Part 1 book “Thyroid diseases - Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment” has contents: Regulation of thyroid function, synthesis, and function of thyroid hormones, tests of thyroid function, thyroid autoantibodies, nonisotopic thyroid imaging, nontoxic goiter, thyroid nodule, acute and subacute thyroiditis,… and other contents.
Endocrinology Series Editor: Andrea Lenzi Series Co-Editor: Emmanuele A Jannini Paolo Vitti Laszlo Hegedüs Editors Thyroid Diseases Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Endocrinology Series Editor Andrea Lenzi Department of Experimental Medicine Section of Medical Pathophysiology Food Science and Endocrinology Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy Series Co-Editor Emmanuele A Jannini Department of Systems Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy Within the health sciences, Endocrinology has an unique and pivotal role This old, but continuously new science is the study of the various hormones and their actions and disorders in the body The matter of Endocrinology are the glands, i.e., the organs that produce hormones, active on the metabolism, reproduction, food absorption and utilization, growth and development, behavior control, and several other complex functions of the organisms Since hormones interact, affect, regulate, and control virtually all body functions, Endocrinology not only is a very complex science, multidisciplinary in nature, but is one with the highest scientific turnover Knowledge in the Endocrinological sciences is continuously changing and growing In fact, the field of Endocrinology and Metabolism is one where the highest number of scientific publications continuously flourishes The number of scientific journals dealing with hormones and the regulation of body chemistry is dramatically high Furthermore, Endocrinology is directly related to genetics, neurology, immunology, rheumatology, gastroenterology, nephrology, orthopedics, cardiology, oncology, gland surgery, psychology, psychiatry, internal medicine, and basic sciences All these fields are interested in updates in Endocrinology The aim of the MRW in Endocrinology is to update the Endocrinological matter using the knowledge of the best experts in each section of Endocrinology: basic endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, endocrinological oncology, pancreas with diabetes and other metabolic disorders, thyroid, parathyroid and bone metabolism, adrenals and endocrine hypertension, sexuality, reproduction, and behavior More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14021 Paolo Vitti • Laszlo Hegedüs Editors Thyroid Diseases Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment With 117 Figures and 101 Tables Editors Paolo Vitti Department of Endocrinology University of Pisa Pisa, Italy Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Odense University Hospital Odense, Denmark ISBN 978-3-319-45012-4 ISBN 978-3-319-45013-1 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-46284-4 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018939426 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Series Preface Is there an unmet need for a new MRW series in Endocrinology and Metabolism? It might not seem so! The vast number of existing textbooks, monographs and scientific journals suggest that the field of hormones (from genetic, molecular, biochemical and translational to physiological, behavioral, and clinical aspects) is one of the largest in biomedicine, producing a simply huge scientific output However, we are sure that this new Series will be of interest for scientists, academics, students, physicians and specialists alike The knowledge in Endocrinology and Metabolism almost limited to the two main (from an epidemiological perspective) diseases, namely hypo/hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus, now seems outdated and closer to the interests of the general practitioner than to those of the specialist This has led to endocrinology and metabolism being increasingly considered as a subsection of internal medicine rather than an autonomous specialization But endocrinology is much more than this We are proposing this series as the manifesto for “Endocrinology 2.0”, embracing the fields of medicine in which hormones play a major part but which, for various historical and cultural reasons, have thus far been “ignored” by endocrinologists Hence, this MRW comprises “traditional” (but no less important or investigated) topics: from the molecular actions of hormones to the pathophysiology and management of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic and gonadal diseases, as well as less common arguments Endocrinology 2.0 is, in fact, the science of hormones, but it is also the medicine of sexuality and reproduction, the medicine of gender differences and the medicine of wellbeing These aspects of Endocrinology have to date been considered of little interest, as they are young and relatively unexplored sciences But this is no longer the case The large scientific production in these fields coupled with the impressive social interest of patients in these topics is stimulating a new and fascinating challenge for Endocrinology The aim of the MRW in Endocrinology is thus to update the subject with the knowledge of the best experts in each field: basic endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, endocrinological oncology, pancreatic disorders, diabetes and other metabolic disorders, thyroid, parathyroid and bone metabolism, adrenal and endocrine v vi Series Preface hypertension, sexuality, reproduction and behavior We are sure that this ambitious aim, covering for the first time the whole spectrum of Endocrinology 2.0, will be fulfilled in this vast Springer MRW in Endocrinology Series Andrea Lenzi, M.D Series Editor Emmanuele A Jannini, M.D Series Co-Editor Volume Preface Despite the availability of a number of endocrine textbooks, we believe that there is a need for a comprehensive volume on the thyroid, which can be used by trainees, general endocrinologist, and experts in the field alike The present one, available as a book, but also electronically, and intended to be updated online whenever developments warrant this, in our minds fills a void Covering the majority of clinically relevant phenotypes, and thyroid physiology as well as pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, we have been fortunate to profit from the dedicated service of a number of recognized and authoritative experts Challengingly, being the first in a series of volumes intended to eventually cover all of endocrinology, there has been little precedence to learn from and to use as a point de référence The original idea for this volume was nurtured in the garden of the Italian Society of Endocrinology and was then developed together with another European as co-editor The cutting-edge information is provided by a bouquet of mainly European colleagues but also some from the USA, Canada, and Australia With this in mind, we can only hope that the many instruments, or at least their players, orchestrated a tune that to the readers appears as one harmonious melody and not a cacophony of contradictions and overlaps The two conductors have agreed and followed the same score, and a strong friendship has developed over the nearly years from conception to delivering a final product The first of seven sections covers regulation of thyroid function, synthesis of thyroid hormones, and their mechanism of action To be followed by thyroid tests and imaging and moving into thyroid diseases highlighting basic concepts, clinical diagnoses, and management in greater detail The solitary thyroid nodule and multinodular goiter constitute the second part, while the next covers Hashimoto’s and the other types of thyroiditis The fourth section deals with different types of hypothyroidism, while thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism, autoimmune and non-autoimmune, are covered in the fifth section Here, also the newest development in the diagnosis and management of the very challenging and complex Graves’ ophthalmopathy is given much attention The section on thyroid carcinomas, in addition to describing the various histiotypes, discusses pathogenesis and the newest medical therapies as well as the most recently elucidated molecular mechanisms and genetic defects In the last section, a number of other conditions influencing thyroid function, or inducing thyroid dysfunction, come in focus Pregnancy, nonthyroidal vii viii Volume Preface illness, and the ever expanding and complicated effects of drugs and other substances that influence and interfere with thyroid function are offered competent attention A separate pharmacopeia has not been deemed necessary However, pharmacological treatments are included in the chapters where relevant Just a few weeks after delivering his chapter on “Regulation of Thyroid Function, Synthesis and Function of Thyroid Hormone” the chocking message of the untimely passing away of professor Theo J Visser reached us It is with sadness, but also great affection and respect, that we dedicate this book to the memory of a gentle, humorous giant of a researcher and colleague Needless to say, we are indebted to all our colleagues who have kindly and generously dedicated time and enthusiasm to contribute so competently to this text As ever, our thanks go to our families for their patience and support during our absence with this endeavor at mind Pisa and Odense April 2018 Paolo Vitti, M.D., Ph.D Laszlo Hegedüs, M.D., D.M.Sc Contents Part I Thyroid Physiology and Laboratory Evaluation of the Thyroid Regulation of Thyroid Function, Synthesis, and Function of Thyroid Hormones Theo J Visser Tests of Thyroid Function Giovanni Ceccarini, Ferruccio Santini, and Paolo Vitti 33 Thyroid Autoantibodies R A Ajjan and A P Weetman 57 Nonisotopic Thyroid Imaging E Papini, R Guglielmi, G Bizzarri, and A Frasoldati 89 Part II Goiter and Thyroid Nodule 125 Nontoxic Goiter Steen Joop Bonnema and Laszlo Hegedüs 127 Thyroid Nodule Markus Eszlinger, Laszlo Hegedüs, and Ralf Paschke 165 Part III Thyroiditis 203 Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Wilmar M Wiersinga 205 Postpartum Thyroiditis and Silent Thyroiditis Lakdasa D Premawardhana, Onyebuchi E Okosieme, and John H Lazarus 249 Acute and Subacute Thyroiditis Karen M Rothacker and John P Walsh 277 ix ... Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Odense University Hospital Odense, Denmark ISBN 97 8-3 - 31 9-4 5 01 2-4 ISBN 97 8-3 - 31 9-4 5 01 3 -1 (eBook) ISBN 97 8-3 - 31 9-4 628 4-4 (print and electronic... International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2 018 P Vitti, L Hegedüs (eds.), Thyroid Diseases, Endocrinology, https://doi.org /10 .10 07/97 8-3 - 31 9-4 5 01 3 -1 _1 T J Visser Abstract Thyroid hormone (TH)... http://www.springer.com/series /14 0 21 Paolo Vitti • Laszlo Hegedüs Editors Thyroid Diseases Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment With 11 7 Figures and 10 1 Tables Editors Paolo Vitti Department of Endocrinology