ABOUT THE AUTHOR Paul Holden is a historian and researcher His previous books include Who Rules South Africa? (2012), The Devil in the Detail: How the Arms Deal Changed Everything (2011) and The Arms Deal in Your Pocket (2008) He was also lead researcher on Andrew Feinstein’s book The Shadow World (2012) and on the documentary feature of the same name released in 2016 He currently works as Director of Investigations at Corruption Watch UK Learn more about associated research, educational and activism projects at projectindefensible.org INDEFENSIBLE SEVEN MYTHS THAT SUSTAIN THE GLOBAL ARMS TRADE PAUL HOLDEN WITH Bridget Conley-Zilkic, Alex de Waal, Sarah Detzner, John Paul Dunne, Andrew Feinstein, William Hartung, Paul Holtom, Lora Lumpe, Nic Marsh, Sam PerloFreeman, Hennie Van Vuuren, Leah Wawro Zed Books LONDON Indefensible: Seven Myths that Sustain the Global Arms Trade was first published in 2016 by Zed Books Ltd, The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK www.zedbooks.net Copyright © World Peace Foundation and Corruption Watch 2016 Copyright in this collection © Zed Books 2016 The right of Paul Holden to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 Typeset in Adobe Caslon Pro by seagulls.net Index: John Barker Cover design: Design Deluxe All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78360-566-8 hb ISBN 978-1-78360-565-1 pb ISBN 978-1-78360-570-5 pdf ISBN 978-1-78360-567-5 epub ISBN 978-1-78360-571-2 mobi CONTENTS Figures Acronyms and abbreviations Indefensible: Setting the scene Introduction SECTION 1: THERE IS NO PROBLEM Myth 1: Higher defense spending equals increased security Myth 2: Military spending is driven by security concerns Myth 3: We can control where weapons end up and how they are used Myth 4: The defense industry is a key contributor to national economies Myth 5: Corruption in the arms trade is only a problem in developing countries Myth 6: National security requires blanket secrecy SECTION 2: THE ARMS TRADE CAN’T BE BEATEN Myth 7: Now is not the time Conclusion: Change is possible Notes Bibliography Index FIGURES 1.1 World military expenditure, 1988‒2015 1.2 15 countries with the highest military expenditure 14 in 2015 1.3 Defense spending by region, 1992–2015 1.4 US military spending versus the rest of the world, 17 2000–2015 1.5 DoD budgets, FY 2001‒2016 1.6 US State Department budget vs Lockheed Martin 31 federal contracts 1.7 Internationalized intrastate conflicts and battle deaths, 32 1989‒2011 4.1 Companies with largest arms sales, 2014 4.2 Studies on economic impact of defense spending 4.3 Studies on economic impact of defense spending – 90 comparison of studies published pre- and post-2007 4.4 Job creation in the US through $1bn in spending 4.5 Distribution of jobs by wage levels in alternative US 94 economic sectors 4.6 Research and development spending in the UK in civil 100 and defense sectors, 1989–2012 4.7 Research and development spending in the UK in civil 101 and defense sectors, 1989–2012 (in constant 2012 prices) 4.8 Wages of RMC vs civilian wages, 2001‒2009 6.1 Derivative classification activity, FY 1996–FY 2014 7.1 Number of transnational terrorist incidents, 1968–2011 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BNL CAAT CCL CERN CIA COTS CREW DARPA DIP DoD DoJ EU FBI FCPA GDP GI ICBM ISIS LCS MIT MOD NATO NGOs NSA NSDD OCO PDB R&D RPG RPF SFO SIPRI SPLM/A UAE UN Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Campaign Against the Arms Trade Commercial Control List European Organization for Nuclear Research Central Intelligence Agency commercial-off-the-shelf Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Industrial Participation US Department of Defense Department of Justice European Union Federal Bureau of Investigation Foreign Corrupt Practices Act gross domestic product Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index intercontinental ballistic missile Islamic State of Iraq and Syria littoral combat ship Massachusetts Institute of Technology UK Ministry of Defence North Atlantic Treaty Organization nongovernmental organizations National Security Agency National Security Decision Directive Overseas Contingency Operations President’s Daily Brief research and development rocket-propelled grenade Rwandan Patriotic Front UK Serious Fraud Office Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Sudan People’s Liberation Movement and Army United Arab Emirates United Nations USAID VVIP US Agency for International Development Very Very Important Person INDEFENSIBLE: SETTING THE SCENE Just before midday on 15 March 2008, an arms dump in the small Albanian village of Gerdec caught alight The gargantuan explosions that followed were heard nearly a hundred miles away and continued for almost fourteen hours The explosions killed twenty-six people, including a three-yearold, a seven-year-old who was cycling nearby and a pregnant woman Over 300 people were injured, 318 houses completely destroyed and 400 others damaged It was a tragedy designed by the international arms business and involving the collusion of the US government, Albanian government and a contract with a shady company, AEY Inc The story begins in January 2007, when the US Department of Defense awarded a $298 million contract to an upstart US company, AEY, to supply ammunition to the Afghan military The USbacked Afghan National Army uses Soviet-designed small arms such as Kalashnikovs, as they are accustomed to them, and they are cheap and serviceable But (at that time), America didn’t manufacture the ammunition for the ubiquitous AK47 assault rifle So the DoD looked to buy what it needed from elsewhere—and faced the immediate and obvious problem that its likely sources of supply were Chinese and former Eastern Bloc manufacturers Circumventing such difficulties is the stock-in-trade of the arms business, and the DoD had a simple solution: to outsource the supply The contract was won by a company that few had heard of until that time That’s not unusual in this business of corporate chameleons AEY was run by twenty-one-year-old Efraim Diveroli, who not only carried a forged driving license but had previously been arrested for domestic violence The company’s vice-president was a former masseur Serial party-goers and regular pot smokers, they also dabbled in cocaine and acid Both AEY and its youthful president had been placed on the State Department’s Arms Trafficking Watch List, a list that was not consulted when the contract was awarded The Pentagon commissioned an ‘independent’ evaluation of the company that returned a glowing endorsement The evaluation was written by an individual who was a financial backer and vice-president of AEY Diveroli operated at the thrift-store bargain-hunting end of the arms business supply chain Seeking cheap ammunition, he turned to Albania Until the fall of the Berlin Wall, Albania had been one of the most militarized countries in Europe, its former dictator Enver Hoxha building bunkers and situating arms caches across the territory of his small nation The country had liberalized its economy, remained poor and didn’t need all those old bullets So Albania’s defense authorities were in the process of dismantling and repacking its old ammunition stores to be recycled or disposed of A shady firm (not AEY) led by a small-time US dealer and a politically connected Albanian businessman bought the ammunition and persuaded the defense minister, with the support of the prime minister, to have the army truck it for free to Gerdec, a small village near Albania’s sole international airport There, the ammunition was to be cleaned, sorted and repacked The profits from this deal would feed many mouths Diveroli did not buy directly from the Albanians or the 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province, Iraq, 62 Angola, 16; civil war, 159 anti-satellite weapons, China investment in, 22 Anthrax, 61 ‘anti-access denial’, 21 Archduke Ferdinand, assassination of, 20 Arizona, 75; military weapons ban repeal, 74 Armore Holdings, 143 arms business: controls diversions, 4; corruption high risk, 118; cost estimate, 132; dealers, 38; economic rationalizations, 40; export licences, 68; global spending, 11; job creation subsidies, 84, 92; long supply lines, 6; political analysis undermined, 155; political clout, 1; rationalization myths, 2; regime self-protection use, 3; subsidized exports, 95; taxpayer costs, 1; threats inflation, 170; US embargo on Somalia, 64; trade complexity, 124; see also defense Arms Deal: South Africa social cost of, 133; jobs promise unfulfilled, 110 Arms Trade Treaty UN 2013, 4, 78; weaknesses of, 58, 79-81 Armscor, offset failure, 108, 109 ARPANET, 103, 104 Asia Pacific, arms race, 21 assymetric forces, China investment in, 22 Astore, William, 164 Austal corporation, 23 Australia, 15 Austria-Hungary, 20 Axe, David, 42 BAE Systems, 5, 42, 85, 122, 143; bribery allegations, 119; plea bargaining, 121; Saudi corruption investigation, stopped, 123; Saudi sales, 50 ‘baroque arsenal’, military R&D outcome, 97 Belgrade, Chinese embassy bombed, 21 Berners-Lee, Tim, 104 Bilmes, Linda, 113 bin Laden, Osama, 25 Binney, William, 142 Bistrong, Richard, 143 Black Hawk helicopters, 44 Blackwater, 131 Blair, Tony, 123 ‘blowbacks’, 58, 61, 169 Boeing Corporation, 46; jet refuelling tankers, 130 Boko Haram, 138; Libyan arms, 70; Nigeria, 35 ‘bomber gap’, 163 Boston Globe, 125 botulinium, 61 Bout, Viktor, 72 Brauer, Jurgen, 98, 111-12 Brazil, Igarape Institute, 74 bribes, European defense industry, 87 British Virgin Isles, 120 Burkina Faso, 4; Ouagadougou, 72; weapons in, 71 Bush, George W., 139, 147, 165-6; Administration manipulations, 167; Iraq invasion decision, 148 buying countries, offset size, 45 Calderon, Felipe, 73-4 California, 74-5, 127 Campaign Against the Arms Trade (CAAT), 126 Cartwright, James, 127 Ceasefire, campaign group, 79 Center for American Progress, 139 Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 27 CERN, 104 Chad, 67; fake end-user certificates, 64, 66 Cheney, Dick, 129 children, deaths of, 36 Chile, 119-20 China, 15, 48, 155; ammunition from, 54; arms race, 22; defense budget increase, 15, 17; defense manufacturing, 85; military spending regional impact, 21 CIA (USA Central Intelligence Agency), 19, 59, 162; Afghan mujahidin training, 25; Iraq defectors rubbished, 167 Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), 125-6 civil wars, South Sudan, 3, 55 Clark, Wesley, 52 climate change effects of, 37-8 Clinton, Bill, 146 Cold War, 12, 52, 163; conflict frequency, 159; end of, 158; violence of, 160 Commercial Control List, 43 Commission on Wartime Contracting, 129 Commodity Credit Corporation, 59 Compaoré, Blaise, 72 Concern Worldwide, 159 Conflict Armament Research, 63 conflicts: global decline, 158; zones of outside intervention, 32 Congressional Research Service, 85 Control Risks company, 46 Cordesman, Anthony, 68 corruption, 3, 6, 23, 26, 28, 38, 46-7, 52, 87, 124, 132; African military related, 115; ‘institutional’, 129, 131; multi-sided, 5; national security cloak, 122-3; offsets, 111; pervasive, 119; revolving doors two-way, 126; Saudi, 51; South Africa, 133; subcontracting ease, 128; Third World monopoly of myth, 117; -weapons buying link, 118 COTS (commercial and off-the-shelf technology), 99 Council of Deputies, Libya, 69 counter-trade, problematic, 105 Cramer, Jane, 163 cyber-warfare capabilities, China investment in, 22 Czech Republic, 119 Darfur, 68; Arab supremacists, 64, 66 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Agency), USA, 103-4 Dawn of Libya, 69 Déby, Idriss, 69 Debevoise & Plimpton, 121 decision-makers, small numbers of, 124 defense: budget transparency problems, 139; budgets secret spending, 136; ‘burden’, 88; companies, see below; industry, see below; jobs myths, 90; low labor intensity manufacture, 94; offsets, see below; spending, see below Defense Communications, 104 defense companies: cost overruns, 22; deregulation supporters, 44; long lines of supply, 128; public funds dependent, 4; threats PR, 165 defense industry: narratives, 2; triumphalist advertising, 84 defense spending: -economic growth correlation, 88-90; regional, 16; skills externality, 113; vicious circles, 20 Democratic Republic of Congo: military interventions, 32; Uganda involvement, 137 Dempsey, Martin, 156 Department of Defense, counterterrorism role, 33 Department of Justice USA, 142 Department of Commerce USA, Munitions List, 43 ‘derivative classification’, 139-40 Dhahran airbase, 51 displaced people, 55 diversion, weapons, 72 Donbass basin, 52 Drake, Thomas, 142-3 drone warfare, 19 drug trade, displacement of, 29 Druyun, Darlene, 130 ‘dual-use’ items, 60 duct tape, 96 Dunne, John Paul, 89, 91, 112 E.Coli, 61 EADS, 102 Ebola, 29; response to, economic growth, military spending negative effect, 91 Egypt, Rwanada arms sales, 76 elites: people protected, 26; self-enrichment, 28 Ellsberg, Daniel, 144 end-use certificates: fake, 66; manipulation of, 70 Eritrea, 36 Ethiopia, 36, 66; Hausien raid, 159; -Sudan cross border attacks, 158 Europe: defense companies, 4, 84; defense industry offsets, 87 European Aeronautics and Defense Association, 84 European Union, 106; manufacturing turnover, 85; Saudi arms voluntary embargo, 50 53 ex-public servants, -professional connections use, 126 export controls unenforced, 58 F-35 fighter jet program, case of, 19, 40; Congressional caucus, 42-3; contradictions of, 41; job claims, 42 F/A-18 Hornet jet fighters, Finland purchase, 107 famines, 160 fears, politicians use of, 161 Federal Assault Weapons Ban, 74 Federation of American Scientists, 147; Project on Government Secrecy, 140 feedback, 124 Ferguson, Niall, The Pity of War, 169 Ferrostaal, 109; compliance investigation, 121-2 Finland, offset contracts, 107 Finmeccania, India helicopters deal, 47 Food and Drug Administration, USA, 129 food and drink sector size, UK, 84 Football World Cup, 2010, 110 foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 143 France, 20, 53, 60, 65, 67; Mali intervention, 69; Mistral submarines attempted sale, 115; Rwanda arms sales, 76-8 Freedom House, 26 Freedom of Information Act, USA, 125, 145 Friends Committee on National Legislation, 138 ‘friends’, buying of, 48 Gaddafi, Muammar, 64, 67; weapons arsenal, 68; weapons export, 65; weapons stockpile spread, 66, 69; see also Libya General National Council, Libya, 69 Gerdec, Albania explosion, 6, 26 German Submarine Consortium, 122 Germany, 53, 65, 67, 108, 142; World War I lead up, 20 global military spending, 38 global public health, 29 Goitein, Elizabeth, 145, 147 Gonzalez, Henry B., 59 Government Accountability Project, USA, 142 Greece, 122 Gripen and Hawk jets, alleged bribery, 119-20 Gulf War, first, 167 guns and butter, offsets promise, 108 Habyarimana, Juvenal, 76; plane shot down, 77 Hague, William, 156 House of Saud, human rights record, 28 Halliburton, 129 Hartung, Bill, 42, 44, 130 Headquarters Marketing, BAE tool, 120 Hillhouse, R.J., 131 HIV/AIDS, 29, 133 Hlongwane, Fana, 120 Honduras, 29 Human Rights Watch, Saudi Arabia reports, 49 human security, 36, 38 Human Security Report, 158 Hungary, 119 Hussein, Saddam, 4, 58, 61, 161, 164-5; US arms buying, 59; USA threat claims, 166 Hutus, moderate killed, 77 Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol, 104 ICBMS: USSR overestimated, 163; USSR reality, 164 Igarape Institute, 74 India: arms imports, 60; defense imports scale, 48; VVIP protection helicopters purchase, 47 Indonesia, China military fear, 21 information, overclassification, 149 Information Security Oversight Office, 139 innovation, Cold War period, 96; myth, 2, 5, 103 Interahamwe, 75 International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, 44 International Crisis Group, 138 International Food Policy Research Institute, 159 Internet, 96; development, 104-5; military claim for, 103 investigative agencies, political pressure on, 124 Iran, 50; -Contra affair, 59; -Iraq war, 58-60, 159; nuclear weapons production, 164; obsolescent military equipment, 28; sanctions military impact, 27 Iraq, 59, 131; arms imports, 60; destabilized, 63; ISIS weapons seizing, 4, 62; US invasion of, 21, 26, 28, 61, 139, 165; US invasion decision, 148; USA wars cost, 113, 138; USA wars in, 3, 25, 58, 112, 147 ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), 61, 161; Iraq, 26; Iraqi weapons grabbing, 4, 62, 170; military vehicles, 63 Islamic extremist groups, Pakistan intelligence aid, 25 Islamic Legion, Gaddafi notion of, 68 Israel, 15 Italian Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, FBI raided, 59 Italy, 53, 65, 67 James, Christian Michel, 48 Japan, 15; China military fear, 21; military policy reversal, 15 job creation, myth, Jones, Seth, 34 Jordan, 4, 71 journalists, 151 judicial processes, public access to, 151 Kalashnikovs, 1960-s, 57 Kaldor, Mary, 97 Kaufman, Chaim, 166 Kellogg, Brown & Root (KBR), 129 Kenya, 35, 54, 66 Kiir, Salva, 54-5 Kim, Stephen, 143 Kiriakou, James, 143 Kissinger, Henry, 82 Kleinrock, Leonard, 103 Kolko, Gabriel, Century of War, 168 Kosovo war, 21 Kurdistan, 62 large weapons systems, state role, 124 Leibowitz, Shamai, 143 Lessig, Lawrence, 129 Liberia, 4, 30, 65, 67; arms embargo avoided, 72; arms forces US rebuilding, 29 Libicki, Martin, 34 Libya, 4, 64; arms to Boko Haram, 70; post-Gaddafi deterioration, 69; UN arms embargo abandoned, 65; weapons export, 67; weapons imports, 68; see also, Libya Licklider, J.C.R., 103 littoral combat ship, deficiencies, 23-4 lobbying: defense, 45; F-35, 41; Lockheed budget, 41-2 Lockheed Martin, 23, 31, 40, lobbying budget, 41-2; lobby tax breaks, 127 M-80, Swiss ammunition, 71 Machar, Riek, 55 Malaya, 35 Malaysia: China military fear, 21; DCNS scandal, 24; Malaya, 35 Mali, 68; Taureg rebels, 69 Manhattan Project, 96; spending on, 97 Manning, Chelsea (Bradley), 142-3 Massaquoi, Moses, 30 McArthur Baths, Port Elizabeth, 109 McKeon, Howard P, ‘Buck’, 43 McNerney, Jim, 46 Melandor, Erik, 159 Mexico, 29: drug cartels, 73; drug trade, 4, 74; gun death rates, 75 military employees, high wages, 113-14; spending on, 92 military assets, Ukraine loss, 52 military scandals, publicized, 130 military scientific research, Cold War period, 105 military spending: global, 1; 9/11 aftermath, 13; poorest countries, 15; 2015, 14; world spending, 12 Ministry of Defence, UK, 84 ‘missile gap’, 163 Mistral submarines, 115 MIT (Massachussetts Institute of Technology), 103 Mitterand, Jean-Christophe, 76 Modise, Joe, 120 Mombasa, 54 Moss, John, 145 Mosul, capture of, 62 Moynihan, Daniel, 146 munitions, 45; Munitions List, 44 Murphy, Gary, 120 Musa Rafsanjani, Auwal, 138 MV Faina, 54 N’djamena, second-hand arms bazaar, 65, 67 Namibia, 35 National Geospatial-Intelligence Program, USA, 19 National Intelligence Council, USA, 29 National Intelligence Estimate, USA, 147 National Intelligence Program, USA, 19 National Reconnaissance Office, USA, 19 National Science Foundation, USA, 104 National Security Decision Directive, 59 national security: arms companies as allies, 124; democracy impact, 150; Putin rationalizations, 169 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 12, 15, 115; Libya air campaign, 68 Navantia, 24 Nerguizan, Aram, 68 New York University, Brennan Center for Justice, 142-3, 145 Nicaragua, 59 Nigeria, 6; national budget, 138; off-budget expenditure, 137 Nigerian Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre, 138 9/11, 161, 163, 165; Commission, 149 North Korea, 12; ballistic missiles, 164 Northern Ireland, peace talks, 34 Northrop Grumman, 42; tax breaks demand, 127 Norway, 142 NSA (National Security Authority), USA, 19; whistleblowers, 142 Obama, Barack, administration of, 24, 30, 43, 168; ‘pivot to Asia’, 22; Presiential Policy Directive 19, 142; whistleblower crackdown, 143 off-budget expenditures, military, 6, 12, 27, 137 Office of Special Plans, USA, 167 Offiziere, 42 ‘offset’ contracts, 46, 128; arms trade size, 45; complex and bureaucratic,107; ‘credits’ ‘multipliers’, 109-10; European defense industry, 87; guns and butter promise, 108; hidden catches, 111; problematic, 105; purchase price increase, 106; secrecy, 112; WTO exemption, 106 Open Society Justice Initiative, 149 ‘Operation United Assistance’, failure of, 30 Orsi, Giuseppe, 47 OuadiDoum, Libyan army base, 65; army base overrun, 67 Oxfam, 79 Pacific, US military dominance, 21 ‘packet switching’, 103 Pakistan: ammunition in Syria, 71; drone warfare, 19; Intelligence Service, 25 Pentagon: 2015 budget, 43; spending, 85 Pentagon Papers, 144 Perimekar company, 24 Perry, William J., ‘Memo’, 99 Philippines, China military fear, 21 Pinker, Steven, 157 Pinochet, Augusto, 119 Polyakov, Leonid, 52 poor democracy, military spending link, 26-7 Port Elizabeth, swimming pools, 110 Portugal, 122 possible-probable threat confused, 164 poverty and hunger, global, 36 Powell, Jonathan, 34-5 President’s Daily Brief (PDB), corporate input, 131-2 Prince Badar, 51 Project for the American Century, 166 Public Interest Declassification Board, 144 Putin, Vladimir, 169 Qatar, 68, 70-1 R&D, 97; defense funding fall, 102; military decrease, 100 RAND Corporation, 34 Reagan, Ronald, 59; re-equipment era, 17 Red Diamond Trading, BAE created company, 119-21 repressive regimes, military spending, 38 retired generals, Pentagon return, 125 ‘revolving doors’ public-private-public, 125-7 Rhodesia, 35 Risen, James, 143 risks, real human, 36 Roche, James, 130 Roeber, Joe, 118 Roughead, Gary, 127 Rumsfeld, Donald, 167 Russia, 15, 20, 48, 65, 67-8, 155; mi-17 transport helicopters, 54; military spending increase, 15; proposed Mistral submarines purchase, 115 Rwanda: early 90s arms buying spree, 76; genocide, 4; genocide machete narrative, 75; genocide organized, 77-8 Rwandan Patriotic Front, 76-7 Saab, Sweden, 110 Salah al-Din, Iraq province, 62 Sandler, Todd, 162 Saudi Arabia, 15, 119; arms buying history, 3, 16, 48; human rights violations, 49; military spending size, 27; regime protection, 28; vast increase of arms spending, 16 Schneier, Bruce, 164 scientific development, defense role curtailed, 99 Scorpene submarines, 24 SEC, USA, 143 secrecy: arms trade, 6; corruption creating, 135; culture of, 139, 141, 144; cynical use of, 147; debate curtailing, 148; global defense sector default, 136 secrets: keeping of costs, 140; ‘organizational assets’, 146; USA clearances, 141 security classification, playing safe, 145 ‘security dilemma’, 19 ‘security votes’, 137; opaque, 138 Shaariibuu, Altantuya, 24 Shapiro, David, 145, 147 Shays, Christopher, 129 Sierra Leone: Revolutionary United Front, 65, 67; Special Court for, 72 Singapore, 142 skilled workers, defense sector absorbed, 113 Sköns, Elizabeth, 107 Salah al-Din, Iraq province, 62 small and light weapons, 57; Rwanda genocide real, 75 Smith & Wesson, 143 Snowden, Edward, 142-3 Somalia, 4, 35-6, 69, 160; arms embargo eased, 66; pirates of, 54; Transitional Federal Government, 64, 66 South Africa, 6, 35, 119-20, 122; Arms Deal 1999, 5, 107-8, 110, 132; arms export licences, 68; Rwanda arms sales, 76 South East Asia, regional umbrella, 21 South Korea, 15; China military fear, 21 South Sudan, 160; arms-purchasing, 3; Civil War, 169; ‘ghost soldiers’, 54; oil revenues squandered, 55; SPLA, see below Spagnolini, Bruno, 47 ‘spiral of insecurity’, 19-20 SPLA, army expansion, 53; Mi-17 transport helicopters bought, 54 Star Wars program, 147; spending on, 97 starvation, conflict-related, 160 Sterling, Jeffrey, 143 Stiglitz, Joseph, 113 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) 12, 15, 60-1, 65, 67; Military Expenditure Database, 27 submarines, Type 209, 122 Sudan, 36, 68; -Ethiopia cross-border attacks, 158; peace agreement, 53 Sweden, 110 Switzerland, 4; hand grenades in Syria, 71 Syria, 4, 63, 159-60; ISIS in, 170; Libyan weapons in, 70; outsider goals, 33; Swiss hand grenades in, 71; US military involvement, 139 T-55 tanks, 54 T-72 tanks, 53-4 Taiwan, US support for, 21 Taliban, the 25-6 Tanzania, 91, 119 Taylor, Charles, 65, 67, 72 TCP/IP, 103 Teicher, Howard, 59 terrorism: as tactic, 168; exaggerated threat, 156; groups life-cycles, 34; military solution to, 34; transnational, 162; US citizen fear of, 161; ‘war’ against, 33 Texas, 75; military weapons ban repeal, 74 Thrall, Trevor, 163 threats, ‘inflation’, 163-5; perception, 160; overstated, 156 Tian, Nan, 89 Timber Wind Project, 147 transparency, 176 Transparency International, 51; Government Defense Anti-Corruption Index 136-7; UK’s Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index, 141 Tshwane Principles, Global Principles on National Security and the Right to Information, 150, 173 turf wars, 146 Tutsis, size of deaths, 77 Tyagi, S.P., 47-8 Typhoon multi-role jet fighters, 51 UAE, 4, 71 Uganda, 6, 55, 76; DRC military campaign, 137 UK (United Kingdom), 20, 65, 67, 100, 108; arms exports subsidized, 96; arms industry relative size, 84; Department for Innovation and Skills, 102; military R&D decrease, 101-2; revolving doors, 126; Saudi close relation, 50-1; secrecy keeping, 141; Serious Fraud Office, 119-20, 123 Ukraine, 4, 169; arms theft scale, 72; military assets sold, 3; Russian invasion, 115; soldiers equipment lack, 53; tanks to Southern Sudan hijacked, 54; weapons stolen, 52 United Industrial Corporation, 143 UN (United Nations), 36; arms embargo violations, 73; Liberia arms embargo, 72; Libya arms embargo abandoned, 67; Mission for Ebola Emergency Response, 30; peacekeeping role, 33; peacekeeping USA minimal contribution, 31; Program of Action 2001, 70; Secretariat, 80; Security Council, 38, 85; Security Council Report 2014, 62; South Sudan peacekeepers, 55 United Technologies, 42 University of British Columbia, 73 University of Massachusetts, Political Economy Res, 92 University of San Diego, Trans-Border Institute, 74 Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 159 USA (United States of America), 84; Afghanistan war, 25; Afghan Mujahedin ‘blowback’, 4, 169; arms control regime, 43; arms trade policies, 44; Budget Control Act, 139; Congress, 125, 156; contractors fraud and waste, 129; counterterrorism funding, 33; defensefederal budget relation, 17; defense industry lobbyists, 87; defense spending job creation, 92-5; Department of Homeland Security, 162; Department of Justice, 119, 121; Environmental Protection Agency, 140; Espionage Act, World War I vintage, 142-3; gun lobbyists, 74; guns in Mexico, 74; Iraq and Afghanistan wars, 112; Iraq arms embargo, 60; Iraq arms supplied, 62; ISIS airstrikes, 63; Joint Chiefs of Staff, 127; Kickback Act, 1986, 128; military dominance, 22; military interventions, 3; military personnel non-domestic spending, 95; military R&D decrease, 102; military spending, 15; National Export Strategy Report, 118; National Security Council, 59; national sovereignty corporate influence, 132; Navy, 99; Overseas Contingency Operations, 19, 138; Pentagon-State Department spending ratio, 30; ‘Plan Colombia, 29’; Public Interest Declassification Board, 141; revolving doors, 125; Saudi close relation, 50; scale of government purchases, 5; secret-keeping costs, 140; Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, 60; Somalia arms embargo eased, 66; South Sudan support, 55; Syria action, 139; USAID, 34; wars cost, 113; ‘war on drugs’, 28; ‘war on terrorism’, 35; weapons exports size, 85; Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act, 142 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), 60, 65, 67; military capacity overstated, 18; US threat overestimates, 163 Van Evera, Stephen, 164 Vietnam, 15; China military fear, 21 ‘war on terror’, 155, 167; counter-productive, 34; USA government spending on, 161 Warsaw Pact, 12 Washington Post, 161 weapons: diversion of, 70; longevity of, 81 systems complexity narrative, Welthungerlife, 159 Wheeler, Winslow, 41 whistleblowers, 142, 151; Obama crackdown, 143; treatment of, 141 Wiebe, J Kirk, 142 World Bank, 137 World War I: battlefield munitions, 57; death toll, 157; lead-up to, 20 World War II, death toll, 158 World Wide Web, 104 WTO (World Trade Organization), 45; Agreement on Government Procurement, 123; offsets rules, 106 Wurzel, Thomas, 143 Xerox, 104 Yemen, 4, 160; Saudi bombing of, 50 Zintan, 69 Zuma, Jacob, changes against, 133 ... SECTION 2: THE ARMS TRADE CAN’T BE BEATEN In Section 2, we tackle the two myths that keep us stuck Chapter Seven looks at the idea that this is simply the wrong time to tackle the arms trade: the world,... justify the status quo They tell us that their products make and keep us all safer They argue that the defense sector is vital to the economy and job creation They claim that they are at the cutting... difficulties is the stock-in -trade of the arms business, and the DoD had a simple solution: to outsource the supply The contract was won by a company that few had heard of until that time That s not