Part 2 book “Textbook of oral medicine” has contents: Dental caries, salivary gland disorders, disorders of maxillary sinus, soft tissue calcifications, bacterial infections, viral infections, viral infections, viral infections, metabolic disorders, blood disorders, blood disorders,… and other contents.
516 Textbook of Oral Medicine 21 Dental Caries Introduction Dental caries is a microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth It is one of the most common infectious diseases affecting the human race Cariogenic plaque contains × 108 bacteria per milligram weight and pH of 5.5 is critical threshold for the demineralization The initial lesion appears as opaque white or brown spot beneath the plaque layer As the caries process results in demineralization, the affected area of the tooth appears more radiolucent than unaffected area Carious area attenuates less radiation than intact tooth substance so that the area of the film on which remnant beam from the deminerlized area falls, it receives higher exposure and thus appears more darker on the processed radiograph The disease process begins with the concentration of Streptococcus mutans at specified tooth surfaces and lead to white spot formation or even cavitations The development of dental caries is a dynamic process of demineralization of the dental hard tissues by the products of bacterial metabolism, alternating with periods of remineralization Etiology • Dietary factor—carbohydrates with types like monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides and the amount consumed and whether it is between meals • Microorganisms—acidogenic Streptococcus mutans and Actinomycosis viscosus • Systemic factors—hereditary, pregnancy and lactation factors have been suggested as etiological factors for dental caries • Host factor—poor oral hygiene and improper brushing technique can lead to dental caries • Immunological factor—the functional role of circulating antibodies as protective agents against tooth decay has been demonstrated in non-human primates Pathogenesis • Fermentation of oral microorganism—whenever carbohydrate is consumed, oral microorganisms rapidly begin fermentation producing organic acids like lactic acid, acetic acid and formic acid This leads to fall in pH of the oral fluids • Demineralization—these organic acid attack the tooth structure, resulting in loss of tooth minerals specially calcium and phosphate ions, which leach out from hydroxyapatite This process is known as ‘demineralization’ • Remineralization—after a period of 30 minutes, due to salivary buffering by bicarbonate ions and ammonia production from salivary proteins, there is an increase in pH of the oral fluids The acid is neutralized and the condition now favors precipitation of calcium and phosphate ions into tooth surface This process is called as ‘remineralization’ and is hastened if fluoride is present in a small amount in either plaque fluid or saliva • Further demineralization—the microorganism which is of primary concern in the pathology of dental caries is Streptococcus mutans It forms insoluble, sticky extracellular polysaccharides which help in further colonization and increases the contact of the acids with the tooth structure, leading to further demineralization which ultimately leads to cavitations • Formation of caries—the balance between the caries causing and caries protective factors is very delicate It is only when repeated attacks of demineralization occur that there is a net loss of minerals from tooth and caries results The surface layer of enamel overlying the lesion http://dentalebooks.com Dental Caries 517 remains intact and the demineralization occurring is primarily subsurface in location Once this happen, the process gradually extends deeper, involving enamel and subsequently the dentin and pulp Theories of Cariogenesis Proteolytic Theory Proteolysis can play a role in dental caries process, particularly in lesions that develop on exposed root surface Proteolysis Chelation Theory It is postulated that oral bacteria attack organic component of enamel and that their breakdown products have chelating ability and this dissolves the tooth minerals Chelation is the process involving the complexing of a metallic ion to a complex substance through a coordinate covalent bond which results in a highly stable, poorly dissociated or weakly ionized compound Acidogenic Theory It is generally agreed that dental caries is caused by acid resulting from action of microorganisms on carbohydrates It is characterized by decalcification of the inorganic portion and is accompanied or followed by a disintegration of the organic substance of the tooth The cariogenicity of carbohydrate varies with the frequency of ingestion, physical form and chemical composition, route of administration and presence of other food constituents Sticky solid carbohydrates are more caries producing than those consumed as liquids Most commonly associated microorganisms are L acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans which are found in caries susceptible individuals Acids are produced due to enzymatic breakdown of the sugar and the acids formed are chiefly lactic acid and butyric acid Autoimmunity Jackson and Bunch suggest that zones or regions of odontoblasts in specific sites with the pulp of specific teeth are damaged by an autoimmune process so that the defense capacity of the overlying dentin and enamel is compromised and concluded that caries should be regarded as a degenerative process Initially disease event corresponds to a form of somatic gene mutation in central growth control stem cells Descendent mutant cells synthesize autoantibody which damage specific groups of odontoblasts and thus determine the sites of caries susceptibility Secondary Factors in Dental Caries • Anatomic characteristics of the teeth • First years after eruption—teeth are usually susceptible to caries during first years after eruption as additional years are required for completion of calcification after eruption • First permanent molars—first permanent molars often have incompletely coalesced pits and fissures that allow the dental plaque material to be retained at the base of the defect in contact with exposed dentin • Pits on tooth—lingual pits on the maxillary first permanent molar, buccal pits on the mandibular first permanent molars and lingual pits on maxillary incisors are vulnerable in the process of dental caries proceeds rapidly • Enamel hypoplasia—enamel hypoplasia predisposes more to dental caries • Arrangement of the teeth in the arch—crowded and irregular teeth are not readily cleaned during the natural masticatory process • Presence of dental appliance—partial dentures, space maintainers and orthodontic appliances often encourage the retention of food debris and plaque material and have been shown to result in an increase in the bacterial population • Saliva factors—viscosity of saliva has effect on dental caries Both thick ropy saliva and thin watery saliva have been responsible for rampant caries Person who has xerostomia is also susceptible for caries Classification First Classification Based on Location of the Lesion (see Fig 21-4) • Pit and fissure caries • Occlusal • Buccal or lingual pit • Smooth surface caries • Proximal • Buccal or lingual surface • Root caries Based on Tissue Involved • Enamel caries • Dentinal caries • Cemental caries Based on Virginity of the Lesion • Primary caries • Secondary caries http://dentalebooks.com 518 Textbook of Oral Medicine Based on Progression of Lesion • Progressive caries • Rapidly progressive- like nursing caries and radiation caries • Slowly progressive • Arrested caries Second Classification Mount G J in 1997 classified dental caries based on site and size Site • Site 1—includes lesions on the pit and fissure of the posterior teeth and on other surfaces, these include the buccal grooves of the mandibular molars, palatal grooves of the maxillary molars and erosion on the incisal edges • Site 2—includes lesions in the contact areas of posterior and anterior teeth • Site 3—includes lesions originating in the gingival third of all teeth Size • Size 1(mild)—includes lesions which have progressed just beyond remineralization • Size (moderate)—includes larger lesions with adequate tooth surface to support the restoration • Size (enlarged)—includes lesions in which the tooth structure and the restoration are susceptible to fracture • Size (severe)—it includes lesions which have destroyed a major portion of the tooth structure diagnosis of occlusal caries The opacities of the enamel may be more useful in determining caries with visual examination as long as they are not stained but the teeth should be clean, dry and well illuminated Explorer • Sensitivity of test—the sensitivity of the explorer is also reported to be low in diagnosing occlusal dentinal lesions Use of sharp explorers in probing has been questioned by several authors It is reported that it may cause damage or create a cavity at the site of a superficial carious lesion • How to it—using explorer in the intraoral examination may not improve diagnostic accuracy Sticking probe may not be indicating caries but only be a sign of local anatomical features • Disadvantage—also probing a sterile fissure after an infected one may inoculate pathogenic microorganisms and infect the sterile fissure However, in a study which lasted as long as 11 years in which the same children were examined repeatedly as often as six times with vigorous probing of pits and fissures but it didn’t show any evidence that probing increases caries In some parts of the world, especially in Scandinavian countries, applying pressure with sharp explorer is not approved because of the damage, it would create change in the surface integrity and possible implantation of microorganisms There are some controversial results in this issue but the evidence suggests that an explorer should be used lightly or not at all on occlusal surfaces In most cases when there is a cavitation on the enamel surface, dentinal involvement is also there Radiographic Method Diagnosis of Dental Caries The search for an ideal caries diagnostic test continues as such test must be accurate, sensitive, specific, reproducible and reliable and should not transfer S mutans or other bacteria from affected area to unaffected areas Clinical Method Visual Inspection • Sensitivity of test—visual inspection is a traditional diagnostic method and it appears to have a very low sensitivity and high specificity in diagnosing caries • Dry and clean teeth—the teeth should be clean, dry and well illuminated during a visual examination to obtain maximum information • Visual examination—in detecting occlusal caries has a limited sensitivity Black or brown discolorations and fissure morphology are not reliable for definitive • Bite wing radiography—it is used for the diagnosis of proximal decay (Fig 21-1) because caries tends to occur most frequently just below the contact point either mesially or distally • Limitation of radiography in diagnosis of caries • Two dimensional image—radiograph must be used with caution as it gives a two dimensional image of three dimensional objects Due to this the exact site of the carious lesion cannot be located, i.e buccal or lingual caries, the buccolingual extent of lesion, the distance between carious lesion and the pulp horns and the presence of recurrent caries in existing restoration may completely overlie the carious lesion • More mineral loss is required for radiographic detection— another aspect is that the net mineral loss must exceed at least 20% to 30% in order to radiographically visible Due to this, carious lesions are usually larger clinically than they appear radiographically and very early lesions are not evident at all on radiograph http://dentalebooks.com Dental Caries 519 surface by means of fiberoptic illuminator which acts as a light source The resultant change in light distribution is captured by the camera and is sent to the computer for analysis Fig Fig 21-1: Bite wing radiography is useful method for the diagnosis of dental proximal caries • Technical variation—technical variation in films and X-ray beam position can affect considerably the image of carious lesion, i.e varying the horizontal tube head angulations can make lesion confined to enamel may appear to have progressed into dentin Fiberoptic Transilluminator (FOTI) • Sensitivity—Fiberoptic transilluminator (FOTI) has been used since 1970s in the diagnosis of caries and it is a qualitative method • Method—a white light emitted from a cold light source is passed through a fiber to an intraoral fiberoptic light probe that is placed on the buccal or lingual side of the tooth The surface of the tooth is examined using the transmitted light, seen from the occlusal view Demineralized areas are darker when compared with the sound surrounding tissue This contrast between sound and carious tissue is then used for detection of lesions • Diagnosis of interproximal caries—in the diagnosis of interproximal caries, fiberoptic transilluminator (FOTI) can also be used (Fig 21-2) FOTI is reported to be superior to clinical examination and some researchers report that FOTI can detect 70%-90% of dentinal lesions In terms of diagnostic accuracy and reliability, use of FOTI does not appear to provide any advantage over radiographs for diagnosing interproximal caries in clinical practice It is difficult to estimate the depth of a lesion or the presence of a cavitation with conventional clinical examination as well as with FOTI in teeth with close interproximal contact • Digital fiberoptic illuminator—It is relatively new methodology that has developed in an attempt to reduce the shortcomings of FOTI, by combining FOTI and a digital camera Illumination is delivered on the tooth 21-2: Detection of interproximal caries by using method of fiberoptic transillumination Electrical Conductance Measurement • Concept—theory behind this is that sound surface should possess limited or no conductivity, whereas carious or demineralized enamel should have a measurable conductivity that will increase with increasing demineralization • Results—indicator for caries meter are four colored lights: • Green—no caries • Yellow—enamel caries • Orange—dentin caries • Red—pulpal involvement Visible Luminescent Spectroscopy The visible emission spectrum for decayed and nondecayed regions of teeth differs Quasi monochromic light from a tungsten source dispersed with a grating monochromatic is focused on the teeth and emission spectra are recorded and analyzed Fluorescence Acid dissolution of the structure results in a local decrease in fluorescence in area of acid exposure (Fig 21-3) This has been used in detection of dental caries Use of Caries Detector Dye Various dyes such as silver nitrate, methyl red and alizarin stain have been used to detect carious sites by change of color The difficulty lies in removing the dye from the altered enamel area The altered areas of enamel are characterized http://dentalebooks.com 520 Textbook of Oral Medicine Fig 21-3: Decreases fluorescence seen in proximal caries area by more reactive calcium that reacts with carboxylic and sulfonic acid groups of dyes Types of Caries (Fig 21-4) Interproximal Caries It is the type of smooth surface caries which is seen in interproximal area between the teeth (Fig 21-5) Clinical Features • Opaque chalky region—it takes to years to manifest clinically as loss of enamel transparency resulting in opaque chalky region (white spot) In some cases, it Fig 21-4: Different types of carious lesion— a diagrammatic representation Fig 21-5: Proximal caries seen with second premolar and first molar in proximal contact area appears as a yellow or brown pigmented area but it is usually well demarcated • Location—spots are generally located on the outer surface of enamel between contact point and height of free gingival margin Caries not initiate below free gingival margin • Progress—the early white chalky spot becomes slightly roughened owing to superficial decalcification of the enamel As the caries penetrates the enamel, the enamel surrounding the lesion assumes bluish white appearance (Fig 21-6) which is usually apparent as laterally spreading caries at the dentinoenamel junction It is common for proximal caries to extend both buccally and lingually • Pain—as soon as carious process enter the dentin, patient complaint of sensitivity or pain with carious teeth Fig 21-6: Interproximal carious lesion in anterior teeth showing bluish white appearance http://dentalebooks.com Dental Caries 521 Radiographic Appearance • When it will detect—radiographic detection of carious lesion on proximal surfaces of teeth depends on loss of enough material to result in detectable changes in radiographic density As the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth are often broad, the loss of small amounts of mineral is difficult to diagnose on radiograph 20 to 30% of demineralization is required for detection of lesion Fig 21-8: Fractured tooth due to carious process Fig 21-7: Triangular shaped radiolucency seen with incisor tooth in proximal caries (Courtesy Dr Fusan Yasser) • Appearance—interproximal carious lesions of enamel are triangular in shape (Fig 21-7) and decrease in volume as they progress towards dentinoenamel junction As the carious lesion approaches the DEJ, not only it become smaller but it is superimposed with more and more sound enamel which attenuates the X-ray and tends to obscure the demineralized lesion in proportion to its depth • Fracture tooth—in some cases due to severe caries tooth may get fracture (Fig 21-8) A Radiological Types • Incipient caries—radiographically, this caries susceptible zone has vertical dimension of 1.0 to 1.5 mm There is loss of normal homogeneity of the enamel shadow (Figs 21-9A and B) It appears as a radiolucent notch on the outer surface of teeth Magnifying glass should be used • Moderate caries—interproximal incipient lesion that develops and involves more than outer half of enamel but that not radiographically extends into DEJ may B Figs 21-9A and B: Incipient proximal caries showing loss of enamel homogeneity (Courtesy Dr Fusan Yasser) http://dentalebooks.com 522 Textbook of Oral Medicine be called moderate lesion Once the dentin is involved the margins of the radiolucent areas tapers off gradually into the adjacent tooth substance (Figs 21-10A and B) They have three radiographic appearances: • Most common (67%) is that of triangle with broad base at the surface of tooth • Less common (16%) is diffuse radiolucent image • Third (17%) is a combination of the two types A C A B C B Figs 21-10A and B: Moderate caries seen in incisor region • Advanced caries—these are the lesions that have invaded DEJ Classically, there is more penetration through enamel Configuration is usually triangular It may be diffuse or combination of triangular and diffuse Spreading of demineralization process at DEJ, undermining the enamel and subsequently extending into dentin which forms second irregular radiolucent image in dentin with base at DEJ and apex directed towards pulp (Figs 21-11A to D) D Figs 21-11A to D: Advanced caries showing extension in dentin (Courtesy Fusun Yasser), http://dentalebooks.com Dental Caries 523 A Fig 21-12D: Collapse of enamel occurs in severe proximal caries Cervical, Buccal, Lingual or Palatal Caries There are many types of smooth surface caries occurring on cervical, buccal, lingual and palatal Clinical Features • Location—it usually extends from the area opposite to the gingival crest occlusally to the convexity of the tooth surface It extends laterally towards the proximal surfaces and on occasion extends beneath the free margin of the gingiva • Cervical lesion—it usually occurs in cervical area and the typical cervical lesion is a crescent shaped cavity (Fig 21-13) Beginning as slightly roughened chalky area which gradually becomes excavated • Buccal pit—this again one of common type of caries which occur as pit on the buccal surface of tooth (Fig 21.14) B C Figs 21-12A to C: Severe carious lesion involving more than half of dentin (Courtesy Fusun Yasser) • Severe caries—when carious lesion is seen radiographically to have penetrated through more than half of dentin (Figs 21-12A to C) and is approaching the pulp chamber, it is categorized as severe It reveals a narrow path of destruction through enamel, the expansion of the radiolucency at DEJ and extends its development toward pulp chamber It may or may not appear to involve pulp Force of mastication will cause the undermined enamel to collapse leaving very large cavity or hole in the tooth (Fig 21-12D) Fig 21-13: Crescent shaped carious lesion of cervical caries http://dentalebooks.com 524 Textbook of Oral Medicine Fig 21-14: Buccal pit present on the buccal surface of tooth Radiographic Features Fig 21-16: Deep pits and fissure more prone for carious tooth • It is difficult to differentiate between buccal and lingual caries on a radiograph • Appearance—there is uniform radiopaque circular region (Fig 21-15) representing parallel non-carious enamel rod surrounding the buccal or palatal decay Pit and Fissure Caries It is also called as ‘occlusal caries’ It is primary type and develops in the occlusal surface of molars and premolars (Fig 21-16) Deep narrow pits and fissures favor the retention of food debris and microorganisms and caries may result due to fermentation of food and the formation of acids Clinical Features • Location—it usually occurs in pits and fissures with high steep walls and narrow bases • Appearance—it appears brown or black (Figs 21-17A and B) and feels slightly soft and catches a fine explorer point The enamel directly bordering the pit and fissure may appear opaque, bluish white as it becomes undermined • Spread—the lateral spread of caries at the dentinoenamel junction as well as penetration into the dentin along the dentinal tubules may be extensive without fracturing away the overhanging enamel Thus, there may be large carious lesion with only a tiny point of opening Radiological Features Fig 21-15: Labial caries showing circular radiolucency • Common errors—three common errors made in interpretation of occlusal caries are • Failure to recognize that occlusal caries of enamel will not ordinarily be detected in the radiograph because of superimposition of heavy cuspal enamel over fissure area • Carelessness in not observing rather long thin radiolucency that first appears at DEJ • Confusion in distinguishing between occlusal and buccal caries • Incipient lesion—radiograph is not effective for the detection of an occlusal caries unless it reaches the dentin The only change at the occlusal surface produced by early lesion is fine gray shadow just under the DEJ Carious lesion generally starts at the side of fissure wall rather than its base The lesion tends to penetrate nearly perpendicular to DEJ • Moderate lesion—there is broad base with thin radiolucent zone in the dentin with little or no changes in enamel (Fig 21-18).There is band of increased opacity between carious lesion and pulp chamber http://dentalebooks.com Dental Caries 525 A A B Figs 21-17A and B: Pit and fissure carious lesion brown black discoloration of tooth B Fig 21-18: Moderate occlusal carious lesion seen on 2nd molar • Severe lesion—large hole or cavity in the crown of the teeth (Figs 21-19A to C) Masticatory stress causes collapse of enamel Root Caries C It is also called as ‘cemental caries’ and involves both dentin and cementum Nowadays, there is greater prevalence of Figs 21-19A to C: Severe occlusal carious lesion showing large hole in tooth http://dentalebooks.com 1150 Textbook of Oral Medicine Angio-osteo-hypertrophy syndrome 1103 Angioreticuloendothelioma 493, 867 Angiosarcoma 360 Angular cheilosis 564 Angular cheilitis 182, 564, 864, 907, 1085 Ankyloglossia 66, 540 Ankyloglossum superius syndrome 541 Ankylosed deciduous teeth 46 Ankylosing spondylitis 617 Ankylosis 139, 620 Annular lichen planus 211, 212 Annulus migrans 546 Anodontia 124 Anomalous dysplasia 132 Antemortem record 1041 Anterior alveolar cyst 255 deep temporal nerve 16 disc displacement with reduction 627 disc displacement without reduction 627 dislocation 624 ethmoid nerve-15 median lingual cyst 259 superior alveolar nerve-16 Anthranilic acid 975 Anti aging factors 931, 941 Antibiotic vitamin 934 Antibiotics 959 sore mouth 180 Antibody 20 Anticancer drugs 988 Anticonvulsant drugs 1028 Antidotal drugs 1030 Antifungal drugs 980 Antigen 20 antibody reaction 20 Anti-hemorrhagic vitamin 942 Antiherpes virus agents 996 Antihypoglycemic drugs 1028 Anti-influenza virus agents 999 Anti-metabolites 990 Antimicrobial dosing principle 961 Antiretroviral agents 998 Antral halo appearance 683 Antral lavage 684 Antral papillomas 688 Antral polyps 687 Antral pseudocyst 684 Antroliths 695 Aortic arch syndrome 1103 Apert’s syndrome 1103 Aphthous fever 771 Aphthous pharyngitis 768 Aphthous stomatitis 395 Aphthous ulcer 868 Aphthous ulcer with Behcet’s syndrome 396 Apical periodontal cyst 247 Aplasia of salivary gland 644 Aplastic anemia 908 Apparent macroglossia 539 Applied kinesiology 635 Arachnodactyly 853 ARC 863 therapy 378 Arch mark 1044 Argyll Robertson pupil 735 Argyria 511 Argyrosis 511 Arhinencephaly 164 Aromatic ammonia 1029 Arrested caries 529 Arsenism 512 Arterial Hemangioma 311, 313 Arterial supply of tongue 535 Arteriography 643 Arteriovenous fistula 317 malformation 317 shunt 317 Arthritis 486 Arthroscopy 606 Articular branches 16 Articular disc 603 Aryl-acetic acid derivative 976 Ascher’s syndrome 558, 1103 Ascorbic acid 934 Ascorbic acid deficiency gingivitis 578 Ash-leaf spot 817 Aspergilloma 782 Aspergillosis 781 Aspiration 78 Aspirin 973 Ataxia telangiectasia 823 Atheroma 724 Atresia 645 Atrial septal defect 793 Atrophic lesion of tongue 1088 Atrophic lichen planus 212 Atrophica idiopathic mucosae oris 217 Atrophy 490 Atropine 1029 Attached denticle 485 Attrition 49, 141 Atypical facial pain 428 gingivitis 579 gingivostomatitis 579 periodontal disease 865 trigeminal neuralgia 428 Aura phase 808 Auric stomatitis 512 Auricular branches 17 Auriculotemporal nerve 16 syndrome 804, 1104 Auscultation 55, 78 Auspitz’s sign 186 Autofluorescence spectroscopy 88 Autoimmune disorders 1071 hemolytic anemia 910 Autoimmunity 517 Automutilation 548 Autosedation 437 Autosomal dominant inheritance 153 Autosomal recessive inheritance 153 Autosomes 153 Avulsion 701 Azidothymidine 998 Azithromycin 964 Azlocillin 966 B B complex vitamin 926 B lymphocytes 441 Baby bottle syndrome 1104 Bacteremia 483 Bacterial meningitis 480 origin gingival disease 586 sialadenitis 658, 659 Baelz’s disease 563 Bartholin’s duct 639 Basal cell adenoma 667 carcinoma 345 epithelioma 345 papilloma 294 Baseloid mixed tumor 672 Basic life support 784 Basophilia 1089 Basophilic leukocytosis 915 Bathing trunk nevus 296 Beaking 612 Beaten copper appearance 954 Beaten silver appearance 161 Beauty vitamin 928 Becker disease 820 Becker’s nevus 158 Beckwith’s hypoglycemic syndrome 1104 Bednar’s ulcer 389 Beefy red tongue 908 Behavior management technique 46 Behcet’s syndrome 410, 1104 Bejel 737 Bell stage Bell’s palsy 805 Benign cementoblastoma 284 juvenile melanoma 296, 297 lymphoepithelial lesion 662 melanocytic nevus 296 migratory glossitis 545 mucosa antral cyst 684 mucosal cyst of maxillary antrum 684 mucous membrane pemphigoid 404 osteopetrosis 849 tumor of jaw 1066 tumors of TMJ 630 Benzoic acid 986 Beriberi 927 Bernard-Soulier syndrome 1104 Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease 810 Beta thalassemia 905 Betamethasone 1007 Bidigital palpation 55 Biermer’s anemia 907 Bifid condyle 609 Bifid tongue 541 Bilateral palpation 55 Bilobed appearance 609 Bimanual palpation 55, 67, 642 Binder syndrome 681 Biofeedback 437, 634 Biologic carcinogenesis-27 Biology of tumor growth-28 Biopsy 88 Biotin 932 Bird face appearance 621 Bismuth line 509 Bismuthism 509 http://dentalebooks.com Bite mark 1044 foodstuff 1045 in human skin 1045 Bite wing radiography 518 B-K mole syndrome 1104 Black beard sign 840 Black hairy tongue 547 Black stain 150 Bladder toxicity 994 Blast cell leukemia 368 Blastomycosis 776 Bleeding gums 73 Bleeding time 100 Bleomycin 991 Blepharocheilodontic syndrome 1104 Blepharonasofacial syndrome 1104 Bloch Sulzberger syndrome 815, 1104 Blood born diseases 1071 Blood chemistry 103 Blood coagulation 896 Blood disorders 1072 Blood glucose estimation 103 Blood group 897 Blood pressure 57 Blood supply of gingiva 573 Blood supply of lip 557 Blow out fracture 692 Blue bloated appearance 796 Blue domed cyst 234 Blue nevus 296, 297, 494 Blue sclera 850 Bobby pin opening 54 Boeck’s sarcoid 810 Bohn’s nodule 245 Bolk cusp 121 Bon-bon sign 551 Bone marrow aspiration 103 Bone marrow biopsy 103 Bone resorbing factors 232 Bones 13 Bony ankylosis 623 Bony pocket 600 Book’s syndrome 1104 Botryoid odontogenic cyst 243 Bottle mouth syndrome 1104 Bowen’s disease 1051 Bowen syndrome 1104 Brachioskeleto-genital syndrome 1106 Brachytherapy 379 Bradypnea 59 Brain abscess 480 Branchial arch syndrome 1104 Branchial cleft cyst 258 Branchial fistula 80 Branchioma 665 Brandywine type 130 Brazilian pemphigus 403 Breathing 784 Brittle bone disease 850 Broder’s classification 31 Bronchial asthma 794 Bronchial candidiasis 185 Bronchitis 795 Bronz pigmentation 888 Bronze diabetes 506 Brown stain 151 Brown tumor 882 Brudzinski’s sign 480 Bruise 1048 Brushing technique 54 Index 1151 Bruxism 54, 702 Bruxomania 702 Buba 738 Buccal bifurcation cyst 251 Buccal caries 523 Buccal fat pad 10 Buccal gland 640 Buccal pit 523 Buccal space infection 474 Buccolingual masticatory syndrome 551 Buclosamide 986 Bud stage Budesonide 1007 Buffalo hump 799, 889, 1105 Buffer capacity test 96 Build 56 Bulbar trigeminal tractotomy 431 Bull neck 455, 750 Bull’s eye 399 Bullous Lichen planus 211, 212 Bullous pemphigoid 404 Burkitt’s lymphoma 367 Burning mouth syndrome 435, 1104 Burns 174 Burrow 490 Burtonian line 510 Butenafine 986 C Café au lait spot 321, 505, 829 Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia 830 Caffey Silverman syndrome 848, 1104 Caffey’s disease 848 Calcific degeneration 485 Calcification of oral soft tissue 1077 Calcified carotid artery 724 Calcified lymph nodes 722 Calcifying ameloblastoma 268 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst 245, 268 Calcifying fibrous epulis 280 Calcifying ghost cell odontogenic cyst 245 Calcinosis cutis 822 Calcinosis universalis 822 Calcium 954 Calculus 68 Caliber persistent artery 570 Canalicular adenoma 667 Cancellous osteoma 305 Cancer vaccine 384 Cancrum oris 73, 748 Candidal balanitis 185 Candidal onychia 185 Candidal paronychia 185 Candidal vulvovaginitis 185 Candidial leukoplakia 181 Candidiasis 177, 586, 864, 886 Candidosis 177 Candidosis endocrinopathy syndrome 1104 Canine space infection 473 Canities 490 Cannon’s disease 188 Cap stage Capadepont’s teeth 130 Capillary blood specimen 97 Capillary fragility test 101 Capillary hemangioma 311, 312 Capillary lymphangioma 316 CAPMI 1043 Capsular ligament 604 Capsular pain 425 Carabelli cusp 737 Carboplatin 993 Carcinogenesis-25 Carcinoid syndrome 1105 Carcinoma 24 Carcinoma ex odontogenic cyst 290 Carcinoma in situ 205 Carcinoma of buccal mucosa 340 floor of mouth 339 gingiva 588 labial mucosa 340 lip 568 oropharynx 341 palate 341 penis 50 scrotum 49 Carcinosarcoma 351 Cardiac failure 792 Cardiac rhabdomyoma 817 Cardiac toxicity 994 Cardiac transplantation 793 Cardiovascular complaint 1036 Cardiovascular disease 786 prophylaxis 786 Cardiovascular syphilis 735 Caries activity text 95 Caries detector dye 519 Carotene 936 Carotenemia 506, 938 Carotid artery syndrome 433, 1104 Carotid body tumor 434 Carotidynia 428 Carpenters syndrome 1105 Carpet track extension 225 Cat scratch disease 750 Cat scratch fever 750 Cavernous hemangioma 311, 312 lymphangioma 316 sinus thrombosis 481 Caviar tongue 492 CDC classification for AIDS 861 Cefaclor 967 Cefadroxil 967 Cefazolin 967 Cefixime 967 Ceftobiprole 967 Cefuroxime 967 Celiac disease 955 Cell kill hypothesis of Skipper 988 Cellular blue nevus 495 Cellular immunity 441 Cellular oncogens 29 Cellulitis 453 Cemental caries 525 Cementifying fibroma 842 Cementoma 1057 Cemento-ossifying fibroma 842 Cementum hyperplasia 123 Central cyanosis 59, 65 Central dislocation 624 Central giant cell granuloma 837 Central giant cell tumor 326 Central gumma 736 Central mandibular carcinoma 289 Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma 671 Central odontogenic fibroma 281 Central papillary atrophy of tongue 544 Central squamous carcinoma 289 Central summation theory 418 CEOC 245 Cephalexin 967 Cephalosporin 966 Cerebellopontine angle tumor 434 Cerebral palsy 807 Cerebrocostomandibular syndrome 1105 Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome 1104 Cervical burnout 530 Cervical caries 523 Cervical lymph node enlargement 1083 Cervical ranula 653 Cervicofacial actinomycosis 747 Cervicofacial emphysema 698 Chancre 734 Chapping of lip 569 Charcot’s joint 735 Charcot’s triad 807 Chediak-Higashi syndrome 915, 1105 Cheek 9, 66 biting 17 sign 480 Cheery blossom appearance 661 Cheilocandiadisis 564 Cheilitis 65, 563, 929 glandularis 49, 563 glandularis apostematosa 563 Cheilitis granulomatosa 564, 1109 Chemical burn 174, 175 Chemical carcinogenesis 26 Chemical measures of caries control 531 Chemical sterilization 38 Cherubism 835 Chest pain 53 Chevron shaped pulp chamber 132 Chickenpox 762 Chief complaint 50 Chikungunya 773 Child abuse 47, 1044 Chipmunk facies 905 Chloasma grandarum 505 Chlodroexctodermal dysplasia 1106 Chlorambucil 990 Chlorhexidine mouth wash 1018 Chloroma 370, 372 Chlorpheniramine 1026 Choline 935 Chondroblastoma 303 Chondrodystrophia fetalis 854 Chondroectodermal dysplasia 163 Chondrogenic sarcoma 354 Chondroma 302 Chondrometaplasia 631 Chondromyxoid fibroma 303 Chondrosarcoma 354 Chorda tympani syndrome 804 Chorea minor 551 Christmas disease 920 Chromium pigmentation 512 Chromosome 153 Chronic adrenal insufficiency 502 of adrenal cortex 888 Chronic alveolar abscess 446 Chronic atrophic candidiasis 182 Chronic bacterial sialadenitis 659 http://dentalebooks.com Chronic bronchitis 795 Chronic candidiasis 549 Chronic cavitary histoplasmosis 775 Chronic dental caries 530 Chronic diffuse mucocutaneous candidiasis 183, 184 Chronic disseminated histiocytosis X 947 Chronic familial mucocutaneous candidiasis 183 Chronic fatigue syndrome 770 Chronic gingivitis 576 Chronic granulocytopenia in children 915 Chronic granulomatous disease 812 Chronic hemorrhagic osteomyelitis 837 Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis 181 Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis 458 Chronic idiopathic neutropenia 914, 916 Chronic infection of oral cavity 446 Chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement 580 Chronic localized mucocutaneous candidiasis 183, 184 Chronic lymphatic leukemia 369, 372 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis 183 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in association with thymoma 183, 184 Chronic myeloid leukemia 369, 371 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 795 Chronic osteomyelitis 463, 465 Chronic pain 421 Chronic paroxysmal hemicranias 428 Chronic periapical abscess 448, 449 Chronic periodontitis 592 Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis 841 Chronic superficial glossitis 552 Chronic superficial interstitial glossitis 736 Chronic tendoperiostitis 472 Chubby appearance 835 Chvostek sign 884 Cicatricial pemphigoid 404 Cigarette smoker lip lesion 208 CIN grading 32 Cineradiography 536 Cinnamon contact allergy 393 Ciprofloxacin 969 Circulation 785 Circumvallate papillae 534 Cirrhosis of liver 49 Cirsoid aneurysm 317 Cisplastin 992 Clapton line 512 Clark rule 47 Class I malocclusion 70 Class II malocclusion 70 subdivision 70 Class III malocclusion 70 subdivision 71 Classification of AIDS 861 antibiotics 959 orofacial pain 420 surface for infection control 36 1152 Textbook of Oral Medicine Claw hand 951, 1108 Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma 291 Clear cell odontogenic tumor 291 Cleft crown 113 Cleft lip 559, 560 Cleft palate 559, 561 Cleft tongue 541 Cleidocranial dysostosis 158, 1112 Clinical stages of oral submucus fibrosis 221 Cloacae 462 Clobetasol 1007 Clonic phase 808 Clotrimazole 983 Clotting factors 896 Clover leaf skull 160, 1103, 1105 Cloxacillin 965 Clubbing 59 Cluster headache 426 Coagulation necrosis 484 Coarctation of aorta 794 Cobalt 60 unit 377 Cobblestone appearance 188, 331, 458, 801 Coccidiodal granuloma 779 Coccidioidomycosis 779 Codman’s triangle 358 Codman’s tumor 303 Coffee ground vomitus 803 Cogenital fistula 645 Coin lesion 779 Cold abscess 745 Cold sore 758 Cold testing 72 Colgate total plax mouthwash 1018 Collage of matrix madness 839 Collagen disorders 813 Collagen fiber of gingiva 573 Collateral ligament 603 Collection of blood specimen 97 Collection of technique of saliva 641 Combined gingival enlargement 582 Comedo 490 Commando operation 382 Commissural leukoplakia 197 Commissural pits 558 Common mole 296 Common wart 772 Communited fracture 709 Compensatory lamellar striation 905 Complement fixation test 21 Complement system 441 Complex composite odontome 271 Complex odontoma 271 Complicated crown fracture 699 Complicated ulcer 390 Complication in healing 719 Complication of oral infection 480 Compound composite odotome 271, 272 Compound fracture 709 Compound nevus 296, 297 Compound odontoma 271 Compressibility 77 Compression test 818 Computed assisted postmortem identification 1043 Computed assisted tomography 536 Computed tomography 643 Concrescence 114 C-oncs 29 Concussion 699, 700 Condensing osteitis 469 Condylar fracture 617 Condyle 603 Condyle split 619 Condyloma acuminatum 771 Condyloma latum 734,735 Congenital defect in bile duct 149 facial diplegia 1109 fistula of lip 558 heart disease 150, 793 leukokeratosis 188 lip pit 558 macrogingivae 574 melanocytic nevus 296 purpura 917 rubella syndrome 768 syphilis 736 teeth 127 Congestive cardiac failure 792 Connective tissue tumor 674 Conotruncal anomaly 1113 Consistency 75 Consultation letter 53 Consumer protection Act 1037 Contact allergy 393 Contact cheilitis 566 Continuous fever 58 Control of dental caries 530 Conversion hysteria pain 435 Cooley’s anemia 904 Copper pigmentation 512 Coronal dens invaginatus 118 Coronal dentin dysplasia 132 Coronoid fracture 713 hyperplasia 610 Cortical gumma 736 Corticosteroid action 1002 Cortisol 1004 Cortisone 1005 Costen’s syndrome 434, 1105 Cotton role burns 176 Cotton roll stomatitis 176 Cotton wool appearance 840 Counseling 437 Countryman’s lip 49 Coup de sabre 156 Cowden’s syndrome 1105 Coxsackievirus infection 768 CPA 1037 CPA and medical service 1038 Cracked pot noise 708 tooth syndrome 424, 706, 1105 Cranial arteritis 549 Cranial nerve palsy 481 Craniocarpatotarsal dysplasia 1113 Craniocleido dysostosis 158 Craniofacial dysostosis 160, 1105 syndrome 1113 Craniopharyngioma 278 Craniotabes 939 Crenated tongue 547 Crescent shaped pulp chamber 132 CREST syndrome 1105 Cretinism 880 Critical surface 36 Crocodile tear 804 Crohn’s disease 801 Cross syndrome 1105 Crouzon syndrome 160, 681, 1105 Crowe’s sign 321 Crown infraction 699 Crown/root fracture 706 Crushed spider appearance 923 Crust 490 Cryosurgery 201 Cryptococcosis 778 Cryptogenic leukoplakia 196 Cumulus cloud 1052 Cupid bow appearance 558 Cupping 145 Curling of tongue 542 Curry-Hall syndrome 1105 Cushing’s syndrome 889, 1105 Cusp of carabelli 116 Cutaneous blastomycosis 776 Cutaneous horn 772 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus 225 Cutaneous pain 422 Cutaneous stimulation 438 Cutaneous vasculitis 795 Cutis hyperelastica 817 Cutis rhomboidalis 570 Cyanocobalamin 933 Cyanosis 59, 502 Cyclic hematopoiesis 914 neutropenia 914 Cyclophosphamide 990 Cyclopirox olamine 985 Cyclosporin induced gingival enlargement 581 Cylindroma 672 Cyst in the globulomaxillary area 687 Cyst of palatine papilla 253 Cystic basal cell carcinoma 346 Cystic hygroma 260, 316 Cystic lymphangioma 316 Cystic odontoma 272 Cysticercosis 723 Cysticercosis cellulose 261 Cysts of oral cavity 1065 Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease 657 Cytomegalovirus infection 771, 868 D Dacarbazine 990 Dagger shaped calcification 885 Dane system 68 Danger space 479 Darier’s disease 190 Darier-White disease 190 Darling’s disease 775 Decubitus ulcer 389 Dedifferentiation 351 Deep lymphangioma 316 Deep pain 423 Degenerative arthritis 610 Dejerine-Roussy syndrome 1105 Delayed eruption 46, 136 Delusional pain 435 Dens evaginatus 119 Dens invaginatus 117 Dense bone island 310 Dense in dente 117 Dental amalgam contact allergy 393 Dental arch irregularities 70 Dental crown fracture 704 Dental floss injury 144 Dental fluorosis 135 http://dentalebooks.com Dental identification procedure 1041 Dental lamina cyst 245 Dental lamina formation Dental management of pregnant patient 1023 Dental papilla Dental root end cyst 247 fracture 705 Dental sac Denticles 484 Dentigerous cyst 234, 687 Dentin dysplasia 132 Dentin pathology 1075 Dentinal hypersensitivity 1010 Dentinogenesis imperfecta 130 Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor 245 Dentinoma 271 Dentist act 1948 1048 Dentition proceox 127 Dentoalveolar compensation 142 Dentoalveolar fracture 708 Denture injury tumor 298 Denture stomatitis 182 Deoxycortisone acetate 1008 Depapillation of tongue 548, 1087 Depigmentation 490 Depolarization 418 Depressibility test 69 Dermal gangrene 483 Dermal melanocytoma 296, 297 Dermatitis 930 herpetiformis 408 medicamentosa 391 venenata 393 Dermatofibroma 299 Dermatomyositis 550, 822 Dermatopolyneuritis 510 Dermatosis papulosa nigra 818 Dermoid cyst 257 Descending necrotizing mediastinitis 482 Desert fever 779 Desmoplastic fibroma 300 Detection of diabetes mellitus 103 Development of cleft 559 lip 557 maxillary sinus 677 salivary gland 638 tongue 533 Developmental lingual salivary gland depression 643 salivary gland defect 645 Dewar test 96 Dewdrop on rose petal appearance 763 Dexamethasone 1006, 1029 Dextrose 1028 Di George syndrome 185 Diabetes 550, 892 Diabetes mellitus 885 associated gingivitis 578 Diabetes sialadenosis 887 Diabetic insipidus 887 Diagnosis Diagnosis of dental caries 518 Diagnostic procedure 45 Diagnostic set instrument 63 Index 1153 Diagnostic test of cancer detection 86 Diascopy 491 Diazepam 1028 DIC 924 Dichotomy theory 125 Dicloxacillin 966 Didanosine 998 Differential leukocyte count 99 Diffuse calcification 485 gangrenous stomatitis 412 gingivitis 576 infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome 869 lipoma 304 sclerosing osteomyelitis 469 Digastric fossa 15 DiGeorge’s syndrome 822 Digital palpation 61 Dilacerations 117 Dilantin sodium induced gingival enlargement -581 Dilated composite odontome 117 Dilling rule 47 DILS 869 Diphtheria 749 Dipped into white paints appearance 130 Direct immunofluorescence 94 Disappearing bone 855 Disc dislocation 627 displacement 626 perforation 627, 628 Discal ligament 603 Discoid lupus erythematosus 225 Discoloration of teeth 148, 1086 Discoloring agents 148, 150 Discrete pulp stone 484 DISH syndrome 433 Disinfection 38 Dislocation 624 Disseminated blastomycosis 776 herpes infection of newborn 758 intravascular coagulation 924 juvenile fibrous dysplasia 835 sclerosis 806 Distal step 71 metastasis 29 Distomolar 113, 125 Disturbance in carbohydrate mechanism 951 lipid metabolism 947 mineral metabolism 952 protein mechanism 944 Diurnal bruxism 702 Diverticuli 645 DNA oncogenic virus-27 DNA profiling 1043 DNM 482 Dobutamine 1030 DOCA 1008 Docetaxel 992 Doctor’s position 63 Donovanosis 753 Dopamine 1030 Doppler ultrasound 536 Double condyle 609 Double fracture line 711 Double lip 558 Down’s syndrome 853, 1106 Drabkin’s method 99 Draning cyst 487 Draning sinus of oral cavity 486 Dried mud appearance 206 Driven snow appearance 269 Drooling of saliva 1086 Drug allergy 391, 823 Drug effect on oral cavity 1096 Drug idiosyncrasy 391 Drug induced disorders of TMJ 632 lichenoid reaction 213 osteoporosis 846 pigmentation 500 Cheilitis 568 Drug influence gingival enlargement 581 gingivitis 578 Drug interaction 47 Drug reaction 1101 Drug sensitivity 391 Dry beriberi 928 Dry heat 37 Dry socket 719 Dubreuilh’s elastoma 570 Ductus papillomas 669 Duhring Brocq disease 408 Dukes ABC staging-33 Dumb-bell shaped appearance 665 Dumble shaped appearance 478 Duration of antibiotics therapy 961 Duties of dental practitioners 1049 Dwarfism 877 Dyskeratosis congenita 224 Dyskinesia 551 Dysphagia 803 Dyspnea 786 Dystrophic calcification 721 Dystrophic myotonica 820 E Eagle syndrome 433, 725, 1106, 1059 Early loss of teeth 1088 Early periodontitis 598 Early syphilis 733 Ears 63 Earthy tongue 547 Ebbing tide type of leukoplakia 197 Ebnuration 612 Ecchondroma 302 Ecchymoses 490, 506, 697 Echinococcosis 260 Econazole 984 Ectodermal dysplasia 165 Ectopic enamel 121 eruption 140 geographic tongue 546 salivary gland 643 salivary neoplasm 65 Eczematous cheilitis 565 Edema 60 Edward’s syndrome 1106 Effect of infection on host 442 Effectiveness of antibiotics 961 Egg shell crackling 230, 275 of bone 277 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 817, 1106 Elashy Water’s syndrome 1106 Electric pulp testing 72 Electrical burns 174, 175 Electrical conductance measurement 519 Electrical stimuli 1013 Electroacupuncture 439 Electrocautery 201 Electromyography 536, 606 Electron beam 376 Electrosurgery 201 Elephantiasis gingivae 574 Elephantiasis neuromatosa 320 ELISA 870 Ellis classification of injury to teeth 699 Ellis-van Creveld syndrome 1106 Ellis-van Creveld disease 163 Elongated styloid process 433 Ely’s cyst 612 Embedded teeth 137 Embryology of tongue 533 Emergency drug kit 1025 Emergency equipment 1031 Emergency kit maintenance 1031 Emergency management 1025 EMG feedback 703 Emphysema 795 Enamel cord crack 704 drop 270 droplet 121 epithelium hypoplasia 133 infraction 704 knot loss 1079 nodule 121, 270 organ pathology 1075 pearl 121, 270 Enameloma 121, 270 Enbloc resection 382 Encapsulated lipoma 304 Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis 315 Enchondroma 302, 665 Encoding 29 Encrusted tongue 547 Endemic syphilis 737 Endocrinopathy candidiasis syndrome 183, 184 Endothelial myeloma 359 Endothelioma 665 ENL 742 Enlarged pulp chamber 1080 Enostosis 310 Enucleation 263 Environmental surface-36 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 870 Enzymes 992 Eosinophilia 915, 1090 Eosinophilic granuloma 548, 947, 948, 1059 Ephelis 495 Epidemic parotitis 656 Epidermis nevus syndrome 1106 Epidermoid carcinoma 338, 673 cyst 257 http://dentalebooks.com Epidermolysis bullosa 406 acquista 406 dystrophic recessive 406 latalis 406 simplex 406 dystrophic dominant 406, 407 Epigenetic theory 29 Epignathus 329 Epilepsy 808, 892 Epiloia-Bourneville syndrome 817 Epipodophyllotoxin 992 Epithelial odontome 274 Epithelial root sheath of Hertwig’s Epithelioma 338 Epithelioid cell nevus 296, 297 Epitope 20 Epizootic stomatitis 771 Epstein Barr virus infection 773 Epstein pearls 245 Epulis fissuratum 298 Epulis granulomatosum 332 Erosion 49, 144 Erosion cavity 530 Erosive lichen planus 215 Eruption cyst 237 Eruption hematoma 237 Eruption of teeth Eruption sequestrum 140 Eruptive Grazybowski type 295 Eruptive stage Erysipelas 457 Erythema circinate migrans 546 Erythema migrans 545 Erythema multiforme 399 Erythema nodosum 801 Erythema nodosum leprosum 742 Erythematous candidiasis 864 Erythematous macule 697 Erythremia 911 Erythroblastic anemia 904 Erythroblastic fetalis 149 Erythroblastosis fetalis 901 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 102 Erythrocytes 895 Erythrocytes indices 98 Erythrodermic psoriasis 186 Erythrodontia 149, 906 Erythroleukoplakia 194, 199, 203, 204 Erythromealgia 911 Erythromycin 963 Erythroplakia 203 Erythroplasia 203 Erythroplasia of Queyrat 203 Erythropoiesis 895 Erythropoietic porphyria 906, 946 Esophageal ulcer 803 Esophagus diseases 803 ESR 102 Essential emergency drugs 1025 Essential hypertension 790 Essential venous dilatation 164 Esthesioneuroblastoma 320 Estrogen 27 Ethylenimine 990 Etiology of facial space infection 446 Etiology of oral carcinoma 337 Eumelanin 489 Evaginated odontome 119 Everted edge 79 Ewing’s sarcoma 359 1154 Textbook of Oral Medicine Examination of cranial nerve 81 deep cervical nodes 62 fistula 80 heart 786 maxillary sinus 678 salivary gland 642 sinus 80 swelling 73 tongue 536 ulcer 78 Excisional biopsy 90 Excrescence 206 Exfoliation 1080 Exfoliative cheilitis 567 Exfolitive cytology 91 Exocrine gland 638 Exogenous pigmentation 508 Exophytic lesion 1098 Exostosis 310 of root 123 Expansible pulsation 74 swelling 77 External internal resorption 146 jugular vein 63 nasal branches 15, 16 resorption 145, 530 Exteroceptors 417 Extracapsular fracture 617 Extraductal causes 651 Extraoral discharging sinus 1082 examination 60 Extraosseous ameloblastoma 278 Extraosseous osteosarcoma 358 Extravasation cyst 255 Extrinsic asthma 794 Extrinsic stain 1079 Extrusive luxation of teeth 699, 701 Eye raised to heaven appearance 836 Eye wear 39 Eyes 63 F Face shield-39 Facial hemiatrophy 156, 549 Facial hemihypertrophy 155 Facial nerve 82 Facies leprosa 743 Factitious cheilitis 567 Factitious injury 588, 698 Factor V deficiency 922 Factor XI deficiency 924 False cyst 684 False gemination 114 False polycythemia 912 Famcyclovir 997 Familial benign chronic pemphigus 406 Familial fibrous dysplasia of jaws 835 Familial hypophosphatemia 939 Familial multilocular cystic disease of jaw 835 Familial neutropenia 915 Familial osteodysplasia 1103 Familial otodentodysplasia 122 Mulberry molar 123 Familial thrombasthenia 919 Family history 55 Fanconi’s anemia 910 Fanconi’s syndrome 1106 Farmer’s lip 566 Fascial space infection 473 Fasting blood glucose 104 Fat soluble vitamin 936 Fatigue 1036 Favre-Racouchot syndrome 1106 FDI system 68 Feedback deletion 29 Ferguson Smith type keratoacanthoma 295 Fetal deciduous teeth 127 Fever blister 758 Fiberoptic transilluminator 519 Fibers of gingiva 573 Fibrin stabilizing factor deficiency 924 Fibroadamanblastoma 267 Fibrocementoma 282 Fibrocystic disease 828 Fibroepithelial polyps 299 Fibroma 297 molluscum 320 Fibromatosis gingiva 574 Fibro-osseous lesion 828, 1072 Fibro-osteodystrophy 828 Fibrosarcoma 352 Fibrous adamantinoma 267 ankylosis 622 dysplasia 828 epulis 299 healing of wound 720 histiocytoma 299 hyperplasia 298 papule 818 Fibroxanthoma 299 Field arrangement in radiotherapy 378 Filliform papillae 534 Final diagnosis 83 Fine needle aspiration cytology 92 First Arch syndrome 1106 Fissured tongue 543 Fistulae of oral cavity 486 Fixed drug reaction 391 Flame shaped pulp canal 131 Flat torus 308 Floating fracture 713 Floating teeth appearance 593, 949 Flocculent appearance 355 Floor of mouth 11, 66 Floppy infant 1106 Florid osseous dysplasia 841 Flow rate studies 643 Flucloxacillin 966 Fluconazole 984 Fluctuation 76 Flucytosin 983 Fludrocortisones 1008 Fluid thrill 76 Flumazenil 1031 Fluocinolone 1007 Fluorescence 519 photography 88 Flurbiprofen 975 Fluride toxicity 855 Flush terminal plane 71 Fluticasone 1007 Fly-catcher’s tongue 551 Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis 191 Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome 294, 1107 Focal epithelial hyperplasia 187 Focal infection 485 Focal osteititis fibrosa 828 Focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect 163 Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis 469 Foix’s syndrome 434 Folacin 932 Folate 932 Folate acid antagonist 990 Folate deficiency anemia 906 Foliate papillae 534 Foliate papillitis 548 Folic acid 932 deficiency 550 Follicular cyst 234 Follicular lichen planus 212 Folliculosis 935 Foot and mouth disease 771 Foramen cecum 533 Fordyce’s granules 172 Foreign bodies 651, 691 reaction 588 Forensic odontology 1040 Formation of ulcer 387 Former cyst 1052 Forschhimer sign 768 Foscarnet 997 Fosdick calcium dissolution test 96 Fothergill’s disease 429 FOTI 519 Fovea palatini 486 Fractured tuberosity 693 Fragile X syndrome 1106 Framboesia 738 Franceschetti syndrome 161, 1107 Free denticle 485 Free gingiva 572 Frenum attachment 573 Frey’s syndrome 804, 1104 Friedreich’s disease 155 Frontal nerve 15 Frontal process 13 Frontonasal dysplasia 1109 Frost bite of lip 175 Frozen face appearance 430 Frozen section biopsy 91 Fruit laden branchless tree 661 Fulguration 201 Function of maxillary sinus 678 saliva 641 tongue 535 Functional ligament 603 movement of TMJ 605 Fungiform papillae 534 Furcation involvement 71, 600 Fusion 113 Fusospirochetal gingivitis 583 G G1 phase 24 G2 phase 24 Gancyclovir 997 Ganglioneuroma 324 Ganglionic nerve 16 Gangosa 739 Gangrenous stomatitis 748 Gardner syndrome 167, 1107 http://dentalebooks.com Garment nevus 296 Garre’s osteomyelitis 470 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 802 Gastrointestinal candidiasis 184 disease 486 toxicity 994 tract disorders 799 Gate control theory 419 vibration 1011 Gaucher’s disease 950 Geminated composite odontome 273 Gemination 113, 273 Gene 153 therapy 384 General dystrophic calcification of oral region 721 General examination of patient 56 General paresis 735 Generalized cortical hyperostosis 855 Generalized discoloration 1099 Generalized gingivitis 576 Generalized neurological disease 551 Generalized radiopacities 1093 Generalized rarefaction of jaw bone 1092 Genetic theory-29 Genial tubercle 15 Geniculate neuralgia 432 Genioglosus muscle 534 Genital wart 771 Geographic tongue 545 Geographical prevalence of dental disease 49 Geographical prevalence of medical disease 49 Geotrichosis 780 German measles 768 Gestant odontome 117 Ghost teeth 132 Giant cell disorders 1075 Giant cell epulis 327 Giant cell fibroma 300 Giant cell reparative granuloma 837 Giant osteoid osteoma 306 Giant urticaria 394 Gigantism 875, Giles de la tourette syndrome 551, 1107 Gingiva 10, 73, 572 Gingival abscess 579 Gingival cyst of adult 243 Gingival disease 574 of fungal origin 586 Gingival enlargement 579 Gingival hyperplasia 1068 Gingival manifestation of systemic disease 586 Gingival pocket 590 Gingival recession 587 Gingival salivary gland choristoma 644 Gingival staging 49 Gingivitis 73, 576 Gingivitis due to systemic disease 578 Gland of Blandin’s and Nuhn’s 640 Gland of von Ebner 640 Index 1155 Glandular Cheilitis 563 Glandular fever 770 Glandular odontogenic cyst 246 Glanzmann’s disease 919 Glassblower’s white patch 185 Glenoid fossa 602 Globodontia 122 Globulomaxillary cyst 1053 Glomangioma 318 Glomeruli 803 Glomus tumor 318 Glossalgia 550 Glossitis 929, 930 areata exfoliativa 545 Glossodynia 422, 550, 1082 Glossopalatine gland 640 Glossopharyngeal neuralgia 432 Glossoplegia 551 Glossopyrosis 550 Glosssopharyngeal nerve 82 Gloves 39 Glucagon 1028 Glucocorticoids 1003 Glucose 1028 Glucose phosphatase deficiency anemia 910 Glyceryl trinitrate 1027 Godtfredsen’s syndrome 434 Gold poisoning 512 Goldenhar syndrome 1107 Goldie Goldman model 989 Goltz-Gorlin syndrome 1107 Gonococcal arthritis 740 Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum 739 Gonorrhea 739 Gorham syndrome 855, 1107 Gorlin cyst 245 Gorlin Goltz syndrome 1108 Gorlin sign 542, 817 Gorlin’s and Goltz’s syndrome 262 Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss syndrome 1107 Goundou 739 Gout 629 Graded von Frey hair 82 Gradenigo syndrome 1107 Grading of tumors 31 Graft versus host disease 216 Graham little syndrome 210 Graham-Little syndrome 1107 Gram negative sepsis and shock 483 Grand mal epilepsy 808 Granular appearance 355, 358, 831 Granular cell myoblastoma 325 Granular cell odontogenic fibroma 282 tumor 282 Granular cell schwannoma 325 Granular cell tumor 325 Granular erythroplakia 203, 204 Granulocytes 896 Granulocytopenia 912 Granulocytosis 915 Granuloma inguinale 753 Granuloma pyogenicum 329 Granuloma venereum 753 Granulomatous Cheilitis 564 Granulomatous diseases 1068 Granulomatous disorders 809 Graze 1048 Green stain 151 Greenstick fracture 618, 718 Grinspan syndrome 210, 1107 Griseofulvin 983 Groove sign 754 Ground glass appearance 355, 831, 882, 903 Growth of transformed cells-29 Guerin fracture 713 Gum paints 1020 Gumma 735 Gummy smile 155 Gustatory lacrimation syndrome 804 Gustatory sweating 804 Guttate lichen planus 212 Guttate psoriasis 186 GVHD 216 H HAART 872, 1001 Habits 54 Hailey-Hailey disease 406 Hair lip 560 Hair on end appearance 904, 905 Hairy leukemia 373 Hairy leukoplakia 866 Hairy tongue 547, 1088 Hajadu Cheney syndrome 1107 Halitosis 1083 Hallermann-Streiff syndrome 1107 Hallopeau type 402 Halo nevus 296, 297 Halocinonide 1007 Haloprogin 986 Hamartomas 1073 Hamycin 982 Hand-foot and mouth disease 769 Hand-Schüller-Christian disease 947, 1059 Hanging drop appearance 692 Hanhart syndrome 1107 Hansen disease 741 Hapten 20 Hard fibroma 298 Hard palate 10 Harrison grooves 939 Hatch-Beals-Wilson syndrome 1108 Hazards due to material used 1036 HDN 901 Head 60 Headache 60 Healing cyst 252 Heart sound 786 Heat testing 72 Hebra nose 753 Heck disease 187 Heefordt’s syndrome 663, 822, 1108 Hemangioma 311, 490 Hemangiomata 924 Hemangiopericytoma 319 Hematocrit 99 Hematological disorders 587 investigation 97 toxicity 994 Hematoma 490, 507, 697 Hemifacial microstomia 156 Hemifacial spasm 820 Hemihyperpalsia 155 Hemi-maxillofacial dysplasia 157 Hemisepta 599 Hemochromatosis 506 Hemoglobin 895 Hemoglobin Bart disease 905 Hemoglobin H disease 905 Hemoglobin S 902 Hemolytic jaundice 802 Hemophilia 920 Hemophilia C 924 Hemorrhage 1085 Hemorrhage of iatrogenic cause 924 Hemorrhagic bone cyst 255 Hepadna virus 28 Heparin 896 Hepatic porphyria 946 Hepatitis 799 A 799 B 49, 799 C 800 D 800 G 800 Hepatocellular jaundice 802 Herd immunity 18,19 Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis 189 Hereditary brown enamel 128 Hereditary brown opalescent teeth 128 Hereditary disease of newborn 901 Hereditary elliptocytosis 910 Hereditary enamel dysplasia 128 Hereditary fibrous dysplasia of jaw 835 Hereditary fructose intolerance 952 Hereditary gingival fibromatosis 574 Hereditary hemorrhagic talangiectasia 494, 923 Hereditary hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia 165 Hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome 504, 1111 Hereditary opalescent dentin 130 Hereditary spherocytosis 910 Hereditary thymic dysplasia 185 Herlitz’s disease 406 Herpangina 768 Herpes gladiatorum 758 Herpes labialis 758, 866 Herpes simplex infection 757, 866 Herpes virus 28 Herpes zoster 586, 762, 763, 866 Herpetic conjunctivitis 758 Herpetic eczema 758 Herpetic genitalis 758 Herpetic gingivostomatitis 586 Herpetic meningoencephalitis 758 Herpetic whitlow 758 Herptiform ulcer 396 Heterotopic calcification 721 Heterozygous 153 Hexamethylamine 993 Hibernoma 305 Hidebound disease 813 High condylar fracture 617 High transverse fracture 714 Higoumenakis’s sign 737 Hippocrates oath 1048 Histaminic cephalgia 426 Histiocytosis X 947, 1059, 1101 Histiocytosis Y 295 Histoplasmosis 586, 775 History of pain 50 History of present illness 50 History of swelling 52 History of ulcer 52 http://dentalebooks.com HIV associated salivary gland disease 869 HIV oral melanosis 502 HIV related periodontitis 865 HIV virus 860 Hodgkin’s lymphoma 363 Homogenous Erythroplakia 203 Homogenous leukoplakia 194, 198 Homozygous 153 Homozygous beta thalassemia 905 Honeycomb appearance 276, 280, 314, 357, 837 Hooding of eye 715 Hoof and mouth disease 771 Horizontal bone loss 599 Horizontal favorable fracture 709 Horizontal fracture 713 Horizontal percussion test 69 Horizontally unfavorable fracture 709 Hormonal carcinogenesis-27 Horner’s syndrome 1108 Horton’s syndrome 426, 1108 Host defense mechanism 440 Hot spot 428 Hound dog appearance 192 Hourglass appearance 327 House maid knee 49 Human papilloma virus lesions 868 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-27 Humoral factor 441 Hunter syndrome 1108 Hunter’s glossitis 907, 908 Huntington’s chorea 551 Hurler syndrome 951, 1108 Hutchinson Gilford syndrome 1108 Hutchinson’s incisor 123, 134 Hutchinson’s triad 736 Hyalinosis cutis et mucosa oris 192 Hydatid cyst 260 Hydatid disease 260 Hydrocortisone 1004, 1029 Hydrodynamic theory 1011 Hydrostatic enlargement theory 232 Hydroxyurea 992 Hyoglossus muscle 534 Hyperalgesia 422 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 380, 467 Hypercarotenemia 60 Hypercementosis 123 Hyperdontia 1079 Hyperdynamic shock 483 Hyperfunction of pituitary gland 505 Hypergonadism 891 Hyperkalemia 955 Hypermobility of TMJ 625 Hyperostoses 310 Hyperparathyroidism 881 Hyperpituitarism 875 Hyperplasia of condyle 608 Hyperplasia of coronoid process 163 Hyperplasia of maxillary tuberosity 162 Hyperplasia of salivary gland 644 Hyperpyrexia 58 Hypertaurodont 120 Hypertension 790 Hypertensive crisis 790 Hyperthermia 380 Hyperthyroidism 878 Hypertrophic lichen planus 211 Hypertrophic lichen planus 212 1156 Textbook of Oral Medicine Hypervitaminosis A 937 Hypnotherapy 635 Hypodontia 124, 1079 Hypofibrinogenemia 922 Hypoglossal nerve 82 Hypoglossia-hypodactylia syndrome 1108 Hypoglycemia 952 Hypognathous 153 Hypogonadism 891 Hypomelanosis 490 Hypoparathyroidism 883 Hypophosphatasia 953 Hypopigmentation 513 Hypopituitarism 877 Hypoplasia due to birth injury 134 exanthematous disease 134 hypocalcaemia 134 nutritional deficiency 134 Hypoplasia of condyle 606 Hypoplasia of enamel 530 Hypoplasia of salivary gland 644 Hypoprothrombinemia 924 Hypotaurodont 120 Hypotherapy 437 Hypothermia 58 Hypothyroidism 880 I Iatrogenic immunosuppression associated Kaposi’s sarcoma 868 Iatrogenic pigmentation 508 Ibuprofen 975 Iceberg tumor 665 Icterus 59 Id reaction 182 IDDM 885 Identification of victim 1041 Idiopathic bone cavity 255 Idiopathic bone cyst 255 Idiopathic calcification 724 Idiopathic facial pain 428 Idiopathic facial paralysis 805 Idiopathic hypertension 790 Idiopathic leukoplakia 196 Idiopathic steatorrhea 955 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 869 Idoxuridine 996 Ig-A 20 Ig-D 20 Ig-E 20 Ig-G 20 Ig-M 20 Ill effect of CPA 1039 Immune surveillance theory 30 Immunity 18 Immunofluorescence 23, 94 Immunoglobulin 441 Immunological disorders 822 Immunotherapy 384 Impacted mandibular third molar 137 Impacted teeth 137 Impetigo 456 Impetigo vulgaris 456 Imprint abrasion 1048 Impulse on coughing 77 IMRT 384 Incipient carcinoma 203 Incipient caries 521, 524 Incised wound 1048 Incisional biopsy 90 Incisive canal cyst 253 Incisive foramina-14 Incisive gland 640 Incisive nerve-17 Inconsistent bony margin 600 Incontinentia pigmenti 815 Indinavir 998 Indirect immunofluorescence 94, 871 Individual immunity-19 Induction of malignant changes in the target cell-28 Infantile cortical hyperostosis 848 , 1104 Infantile osteomyelitis 468 Infantile osteopetrosis 849 Infantile type of hypophosphatasia 953 Infected ulcer 390 Infection risk patient-36 Infectious hepatitis 799 Infectious mononucleosis 770 Infectious stomatitis 758 Infective arthritis 616 Infective bacterial endocarditis 791 Inferior alveolar nerve 17 Inferior palpebral branches-16 Inflammatory bowel disease 801 Inflammatory collateral cyst 251 Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia 298 Inflammatory hyperplasia 329 Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia 331 Infrabony pocket 590 Infratemporal space infection 475 Infundibular cyst 257 Initiator of carcinogenesis 26 Innate immunity 18 Inositol 936 Inscription 85 Inspection 55, 73 Instrument asepsis 40 Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 885 Integration-28 Intensity modulated radiation therapy 384 Interproximal crater 599 Interdigital candidiasis 185 Interferon 441, 871 Interferon alpha 999 Intermittent fever 58 Internal derangement 626 Internal resorption 147, 530 Interoceptors 417 Interproximal caries 520 Inter-radicular radiolucency 1091 Interstitial denticle 485 Interstitial therapy 379 Intertriginous candidiasis 185 Intra-arterial chemotherapy 384 Intra-alveolar cyst 1053 pocket 590 Intra-auricular palpation 61 Intrabony pocket 590 Intracapsular fracture 617 Intracavitary therapy 379 Intradermal nevus 296, 297 Intraductal papilloma 669 Intraepidermoid carcinoma 1051 Intraepithelial carcinoma 205 Intralesional chemotherapy 384 Intralingual cyst of foregut origin 259 Intramural cyst 684 Intraoral examination 63 Intraoral nevi 297 Intraosseous biopsy 90 Intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma 671 Intrinsic asthma 794 Intrinsic muscle of tongue 534 Intrinsic stain 1079 Intrusive luxation of teeth 699, 701 Intussusceptions 50 Inverted ductal papillomas 669 Inverted marcus gun phenomenon 1108, 1109 Inverted open umbrella 119 Investigation 82 Investigations of bite mark 1047 Involucrum 462 Iodine 131 380 Iron deficiency anemia 549 , 899 Isolated Darier disease 191 Isolated fracture 692 Isotopic scanning technique 536 Itraconazole 985 Ivory osteoma 305 J Jacksonian epilepsy 808 Jackson-Lawler syndrome 189 Jacod’s syndrome 433 Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome 189, 1108 Jadassohn-Tieche nevus 296, 297 Jaffy’s disease 829 James Ramsay Hunt syndrome 762, 767 Jaundice 802 Jaundice 507 Jaw cyst-basal cell nevus-bifid rib syndrome 262, 1108 Jaws 60 Jaw-Winking syndrome 1108 Joint mice 612 Jones diagnostic criteria 789 Jugular foramen syndrome 1108 Junctional bullous epidermatosis 406 Junctional epidermolysis bullosa 406,407 Junctional nevus 296 Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma 834 Juvenile myxoedema 880 Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 319 Juvenile onset respiratory papillomatosis 771 Juvenile ossifying fibroma 834 Juvenile polyarthritis 615 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 615 Juvenile type Hypophosphatasia 953 Juxtacortical osteosarcoma 358 K Kallman syndrome 168 Kaposi vericelliform eruption 758 http://dentalebooks.com Kaposi’s sarcoma 493, 867 Kartagner’s syndrome 1108 Kasabach-Merritt syndrome 312 Kawasaki disease 814 KBG syndrome 1108 Keratin horn 205, 294, 772 Keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst 245 Keratinizing metaplasia 937 Keratoacanthoma 295 Keratosis 206 Keratosis follicularis 190 Keratotic basal cell carcinoma 346 Kernicterus 902 Kernig’s sign 480 Ketoconazole 984 Kidney transplantation 798 Kinetic classification of anticancer drugs 988 Kissing disease 770 Kissing lesion 545 Klestadt’s cyst 254 Klinefelter syndrome 121, 1108 Klippel-Trenaunay Weber syndrome 1109 Knuckle pigmentation 900 Koebner phenomenon 210 Koplik’s spot 767 Korsakoff’s psychosis 928 Kuttner’s disease 659 Kveim-Siltzbach test 811 Kwashiorkor disease 944 L Labial gland 640 Labial melanotic macule 495 Laceration 1048 Lacrimal nerve-15 Lactation 1023 Lactobacillus count test 95 Laminated appearance 848 Lane tumor 351 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 947 Larsen syndrome 1109 LASER 202 Laser peel 202 L-asparaginase 992 Late syphilis 733 Latent bone cyst 645 Lateral luxation of teeth 701 Lateral nasal branches 16 Lateral periodontal cyst 242 Lateral pharyngeal space infection 478 Lateral pterygoid muscle 61 Lateral pterygoid-12 Laugier-Hunziker syndrome 1109 Lazy leukocyte syndrome 915 Le Fort I fracture 713, 714, 715 Le Fort II fracture 714, 716 Le Fort III fracture 714, 715, 716 Lead line 510 Lead pipe type movement 807 Lead poisoning 509 Leaf like denture fibroma 299 Leg sign 480 Leiomyoma 324 Leiomyosarcoma 362 Leishmaniasis 782 Lemmoma 322 Lentigo 495 Index 1157 Lentigo maligna melanoma 347, 348, 499 Lentigo solaris 818 Leong’s premolar 119 Leonine facies 742 Leontiasis ossea 1051 Leproma 742, 743 Lepromatous leprosy 742 Lepromin test 743 Leprosy 741 Leser-Trelat sign 818 Letterer Siwe disease 947, 948, 1059 Leucosis 368 Leukemia 368 associated gingivitis 578 blast 369 Leukemoid reaction 368 Leukocytes 895 Leukoderma 490 Leukoedema 171 Leukokeratosis nicotina glossi 548 Leukopenia 1089 Leukoplakia 194, 552 Leukoplakia erosiva 195, 198 Leukoplakia simplex 195, 198 Leukoplakia verrucosa 195, 199 Leutic glossitis 736 Lichen planus 208 Lichen planus pemphigoides 213 Lichen planus pigmentosus 212 Lichen planus-lupus erythematosus overlap 213 Lichenoid contact dermatitis 213 Lichenoid dermatitis 217 Lichenoid foreign body gingivitis 217 Lichenoid mucositis 217 Lichenoid reaction 216 Lidocaine 1029 Liesegang ring 270 Light hazards 1036 Lincoln’s sign 840 Linea Alba 173 Linear enamel caries 530 Linear gingival erythema 586, 865 Linear lichen planus 212 Linear scars 737 Lingua dissecta 543 Lingua nigra 547 Lingua villosa 547 Lingual caries 523 Lingual cortical mandibular defect 645 Lingual cyst 543 Lingual dysesthesia 550 Lingual frenulum 534 Lingual mandibular bone cavity 645 Lingual nerve 17 Lingual paresthesia 550 Lingual thyroid nodule 541 Lingual varices 541 Lip 9, 65 Lip biting 173 Lipid reticuloendotheliosis 947 Lipoblastomatosis 305 Lipoid proteinosis 192 Lipoma 304 Lipomatosis 304 Liposarcoma 354 Lipping 612 Liquefaction necrosis 484 Lisch nodule 321 Liver spot 818 Lobstein disease 850 Lobstein’s type of osteogenesis imperfecta 850 Lobular torus 309 Local defense 440 Local immunity 18,19 Local muscle soreness 424 Localized argyrosis 508 Localized gingivitis 576 Localized myositis ossificans 727 Lock jaw 752 Long buccal nerve 16 Long ciliary nerve 15 Loose body 612 Looser’s zone 941 Loss of lamina dura 1093 Lou Gehrig disease 806 Love bites 1046 Low grade fever 58 Low level fracture 713 Lowe’s syndrome 1109 Ludwig’s angina 454 Lues 733 Lues maligna 734 Lugol’s iodine test 87 Lumber lordosis 854, 939 Lupus Cheilitis 226 Lupus erythematosus 225, 550 Lupus pernio 811 Lupus vulgaris 745 Lutz disease 780 Luxation of teeth 700 Lyell’s disease 399 Lymph nodes 62 Lymphagiectatic cyst 684 Lymphangioma 316 simplex 316 Lymphatic drainage 535, 1097 of gingiva 573 of head and neck 17 of lip 558 Lymphocytes 441 Lymphocytosis 1090 Lymphoepithelial cyst 258 of neck 258 of parotid gland 258 Lymphogranuloma venereum 754 Lymphoma 869 Lymphosarcoma 364 M Macrochelia 65 Macrodontia 112, 1079 Macroglobulinemia 923 of Waldenstrom 923 Macroglossia 539, 946, 1086 Macrognathia 155 Macrolide 963 Macrophage inhibiting factors 441 Macule 490 Maffucci syndrome 1109 Magic syndrome 1109 Magnesium 955 Magnetic resonance imaging 643 Major aphthae 396 Making treatment plan 83 Malabsorption syndrome 955 Malformed crown 1079 Malformed teeth 1088 Malignant ameloblastoma 288 Malignant changes in odontogenic cyst 290 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma 353 Malignant fibroxanthoma 353 Malignant granuloma 811 Malignant hemangioendothelioma 360 Malignant hypertension 790 Malignant melanoma 347 Malignant mixed tumor 673 Malignant osteopetrosis 849 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 361 Malignant pleomorphic adenoma 673 Malignant schwannoma 361 Malignant tumors of jaw 1067 Malignant tumors of TMJ 630 Mandible 14 Mandibular buccal infected cyst 251 Mandibular canal 15 Mandibular fracture 708 Mandibular malleolar ligament 604 Mandibular nerve 16 Mandibular torus 309 Mandibulofacial dysostosis 161, 1112 Marasmic kwashiorkor 944 Marasmus 944 Marble bone appearance 849 Marble bone disease 849 Marcus gun phenomenon 1108 Marfan’s syndrome 853, 1109 Marfan-Achard syndrome 853 Marginal gingivitis 576 Marie and Sainton disease 158 Marie-Strumpell disease 617 Marin-Amat syndrome 1109 Marsupilization of cyst 263 Mask like appearance 430, 806, 813, 821 Mask 40 Mass of coral appearance 722 Masseter muscle 61 Masseter nerve 16 Masseters muscle 12 Massive osteolysis 855, 1107 Masticatory muscle 61 Maturity onset diabetes mellitus of young 885 Maxilla 13 Maxillary nerve 16 Maxillary sinus 11 disorders 1070 Maxillary sinusitis 681 Mayofacial pain dysfunction syndrome 1110 McCune Albright syndrome 829, 1103 McGill pain questionnaire 419, 420 MCH 98 MCHC 98 MCV 98 Measles 767 Measurement of hemoglobin concentration 99 Meatal branches 17 Mechanical measures of caries control 530 Mechanism of biological carcinogenesis 28 http://dentalebooks.com Mechanism of blood coagulation 897 Mechanism of dentin sensitivity 1011 Mechanism of local invasion 29 Mecillinam 966 Medial pterygoid 13 Medial risk assessment 83 Medial semilunar cartilage injury 49 Median anterior maxillary cyst 253 Median cleft face syndrome 1109 Median cleft lip 559 Median mandibular cyst 1054 Median palatine cyst 1055 Median rhomboidal glossitis 182, 544, 886 Mediastinitis 482 Medical questionnaire 53 Medicolegal aspect of dentistry 1048 Mediterranean anemia 904 Megadontia 112 Megagnathia 155 Megaloblastic anemia 906 Megalodontia 112 Megavoltage 377 Melanoacanthoma 496 Melanoameloblastoma 324 Melanocarcinoma 498 Melanoma 498 Melanoplakia 497 Melanosarcoma 347 Melanosis 495 Melanotic ameloblastoma 324 Melanotic macule 495 Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy 324 Melanotic progonoma 324 Melasma 819 Melkersson Rosenthal syndrome 1109 Melnick-Needles syndrome 1109 Melphalan 990 Membrane preformativa-6 MEN 1110 MEN 1110 MEN 1110 Menopause 892 Menstrual cycle associated gingivitis 578 Mental foramina 15 Mental nerve 17 Mental protuberance 15 Meperidine 1030 Mephenamic acid 975 Mercurialism 510 Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma 356 Mesial step 71 Mesiodens 113, 125 Mesocrine gland 638 Mesotaurodont 120 Mesothelial cyst 684 Mesothelioma 49 Metaproterenol 1028 Metastasis 30 Metastatic calcification 725 Metastatic carcinoma 344, 673 of maxillary sinus 691 Methods of decontamination 36 Methods of measuring tooth hypersensitivity 1013 Methyl prednisolone 1006 1158 Textbook of Oral Medicine Mibelli’s disease 190 Miconazole 984 Microcherry 803 Microdontia 112, 1079 Microfiltration enzyme assay system 871 Microglossia 537 Micrognathia 154 Microsatellite markers 94 Midazolam 1028 Middle fossa syndrome 1109 Middle meningeal nerve 16 Middle superior alveolar nerve 16 Middle third fracture 713 Midfacial fracture 713 Midline lethal granuloma 811 Midline lethal granulomatosis 811 Midline non-healing granuloma 811 Miescher’s syndrome 564, 1109 Migraine 425 Migraine headache 425 Migraine syndrome 425 Migraine with aura 426 Migraine without aura 426 Migrainous neuralgia 426 Mikulicz’s disease 67, 662 Mikulicz’s syndrome 662 Mild leukoplakia 198 Miliary tubercle 745 Miliary tuberculosis 744 Mineralocorticoids 1007 Minocycline pigmentation 500 Minor aphthae 396 Minor salivary gland 638, 639 Minor salivary gland tumor 674 Minor starch iodine test 804 Mithramycin 991 Mitogenic factors 441 Mitomycin C 991 Mitoxantrone 991 Mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion 1092 Mobility of tongue 64 Mobility test 69 Mobius syndrome 1109 Moderate caries 521, 525 Moderate periodontitis 599 Modulation theory 1011 MODY 885 Moeller’s glossitis 908 Mohr’s syndrome 1109 Moist heat 37 Molar gland 640 Molecular methods 93 Molluscum contagiosum 869 infection 773 Molluscum sebaceum 295 Mometasone 1007 Mongolism 853, 1106 Mongoloid appearance 905 Mono 770 Monoclonal hypothesis 30 Monocytosis 915, 1090 Monolocular radiolucency 1091 Monomorphic adenoma 666 Monosaccharide 951 Monostotic fibrous dysplasia 829,830 Moon face 889 appearance 714 Moon molar 123, 737 Morbilli 767 Morbilliform skin rash 770 Morphea 813 Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma 346 Morphine sulphate 1030 Morquio’s syndrome 1109 Morsicatio buccarum 173 Morsicatio labiorum 173 Morsicatio linguarum 173 Moth eaten appearance 344, 368, 373, 465, 500, 882 Mother of pearl appearance 171 Motor function lest 82 Motor system disease 806 Mottled enamel 135 Mould therapy 379 Mouse facies 813 Mouth breathing 54 Mouth piece of flute appearance 614 Mouthwashes 1016 antiplaque mouthwash 1018 Mouthwashes containing bisguanide antiseptic 1018 essential oil 1018 oxygenating agents 1018 sanguinarine 1018 triclosan 1018 Mucobuccal fold 68 Mucocele 652 Mucocutaneous disorders 586, 1072 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 782 Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome 1110 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 669, 671 Mucoepidermoid cyst 246 Mucogingival pain 422 Mucormycosis 777 Mucosal lentiginous melanoma 348 Mucositis 681 Mucus duct cyst 654 Mucus escape reaction 652 Mucus extravasation phenomenon 652 Mucus patches 734 Mucus plug 651 Mucus retention cyst 654 Mucus salivary gland 638 Mulberry molar 134 Multibacillary leprosy 742 Multicentric oral carcinoma 352 Multifocal eosinophlic granuloma 947 Multilocular cyst 274 Multilocular radiolucency 1091 Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome 1110 Multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma of Kaposi’s 493 Multiple mutations 29 Multiple myeloma 373 Multiple radiolucency 1092 Multiple radiopacities 1093 Multiple sclerosis 434, 806, 841 Multistep theory 30 Mumps 656 Mural ameloblastoma 276 Mural growth theory 232 Murray Puretic dresher syndrome 1110 Muscle disorders 819 Muscle splinting pain 424 Muscles of mastication-11 Muscular dystrophy 819 Musculoskeletal complaint 1036 Musculoskeletal pain 424 Mustine HCL 990 Myasthenia gravis 821 Mycosis fungoides 366 Myeloid sarcoma 837 Myelomatosis 373 Myiasis 754 Mylohyoid line 15 Myoblastic myoma 325 Myocardial infarction 788 Myoepithelioma 669 Myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome 632 Myofibroma 301 Myopathic facies 820 Myositis ossificans 727 Myotonias 820 Myotonica congenita 820 Myxadenitis labialis 563 Myxedema 880 Myxofibroma 279, 302 Myxoma 302 N Nafcillin 966 Naftifine 985 Nager syndrome 1110 Nalbuphine 1030 Naloxone 1030 Nance Horan syndrome 1110 Naproxen 975 Nasendoscopy 679 Nasoalveolar cyst 254 Nasociliary nerve-15 Nasoethmoidal injuries 718 Nasolabial cyst 254 Nasolabial sulcus-9 Nasopalatine cyst 253 Nasopalatine duct cyst 253 Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 319 carcinoma 351 cyst 260 Natal teeth 127 Natamycin 982 Natural immunity 18 Neck 63 sign 480 Neck tongue syndrome 1110 Necrosis of pulp 484 Necrotizing fascitis 483 sialometaplasia 674 stomatitis 748 ulcerative gingivitis 583, 865 ulcerative mucositis 748 ulcerative periodontitis 596, 865 Nelfinavir 998 Neonatal chickenpox 763 Neonatal hepatitis 149 Neonatal teeth 127 Neonatal tetanus 753 Nerve sheath myxoma 302 Nerve supply of gingiva 573 lip 558 TMJ 605 tongue 535 http://dentalebooks.com Nervous spinosum 16 Neumann type 402 Neurilemmoma 322, 1059 Neurinoma 322, 1059 Neuroblastoma 361 Neurofibroma 320 Neurofibromatosis 320, 504 Neurofibrosarcoma 361 Neurogenic sarcoma 361 Neurogenous pain 429 Neuro-lemmoma 1059 Neurological toxicity 994 Neuroma 323 Neuromelanin 489 Neuromuscular disorders 804 Neuropathic pain 420 Neurophysiology of pain 415 Neurosyphilis 735 Neutron beam 376 Neutron therapy 381 Neutron-tropic ulcer 389 Neutropenia 912, 914 Neutrophilia 915, 1089 Nevoid basal cell carcinoma 262, 346 Nevus flammeus 315 Nezelof’s syndrome 822 Niacin 929 Niacin deficiency 549 Nickolsky’s sign 401 Nicotinic acid 929 Niemann-Pick disease 950 Nifedipine induce gingival enlargement 581 Night grinding 702 Nimesulide 976 Nitrates 1027 Nitrites 1027 Nitrogen mustards 989 Nitroglycerine 1027 Nitroimidazoles 968 Nitrosoureas 990 Nitrous oxide 1027 Nocturnal angina 787 Nocturnal bruxism 702 Nodes of Ranvier 416 Nodular basal cell carcinoma 345 Nodular elastoidosis 570 Nodular fascitis 333 Nodular leukoplakia 194, 198 Nodular melanoma 347, 348, 499 Nodular subepithelial fibrosis 299 Nodular torus 309 Noduloulcerative basal cell carcinoma 345 Noma 748 Noma neonatorum 748 Non-bullous impetigo 456 Non-critical surface-36 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 364 Non-homogenous leukoplakia 194 Non-neuropathic pain 420 Non-paroxysmal pain 420 Non-radiation physical carcinogenesis-27 Non-specific immunity-19 Non-venereal treponematoses 737 Non-lipid reticuloendotheliosis 947 Non-opalescent and opalescent dentin 132 Nonselective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors 972 Index 1159 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 972 Noonan syndrome 1110 Normal cell cycle-24 Normal periodontium 572 Norton Simon hypothesis 988 Nose 63 NSAID 972 Numb chin syndrome 344 Nursing bottle caries 526, 1104 Nystatin 981 O Obliteration of pulp chamber 149 Obstructive jaundice 802 Occipital myotomes 533 Occipital neuralgia 432 Occlusal caries 524 Occlusal enamel pearl 119 Ocular disease 486 Oculoglandular syndrome of parinaud 751 Odontoameloblastoma 286 Odontoblastic transduction theory 1011 Odontogenic dysplasia 132 Odontogenic fibrosarcoma 290 Odontogenic firbomyxoma 279 Odontogenic infection of orbit 481 Odontogenic keratocyst 238 Odontogenic myxoma 279 Odontogenic tumor 1066 Odontoma 270 Olfactory nerve 81 Olfactory neuroblastoma 320 Oligodontia 124 Oligosaccharide 951 Oncocytoma 668 Oncocytosis 668 Oncogens 29 Onion peel appearance 358, 373, Onion skin appearance 360, 471 Onyalai 920 OPD syndrome 1110 Ophthalmic nerve 15 Opioid analgesics 977 Opisthotonos 752 Opium 977 Optic nerve 81 Oral alimentary tract cyst 259 Oral amyloidosis 374 Oral cavity development Oral cavity proper 9,10 Oral cyst of gastric or intestinal epithelium 259 Oral diagnosis Oral epithelial nevus 188 Oral florid papillomatosis 194 Oral focal mucinosis 301 Oral foci of infection 485 Oral genodermatoses 188 Oral glucose tolerance test 104 Oral hamartomas 1073 Oral lichen planus 210 Oral lymphoepithelial cyst 259 Oral lymphoid tissue lesion 1074 Oral manifestation of AIDS 864, 1065 Oral melanotic macule 495 Oral microflora 442 Oral myofunctional therapy 635 Oral submucus fibrosis 217 Oral trauma from sexual practice 391 Oral ulcer secondary to cancer chemotherapy 411 Oral ulcerative lesion 1077 ORALCDX test 93 Orange peel appearance 831, 832 Orange stain 151 Oroantral fistula 693 Orofacial digital syndrome 1110 Orofacial dyskinesia 809 Orofacial granulomatosis 564 Orofacial pain 1087 Oromandibular limb hypogenesis syndrome 1110 Oronasal fistula 487 Oropharyngeal dysphasia 552 Orthopnea 786 Orthovoltage X ray 377 Osler’s disease 911 Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome 923 Osseous defect 599 Ossification of stylohyoid ligament 725 Ossifying fibroma 842 Osteitis deformans 839 Osteitis fibrosa generalisata 882 Osteitis fibrosa localisata 828 Osteoarthritis 610 Osteoarthrosis 610 Osteoblastoma 306 Osteochondroma 308 Osteoclastoma 327, 837 Osteogenesis imperfecta 850 Osteogenic sarcoma 356 Osteoid osteoma 307 Osteoma 305, 688 Osteoma cutis 726 Osteomalacia 940 Osteomatosis 305, 446, 461 Osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis 470 Osteopetrosis 849 Osteopoikile 310 Osteopoikilosis 310 Osteoporosis 845, 903, 1087 Osteoporosis circumscripta 840 Osteopsathyrosis 850 Osteoradionecrosis 382 Osteosarcoma 356 Osteosclerosis fragilis generlisata 849 Otodental dysplasia 122 Otodental syndrome 122 Otopalatodigital syndrome 1110 Overripe berry appearance 331 Oxalosis 150 Oxicam derivative 976 Oxidative mechanism of carcinogenesis 28 Oxygen 1027 Oxyphilic adenoma 668 P P24 antigen capture assay 871 Pachyderma oralis 188 Pachyonychia congenita 189 Paclitaxel 992 Paget’s disease 839 Paget’s test 76 Pain conduction 417 Painful jerking 429 Painful neuritis 429 Palatal caries 523 Palatal cyst of newborn 245 Palatal epithelial hyperplasia 331 Palatal exostoses 310 Palatal papillomatosis 331 Palatal tubercle 310 Palate 65 Palatine gland 640 Palatine process 13 Palatine torus 308 Palatoglossus 534 Palisaded encapsulated neuroma 324 Palmar method 68 Palpation 55 Palpation of superficial lymph nodes 62 Panhypopituitarism 877 Pannus formation 613 Pansinusitis 681 Pantothenic acid 931 PAP smear 91 Paper test 509 Papillae of tongue 64 Papillae simplices 534 Papillary gingivitis 576 Papillion-Lefevre syndrome 597, 1110 Papilloma 294 Papova virus 27 Papular lichen planus 211 Papule 490 Papyraceous scarring 817 Para Pemphigus 404 Para trigeminal syndrome 1110 Para-amino phenol derivative 976 Paracetamol 976 Paracoccidioidomycosis 780 Parade ground fracture 618 Paradental cyst 251 Parahemophilia 922 Parakeratosis 190 Paralysis 551 Paramedian lip pit 558 Paramolar 125 tubercle 121 Paramyotonia 821 Paranasal sinus 63 Paraneoplastic Pemphigus 403 Parapharyngeal space 478 Parasitic cyst 260 Parathyroid gland 875 Para-trigeminal syndrome 1111 Parkinson’s disease 809 Parosteal osteosarcoma 358 Parotid branches 16 Parotid collector 641 Parotid fistula 651 Parotid gland 66, 638 Parotid space infection 474 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 911 Paroxysmal pain 420 Parrot beak 160, 1105 Parry Romberg syndrome 156, 1111 Partial hairlip 164 Partial thromboplastin time 102 Partsch’s operation 263 Parulis 331, 448 Passive immunity-19 Past dental history 53 http://dentalebooks.com Past medical history 53 Pastia’s line 749 Patau syndrome 1110 Patch test 394 Patent nasopalatine duct 487 Patent thyroglossal duct cyst 542 Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome 901 Pathogenecity 441 Pathogenesis of dental caries 516 Pathogenesis of gingivitis 576 Pathologic mobility 69 Pathological attrition 141, 142 Pathological fracture 709 Pathophysiology of infection 444 Patient appetite 54 Pattern abrasion 1048 Pattern theory 418 Paucibacillary leprosy 741 PDT 383 Pear shaped radiolucency 1053 Pearly white beaded edge 79 Peau d orange appearance 832 Peau d orange skin 74 Pebbly lesion 1105 Peg shaped lateral 112 Pel Ebstein fever 363 Pellagra 549, 930 Pemphigus 401 erythematosus 403 foliaceous 403 vegetans 402 vulgaris 401 Penal provision applicable to medical practice 1050 Penicillin 964 Pepper pot skull 883 Peptic ulceration 803 Percussion 55, 78 Percussion hammer test 82 Percussion test 68 Percutaneous stimulation 439 Percutaneous radiofrequency trigeminal neurolysis 431 Perforation of palate 1082 Perforation of root 706 Periapical abscess 446 Periapical cemental dysplasia 282, 1100 Periapical cyst 247 Periapical fibrosarcoma 282 Periapical granuloma 459 Periapical osteofibrosis 282 Periapical radiolucency 1091 Periapical radiopacities 1093 Periapical scar 446, 460 Pericoronal abscess 452 Pericoronal cyst 234 Pericoronal infection of infancy 452 Pericoronal radiolucency 1091 Pericoronitis 452 Peridens 125 Perinatal type hypophosphatasia 953 Perineural fibroblastoma 322 Periodic migraine 426 Periodic neutropenia 914 Periodontal abscess 591 Periodontal disease 589 Periodontal pain 423 Periodontal pocket 71, 590 Periodontitis 73, 886 Periosteal osteosarcoma 358 1160 Textbook of Oral Medicine Periosteal reaction 464, 1093 Periostitis ossificans 470 Peripheral ameloblastic fibrodentinoma 280 Peripheral ameloblastoma 278 Peripheral calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor 269 Peripheral cyanosis 59 Peripheral firbroma with calcification 280 Peripheral giant cell granuloma 327 Peripheral giant cell tumor 327 Peripheral mucoepidermoid carcinoma 669 Peripheral neurectomy 431 Peripheral odontogenic fibroma 280 Peripheral ossifying fibroma 280, 845 Peripheral osteosarcoma 358 Peripheral pattern theory 418 Peripheral plasmocytosis 1091 Peripheral squamous cell carcinoma 338 Perleche 564 Pernicious anemia 549, 907 Persistent ductus arteriosus 793 Personal history 54 Petechiae 490, 506 Petit mal epilepsy 808 Petrified man 728 Peutz Jeghers syndrome 504, 1111 Pfeiffer syndrome 1111 PGL 863 Phantom bone 855, 1107 Phantom taste 552 Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy 1021 Pharyngeal gonorrhea 739 Pharyngomaxillary space 478 Pharynx 11, 66 Phenol mouth washes 1018 Pheomelanin 489 Philtrum 557 Phimosis 50 Phlebectasia 164 Phleboliths 724 Phlegmon 453 Phoenix abscess 451 Phosphorus 953 Phosphorus-32 380 Photodiagnosis 88 Photodynamic therapy 383 Photoelectric calorimeter 99 Phycomycosis 777 Phylloquinone 942 Physical carcinogenesis 26 Physiological attrition 141, 142 Physiological pigmentation 501 Physiology of blood 894 Physiology of endocrine gland 874 Physiotherapy 437 Psychotherapy 437 Physostigmine 1031 Picket fence appearance 240 Pierre Robin syndrome 852, 1111 Pigmentation 1069, 1070 Pigmentation of tongue 555 Pigmented ameloblastoma 324 Pigmented basal cell carcinoma 345 Pigmented lichen planus 212 Pigmented mole 296 Pigmented nevus 496 Pill rolling movement 809 Pindborg’s tumor 268 Pingueculae 950 Pink disease 510 Pink panter appearance 795 Pink puffer appearance 795 Pink spot 145 Pink tooth of mummery 147 Pinta 738 Pintides 738 Piperacillin 966 Piroxicam 976 Pit and fissure caries 524 Pits of oral cavity 486 Pituitary ameloblastoma 278 Pituitary dwarfism 877 Pituitary gland 874 Pizza burn 175 Plaque 490 Plaque induced gingivitis with local contributing factors 577 without local contributing factors 577 Plaque lichen planus 211 Plasma cell Cheilitis 568 Plasma cell gingivitis 393, 579 Plasma proteins 894 Plasmacytoma 375 Platelet 100, 896 Platelet survival time 103 Pleomorphic adenoma 665 Plexiform Hemangioma 311, 312 Plica fimbriata 534 Plicated tongue 543 Plumbism 509 Plummer-Vinson syndrome 549, 803, 901, 1111 Plunging ranula 653 Pneumoparotid 698 Poliosis 490 Polycytemia 911 Polycytemia rubra vera 911 Polycytemia Vera 911 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes 441 Polymyalgia rheumatica 427 Polymyositis 822 Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 829,830 Polypoid squamous cell carcinoma 351 Polyps 687 Polysaccharides 951 Popliteal pterygium syndrome 558, 1111 Popsicle panniculitis 175 Porphyria 149, 946 Port wine stain 311, 313, 315 Portsmouth syndrome 1111 Post eruptive stage Post hemorrhagic anemia 898 Post infection pit 487 Post inflammmtory pigmentation 501, 502 Post irradiation bone sarcoma 358 Post permanent dentition 128 Post surgical pit 487 Post-traumatic myositis ossificans 727 neuralgia 434 Posterior deep temporal nerve 16 Posterior disc displacement 628 Posterior dislocation 624, 625 Posterior ethmoid nerve 15 Posterior lingual gland 640 Posterior superior alveolar nerv 16 Postherpetic neuralgia 762, 766 Postictal state 808 Postinfarction angina 787 Postmenopausal osteoporosis 846 Postmortem serology 1043 Postnasal drip 682 Postoperative maxillary cyst 686 Postoperative osteitis 719 Postoperative parotitis 658 Postrhagadic scarring 737 Post-transfusion hepatitis 800 Postural test 682 Potassium 955 Pott’s disease 744 Povidone iodine 1018 Pox virus-28 Pre-auricular sinus 80 Pre-eruptive stage-7 Pre-cancerous condition 194 Pre-cancerous lesion 194 Precancerous lesions and condition 1063 Precaution against negligence 1049 Precipitation reaction-21 Pre-deciduous dentition 127 Predisposing factors for development of neoplas 24 Prednisolone 1005 Pre-eruptive caries 529 Preferential COX-2 inhibitors 976 Pregnancy 891 Pregnancy and female sex hormone 505 Pregnancy associated gingivitis 578, 891 Pregnancy induced gingival enlargement 582 Pregnancy trimesters 1021 Pregnancy tumor 330, 582 Pre-leukoplakia 198 Premature eruption 136 Premature exfoliation 141 Premaxilla-maxillary cyst 1053 Prepubertal periodontitis 595 Prepubertal periodontitis 914 Prescription writing 84 Preservation of bite marks 1045 Pressure effect 75 Pressure habit 54 Pretragus palpation 61 Prevention of dentin hypersensitivity 1016 Primary adult immunoglobulin deficiency 822 Primary anemia 907 Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis 779 Primary cystadenoma lymphoamatosum 667 Primary epithelial tumor of the jaw 289 Primary herpes simplex infection 758 Primary hypertension 790 Primary immune deficiency 822 Primary intra-alveolar epidermoid carcinoma 289 Primary intraosseous carcinoma 289 Primary lymphoma of bone 366 http://dentalebooks.com Primary pulmonary blastomycosis 776 Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis 779 Primary reticular cell sarcoma 366 Primary Sjogren’s syndrome 660 Primary splenic neutropenia 915 Primary syphilis 733, 734 Primary thrombocytopenic purpura 916 Primary tuberculosis 744 Primordial basal cell carcinoma 346 Primordial cyst 1052 Principle of treatment of anti-cancer drugs 993 Prinzmetal’s angina 787 Probing 55 Procaine 1031 Procarbazine 992 Procarcinogens-26 Professional hazards to dentist form patients 1035 from working condition 1036 Professional misconducts 1049 Progenitor cell-30 Progeria 1108 Progeria 878 Progressive bulbar palsy 806 Progressive disseminated coccidioidomycosis 779 Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis 775 Progressive facial hemiatrophy 156 Progressive hemifacial atrophy 1111 Progressive muscular atrophy 806 Progressive myositis ossificans 728 Progressive osteolysis 855 Progressive systemic sclerosis 813 Prohormone 874 Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia 199 Prolymphocytic leukemia 373 Promoters of carcinogenesis 26 Prophylactic antibiotics 970 Propionic acid derivative 975 Proprioceptors 417 Protease inhibitors 998 Protein energy malnutrition 944 Proteolysis chelation theory 517 Proteolytic theory 517 Proteus syndrome 1111 Prothrombin time 102 Proton beam 376 Protostylid 116 Protozoal infection 782 Provisional diagnosis 82 Provitamins 926 Proximal intrabony defect 599 Pseudo bubo 753 Pseudocarcinoma 295 Pseudoclubbing 59 Pseudocyst 684 Pseudofracture 941 Pseudohairy leukoplakia 867 Pseudohemophilia 918 Pseudohypoparathyroidism 884 Pseudohypophosphatasia 953 Pseudolipoma 304 Pseudomembranous candidiasis 179, 864 white lesion 1087 Index 1161 Pseudosarcomatous fascitis 333 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 192 Psoriasis 186 Psoriatic arthritis 615 Psychogenic intensification pain 434 Psychogenic pain 434 Psychogenic syncope 825 Psychological stress 1036 Psychomotor epilepsy 808 Pterygoid nerve 16 Pterygomandibular space infection 478 Pterygopalatine fossa syndrome 433 Pterygopharyngeal space 478 Ptylism 646 Puberty associated gingivitis 578 Puberty induced gingival enlargement 583 Pulmonary actinomycosis 747 Pulmonary foreign bodies 796 Pulmonary stenosis 793 Pulmonary toxicity 994 Pulmonary tuberculosis 745 Pulp calcification 484 Pulp nodules 484 Pulp polyp 458 Pulp stone 485 Pulp testing 72 Pulpal calcification 1080 Pulpal infection 484 Pulpal pain 423 Pulpitis aperta 458 Pulsatility 77 Pulsation 74 Pulse 56 Pulsed ultrasound 536 Pulseless disease 1103 Pumping tooth syndrome 312 Punch biopsy 91 Punched out edges 79 Purine antagonist 990 Purpura 490 Purpura hemorrhagic 916 Purpuric macule 697 Purse string appearance 814 Pustular psoriasis 186 Pustule 487 PUVA therapy 214 PVL 199 Pyogenic granuloma 329 Pyostomatitis vegetans 458 Pyramidal fracture 714 Pyridoxine 931 Pyrimidine antagonists 990 Pyruvate kinase deficiency anemia 910 Q Quantification of nuclear DNA content 93 Quaternary syphilis 733 Quatrain 58 Quincke’s edema 394 Quinolones 968 Quotidian 58 R Rabbit fever 751 Rabbit syndrome 551 Rachitic rosary 939 Racial immunity 19 Radiation burn 174 Radiation carcinogenesis-26 Radiation caries 528 Radiation hazards 1036 Radiation mucositis 176, 382 Radiation osteomyelitis 472 Radiation protector 381 Radical neck resection 382 Radicular cyst 247, 446, 686 Radicular dens invaginatus 118, 119 Radicular dentin dysplasia 132 Radioactive isotopes 380 Radiographic differential diagnosis of dental caries 530 Radiographic types of dentigerous cyst 236 Radiography of maxillary sinus 679 Radiography of TMJ 605 Radioimmunotherapy 384 Radiological assessment of periodontal disease 598 Radiological investigation 107 Radiotherapy 376 Radiotherapy planning 379 Raeder’s syndrome 434, 1111 Raised edges 79 Raley-day syndrome 1111 Ramon syndrome 1111 Rampant caries 528 Ramsay Hunt’s syndrome 1111 Ramus 14 Ranula 653 Rapp syndrome 121 Raspberry tongue 749 Rathke’s pouch tumor 278 Raw beef appearance 511 Ray fungus appearance 747 RBC 895 Reactive subpontine exostosis 310 Reactive thyroid aggregate 543 Real time ultrasound 536 Rebound infection 961 Record management 1040 Recurrent caries 526 Recurrent gingivitis 576 Recurrent herpes labialis 760, 761 Recurrent herpetic infection 760 Recurrent intraoral herpes 866 Recurrent intraoral herpes simplex infection 760, 761 Recurrent non-specific parotitis 663 Red blood corpuscles 895 Red lesion 1088 Red lesion of oral mucosa 1064 Reducibility 77 Reductase test 97 Refractory rickets 939 Regional odontodysplasia 132 Reiter’s syndrome 411, 1111 Relative macroglossia 539 Relative polycythemia 912 Remittent fever 58 Renal disease 486 Renal disorders 796 Renal failure 796 Renal osteodystrophy 798 Renal toxicity 994 Reparative giant cell granuloma 1058 Reparative lesion 548 Replication 28 Repolarization 418 Residual cyst 250 Resorption of teeth 145 Respiration 58 Respiratory disorders 794 Respiratory stimulant 1029 Resting state 417 Retarded eruption of teeth 1088 Retention cyst 684 Reticular lichen planus 210 Retinal anlage tumor 324 Retinol 936 Retrodiscal pad pain 425 Retromolar gland 640 Retropharyngeal space 479 Reverse smoker palate 205 Reverse smoking 205 Reverse transcriptase inhibitors 998 Rh hump 902 Rhabdomyoma 325 Rhabdomyosarcoma 362 Rheumatic heart disease 789 Rheumatic heart fever 789 Rheumatoid arthritis 613 Rheumatoid nodule 613 Rheumatoid spondylitis 617 Rhinopharyngitis mutilans 738 Rhinoscleroma 753 Rhinoscopy 679 Rhinosporidiosis 781 Rhizotomy 431 RHL 760 Ribavarin 1000 Riboflavin 928 Rickets 939 Rieger’s syndrome 1111 Riga fede ulcer 127 Rights of registered dental practitioner 1049 RIH 760 Risus sardonicus 752, 753 Ritonavir 998 RNA oncogenic virus 27 Robin anomalad 852 Rodent facies 905 Rodent ulcer 345,346 Role of teeth in establishing identity 1041 Rolled edge 79 Romberg hemifacial atrophy 156 Romberg sign 735 Root caries 525 Root fracture 699 Root in antrum 691 Rootless teeth 132 Rose Bengal staining test 662 Rotation therapy 378 Round cell sarcoma 359 Routes of drug administration 960 Routes of infection transfer 35 Rubber man 817, 1106 Rubella 768 Rubeola 767 Rubinstein Taybi syndrome 115, 1112 Rudimentary supernumerary teeth 125 Rule of thumb 961 Rumple leede test 101 clotting time 102 Rutherford syndrome 1112 http://dentalebooks.com S S phase 24 Sabre tibia 738 Saddle nose 743 Saddle nose defect 739 Saethre-Chotzen syndrome 1112 Sailor’s lip 566 Saint Anthony’s fire 457 Saints triad 687 Salbutamol 1028 Saliva 640 Salivary duct cyst 654 Salivary gland 11, 66 Salivary gland calculus 649 Salivary gland disorders 1073 Salivary gland fistula 487 Salivary gland scanning 643 Salivary gland sinus 487 Salivary gland stone 649 Salivary gland virus disease 657 Sallicylates 973 Salmon’s patch 311, 313 Salt and pepper appearance 345 Sandwich technique of immunofluorenscence 94 Sanfilippo syndrome 1112 SAPHO syndrome 472 Sarcoidosis 810 Sarcoma 24 Satellite cyst 241 Saucer shaped destruction 464 Saucerization 467 Sausage link appearance 660 Scalded mouth syndrome 790 Scalded skin syndrome 1112 Scale 490 Scanning electron microscope 536 Scarlet fever 749 Scheie syndrome 1112 Scheuthauer Marie Sainton syndrome 1112 Schilling test 102, 908 Schirmer test 662 Schwachman syndrome 915 Schwannoma 322 Scintigraphy 643 Scleroderma 550, 813 Sclerosing basal cell carcinoma 346 Sclerosing cementum 282 Sclerosing hemangioma 299 Sclerosing osteitis 453, 841 Sclerosing sialadenitis 659 Sclerotic cemental masses 841 Scorbutic child 935 Scratch 1048 Screw driver shaped incisor 737 Scrofula 744, 745 Scrotal tongue 543 Scrumpox 758 Scurvy 935 Scurvy bud 935 Sebaceous cyst 77 Sebaceous hyperplasia 818 Seborrheic dermatitis 929 Seborrheic keratosis 818 Seborrhoeic papilloma 294 Second branchial arch sinus 487 Secondary carcinoma 344 Secondary herpetic infection 760 Secondary hypertension 790 Secondary immunodeficiency 823 Secondary polycythemia 912 1162 Textbook of Oral Medicine Secondary Sjogren’s syndrome 660 Secondary syphilis 733, 734 Secondary tuberculosis 744 Secondary vaccinia 394 Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia 157 Segregator 641 Selective COX-2 inhibitor 976 Self healing carcinoma 295 Semi critical surface-36 Senile elastosis 570 Senile lentigo 818 Senile osteoporosis 846 Senile wart 294 Sensory interaction theory 418 Sensory receptors 417 Sensory stimulation 438 Sentinel tubercle 745 Septic arthritis 616 Septic fever 58 Septic shock 483 Septicemia 483 Sequelae of pulpitis 445 Sequestra 462, 465 Sequestrectomy 467 Serological reaction-20 Seromucus salivary gland 638 Serous cell adenoma 672 Serous non-secretory retention pseudocyst 684 Serous salivary gland 638 Serum albumin 105 Serum alkaline phosphates 105 Serum bilirubin 105 Serum calcium 105 Serum globulin 105 Serum hepatitis 799 Serum iron binding capacity 103 Serum phosphorus 105 Serum protein electrophoresis 105 Serum sickness 824 Serum uric acid 105 Severe caries 523, 525 Sex linked agammaglobulinemia 822 Sexually transmitted disease 1071 Sezary syndrome 366 Sharp staging of leukoplakia 200 Sharpened pencil appearance 614 Sheehan’s syndrome 877 Shell teeth 131, 133 Shingles 762 Shock 825 Short step gait 839 Shovel shaped incisor 120 Shprintzen syndrome 1113 Sialadenoma papilliferum 669 Sialadenosis 655 Sialectasia 661 Sialectasis 660 Sialo odontogenic cyst 246 Sialochemistry 662 Sialocyst 654 Sialography 643 Sialolithiasis 649 Sialometry 662 Sialorrhoea 646, 1085 Sialosis 655 Sicca syndrome 660 Sickle cell anemia 902 Sickle cell crisis 903 Sickle cell disease 903 Sickle cell trait 903 Sideropenic anemia 900 Significance of oral foci of infection 486 Silver poisoning 511 Silver sulfadiazine 985 Simian appearance 839 Simmond’s disease 877 Simple bone cyst 255 Simple faint 825 Simple fracture 709 Sinus contusion 691 Sinus mucocele 685 Sipple’s syndrome 1110 Sjögren syndrome 660, 1112 Skeletal flurosis 855 Skeletal like appearance 156 Skimmed milk appearance 793 Skin 60 disease 486 disorders 815 wound classification 1048 Sleep bruxism 702 Slip sign 304 Sloping edges 79 Slow transforming virus-27 Small pox 773 Smokeless tobacco keratosis 207 Smoker’s melanosis 497 Smoker’s palate 205 Smoker’s tongue 548 Smoky mottled appearance 831 Smooth Erythroplakia 204 Snail track ulcer 735 Snail track ulceration 458 Snoring noise 59 Snow capped teeth 129 Snow like appearance 355 Snowstorm appearance 661 Snuff dipper cancer 349 lesion 207 Snuff pouch 207 Snyder test 95 Soap bubble appearance 276, 280, 314, 355 Sodium 955 Sodium thiosulfate 986 Soft fibroma 298 Soft mixed odontoma 267 Soft odontoma 267 Soft palate 10 Soft papilloma 294 Solar elastosis 570 Solar lentigo 818 Solid basal cell carcinoma 346 Solitary bone cyst 255 Solitary circumscribed neuroma 324 Solitary exostoses 310 Solitary labial lentigo 495 Solitary myeloma 375 Solitary myositis 727 Solitary radiopacities 1093 Sorrowful facial appearance 821 Sound hazards 1036 South American blastomycosis 780 Space for body of mandible 475 Species immunity 19 Specificity theory 418 Speckled appearance 355 Speckled Erythroplakia 203, 204 Speckled leukoplakia 194, 198 Sphenomandibular ligament 604 Sphenopalatine neuralgia 426, 1108 Sphingomyelin lipidosis 950 Spider finger 853 Spike formation of cementum 124 Spindle cell carcinoma 351 Spindle cell nevus 296, 297 Spindle torus 308 Spit tobacco keratosis 207 Spitz nevus 296, 297 Split papule 734,735 Spoke wheel appearance 361 Spokes of wheel appearance 314 Sporotrichosis 780 Spray and stretch method 438 Spread of infection 443 Spreading ulcer 78 Sprue 955 Spurious polycythemia 912 Squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary sinus 689 salivary gland 673 tongue 553 Squamous cell papilloma 294 Squamous odontogenic tumor 279 Stab wound 1048 Stable angina 787 Stable plaque psoriasis 186 Staccato speech 807 Stafne’s cyst 644, 645 Stafne’s defect 645 Stages of carcinogenesis 26 Stages of gingivitis 576 Staging of leukoplakia 199 Staging of osteomyelitis 463 Staging of salivary gland tumor 664 Staging of tumors 31,32 Stains 68 Starch iodine test 804 Static bone cavity 645 Static bone cyst 645 Status asthmaticus 794 Status epilepticus 808 Stellate reticulum-6 Stem cell leukemia 368 Stenosis 651 Stensen’s duct 67, 639 Step ladder effect 904 Sterilization-37 Stevens Johnson syndrome 399, 409, 1112 Stiff joint 620 Still’s disease 615 STNMP staging-33 Stomatitis medicamentosa 391 Stomatitis nicotina 205 Stomatitis nicotina palati 205 Stomatitis venenata 393 Stomatodynia 550 Stomatology Stratum intermedium Strawberry angioma 311, 312 Strawberry gingivitis 810 Strawberry tongue 749, 814 Streotpcoccal pharyngitis 740 Streptococcal tonsillitis 740 Streptococcus mutans level in saliva 96 Stress disease 49 Stress lesion 145 Stress polycythemia 912 Stria 490 Stricture 651 http://dentalebooks.com Striped flag appearance 944 Struge-Weber syndrome 315 Stuck on appearance 457 Student elbow 49 Sturge Weber syndrome 1112 Styloglossus muscle 534 Stylohyoid syndrome 433, 725 Stylomandibular ligament 604 Subacute necrotizing sialadenitis 658 Subchondral cyst 612 Subclinical fibrous dysplasia 829 Subcondylar fracture 617 Subcrestal pocket 590 Subleukemia 368 Sublingual gland 638, 639b Sublingual gland bony defect 645 Sublingual keratosis 197 Sublingual space infection 476 Subluxation of teeth 699, 700 Subluxation of TMJ 625 Submandibular gland 67, 638, 639 Submandibular space infection 476 Submasseteric space infection 477 Submental space infection 476 Submerged teeth 139 Submission of biopsy specimen 89 Subperiosteal neurofibroma 321 Subpontic osseous hyperplasia 310 Subpontic osseous proliferation 310 Subscription 85 Subzygomatic fracture 714 Successional lamina-5 Sulcus terminalis 533 Sunburn with goose pimple 749 Sunburst appearance 314, 361 SUNCT syndrome 1112 Sunray appearance 314, 355, 358, 360, 368 Sunshine vitamin 938 Superficial abscess 453 Superficial basal cell carcinoma 346 Superficial lymphangioma 316 Superficial mucocele 652 Superficial pain 422 Superficial ranula 653 Superficial spreading melanoma 347, 348, 499 Superficial X-ray 377 Superior labial branches 16 Supernumerary roots 121 Supernumerary teeth 125 Superscription 84 Supplemental supernumerary teeth 125 Suppurating cyst 252 Supra-alveolar pocket 590 Suprabony pocket 590 Supracrestal pocket 590 Supraorbital nerve 15 Supratrochlear nerve 15 Suprazygomatic fracture 714 Surface asepsis 40 Surgical ciliated cyst of maxilla 686 Surrogate marker 871 Suttons’s disease 396 Swab test 97, 649 Swan neck 820 Sweat retention syndrome 1112 Sweet syndrome 1112 Swelling in floor of mouth 1081 Swelling in neck 1082 Index 1163 Swelling in submandibular region 1081 Swelling of lip 1081 Swelling of palate 1080 Swift disease 510 Swiss type agammaglobulinemia 185 Swoon 825 Symphysis menti 15 Symptomatic neuralgia 432 Syncope 825 Synodontia 113 Synovial chondromatosis 631 Synovial fluid 605 Synovial sarcoma 353 Syphilis 550, 733 Syphilis periostitis 736 Syphilitic hypoplasia 134 Syphilitic rhagades 737 Systemic blastomycosis 776 Systemic candidiasis 184 Systemic lupus erythematosus 225, 226 Systemic sclerosis 813 T T cell lymphoma 366 T lymphocytes 441 Tabes dorsalis 735 Tabetic crises 735 Tachypnea 58 Tactile stimuli 1013 Telangiectasia 490 Talon cusp 115, 1112 Tapir lip 820 Tardive dyskinesia 551 Target appearance 1056 Target lesion 399 Targeted radiotherapy 384 Taste buds 534 Taste testing 536 Taurodontism 120 Taxanes 992 Tay Sachs disease 950 Technique for identification in mass disaster 1042 Teeth 10, 68 Teeth clenching 702 Teeth grinding 702 Teletherapy 377 Temperature 58 Temporal arteritis 427 Temporal space infection 477 Temporalis muscle 12 Temporomandibular joint 61 Temporomandibular joint disorders 1074 joint pain 425 ligament 604 Tennis elbow 49 Tennis racket appearance 280 TENS 438, 635 Tension headache 427 Teratoblastoma 328 Teratoid tumor 328 Teratoma 257, 328 Terbinafine 985 Tertian 58 Tertiary syphilis 733,735 Test cavity 73 Tetanus 752 Tetanus neonatorum 752 Tetracycline 962 Tetracycline hypoplasia 136 Tetracycline staining 149 Thalassemia 904 Thalassemia intermedia 905 Thalassemia major 905 Thalassemia minor 905 Thalassemia trait 905 Thallium stress test 788 Theories of cariogenesis 517 Theories of cyst enlargement 231 Theories of dentinal hypersensitivity 1011 Theories of pain conduction 418 Therapeutic modalities of pain 436 Thermal burns 174 Thermal stimuli 1013 Thermal testing 72 Thiamine 927 Thick leukoplakia 198 Thickened periodontal ligament space 1093 Thin leukoplakia 198 Thistle tube appearance 132 Thomsen disease 820 Thrombocytes 896 Thrombocythemia 920 Thrombocytopenic purpura 916 Thrombocytosis 920 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 917 Thrombus 492 Thrush 179, 864 Thumb print appearance 831 Thymic cyst 260 Thymic hyperplasia 822 Thymic replacement therapy 871 Thyroglossal duct cyst 259 Thyroid crisis 879 Thyroid function test 105 Thyroid gland 874 Thyroid storm 879 Thyrotoxicosis 878 Tic Douloureux 429 Ticarcillin 966 TMJ dysfunction syndrome 632 TNM staging 33 Tobacco pouch keratosis 207 Tobacco pouch mouth 814 Tocopherol 941 Tolnafate 985 Toluidine blue testing 86 Tombstone appearance 240 Tongue 11, 63 Tongue disorders 1076 Tongue thrusting 54, 65, 542 Tongue tie 540 Tonic phase 808 Tonsil 66 concretions 722 Tonsillar calculi 722 Tonsillolithiasis 722 Tonsilloliths 722 Tooth ankylosis 707 Tooth brush injury 143 Tooth mark 1044 Tooth mobility 69, 596 Tooth pick injury 144 Tooth tissue loss 1100 Topical antibiotics 969 Topical antiseptic 969 Torulosis 778 Torus mandibularis 309 Torus palatinus 308 Total erythrocyte count 98 Tourniquet test 101 Toxic epidermal necrolysis 399 Trabecular desmo-osteoblastoma 834 Tramline 138 Transcription 85 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 438 Transducer theory 1011 Transient osteopetrosis 849 Transillumination 679 fiberoptic antroscopy 679 Transitional cell carcinoma 347 Transitory neonatal neutropenia 915 Translucency 77 Transmission electron microscopy 536 Transmitted pulsation 74 Transposition 139 Traumatic bone cyst 255, 1059 Traumatic eagle’s syndrome 433 Traumatic erythematous macule 697 Traumatic granuloma 548 Traumatic injury to facial bone 707 Traumatic injury to teeth 699 Traumatic injury to tongue 548 Traumatic keratosis 185 Traumatic lesion of gingiva 588 Traumatic neuroma 323 Traumatic oral hemophlyctenosis 409 Traumatic ulcer 389 Treacher Collin syndrome 161, 681, 1112 Treatment modalities of oral cancer 376 Treatment of hypersensitive dentin 1015 Trefoil tongue 542 Trephones 896 Triamcinolone 1006 Triazine 990 Trichinosis 783 Trichodental syndrome 1112 Trichodentoosseous syndrome 121, 1113 Trichonychodental syndrome 1113 Trifacial neuralgia 429 Trigeminal nerve 15, 81 Trigeminal neuralgia 429 Trigeminal neuropathic pain 428 Trigger point therapy 438 Triggers zone 430 Trismus 1084 Trisomy 13 syndrome 1110 Trisomy 18 syndrome 1106 Trisomy 21 syndrome 853, 1106 Tropic ulcer 389 Trotter’s syndrome 433, 1112 Trousseau’s sign 884 True cementoma 1057 Gigantiform cementoma 1057 True cementoma 284 True denticle 485 Tubercular ulcer 745 Tuberculin skin test 746 Tuberculoid leprosy 741 Tuberculosis 550, 744 Tuberculosis gingivitis 745 Tuberculosis osteomyelitis 472 http://dentalebooks.com Tuberculum impar 533 Tuberous sclerosis 504, 817 Tuberous sclerosis syndrome 1113 Tularemia 751 Tumors markers 94 Tumors of salivary gland 663 Turner hypoplasia 449 Turner’s hypoplasia 134 Turner’s syndrome 167, 1113 Turner’s tooth 134 Twining 113 Two digit system 68 Tyndall effect 494 Type I diabetes mellitus 885 Type II diabetes mellitus 885, 886 Types and nature of pain 414 Types of bite mark 1046 Types of nerve cells 416 Typical facial neuralgia 428 U Ulcerated granuloma eosinophilicum diutinum 548 Ulcerated leukoplakia 194, 198 Ulcerative colitis 801 Ulcerative lichen planus 212 Ultrasonography 643 Uncomplicated crown fracture 699 Uncomplicated ulcer 389 Undecylenic acid 986 Undermined edge 78 Undifferentiated carcinoma 673 Unequal blood pressure 57 Unicameral cyst 255 Unifocal eosinophilic granuloma 947 Universal system 68 Unstable angina 787 Urbach-Wiethe syndrome 192 Uremia 798 Uremic stomatitis 177 Urinary bladder neoplasm 49 Urine glucose estimation 103 USPHS-CDC classification for AIDS 863 UV rays 1043 Uveoparotid fever 663 V Vaccination-38 Vaccinia autonoculata 394 Vaginogingival syndrome 209 Vagoglosso-pharyngeal neuralgia 432 Vagus nerve 82 Valley fever 779 Valvular heart disease 486 Van Buchem syndrome 1113 Vander Woude’s syndrome 558, 1113 Vanishing bone 855 Vaquez’s disease 911 Varicella 762 Varicella zoster infection 762 Varices 492 Varicose aneurysm 318 Varicose veins 49 Variola 773 Varix 492 VAS 1014 Vascular hemophilia 918 1164 Textbook of Oral Medicine Vascular nevus 311 Vascular pain 425 Vascular purpura 918 Vascular supply of TMJ 605 Vascular tissue disorders 1077 Vasodepressor syncope 825 Velcocardiofacial syndrome 1113 Velvet like folded appearance 171 Venereal wart 771 Venous aneurysm 164 Venous blood specimen 97 Venous congenital cyst 164 Venous drainage of gingiva 573 Venous drainage of lip 558 Venous drainage of tongue 535 Venous ectasia 164 Venous lakes 803 Ventricular septal defect 793 Verapamil 1030 Verbal rating scale 1014 Vermicular movement 551 Verruca acuminata 771 Verruca vulgaris 772 Verruciform leukoplakia 199 Verruciform xanthoma 295 Verrucous carcinoma 349 Verrucous leukoplakia 199 Verrucous papillary lesion 1075 Vertical percussion test 68 Vertical root fracture 706 Vertically favorable fracture 709 Vertically unfavorable fracture 709 Vesicular pharyngitis 768 Vesiculobullous lesion 1065 Vestibule Vestigial cyst 253 Vidhari 217 Vinblastine 991 Vinca alkaloids 991 Vincent’s infection 583 Vincristine 992 Viral load testing 871 Viral origin gingival disease 586 Virulence 441 Virus neutralization test 23 Virus theory 30 Visceral leishmaniasis 782 Visible luminescent spectroscopy 519 Visual analogue scale 419, 1014 Vitality testing 72 Vitamin A 936 Vitamin B1 927 Vitamin B12 933 deficiency anemia 907 Vitamin B2 928 Vitamin B3 929 Vitamin B5 931 Vitamin B6 931 Vitamin B8 932 Vitamin B9 932 Vitamin C 934 Vitamin D 938 Vitamin D deficiency 1100 Vitamin D deficient rickets 939 Vitamin D resistant rickets 939 Vitamin E 941 Vitamin H 932 Vitamin K 942 Vitiligo 514 Vizilite 87 Volkmann’s Cheilitis 563 Von Buchem disease 855 Von Hippel syndrome 1113 Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis 504, 1113 disease of skin 320 von WIllebrand disease 918 V-oncs 29 Voriconazole 986 Vrolik’s type of osteogenesis imperfecta 850 VRS 1014 W W appearance 1052 Waddling gait 819, 839 Wakeful bruxism 702 Walter Reed staging system for AIDS 862 Wandering rash 545 Warthin’s tumor 667 Warty appearance 331 Warty deskeratoma 191 Water soluble vitamins 926 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome 890 WBC count 99 Webbed neck 167 Weber Cockayne syndrome 406, 1113 Wegener’s granulomatosis 809 Werlhof’s disease 916 Wernicke’s encephalopathy 928 Western Blot method 870 Wet beriberi 928 Wharton’s duct 67, 639 Wheal 490 Wheel like spoke pattern 285 Whistling face syndrome 1113 White blood corpuscles 895 White folded gingivostomatitis 188 White lesion 1063 White line 173 White sponge nevus 188 WHO classification of cancer and precancer 1063 teeth disorders 1078 WHO staging of AIDS 862 Whorl 310 Wickham’s striae 210 Widow formation 230 Winter’s line 138 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 919, 1103 Witkop-Von Sallmann syndrome 189 http://dentalebooks.com Woody tongue 455 Worm eaten appearance 950 Wormian bone 851 X Xanthomatosis 947 Xeroderma pigmentosum 819 Xerostomia 647, 1085 X-linked dominant 153 X-linked recessive 153 XO syndrome 167 X-ray 1042 XXXXY syndrome 1113 Y Yaws 738 Yeaple probe 1013 Young ossifying fibroma 834 Young rule 47 Yttrium 90 380 Z Zalcitabine 998 Zidovudine 998 Zimmerman-laband syndrome 1113 Zinc deficiency 952 Zinc pigmentation 513 Zinssner’s syndrome 1113 Zinssner-Engman-Cole syndrome 224 Zona 763 Zoster infection 550 Zoster sine eruptione 764 Zoster sine herpete 764 Zsingmondy’s method 68 Zygomatic complex fracture 693 Zygomatic nerve-16 Zygomatic process-13 Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture 716 Zygomycosis 777 ... Dent Oral Epidemiol 1983;11(4) :22 8-35 20 Scott DB A study of the bilateral incidence of carious lesions J Dent Res 1944 ;23 :105-10 21 Shafer, Hine, Levy Textbook of oral pathology (5th edn), 20 06;... caries diagnosis Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1998 ;27 :3-11 http://dentalebooks.com Diseases of Tongue 533 22 Diseases of Tongue Introduction The tongue makes up a large part of the oral cavity and can be... obstruction http://dentalebooks.com 538 Textbook of Oral Medicine Table 22 -2: Classification of tongue disorders Inherited, congenital and developmental anomalies Minor variations • Partial ankyloglossia