Towards the Future Government of India Charleston, SC: Bibliobazaar, 2008 Marx, Karl Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, trans Ben Fowkes New York: Vintage, 1977 ——— Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Rough Draft), trans Martin Nicolaus New York: Penguin, 1993 May, Jon, and Nigel Thrift, eds TimeSpace: Geographies of Temporality New York: Routledge, 2001 McCord, Norman Free Trade: Theory and Practice from Adam Smith to Keynes Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles, 1970 McCulloch, John Ramsay The Principles of Political Economy: With a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Science Edinburgh, Scotland: William and Charles Tait, 1825 Mehta, Uday Singh Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999 Meiksins Wood, Ellen Empire of Capital New York: Verso, 2005 Michie, Helena Victorian Honeymoons: Journeys to the Conjugal Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 Mill, James Commerce Defended An Answer to the Arguments by which Mr Spence, Mr Cobbett, and Others, have attempted to Prove that Commerce is not a source of National Wealth London: C R Baldwin, 1808 ——— Elements of Political Economy London: Baldwin, Cradock, Joy, 1826 Mill, John Stuart The Subjection of Women In On Liberty and Other Writings, ed Stefan Collini New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004 Miller, D A Narrative and Its Discontents: Problems of Closure in the Traditional Novel Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981 Moretti, Franco Signs Taken for Wonders: On the Sociology of Literary Forms New York: Verso, 2005 ——— The Atlas of the European Novel 1800–1900 New York: Verso, 1998 Nairn, Tom The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism London: Verso, 1981 Nerlich, Michael Ideology of Adventure: Studies in Modern Consciousness, 1100–1750 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987 Northrop, Frye Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000 Nussbaum, Felicity A., ed The Global Eighteenth Century Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 Nussbaum, Martha “Kant and Cosmopolitanism.” In Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal, ed James Bohman and Matthias Lutz-Bachmann Cambridge, MA: MIT University Press, 1997 O’Brien, Patrick “The Myth of Anglophone Succession: From British Primacy to American Hegemony.” New Left Review 24 (2003): 113–134 Parker, Patricia Inescapable Romance: Studies in the Poetics of a Mode Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979 Pitts, Jennifer A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005 Plotz, John The Crowd: British Literature and Public Politics Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000 182 Select Bibliography Pocock, John G A Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985 Poggi, Gianfranco The State: Its Nature, Development, and Prospects Cambridge: Polity, 1990 Polanyi, Karl The Great Transformation New York: Beacon, 1957 Poovey, Mary Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008 ——— Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988 Pratt, Mary Louise Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation New York: Routledge, 1992 Prentice, Archibald History of the Anti-Corn Law League London: Frank Cass, 1968 Quint, David Epic and Empire: Politics and Generic Form from Virgil to Milton Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993 Reeve, Clara The Progress of Romance through Times, Countries and Manners New York: Garland, 1970 Renolds, Ernest Early Victorian Drama (1830–1870) New York: Benjamin Bloom, 1936 Ricardo, David On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2004 Roberts, Caroline The Woman and the Hour: Harriet Martineau and Victorian Ideologies Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2002 Ruskin, John Unto This Last and Other Writings New York: Penguin, 1997 Sanders, Valerie Reason over Passion: Harriet Martineau and the Victorian Novel New York: St Martin’s, 1986 Schlereth, Thomas J The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought, Its Form and Function in the Ideas of Franklin, Hume, and Voltaire, 1694–1790 Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977 Scott, Walter Guy Mannering or the Astrologer, ed P D Garside New York: Penguin, 2003 ——— The Heart of Midlothian, ed Tony Inglis New York: Penguin, 1994 ——— Life of Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of the French With a preliminary view of the French Revolution, vols Exeter, England: J B Williams, 1843 ——— The Pirate New York: Henry Frowde, 1852 ——— Redgauntlet, ed G A M Wood and David Hewitt New York: Columbia University Press, 1997 ——— Waverley New York: Penguin, 1985 Sekora, John Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smolett Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977 Semmel, Bernard The Liberal Ideal and the Demons of Empire: Theories of Empire from Adam Smith to Lenin Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993 ——— The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Classical Political Economy and the Empire of Free Trade Imperialism, 1750–1850 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970 Serle, Thomas A Ghost Story London: John Miller, 1836 Smith, Adam The Theory of Moral Sentiments Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2000 ——— Wealth of Nations Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1991 Spence, William Tracts on Political Economy New York: Viking, 1933 Stewart, Garrett “The Foreign Offices of British Fiction.” MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly 61 (2000): 181–206 www.ebook3000.com Select Bibliography 183 Stoddart, Judith Ruskin’s Culture Wars: Fors Clavigera and the Crisis of Victorian Liberalism Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998 Strange, Susan The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 Thomas, David Wayne Cultivating Victorians: Liberal Culture and the Aesthetic Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004 Thompson, James Models of Value: Eighteenth-Century Political Economy and the Novel Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996 Thompson, Perronet A Catechism on the Corn Laws: With Fallacies and the Answers London: R Heward, 1836 Torrens, Robert Essay upon the External Corn Trade London: Hatchard, 1815 Trumpener, Katie Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997 Tucker, Irene A Probable State: The Novel, the Contract, and the Jews Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 Tucker, Josiah A Brief Essay on the Advantages and Disadvantages, Which Respectively Attend France and Great Britain London: T Tyre, 1853 Wallerstein, Immanuel The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century New York: Academic Press, 1974 Waterman, Anthony Michael C Revolution, Economics, and Religion: Christian Political Economy, 1798–1833 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 Weber, Max General Economic History, trans Frank H Knight New York: Collier, 1961 Williams, Albert Facts upon Facts against the League London: John Ollivier, 1845 ——— Great Facts Concerning Free Trade London: John Ollivier, 1844 Young, Paul Globalization and the Great Exhibition: The Victorian New World Order New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009 Yousef, Nacy Isolated Cases: The Anxieties of Autonomy in Enlightenment Philosophy and Romantic Literature Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004 This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Index Anti-Corn Law League on class conflict, 16, 111, 127 on freedom, 92, 93 and gender, 80, 81 global visions by, 15, 45, 110, 114, 133 and temporality, 64, 68, 71–81 antiauthoritarianism in globalization, 13, 44, 60, 63, 100 as narrative mode, 51 of seafarers, 15, 43, 56, 106, 121, 128 antiquity (see also romance), 12, 13, 32, 60, 120 Arrighi, Giovanni, 145, 147, 148 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 12, 15, 32, 38, 39, 78, 139, 140 Belgium, 16, 106, 108, 130, 133, 137 Boaz, David, 81 borders absence of, 4, 8–11, 15, 76–79, 127 alliances across, 19, 73, 95 and Gothic, 129–132 policing of, 3, 47 and sexual subversion, 56, 124 transgression of, 5, 6, 24, 28, 37, 40, 55, 81, 91, 143–146, 149 bourgeoisie, 17, 33, 116, 124, 128, 131, 134 185 Bright, John, 92 Brontë, Charlotte Jane Eyre, 103, 117 life of, 105 Shirley, 16, 102–105, 107–121 The Professor, 16, 102–107 Villette, 105 Byron, Lord, 50 Canada, 6, 28 capital accumulation of, 74, 143, 146 investment of, 90, 147 mobility of, 4, 6, 7, 85, 91, 124, 125, 129, 130, 135, 137, 143, 148 Carlyle, Thomas, 111, 116, 119, 144 Ceylon, 7, 68 China, 8, 54, 124–128 chivalry, 88, 118, 119 Christianity (see religion) cinnamon, 3, class absence of, 64 conflict, 8, 19, 104, 107, 111 cooperation across, 15, 112 middle, 33, 37, 80, 84, 97 working , 12, 24, 67, 83, 128 closure (see narrative closure) 18 Index Cobden, Richard, 45, 71, 72, 92–96, 111, 124, 127, 133 cognitive mapping (see also maps), 28, 78, 140 colonialism as distinct from free trade, 6, 7, 27–30, 67, 68, 84, 89, 91–96, 101 as reinforcing free-trade imperialism, 147, 148 and seafaring , 15, 43, 52, 58 condition-of-England novel (see social problem novel) consumerism, 54, 56, 77, 84, 85, 94, 134 continental Europe anxieties about, 5, 6, 28, 47, 108, 147 contraband trade with, 36, 55 and Jacobites, 27, 40 and the liberals, 95 restrictions on trade with, 145 Scotland’s ties to, 22, 26 Corn Laws critiques of, 21, 23, 35, 71–74, 80, 110, 111 and famine, 109 repeal of, 8, 16, 68, 90, 93, 100, 102, 106, 125, 128 support for, 5, 25, 45, 48 cosmopolitanism and affect, 95, 96, 103–108, 118, 133 as mixing , 27, 53–56, 73, 123, 127, 128, 131 defined, 19 in the Enlightenment, 36, 37 feminization of, 77 and nationhood, 16, 26, 45, 46, 78, 120, 132 religious support for, 72, 73 cotton, 16, 108, 109, 112, 120, 146 decentralization, 11–13, 44, 61, 145 Dickens, Charles Bleak House, 136 Dombey and Son, 138 Hard Times, 22, 103 Little Dorrit, 16, 123–141 essays and journalism of, 127, 128 disorientation, 5, 13, 17, 121, 132–140 distance (see space) domesticity and colonialism, 77 as metaphor for commerce, 16, 76, 102–109, 112–115 and paternalism, 18, 84, 92 threatened by commerce, 86–90, 97–99, 130–137 Drury Lane, 87 Dutch commerce, 3, 7, 15, 29, 40, 47, 52, 55, 110, 145 duties, 3–12, 22–24, 35, 45–48, 56, 91, 94, 147 East India Company, 28, 67, 68, 126, 127, 147 economic literary criticism, 8, 9, 143, 144 economic man, 64–67, 85, 102–104, 109, 117 Elliot, John Lettsom, 4, 15, 90–100 Elliott, Ebenezer, 4, 64, 71, 72, 74, 162, 163 Enlightenment cosmopolitanism of, 19–25, 36, 37, 45, 95, 132, 133 as optimistic, 20, 22, 104 in relation to the nineteenth century, 54, 65, 92 Scottish, 14 and sympathy, 40, 105 empire (see colonialism) English Channel, 9, 28, 47, 124, 136 epic, 11, 59, 60 family (see domesticity) famine, 8, 72, 75, 109, farce, 63, 85, 86, 88, 97, 100, 121, 131 femininity and fertility, 15, 64–85 as consumerist, 17, 56, 77, 84 of cosmopolitanism, 76 of free trade, 70, 77, 80 in nationalism, 77 in history of the novel, 102, 103, 108, 109 France contraband trade with, 3, 23 goods from, 24, 28, 77 as enemy, 15, 36, 46, 47, 55 as setting , 123, 124, 130, 139 ties to, 27, 37, 53, 95, 96, 108 Friedman, Thomas, Gaskell, Elizabeth, 103 gender (see femininity and domesticity) Glasscock, William N., 83 www.ebook3000.com Index globalization (see also borders, postnationality, and transnationality) as historically continuous, 4, 5, 11, 39, 135, 145 as distinct in the twentieth century, 148 economic, 7, 19 gothic, 17, 34, 116, 117, 124–141 Great Exhibition, 97, 98, 126–129, 145 Green, Thomas, 49 Harvey, David, 135 historical novel, 3, 30, 31, 40 Homo Economicus (see economic man) Horne, Richard Henry, 128 Hume, David, 19, 21, 22, 36, 37, 40, 45, 133 imperialism (see colonialism) India, 6, 28, 29, 40, 67, 68, 97, 147 individual (see also liberalism and privacy) and affect, 4, 31, 33, 40 freedom of, 19, 20, 22, 43, 49, 50–53, 57–60, 66, 71, 92–94, 107–109, 114, 132, 141 interaction with others, 5, 11, 56, 57, 81, 83, 101, 109, 114 as self-sufficient, 17, 19, 22, 44, 57, 63–66, 85, 102, 103, 116, 131 industrialism dreariness of, 16, 70 and hostility, 19, 22, 104 in imagery, 75, 118, 119 and machinery, 97, 107, 111 and the past, 39, 64, 73, 120 and Romanticism, 17, 116, 119 interdependence due to climate difference, 65, 71 global, 18–22, 64–66, 101, 116 interiority, 31–34, 102, 107, 117 invisible hand, 24, 71, 84 islands, 15, 38, 48, 52, 64, 70, 75–81, 88 isolation as economic policy, 24, 25, 47, 124, 128 of individuals, 33, 41, 64, 81, 124 in nature, 70, 77, 123 Jacobites, 27, 34–37, 40 James, George Payne Rainsford, 3, 4, 40, 41 Kant, Immanuel, 19, 36, 37, 45, 54, 133 18 labor, 55, 65, 67, 102, 109, 111, 112, 128, 131, 147 liberalism in economic thought, 14–19, 22–27, 64–66, 91–94, 100–110, 125–128 philosophical principles of, 49, 50, 56, 57, 68, 89 and women’s rights, 77, 92–94, 114–115 licensing bills, 85, 87, 88 Locke, John, 49, 92, 137 Luddites, 16, 107, 111, 118 luxury goods, 17, 65, 77, 84, 94 marriage (see domesticity) Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 7, 29, 68 Malthus, Thomas, 20, 22, 75 Mandeville, Bernard, 65, 84 maps (see also cognitive mapping ), 20, 97, 98, 138, 140 Marryat, Frederick King’s Own, 14, 44, 48, 53–56 life of, 47–48 Mr Midshipman Easy, 14, 48–51 Newton Forster, 54, 58, 59 Phantom Ship, 51, 21 Snarleyyow, 10, 50, 53–56 Martineau, Harriet British Rule in India, 67 on colonialism, 67, 68 Illustrations of Political Economy, 67, 69, 74 “Dawn Island” on slavery, 67 Marx, Karl, 6, 13, 17, 91, 116, 124, 131, 134, 135 McCulloch, John Ramsay, 9, 14, 24, 65, 71, 101, 109, 127, 133, 144 melodrama, 10, 31, 32, 85–88, 117, 143 mercantilism (see also protectionism), 5, 17, 95 monopoly and colonialism, 28, 67, 68, 95, 96, 126, 127 critiques of, 49, 80 metaphors of, 99, 116 and narration, 51, 52 in theater, 87 Mill, James, 14, 27, 65, 71, 91 18 Index Mill, John Stuart, 93 multinational community, 4, 10, 15, 21, 44, 53–57, 61 myth, 11, 15, 17, 52, 66–69, 78–82, 97, 119, 120 Napoleonic Wars, 6, 25, 28, 43, 108 narrative closure, 16, 52, 83–100 nation-state (see nationhood and state) nationhood (see also borders and transnationality) as antagonistic to global capitalism, 4, 5, 9, 20, 26, 35–37, 45–48, 69, 73, 97, 143, 149 contradictions of, 89 and the history of the novel, 18–19, 31 and identity, 14, 21, 27, 33, 39, 55, 92, 93 as reinforced by global capitalism, 8, 145, 146 in relation to the colonies, 6, 12, 28, 49, 77, 84, 99 unity of, 31, 48, 60 nature as borderless, 64 in harmony with capitalism, 66, 70, 71–80, 120 necessitates trade, 65, 66 threatened by capitalism, 17, 70 Navigation Laws, 45, 91, 125 opium, 8, 16, 125–127, 130 Orders in Council, 108, 111, 112 parliament, 26, 35, 36, 92, 110 paternalism (see also state and domesticity), 9, 18, 30, 83, 84, 97, 100, 101, 117, 137 pax Britannica, 146 periodicals, 24, 71, 80, 95, 127, 133, 134 plot (see also romance) as digressive, 11, 12, 51, 57, 58, 86, 100 driven by blackmail, 17, 130, 137 driven by eros and marriage, 16, 29, 56, 96, 102, 107, 113–115, 118 versus statis, 52, 99 Polanyi, Karl, 111, 146 political economy by conservatives, 90–96 by liberals, 7, 14, 23–26, 64–67, 84, 109, 110, 141 as linked to fiction, 8, postcolonial criticism, 7, 116 postnationality (see also transnationality), 9, 39, 41, 44, 81 premodernity as nonnationalized, 15, 38, 39, 74, 78, 81, 139 as the setting of free trade, 69–71, 79, 120 privacy, 30–34, 49, 60, 74, 108, 124, 131, 134, 136 prostitution (see also sexuality), 56, 84, 85, 94 Radicals, 36, 93, 94, 112 realism, 13, 30, 31, 34, 39, 69, 117, 138 religion as cosmopolitan, 74, 78, 79 in support of capitalism, 71–73, 80 Ricardo, David, 5, 9, 14, 20, 22, 24, 65, 85, 95, 104, 109, 144 romance in ancient Greece, 12, 13, 32, 40, 139, 140 abstraction in, 12, 13, 15, 38–40, 78, 139, 140 adventures in, 11, 12–16, 30, 31, 34, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50–54, 58, 88–90, 96, 118, 139, 140 and the past, 31, 39, 69, 70, 78, 79, 116, 117 enchantment in, 17, 30, 78, 79, 88, 116, 120 episodic structure of, 10, 13, 15, 44, 58–60, 86, 140 imperial, 17, 79 Romanticism, 34, 50, 58, 70, 79, 81, 116, 118, 119, 144 Ruskin, John, 38 Scotland, 21, 22, 25–29, 36, 47, 48 Scott, Walter Guy Mannering, 14, 22, 23, 26–33, 40, 43 The Heart of Midlothian, 26, 33, 34 life of, 24, 25 Life of Napoleon Buonaparte, 25 The Pirate, 48, 49 Redgauntlet, 14, 22, 26, 30–40 Waverley, 33, 38 www.ebook3000.com Index sea, 10, 12, 44, 47–50, 55, 70, 72, 76, 80, 123, 138 self-regulating markets, 18, 71, 84, 91, 99 self-reliance (see individualism) separate spheres (see also privacy), 102, 131 Serle, Thomas, 4, 15, 16, 86, 88, 121 sexuality in homoeroticism, 83, 94 and marriage, 14, 16, 59, 76, 84, 86, 90, 97–100, 101–121, 132 as promiscuity, 15, 53–59, 63, 83–100, 101 ships, 12, 36, 40, 51, 52–54, 59, 77, 78, 128 silk, 3, 24 slavery, 47, 67, 131 Smith, Adam, 5, 9, 19, 21, 23, 40, 45, 64, 71, 84, 95, 104, 105 Smith, Charlotte, 50 smuggling in Captain Marryat, 48, 53–56 in Charles Dickens, 124, 125 in G P R James, 3, Victorian drama, 86–90 history of, 26, 47 literary function of, 9, 10 in political economy, 23–26 in Walter Scott, 14, 21–44 social problem novel, 103, 116, 128 sovereignty, 4, 5, 7, 18, 19, 23, 60, 137, 145, 146, 148 space as abstract, 3–40, 12–15, 78, 139, 140 compression of, 13, 17, 123, 124, 128, 132–148 and distance, 13, 28, 40, 64, 68, 74, 105, 124, 125 and liminality, 85, 88–90, 97, 100 speculation, 4, 105, 114, 129 Spence, William, 91 state (see also paternalism) economic intervention by, 3, 6, 7, 11, 36, 40, 43, 44, 58, 79, 83, 90, 93, 127, 128 loyalty to, 21–41, 53–57, 92 power of, 10, 11, 14, 19, 23, 48, 49, 50, 56, 59, 71, 73, 89 regulation of theater by, 85, 87, 88 threats to, 4, 8,10, 45–48, 99, 101, 120, 145 subjectivity (see individualism) sugar, 7, 91 Stewart, Dugald, 25 Stoker, Bram, 131 Thompson, Perronet, 9, 110, 111 Torrens, Robert, 110 transnationality defined, and the history of the novel, 13, 18, 19, 137, 138 imagination of, 9, 15, 18, 20, 22, 64, 81, 117 individualism of, 13–15, 19, 31, 53, 57, 63, 141 in seafaring , 27, 37, 49, 56, 59 in and after the twentieth century, 148 Trollope, Anthony, 137, 138 Tucker, Josiah, 110 tyranny, 19, 87, 115, 118, 132 United States, 6, 45, 95, 105, 108, 111, 112, 145 urban environments, 10, 17, 19, 22, 90, 104 Walpole, Horace, 139 Wordswoth, William, 58, 116 world-systems theory, 7, 145 18 .. .Romances of Free Trade This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com Romances of Free Trade British Literature, Laissez- Faire, and the Global Nineteenth Century Ayşe Çelikkol... narrate the waning of import tariffs and duties in the nineteenth century Centrifugal forms and themes capture the motion of commodities under laissez- faire, conveying the core element of reification... captured in The Smuggler, coexisted with Britons’ confidence in their country’s economic and political prowess in the first half of the nineteenth century The prospect of free trade the economic