Recently acceded members of the world trade organization membership, the doha development agenda, and dispute settlemen 2

Recently Acceded Members of the World Trade Organization Membership, the Doha Development Agenda, and Dispute Settlement Kenji Takamiya Recently Acceded Members of the World Trade Organization Kenji Takamiya Recently Acceded Members of the World Trade Organization Membership, the Doha Development Agenda, and Dispute Settlement Kenji Takamiya Manila, Philippines ISBN 978-981-13-9158-3 ISBN 978-981-13-9159-0  (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9159-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Developing and transition economies that acceded to the multilateral trading system since the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 had made extensive market access commitments in the course of membership negotiations After joining the multilateral trading system, however, these recently acceded members (RAMs) generally expressed reservations against further market opening in the Doha Round launched in 2001, also known as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) At the same time, a number of RAMs have been aggressively using the dispute settlement mechanism (DSM) at the WTO, partly to address issues related to their terms of accession Using the economy theories of trade agreements and negotiations as a guide for intellectual inquiries, this book assesses motivations accounting for the RAM’s evolving behaviors in the multilateral trading system The volume was substantially written when I was at the University of Cambridge in 2012–2015 I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Amrita Narlikar, presently President of the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies I could not compete the research without her constant encouragement, in addition to valuable technical advice while she was still in Cambridge and thereafter I am also grateful to Dr Pieter van Houten, Dr Kun-Chin Lin, and Professor Richard Rex, all from the University of Cambridge I would also like to acknowledge funding provided by the Cambridge Political Economy Society Trust and the Joint Japan/World Bank Graduate Scholarship Programme, among others v vi    Preface The research entailed overseas travels to five countries (Ecuador, Georgia, People’s Republic of China, Switzerland, and Viet Nam), and I am grateful to officials of the government agencies and business associations, as well as colleagues of international organizations and academia for welcoming me for necessary interviews While their valuable contributions are kept anonymous in the text of the book, all of them very pleasantly spent their precious time to talk with me, despite their busy schedules Special thanks also go to Jacob Dreyer, Commissioning Editor and Anushangi Weerakoon, Editorial Assistant of Palgrave Macmillan The views expressed and the conclusions reached are those of mine in my personal capacity, and these not reflect views of my employer and scholarship sponsors, their policies and activities, or any national political questions Manila, Philippines Kenji Takamiya Contents Background and Theoretical Framework 1 Background Research Question and Relevance 2.1 Research Question 2.2 Specific Areas of Research 2.2.1 Market Access Negotiations 2.2.2 Countering Long-Standing Discrimination 10 2.3 Relevance of the Research 12 Argument, Theories, and Hypotheses 14 3.1 Main Argument 14 3.2 Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Multilateral Trade Liberalization 14 3.2.1 General Thrust of Trade Theories 14 3.2.2 Market Access Liberalization for Merchandize Trade 15 3.2.2.1 Case for Unilateral Policy Commitment 15 3.2.2.2 Case for Trade Reciprocity 17 3.2.3 Recovering Cost of Prior Non-membership 21 3.3 Supplementary Explanation and Other Theories 23 Methodology and Case Selection 24 4.1 Research Methodology 24 4.2 Selected Case Countries 27 vii viii    Contents Literature Survey Structure of the Book 7 Conclusion References 30 33 34 34 The RAMs’ Accession and Post-membership Activities: An Overview 45 1 Introduction 45 WTO Accession at a Glance 46 2.1 Practice of the WTO Membership Process 46 2.2 Open-Ended Rule on Terms of Accession 48 2.3 Mostly One-Sided Negotiations for Applicant’s Commitments 54 The RAMs’ Post-accession Performance 59 3.1 Reciprocity in the Doha Development Agenda 59 3.2 Emergence of the RAMs Group at Market Access Negotiations 61 3.3 Redressing WTO-Minus Trade Remedies and Other Discrimination 69 Preliminary Examination of the RAMs’ Policy Positions 72 4.1 Accession as a Commitment Device to Support Domestic Reforms 72 4.2 Export Orientation, Size of Economies, and Reciprocity 78 4.3 Recovering the Cost of the Outsider Status 83 5 Conclusion 85 References 86 3 Georgia 93 1 Introduction 93 Post-Soviet Transition, WTO Accession, Toward the Doha Round 96 2.1 From the Crisis to International Economic Integration 96 2.1.1 Post-Soviet Transition and Stabilization 96 2.2 WTO Accession: Tying Hands to Consolidate Domestic Reforms 99 2.3 Setback at the Post-accession Reforms and Early Days of the Doha Round 106 Contents    2.3.1 Restrictive Measures of 2002 2.4 Doha Round Negotiations as a Recently Acceded Member Rose Revolution and Departure from the WTO Track 3.1 Resurgence of Domestic Reforms After the Rose Revolution 3.2 Disengagement from the DDA Negotiations as a Low-Income Economy in Transition 3.3 Toward Free Trade: Going Alone Further with Autonomous Liberalization 3.4 Draft 2008 Modalities of the Doha Development Agenda Further Theoretical Considerations 4.1 Domestic Contexts 4.2 Absence of Substantive Discrimination 5 Conclusion References ix 106 109 114 114 118 121 122 126 126 129 131 132 People’s Republic of China 137 1 Introduction 137 Pushing Domestic Reforms Through WTO Accession 139 Pursuit of Export Interests in the Doha Development Agenda 145 3.1 Export Orientation and Engagement in Market Access Negotiations 146 3.2 Still Falling Short of Prominent Leadership 153 3.2.1 “Partial Stakeholder” at the WTO 153 3.2.2 Qualifiers on Pursuit of Post-accession Multilateral Liberalization 154 Potential Relevance of Terms of Trade for a Large Economy 160 Long-Standing Pursuit of Non-discrimination 163 5.1 Unconditional MFN Treatment 163 5.2 Textile Quotas and Special Safeguard 169 5.3 Non-market Economy Status in Anti-dumping 172 5.4 Transitional Product-Specific Safeguard 179 6 Conclusion 182 References 184 x    Contents Viet Nam 193 1 Introduction 193 WTO Accession Under Cautious Gradualism of Doi Moi 195 Doha Round Negotiations Under Macroeconomic Instability 200 3.1 Side-Lined from the Post-accession Market Access Negotiations 200 3.2 Irrelevance of Term of Trade Externality for a Medium-Sized Economy 206 Recovering the Cost of Previous Outsider Status 208 4.1 Restoring MFN Access in the Textile and Clothing Sector 208 4.1.1 Domino in Motion—Acceleration of Accession Negotiations Since 2001 208 4.1.2 The US Import Monitoring Program for Textiles and Apparel 216 4.2 Anti-dumping Disputes as an NME in the Fishery Sector 219 4.2.1 Pre-accession Dispute on United States—Catfish 219 4.2.2 Post-accession Disputes on United States—Shrimp 223 5 Conclusion 228 References 231 6 Ecuador 237 1 Introduction 237 WTO Accession Commitment and Implementation 239 2.1 Tariff Binding Detached from Domestic Reforms 239 2.2 Modest Implementation Record of Accession Commitment 243 Banana Disputes 251 3.1 Toward the Doha Ministerial Conference 251 3.2 Toward Geneva Agreement on Trade in Bananas 260 Proactive Engagement in the Doha Development Agenda 262 4.1 Agriculture Negotiations as Extension of Banana Disputes 262 Bibliography   331 World Trade Organization (2003f) Committee on agriculture, special session: Summary report on the nineteenth meeting of the committee on agriculture special session held on July 2003—Note by the secretariat (TN/AG/R9) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2003g) Negotiating group on market access: Minutes of the meeting, held in the Centre William Rappard on 26–28 May 2003— Chairman: ambassador P-L Girard (Switzerland) (TN/MA/M/8) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2003h) Committee on agriculture, Special session: Summary report on the seventeenth meeting of the committee on agriculture special session held on 28 February 2003—Note by the secretariat (TN/AG/R7) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2003i) Ministerial conference, fifth session, Cancún, 10–14 September 2003—China: Statement by H.E Lu Fuyuan, Minister of Commence (WT/MIN(03)/ST/12) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2003j) Negotiating group on Market access: Minutes of the meeting held in the Centre William Rappard on 14–16 April 2003 (TN/ MA/M7) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2004a) Doha work programme: Decision adopted by the general council on August 2004 (WT/L/579) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2004b) Ministerial conference, sixth session, Hong Kong, 13–18 December 2005: Doha work programme—Ministerial declaration adopted on 18 December 2005 (WT/MIN(05)/DEC) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2004c) Negotiating group on market access: Minutes of the meeting, held in the Centre William Rappard on 9–11 June 2004— Chairman: Ambassador S.H Jóhannesson (Iceland) (TN/MA/M/13) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005a) Negotiation group on market access: Market access for non-agricultural products—Communication form Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic and Republic of Moldova (TN/MA/W/56) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005b) Negotiation group on market access: Market access for non-agricultural products—Communication form Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic and Republic of Moldova—Revision (TN/MA/W/56/ Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005c) Committee on agriculture, special session: Communication form Armenia, Georgia, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Moldova (TN/AG/GEN/10) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005d) Committee on agriculture, special session: Communication form Armenia, Georgia, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Moldova—Corrigendum (TN/AG/GEN/10/Corr.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005e) Ministerial conference, 6th session, Hong Kong, 13–18 December 2005: Georgia—Statement by H.E Mr Irakli 332  Bibliography Chogovadze, Minister of Economic Development (WT/MIN(05)/ST/156) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005f) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review, Ecuador—Draft minutes of meeting (WT/TPR/M/148) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005g) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review report by the secretariat, Ecuador—Revision (WT/TPR/S/148/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005h) Committee on agriculture, special session: Summary report on the thirty-first and thirty-second formal special sessions of the committee on agriculture, held on 19 April and June 2005 (TN/AG/R/20) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005i) Ministerial conference, sixth session, Hong Kong, 13–18 December 2005: Ecuador—Statement by H.E Mr Jorge Illingworth, Minister of Foreign Trade, Industrialization, Fisheries and Competitiveness (WT/MIN(05)/ST/148) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2005j) Ministerial conference, sixth session, Hong Kong, 13–18 December 2005: China—Statement by H.E Bo Xilai, Minister of Commerce (WT/MIN(05)/ST/59) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2006a) Committee on agriculture, special session: Communication form small low-income economies in transition, recently acceded to the WTO—Proposal by Armenia, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Moldova (TN/AG/GEN/16) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2006b) Committee on agriculture, special session: Communication form Armenia, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Moldova (TN/AG/GEN/21) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2006c) Trade negotiations committee, negotiating group on market access: Market access for non-agricultural products—Position of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a newly acceded member, communication from Saudi Arabia (TN/C/W/45, TN/MA/W/81) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2006d) General council, committee on agriculture (special session), negotiating group on market access: Recently acceded members—Communication from Ecuador and Panama (WT/GC/W/565, TN/ AG/W/2, TN/MA/W/73) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2006e) Working party on the accession of Viet Nam: Accession of Viet Nam—Report of the working party on the accession of Viet Nam to the World Trade Organization (WT/ACC/VNM/48) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2006f) Trade policy review body, 19 and 21 April 2006: Trade policy review—People’s Republic of China: Minutes of meeting (WT/TPR/M/161) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2006g) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review report by the secretariat—People’s Republic of China, revision (WT/ TPR/S/161/Rev.1) Geneva: Author Bibliography   333 World Trade Organization (2006h) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review report by the People’s Republic of China (WT/TPR/G/161) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2007a) Negotiating group on market access: Market access for non-agricultural products—Negotiating proposals by recently acceded members (RAMs) (TN/MA/W/83) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2007b) Committee on agriculture special session: Negotiating proposals by recently acceded members (RAMs) (TN/AG/ GEN/24) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2007c) World trade report 2007—Six decades of multilateral trade cooperation: What have we learned? Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2007d) Committee on agriculture, special session: Negotiations on agriculture—Communication from Albania (TN/AG/ GEN/28) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2007e) International trade statistics 2007 Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2008a) Negotiating group on market access: Fourth revision of draft modalities for non-agricultural market access (TN/ MA/W/103/Rev.3) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2008b) Committee on agriculture, special session: Revised draft modalities for agriculture (TN/AG/W/4/Rev.4) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2008c) Negotiating group on market access: Market access for non-agricultural products, non-agricultural market access (NAMA) negotiations—Communication from Albania (TN/MA/W/99) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2008d) Negotiating group on rules: Statement on anti-dumping negotiations—Communication from Brazil; Chile; China; Columbia; Costa Rica; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Korea, Rep of; Malaysia; Mexico; Norway; Pakistan; Singapore; Switzerland; the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu; Thailand; and Viet Nam (TN/RL/W/233) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2008e) European Communities—Regime for the importation, sale and distribution of bananas: Second recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by Ecuador—Report of the panel (WT/DS27/RW2/ECU) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2008f) European Communities—Regime for the importation, sale and distribution of bananas: Recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States—Report of the panel (WT/DS27/RW/USA) Geneva: WTO World Trade Organization (2008g) European Communities—Regime for the importation, sale and distribution of bananas: Second recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by Ecuador; European Communities—Regime for the importation, sale and distribution of bananas: Recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States—Reports of the appellate body (WT/DS27/AB/RW2/ECU, WT/ DS27/AB/RW/USA) Geneva: Author 334  Bibliography World Trade Organization (2008h) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review—Report by China (WT/TPR/G/199) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2008i) Trade policy review: Report by the secretariat—China, revision (WT/TPR/S/199/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2008j) United States—Definitive anti-dumping and countervailing duties on certain products from China: Request for consultations by China (WT/DS379/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009a) Ministerial conference, seventh session, Geneva, 30 November–2 December 2009: Communication from the group of recently acceded members (RAMs) (WT/MIN(09)/6) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009b) Trade policy review body, and 10 December 2009: Trade policy review, Georgia—Record of the meeting (WT/ TPR/M/224) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009c) Committee on balance-of-payments restrictions: Notification under paragraph of the understanding on the balance-of-payments provisions of the general agreement on tariffs and trade 1994—Communication from Ecuador (WT/BOP/N/65) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009d) Committee on balance-of-payments restrictions: Consultations with Ecuador—Background document by the secretariat, revision (WT/BOP/S/15/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009e) Committee on balance-of-payments restrictions: Consultations with Ecuador—Basic document supplied by Ecuador: Overview of the situation and outlook for the balance-of-payments taking into account internal and external factors that affect the situation (WT/ BOP/G/15) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009f) Committee on balance-of-payments restrictions: Report (2009) of the committee on balance-of-payments restrictions (WT/ BOP/R/96) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009g) Dispute settlement body: 11 December 2008 (WT/DSB/M/260) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009h) Geneva agreement on trade in bananas: Communication from Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, European Union, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (WT/L/784) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009i) International trade statistics 2009 Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009j) European Communities—Definitive anti-dumping measures on certain iron or steel fasteners from China: Request for consultations by China (WT/DS397/1) Geneva: WTO World Trade Organization (2009k) United States—Measures affecting imports of certain passenger vehicle and light truck tyres from China: Request for consultations by China (WT/DS399/1) Geneva: Author Bibliography   335 World Trade Organization (2009l) China—Measures related to the exportation of various raw materials: Request for consultations by the United States (WT/ DS394/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009m) China—Measures related to the exportation of various raw materials: Request for consultations by the European Communities (WT/DS395/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009n) China—Measures related to the exportation of various raw materials: Request for consultations by Mexico (WT/DS398/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2009o) 10 benefits of the WTO trading system Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010a) Technical note on the accession process: Note by the secretariat—Revision (WT/ACC/10/Rev/4) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010b) Technical note on the accession process: State of play and information on current accessions, note by the secretariat—Revision (WT/ACC/11/Rev.9) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010c) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review report by the secretariat, Georgia—Revision (WT/TPR/S/224/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010d) Trade policy review body, and 10 December 2009: Trade policy review, Georgia—Record of the meeting, addendum (WT/ TPR/M/224/Add.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010e) United States—Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam: Request for consultations by Viet Nam (WT/ DS404/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010f) United States—Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam: Request for the establishment of a panel by Viet Nam (WT/DS404/5) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010g) Trade policy review: Report by the secretariat—China, revision (WT/TPR/S/230/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010h) Trade policy review body, 31 May and June 2010: Trade policy review—People’s Republic of China: Minutes of meeting (WT/TPR/M/230) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010i) European Union—Anti-dumping measures on certain footwear from China: Request for consultations by China (WT/ DS405/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010j) European Communities—Definitive anti-dumping measures on certain iron or steel fasteners from China: Report of the panel (WT/DS397/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2010k) United States—Definitive anti-dumping and countervailing duties on certain products from China: Report of the panel (WT/DS379/R) Geneva: Author 336  Bibliography World Trade Organization (2010l) United States—Measures affecting imports of certain passenger vehicle and light truck tyres from China: Report of the panel (WT/DS399/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011a) Ministerial conference, eighth session, Geneva, 15–17 December 2011: Ministers/heads of delegations meeting of the group of recently acceded members (RAMs) (WT/MIN(11)/22) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011b) United States—Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam: Report of the panel (WT/DS404/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011c) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review—Report by Ecuador (WT/TPR/G/254) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011d) European Union—Anti-dumping measures on certain footwear from China: Report of the panel (WT/DS4065/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011e) European Communities—Definitive anti-dumping measures on certain iron or steel fasteners from China: Report of the appellate body (WT/DS397/AB/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011f) United States—Definitive anti-dumping and countervailing duties on certain products from China: Report of the appellate body (WT/DS379/AB/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011g) United States—Measures affecting imports of certain passenger vehicle and light truck tyres from China: Report of the appellate body (WT/DS399/AB/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011h) Dispute settlement body, October 2011: Minutes of the meeting (WT/DSB/M/304) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011i) China—Measures related to the exportation of rare earth, tungsten and molybdenum: Request for consultations by the United States (WT/DS431/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2011j) China—Measures related to the exportation of various raw materials: Report of the panel (WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012a) United States—Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam: Request for consultations by Viet Nam (WT/ DS429/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012b) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review report by the secretariat, Ecuador—Revision (WT/TPR/S/254/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012c) European Communities—Regime for the importation, sale and distribution of bananas (Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; United States) (DS16); European Communities—Regime for the importation, sale and distribution of bananas (Ecuador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; United States) (DS27); European Communities—Regime for the importation, sale and distribution of bananas (Panama)(DS105); European Bibliography   337 Communities—Regime for the importation, sale and distribution of bananas (Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico, Panama; United States) (DS158); European Communities—Regime for the importation of bananas (Colombia) (DS361); European Communities—Regime for the importation of bananas (Panama) (DS364); European Communities—The ACP-EC partnership agreement— Recourse to arbitration pursuant to the decision of 14 November 2001 (Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama and Venezuela) (WT/L/616); European Communities—The ACP-EC partnership agreement—Second recourse to arbitration pursuant to the decision of 14 November 2001 (Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua and Panama) (WT/L/625): Notification of a mutually agreed solution (WT/DS27/98) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012d) Trade policy review: Report by the secretariat—China, revision (WT/TPR/S/264/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012e) Trade policy review body, 12 and 14 June 2012: Trade policy review, China—Record of the meeting (WT/TPR/M/264) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012f) Dispute settlement body, 23 July 2012: Minutes of the meeting (WT/DSB/M/320) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012g) China—Measures related to exportation of various raw materials: Reports of the appellate Body (WT/DS394/AB/R, WT/DS395/AB/R, WT/DS398/AB/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012h) 15 years of the information technology agreement: Trade, innovation and global production networks Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012i) WTO accessions: 2012 annual report by the Director-General (WT/ACC/19) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2012j) United States—Countervailing and anti-dumping measures on certain products from China: Request for consultations by China (WT/DS449/1, G/L/1001, G/SCM/D92/1, G/ADP/ D95/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2013a) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review report by the secretariat, Viet Nam—Revision (WT/TPR/S/287/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2013b) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review—Report by Viet Nam (WT/TPR/G/287) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2013c) United States—Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam: Request for the establishment of a panel by Viet Nam (WT/DS429/2/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2013d) United States—Certain methodologies and their application to anti-dumping proceedings involving China: Request for consultations by China (WT/DS471/1, G/L/1060, G/ADP/D100/1) Geneva: Author 338  Bibliography World Trade Organization (2014a) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review report by the secretariat, China (WT/TPR/S/300) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2014b) China—Measures related to the exportation of rare earth, tungsten, and molybdenum: Reports of the panel (WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2014c) Accession to the World Trade Organization: Procedures for negotiations under article XII—Note by the secretariat (WT/ ACC/22) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2014d) China—Measures related to the exportation of rare earth, tungsten, and molybdenum: Reports of the appellate body (WT/ DS431/AB/R, WT/DS432/AB/R, WT/DS433/AB/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2014e) United States—Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam: Report of the panel (WT/DS429/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2014f) United States—Countervailing and anti-dumping measures on certain products from China: Report of the panel (WT/DS499/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2014g) United States—Countervailing and anti-dumping measures on certain products from China: Report of the panel— Addendum (WT/DS499/R/Add.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2014h) United States—Countervailing and anti-dumping measures on certain products from China: Report of the appellate body (WT/DS499/AB/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2014i) United States—Countervailing and anti-dumping measures on certain products from China: Report of the appellate body—Corrigendum (WT/DS499/AB/R/Corr.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2015a) European Communities—Definitive anti-dumping measures on certain iron or steel fasteners from China—Recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by China: Report of the panel (WT/DS397/RW) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2015b) European Communities—Definitive anti-dumping measures on certain iron or steel fasteners from China—Recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by China: Report of the panel—Addendum (WT/ DS397/RW/Add.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2015c) United States—Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam: Report of the appellate body (WT/DS429/ AB/R) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2015d) United States—Anti-dumping measures on certain shrimp from Viet Nam: Report of the appellate body—Corrigendum (WT/DS429/AB/R/Corr.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2016a) European Communities—Definitive anti-dumping measures on certain iron or steel fasteners from China—Recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by China: Report of the appellate body (WT/DS397/ AB/RW) Geneva: Author Bibliography   339 World Trade Organization (2016b) European Communities—Definitive anti-dumping measures on certain iron or steel fasteners from China—Recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by China: Report of the appellate body—Addendum (WT/DS397/AB/RW/Add.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2016c) Trade policy review body: Trade policy review report by the secretariat, Georgia—Revision (WT/TPR/S/328/Rev.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2016d) United States—Measures Related to Price Comparison Methodologies: Request for consultations by China (WT/DS515/1, G/L/1169, G/ADP/D115/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2016e) European Union—Measures Related to Price Comparison Methodologies: Request for consultations by China (WT/DS516/1, G/L/1170, G/ADP/D116/1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2017a) United States—Measures Related to Price Comparison Methodologies: Request for consultations by China—Addendum (WT/DS515/1/Add.1, G/L/1169/Add.1, G/ADP/D115/1/Add.1) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2017b) Committee on regional trade agreements, Council for trade in services: Notification of regional trade agreement—Protocol of Accession of Ecuador to the trade agreement between the European Union and its member states, of the one part, and Columbia and Peru, of the other part (WT/REG380/N/1, S/C/N/876) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2018a) Committee on regional trade agreements: Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (EREA), EAEU—Accession of Armenia, EAEU—Accession of the Kyrgyz Republic—General incident calculation: Notes by the secretariat (WT/REG358/2, WT/REG363/2, WT/ REG/366/2) Geneva: Author World Trade Organization (2018b) United States—Anti-dumping measures on fish fillets from Viet Nam—Request for consultations by Viet Nam (WT/ DS536/1 G/L/1208 G/ADP/D122/1) Geneva: Author WTO Department, Ministry of Commerce (Ed.) (2013) Basic Instruments and selected documents on the negotiations for China’s accession to the World Trade Organization Beijing: China Commerce and Trade Press Yongtu, L (2002) Negotiating entry: Key lessons learned In C A Magariños, L Yongtu, & F C Sercovich (Eds.), China in the WTO: The birth of a new catching-up strategy (pp 25–35) New York: Palgrave Macmillan Zhang, Y., & Yang, G (2004) China as a WTO member in the first two years In M Matsushita & D Ahn (Eds.), WTO and East Asia: New perspectives (pp 313–325) London: Cameron May Zheng, Z (2003) Economic globalization and development of China’s foreign economic cooperation and trade In D Lu, G J Wen, & H Zhou (Eds.), China’s economic globalization through the WTO (pp 5–12) Aldershot: Ashgate Index A Acceding government(s), 4, 17, 19, 48, 75, 77, 85 Accession(s), 1–12, 14, 16, 17, 20–23, 25–34, 45–48, 50–52, 54, 55, 57–59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 69–85, 93–96, 98–102, 104–109, 111, 113, 119–126, 129–131, 137–140, 142–146, 148–150, 152, 158, 160, 163, 166–171, 174–176, 178–184, 193–195, 197–201, 203–206, 208–217, 219, 220, 224–229, 237–239, 241–243, 245, 250, 253, 262–264, 272, 273, 281–285, 287–289, 292, 293, 295, 297–300 negotiations, 1, 4, 7, 12, 19, 22, 23, 57, 61, 75, 94, 103–106, 112, 131, 139, 142, 149, 164, 166, 168, 173, 179, 180, 193, 197, 198, 208, 227, 241, 283 Accession package, 105, 107 Accession protocol See Protocol of Accession Adjustment lending, 51, 299 Adjustment program, 106, 131, 299, 301 Ad valorem equivalents (AVEs), 247 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP), 6, 59, 72, 86, 238, 251, 252, 255, 257, 259–261, 263, 268, 272, 273, 284 Agreement on Agriculture, 255, 267 Agreement on Safeguard, 58, 179, 180 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), 178, 179 Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC), 10, 169–171, 174, 209–211, 215, 229, 284 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 257 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 K Takamiya, Recently Acceded Members of the World Trade Organization, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9159-0 341 342  Index Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), 255 Agriculture, 2, 4, 6–9, 26, 52, 53, 61, 63, 65–69, 81, 102, 104, 110, 111, 123–125, 139, 144, 150– 152, 204, 205, 231, 239, 245, 262–270, 272, 284, 288, 292 Albania, 2, 27, 49, 56, 57, 62, 67–69, 73–77, 79, 82, 84, 123, 263 America, 217 Andean Community, 242, 243 Anderson, Kym, 31, 257, 258 Anti-dumping See Dumping Anti-Dumping Agreement, 58, 70, 174, 176, 228 Anti-dumping measure(s), 122, 167, 177, 225 Appellate Body, 11, 26, 71, 72, 153, 177, 179, 181, 231, 255, 256, 261 Arbitration(s), 72, 256, 257, 260–262 Arbitrator, 256–258 Argentina, 159, 167, 220, 240 Armenia, 2, 49, 56, 57, 62, 67–69, 73–77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 120, 121, 123, 125 Article I waiver, 260 Article IV consultation(s), 107, 229, 230, 300 Article XII Members See Recently acceded members (RAMs) ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), 195, 228 Asia, 211, 213 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 98, 208 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 193, 195, 228 Australia, 47, 61, 206, 212, 224 Azevêdo, Roberto, 183, 298 B Bacchetta, Marc, 31, 54, 55, 73 Bagwell, Kyle, 19, 32, 113, 160, 206, 271, 285 Balance of payments (BOP), 245–248, 272, 284, 288 Baldwin, Richard E., 17, 18, 21, 112, 129, 146, 157, 163, 200, 208, 266, 285, 286 Baldwin, Robert E., 15 Bali Ministerial Conference, 75, 231, 298 Banana disputes, 72, 239, 250–253, 255–259, 262, 263, 268, 270, 272, 273, 284, 287 Bananas I, 251, 252, 255, 262 Bananas II, 252, 255, 262 Bananas III See EC – Bananas III Banana wars, 238, 251 Best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), 125 Bhagwati, Jagdish, 10, 14, 150 Bilateralism, 296 Bilateral trade agreements (BTAs), 48, 163, 174, 175, 193, 195, 211, 214, 219, 221, 223, 228, 273 Bolivia, 240, 242 Braga, Carlos A Primo, 30, 55 Brazil, 61, 151, 159, 212, 220, 226 Bretton Woods Conference, 52 Brunei Darussalam, 206 Bulgaria, 120 C Cairns Group, 230, 231 Cambodia, 208, 211–214, 217 Canada, 47, 130, 151, 220, 226, 300 Cancún Ministerial Conference, 111, 159 Cape Verde, 2, 49, 65, 68, 69, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84 Index Catfish dispute, 228, 229 Caucasus, 62, 73 Central Asia, 8, 62, 73, 116 Chile, 61, 206, 226, 240 China, 2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 26–32, 48, 49, 55–59, 61–63, 65–68, 70, 71, 73–80, 82, 84–86, 109, 123, 137–184, 193–195, 207–217, 224, 226, 229, 237, 248, 263, 266, 283, 286–295 China, People’s Republic of See China Chinese Taipei, 2, 49, 62, 64, 66–68, 73–80, 82, 84, 85, 109, 123, 172, 173, 212, 226, 263, 291 Columbia, 220, 226, 251, 252, 273 Commitment, 1–5, 9, 15–17, 19–21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 47, 48, 51–54, 60–67, 69, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 83, 85, 94, 100– 103, 105–107, 109–112, 119, 120, 123–126, 137, 138, 142– 145, 148–150, 152, 160, 165, 168, 193–196, 198–200, 204, 209, 210, 215, 227, 228, 230, 237, 238, 241, 243, 245, 250, 253, 262–266, 272, 281–284, 286–289, 293, 295–297, 299 Commitment theory, 15–17, 21, 26, 32, 45, 72, 94, 99, 100, 111, 126, 137, 140, 182, 194, 195, 200, 228, 241, 285, 287 Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT), 193, 195 Common external tariff (CET), 81, 242 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 97, 129–131 Comparative advantage, 53 Compensation(s), 179 Complaint(s), 84, 175, 256 Compliance panel, 11, 177, 256, 261, 262 Conditionality, 52, 106, 117, 122, 299, 301   343 Consensus, 7, 13, 33, 48, 65, 255, 297, 298 Consultation(s), 47, 71, 124, 143, 155, 170, 172, 225, 231, 251, 253 Contracting party(ies), 1, 50, 51, 58–60, 140, 142, 159, 164, 179, 251, 252, 298 Costa Rica, 226, 251, 252 Cotonou Agreement, 59, 259 Countervailing duties, 11, 177, 178 Countervailing Measures, 70 Croatia, 2, 49, 62, 68, 69, 73–79, 82, 84, 120, 123, 263 Cross-retaliation, 257, 258 Customs unions (CUs), 10, 21, 130, 164, 242, 251, 301 Czech Republic, 32, 130 D Decision on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity, and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries See Enabling Clause Deng Xiaoping, 139, 142 Developed country(ies), 12, 30, 52–54, 61, 63, 103, 124, 151, 157, 159, 183, 294, 295, 298 Developing country(ies), 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, 50–53, 55, 60, 61, 63, 65–67, 84, 96, 101, 103, 110, 120, 121, 123, 146, 148–153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 198, 213, 245, 248, 251, 260–266, 268, 269, 272, 283, 290, 294–297, 299–301 Director-General, 3, 47, 61, 75, 105, 142, 154, 168, 200, 212, 251, 261, 262, 298 Discrimination, 3, 5–7, 10–12, 22–25, 27, 28, 30, 34, 59, 83–86, 129, 344  Index 138, 163, 168, 169, 175, 181, 183, 184, 194, 208, 216, 238, 250, 251, 253, 263, 267, 283, 284, 286, 291–293, 295 Dispute(s), 6, 10, 12, 29, 30, 72, 84, 162, 170, 172, 175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 184, 194, 208, 217, 220–224, 227, 229, 231, 252, 253, 255, 262, 267, 295, 299 Dispute settlement, 5–7, 11, 12, 14, 16, 23, 25, 29, 32–34, 46, 59, 71, 72, 85, 86, 131, 132, 137, 171, 181, 184, 194, 216, 217, 219, 225, 238, 251, 252, 255–257, 272, 273, 281, 283, 284, 293, 295, 299 Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), 26, 177, 181, 228, 253, 256–259, 261, 298 Dispute settlement mechanism (DSM), 5, 6, 11, 22, 23, 29, 85, 139, 171, 175, 179, 180, 184, 216, 223, 225, 228, 229, 238, 283, 284, 291, 292, 295, 298 Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) Article 19 of, 256 Article 21.3(c) of, 256 Article 21.5 of, 177, 256, 261 Article 22 (on compensation and suspension of concessions) of, 257 Article 22.3 of, 258 Article 22.6 of, 257 Article 22.7 of, 258 Doha Development Agenda (DDA), 4–8, 10, 21, 23, 26, 29, 34, 59, 61, 65, 69, 72, 83, 86, 112, 122, 125, 145, 146, 148, 149, 154, 157, 159, 162, 182, 183, 194, 201, 204–206, 208, 209, 217, 226, 229, 262, 264, 267–270, 272, 282–284, 288, 293, 295, 298, 301 Doha Ministerial Conference, 59, 110, 145, 198, 209, 210, 259, 260, 263, 283 Doha Ministerial decisions, 260, 267 Doha Ministerial Declaration, 60, 70, 110, 149, 210, 263 Doha Round, 2, 4–9, 11, 12, 14, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 32, 54, 60–63, 65–67, 69–71, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 94, 96, 109, 111–113, 118–120, 122, 124–126, 128, 131, 132, 137, 138, 145, 148–150, 152, 154–156, 159, 162, 180, 182, 193, 198, 200, 204, 205, 209, 210, 217, 224, 229, 238, 239, 258, 262, 263, 265–268, 270–273, 281–285, 288–298, 300 negotiations, 4, 19–21, 33, 45, 46, 52, 65, 70, 72, 78, 81–83, 94, 95, 113, 123, 125, 131, 132, 138, 148, 153, 160, 168, 174, 182–184, 194, 205, 207, 226, 239, 250, 261, 263, 264, 267, 270, 271, 284, 285, 288–291, 295 Doha waiver, 59, 261 Domestic reform(s), 4, 10, 15–17, 20, 23, 26–28, 45, 72, 75, 77, 80, 85, 95, 96, 99, 102, 106, 109, 111, 114, 120, 121, 125, 131, 137, 138, 140, 142, 144–146, 152, 182, 196, 200, 228, 237, 238, 241, 258, 272, 281, 283–285, 287, 288, 295, 298 Domino, 15, 34, 137, 208, 211, 213, 229, 273, 282, 284, 286, 293, 295 Domino theory, 21, 22, 33, 45, 83, 129, 163, 184, 194, 208, 211, 215, 229, 286, 292 Double remedy, 177–180 Drabek, Zdenek, 31, 54, 55, 73 Index Dumping, 5, 58, 122, 172–175, 177, 219, 221–226 anti-dumping, 5, 10, 11, 30, 58, 71, 122, 163, 168, 172–180, 184, 194, 208, 217, 219–221, 223–227, 229, 231, 245, 284, 292 E East Asia, 55, 57, 73, 146, 157, 208, 211 East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), 140, 141, 164, 196, 213 Eastern Europe, 8, 62, 73, 116 EC – Bananas III, 12, 292 EC – Fasteners, 71, 175, 176 EC – Fasteners (China) See EC – Fasteners Economic growth, 117, 204, 249 Economic policy(ies), 93, 96, 117, 118, 127, 158, 239, 297, 301 Ecuador, 2, 6, 12, 26–30, 49, 59, 63, 68, 69, 72–74, 76, 79–82, 84–86, 237–243, 245–250, 252, 253, 256–273, 284, 286–292, 294, 295, 300 Egypt, 159, 220 Emerging economies, 27, 60, 66, 150, 154, 182 Emerging markets, 27, 60, 66, 150, 182 Enabling Clause, 50, 60, 61, 251 Estonia, 120 Ethier, Wilfred J., 18, 20 EU – Footwear, 71, 175, 176 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 10, 81 Europe, 131, 251, 252, 262 European Commission, 143 European Community – Fasteners (China) See EC – Fasteners   345 Europe and Central Asia (ECA), 94, 95, 109, 129, 130 European Currency Unit (ECU), xiv, 252 European Economic Community (EEC), 163, 237 European Union (EU), 2, 6, 12, 27–29, 32, 47, 58, 59, 63, 71, 72, 78, 104, 120, 122, 130–132, 151, 153, 154, 160, 170–173, 175–178, 181, 184, 214, 220, 226, 237, 238, 251–253, 255–263, 267, 268, 272, 273, 284, 292, 294, 300 European Union – Footwear (China) See EU – Footwear Evenett, Simon J., 30, 243 Exchange rate, 155, 247, 248 Export duties, 155, 162 Export subsidies, 47 Export tariff(s), 155, 162 F Ferrantino, Michael J., 30 Finger, J Michael, 248, 258, 291, 299 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 254 Foreign direct investment (FDI), 16, 157, 201, 203, 213, 239 Foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs), 139, 156, 157, 215, 290 Formula country(ies), 8, 30, 64, 65 Framework Agreement on Bananas (BFA), 252, 253, 255 Free trade, 10, 72, 101, 119, 143, 169, 181, 290 Free trade agreement/areas (FTAs), 21, 129–132, 153, 164, 213, 251, 268, 269, 273, 301 346  Index G GATT-think, 18, 19, 45, 112, 131, 150, 194, 200, 266 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Ad Article VI, 58, 70 Article I: 1, 178 Articles I, II (on tariff bindings), III (on national treatment), 252 GATT 1947, 50, 51, 140, 238, 255 GATT 1994; Article I: 1, 54, 178; Article VI, 70, 224; Article VIII, 162; Article XXIII, 218 GATT Article I, 2, 164, 218, 251, 252, 255, 259, 260, 301 GATT Article II, 261 GATT Article III, 255 GATT Article VI, 58, 174 GATT Article XI, 166 GATT articles XII and XVIII: B, 245 GATT Article XIII, 255, 259, 260 GATT Article XVIII: B, 245, 248 GATT Article XIX, 58, 179 GATT Article XXIV, 21, 251, 252, 257, 260, 273, 301 GATT Article XXVIII, 60, 260, 298 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), 51, 103, 144, 255, 257, 306 Article II, 255 Article XVII, 255 General Council, 47, 48, 99, 105, 199, 200, 297, 298 Generalized system of preferences (GSP), 130, 131, 251 Geneva Agreement of Trade in Bananas, 261, 270, 273 Geneva Ministerial Conference, 159 Georgia, 2, 8, 26–30, 49, 56, 57, 62, 66–69, 73–77, 79, 81–84, 86, 93–106, 108–132, 137, 182, 183, 207, 224, 237, 263, 282, 283, 286–290, 292, 293 Global economy, 5, 12, 154, 157, 181, 197, 203, 207 Global financial crisis, 127, 155, 156, 229, 245, 248, 250, 284, 289 Global imbalances, 146, 147, 155 Globalization, 111, 144, 148 Global trade, 69, 123, 154, 156, 183, 263 Global value chains, 155–158, 231 Goldstein, Judith, 18, 31, 34 Good offices, 251, 261 Goods, trade in, 6, 31, 47, 48, 53, 102, 117, 138, 195, 199 Governance, 34, 106, 109, 154, 156, 206, 301 Gradualism, 139, 144, 145, 182, 193–195, 200, 228, 283, 287, 288 Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), 208, 211, 214, 217, 229, 284 Gross domestic product (GDP), 28, 79, 81, 97, 98, 109, 112, 113, 127, 146, 147, 201, 202, 204, 240, 247 Grossman, Gene M., 17, 24 Growth rate(s), 53, 97, 98, 127, 147, 170, 202 Gruber, Lloyd, 21 Guatemala, 251–253 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 8, 68, 80 H Helpman, Elhanan, 17, 24 Hoekman, Bernard, 15, 20, 30, 32, 53, 299 Hong Kong, 101, 226, 290 .. .Recently Acceded Members of the World Trade Organization Kenji Takamiya Recently Acceded Members of? ? ?the World Trade Organization Membership, the Doha Development Agenda, and Dispute Settlement... investment climate of recently acceded members 76 Current account balance of the recently acceded members (% of GDP) 79 Market sizes of the recently acceded members 82 Tariff barriers against the RAMs... Question 2. 2 Specific Areas of Research 2. 2.1 Market Access Negotiations 2. 2 .2 Countering Long-Standing Discrimination 10 2. 3 Relevance of the Research 12 Argument, Theories, and Hypotheses 14