(BQ) Part 2 book “Gunstream’s anatomy and physiology “ has contents: The cardiovascular system, lymphoid system and defenses against disease, respiratory system, reproductive systems, digestive system, urinary system, study guides,… and other contents.
11 CHAPTER Blood CHAPTER OUTLINE Phillip, at the age of 35, has been actively donating blood at the local Red Cross chapter for ten years Since he is type AB+, his whole blood donations can be used to help only type AB+ patients in need However, at his last visit, Phillip learned that he had the ability to help more people by donating his platelets and plasma specifically Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy can suffer from platelet deficiency, which results in an increased risk of bleeding These patients usually benefit from platelet transfusions to supplement what their own bodies cannot produce Plasma, specifically the proteins within it, is frequently used to treat many rare diseases, such as bleeding disorders, immune deficiency disorders, and rabies Because Phillip has type AB+ blood, his plasma lacks antibodies that are capable of creating adverse reactions in people with other blood types Since his plasma can be transfused into anyone with need safely, Phillip is considered a “universal plasma donor.” Phillip’s next appointment is in a few weeks and he is excited that, by donating specific blood components, he will be able to so much for so many 11.1 General Characteristics of Blood 11.2 Red Blood Cells • Hemoglobin • Concentration of Red Blood Cells • Production • Life Span and Destruction 11.3 White Blood Cells • Function • Types of White Blood Cells 11.4 Platelets 11.5 Plasma • Plasma Proteins • Nitrogenous Wastes • Electrolytes Module Cardiovascular System 11.6 Hemostasis • Vascular Spasm • Platelet Plug Formation • Coagulation 11.7 Human Blood Types • ABO Blood Group • Rh Blood Group • Compatibility of Blood Types for Transfusions 11.8 Disorders of the Blood • Red Blood Cell Disorders • White Blood Cell Disorders • Disorders of Hemostasis Chapter Summary Self-Review Critical Thinking Part Maintenance of the Body 241 SELECTED KEY TERMS Agglutination (agglutin = to stick together) The clumping of red blood cells in an antigen– antibody reaction Coagulation The formation of a blood clot Embolus A moving blood clot or foreign body in the blood Formed elements The solid components of blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Hematopoiesis (hemato = blood; poiesis = to make) The formation of formed elements Hemoglobin (hemo = blood) The pigmented protein in red blood cells, involved in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide Hemostasis (hemo = blood; stasis = standing still) The stoppage of bleeding Plasma The liquid portion of blood BLOOD IS USUALLY CONFINED WITHIN THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS as it transports materials from place to place within the body Substances carried by blood include oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones, electrolytes, and water Blood also has several regulatory and protective functions that will be described in this chapter 11.1 General Characteristics of Blood Learning Objective Describe the general characteristics and functions of blood Blood is classified as a connective tissue that is composed of formed elements (the solid components, including blood cells and platelets) suspended in plasma, the liquid portion (matrix) of the blood It is one of the two fluid connective tissues in the body Blood is heavier and about four times more viscous than water It is slightly alkaline, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45 The volume of blood varies with the size of the individual, but it averages to liters in males and to liters in females Blood comprises about 8% of the body weight About 55% of the blood volume consists of plasma, and 45% is made up of formed elements Because the majority of the formed elements are red blood cells (RBCs), it can be said that almost 45% of the blood volume consists of red blood cells White blood cells (WBCs) and platelets combined form less than 1% of the blood volume (figure 11.1) The great number of formed elements in blood is hard to imagine There are approximately million RBCs, 7,500 WBCs, and 300,000 platelets in one single microliter (μl) A single drop of blood due to a finger stick (approximately 50 ul) contains 250 million RBCs! Platelet A cellular fragment in blood, involved in blood clot formation Red blood cell A hemoglobincontaining blood cell that transports respiratory gases; an erythrocyte Thrombus A stationary blood clot or foreign body in a blood vessel White blood cell A blood cell that has defensive and immune functions; a leukocyte Withdraw blood Centrifuge Plasma (55% of whole blood) White blood cells and platelets (