Ebook Diagnostic imaging cardiovascular (2nd edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book Diagnostic imaging cardiovascular presents the following contents: Coronary artery disease, heart failure, electrophysiology, pulmonary vasculature, arterial, venous, extracranial cerebral arteries, renal vasculature, peripheral vasculature.

Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular (Left) Cardiac CT was performed in an elderly woman presenting with anterior ST elevations and increased troponin, who refused cardiac cath and was hemodynamically stable Curved MPR image of the left anterior descending artery shows no evidence of coronary artery disease (Right) Two-chamber image during systole (same patient) shows severe hypokinesis of the LV apex with preserved contractility of the basal to mid LV segments, consistent with stress cardiomyopathy Section - Coronary Artery Disease Approach to Coronary Heart Disease Introduction Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries The underlying pathology is the development of atherosclerotic plaque in the intima of the coronary arteries While in most cases coronary atherosclerotic plaque will remain clinically silent, it can clinically manifest in a number of forms, such as stable coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death Clinical Manifestations of Coronary Artery Disease Stable Coronary Artery Disease In stable coronary artery disease, atherosclerotic plaque deposits in the coronary arteries lead to significant narrowing of the coronary lumen with subsequent obstruction of the coronary blood stream This results in deficit in oxygen supply of the downstream myocardium during situations of increased demand (typically physical exercise) There is no close correlation between the anatomic degree of luminal obstruction and the extent of downstream ischemia at exercise, which depends on numerous factors These include the severity and length of the lesion, the amount of dependent myocardium, the resistance of the microvasculature, and the amount of collateral flow from other coronary territories Revascularization serves to treat symptoms and improve prognosis and is usually recommended when the amount of ischemic myocardium exceeds 10% of the left ventricular mass Acute Coronary Syndromes Acute coronary syndromes have a mechanism that is different from stable coronary artery disease Typically, the index event is the rupture (most frequently) or erosion (less frequently) of the fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque Material from within the plaque is exposed to the blood stream and leads to immediate thrombocyte aggregation so that a thrombus forms on the surface of the ruptured plaque This thrombus can obstruct coronary blood flow, and depending on the degree of obstruction and downstream myocardial damage, the resulting clinical manifestation is either completely silent or symptomatic in the form of unstable angina, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, or ST-elevation myocardial infarction Treatment is usually emergent and includes both medication to counter thrombus aggregation and mechanical interventions to restore blood flow Heart Failure Acute coronary syndromes, including myocardial infarction, can remain clinically silent; therefore, substantial damage to the myocardium can occur without the patient's noticing any chest pain episodes It is possible that heart failure with severely impaired left ventricular function is the first clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease, and patients with newly identified heart failure need to be worked up for the presence of coronary artery obstruction 613 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular Especially when left ventricular functional impairment is regional and not homogeneous, coronary artery disease should be strongly suspected Sudden Cardiac Death Sudden death is a possible first manifestation of coronary artery disease The underlying event is almost uniformly arrhythmia (Acute mechanical complications, such as myocardial rupture secondary to an acute myocardial infarction, are possible but exceedingly infrequent) Arrhythmia leading to sudden death is usually ventricular fibrillation It can either occur in the context of an acute coronary syndrome or be triggered by the sudden ischemia, or it can occur in patients with heart failure due to old, often previously unknown, myocardial infarction Diagnostic Strategies Stable Coronary Artery Disease Two diagnostic strategies exist for the diagnosis of stable coronary artery disease The underlying process is the presence of coronary stenoses that lead to myocardial ischemia Testing can aim either at identifying the ischemic myocardium under exercise or at the direct visualization of coronary artery stenoses Since not all coronary stenoses cause ischemia, and since stenoses that not cause ischemia not require revascularization, the usual preferred approach in patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease is the noninvasive identification of stress-induced myocardial ischemia It can be achieved with physical exercise (treadmill or bicycle exercise) or pharmacologic stress (dipyridamole or dobutamine to increase contractility and myocardial oxygen demand or adenosine to achieve maximum vasodilation and “steal” effects) Commonly used tests include single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion and metabolic imaging, stress echocardiography, and stress magnetic resonance (MR) imaging Another strategy is the direct visualization of coronary anatomy, as achieved by invasive coronary angiography or noninvasively by computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography It is limited by the fact that not all stenoses cause ischemia and hence require revascularization, and if a stenosis is detected, it may be difficult to determine whether it mandates treatment Invasive coronary angiography can be combined with measurement of the fractional flow reserve (FFR), which quantifies the relationship of mean arterial blood pressure before and after the stenosis during maximum vasodilation achieved by adenosine Currently, FFR is considered the gold standard to identify myocardial ischemia, and FFR values < 0.8 indicate that the respective lesion should be revascularized Both testing approaches, ischemia and coronary anatomy, have certain limitations Ischemia testing has limited sensitivity and specificity Also, ischemia testing cannot identify coronary atherosclerotic plaque, which is nonobstructive but might have implications for the future cardiovascular event risk Anatomic imaging, on the other hand, often identifies stenoses, and the treating physician (and patient) may feel compelled to perform revascularization, even though not all stenoses cause relevant ischemia Additionally, invasive coronary angiography is associated with potential complications, and noninvasive coronary angiography by CT suffers from limited image quality, which, if misinterpreted, can lead to false-positive findings and unnecessary downstream P.8:3 testing Hence, the testing strategy has to take into account patient characteristics, pretest likelihood, and also local expertise with the various diagnostic tests The most frequently applied strategy encompasses initial testing for ischemia, followed, if positive, by anatomic imaging Coronary visualization by CT, however, may be a suitable alternative to reliably rule out coronary stenoses, especially in patients who not have a high likelihood of being diseased Acute Coronary Syndromes Acute coronary syndromes encompass a wide spectrum from unstable angina to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) In STEMI, electrocardiography is the only test performed and leads to immediate coronary catheterization In non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes, further testing is usually performed before a decision about invasive angiography can be made It includes laboratory testing (troponin) complemented by echocardiography to exclude differential diagnoses (acute pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection) and assess regional as well as global left ventricular function It may also include testing for ischemia Coronary CT angiography plays an increasingly important role to rule out coronary artery disease, especially in patients who present with acute chest pain but have a relatively low pretest likelihood of acute coronary disease Prevention Prevention of the first acute coronary event is an important goal in coronary artery disease In individuals who are asymptomatic, the traditional risk factors, summarized, for example, in the Framingham Risk Score, are used to estimate the risk and the necessity of risk-lowering treatment by statins, aspirin, or antihypertensive medication It is increasingly recognized that imaging may also contribute to risk stratification (e.g., coronary calcium), but the role of imaging in primary prevention has not been definitely clarified It remains uncertain which individuals will benefit from imaging in the context of primary prevention Summary 614 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular Numerous diagnostic strategies are available to address the various clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease No single test is perfectly suited for all patients; the decision about the best testing strategy must take into account patient characteristics, such as the ability to breath-hold, obesity, arrhythmias, and metallic implants One must also consider the pretest likelihood of disease and local expertise with the various diagnostic tools Selected References Achenbach S et al: CV imaging: what was new in 2012? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(6):714-34, 2013 Coelho-Filho OR et al: MR myocardial perfusion imaging Radiology 266(3):701-15, 2013 Dowsley T et al: The role of noninvasive imaging in coronary artery disease detection, prognosis, and clinical decision making Can J Cardiol 29(3):285-96, 2013 Nakazato R et al: Myocardial perfusion imaging with PET Imaging Med 5(1):35-46, 2013 Bamberg F et al: Imaging evaluation of acute chest pain: systematic review of evidence base and cost-effectiveness J Thorac Imaging 27(5):289-95, 2012 de Jong MC et al: Diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion imaging for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Eur Radiol 22(9):1881-95, 2012 Fihn SD et al: 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 60(24):e44-e164, 2012 Joshi FR et al: Non-invasive imaging of atherosclerosis Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 13(3):205-18, 2012 Mc Ardle B et al: Nuclear perfusion imaging for functional evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: the future is now Future Cardiol 8(4):603-22, 2012 10 Parker MW et al: Diagnostic accuracy of cardiac positron emission tomography versus single photon emission computed tomography for coronary artery disease: a bivariate meta-analysis Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(6):700-7, 2012 11 Qaseem A et al: Diagnosis of stable ischemic heart disease: summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons Ann Intern Med 157(10):729-34, 2012 12 American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force et al: ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance American College of Chest Physicians J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24(3):229-67, 2011 13 Corti R et al: Imaging of atherosclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging Eur Heart J 32(14):1709-19b, 2011 14 Achenbach S et al: Imaging of coronary atherosclerosis by computed tomography Eur Heart J 31(12):1442-8, 2010 15 Achenbach S et al: The year in coronary artery disease JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 3(10):1065-77, 2010 16 Taylor AJ et al: ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Circulation 122(21):e525-55, 2010 17 Abdelmoneim SS et al: Quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography during pharmacological stress for diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies Eur J Echocardiogr 10(7):813-25, 2009 18 Schuijf JD et al: How to identify the asymptomatic high-risk patient? Curr Probl Cardiol 34(11):539-77, 2009 Coronary Anatomy TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations  Coronary arteries and their branches o Left main (LM) coronary artery o Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery  Proximal, mid, and distal LAD (pLAD, mLAD, dLAD)  Diagonal branches: D1, D2, D3, etc o Ramus intermedius (RI) 615 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular o o o o o Left circumflex (LCX)  Proximal and mid/distal LCX (pCx, LCX)  Obtuse marginal branches: OM1, OM2, OM3, etc Posterior lateral branch (PLB) Posterior left ventricular (PLV) branch Posterior descending artery (PDA) Right coronary artery (RCA)  Proximal, mid, and distal RCA (pRCA, mRCA, dRCA)  Acute marginal (AM) branch Sinoatrial node (SAN) branch Atrioventricular node (AVN) branch o o  Grafts o Saphenous vein graft (SVG) o Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) o Left internal mammary artery (LIMA) o Right internal mammary artery (RIMA)  Alternative international nomenclature o Ramus interventricularis anterior (RIVA) = LAD o Ramus circumflexus (RCx) = LCX o Ramus interventricularis posterior (RIVP, RIP) = PDA o Ramus marginalis (RM or M) = OM o Right posterolateral branch (RPL) = PLV branch from RCA  Ramus posterolateralis dexter (RPD) = PLV branch from RCA; careful not to confuse with abbreviation for right posterior descending artery o Right posterior descending artery (RPD) = PDA from RCA Synonyms  Epicardial arteries IMAGING ANATOMY Overview  Major coronary arteries travel within epicardial fat of interventricular and atrioventricular grooves  Considerable variability in size, number/location of branching vessels, and myocardial territories ANATOMY LM  Arises from left coronary sinus  Variable length but usually < cm  Courses behind right ventricular outflow tract, between pulmonary trunk and left atrium  LM stenosis ≥ 50% is significant o In contrast, stenosis of ≥70% is significant in all other segments  Usually bifurcates into LAD and LCX  Commonly trifurcates into LAD, LCX, and RI o RI may follow the course of obtuse marginal or diagonal branch  Rarely is absent with LM and LCX origins directly from left coronary sinus LAD  Continuation of LM  Runs along anterior interventricular groove  Occasionally dives into left ventricular myocardium, forming “myocardial bridge”  Diagonal branches run diagonally over anterior left ventricular wall o Numbered sequentially from proximal to distal (D1, D2, D3) o Supply anterolateral wall  Superior septal perforator branches extend into interventricular septum and anchor LAD to myocardium o Septal perforators supply anterior 2/3 of septum o 1st septal perforator commonly supplies His bundle and branches of AVN o May form collaterals to PDA via inferior septal perforators  Right ventricular branches are small but may form collaterals to RCA o Circle of Vieussens = collateralization between branch of proximal LAD (left preinfundibular artery) and conus artery in setting of proximal LAD stenosis  Distal LAD often wraps around apex and may form collaterals to distal PDA  Segmentation 616 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular o o o Proximal LAD: End of LM to 1st large septal or D1 (1st diagonal), whichever is more proximal Mid LAD: End of proximal LAD to 1/2 the distance to the apex  Some authors use origin of D2 (2nd diagonal) as distal landmark Distal LAD: End of mid LAD to end of LAD LCX         Arises from LM at nearly perpendicular angle Runs around mitral annulus in left atrioventricular groove Obtuse marginal branches (OM1, OM2, OM3) Nondominant LCX often terminates as OM branch Native LCX distal to OM branches is often diminutive If left dominant, branches into PLV and PDA LCX and OM branches supply lateral free wall and portion of anterolateral papillary muscle Segmentation o Proximal LCX: End of LM to origin of OM1 (1st obtuse marginal branch) o Mid and distal LCX: Distal to OM1 to end of LCX or PDA origin    Arises from right coronary sinus Passes under right atrial appendage and descends into right anterior atrioventricular groove In 50%, 1st branch of RCA is conus branch o Alternative origin from a separate ostium directly from right sinus of Valsalva o Conus branch supplies right ventricular outflow tract In 60%, SAN is the next branch o 40% take alternative supply from LCX atrial branches Acute marginal branches may be large and extend to apex P.8:5 RCA    If right-dominant circulation, RCA bifurcates into PDA and PLV at cardiac crux o When right dominant, described as right PDA (R-PDA); when left dominant, left PDA (L-PDA) o PDA runs along posterior interventricular groove and supplies posterior 1/3 of inferior septum o PLV courses cephalad and is usual source of AVN branch  Segmentation o Proximal RCA: Ostium to 1/2 the distance to acute margin of heart o Mid RCA: End of proximal RCA to acute margin o Distal RCA: Acute margin to PDA origin Dominance  Dominance is defined by supply of PDA and PLV  There are right-, left-, and codominant coronary systems  ˜ 85% are right dominant (RCA supplies PDA and PLV)  8% are left dominant (LCX supplies PDA and PLV)  7% are codominant (RCA and LCX share supply of PDA &/or PLV)  Rare super-dominant RCA supplies territory of diminutive LCX  Rare wrap-around LAD supplies PDA CORONARY ARTERY SEGMENTATION Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Definitions  Left main (LM) = ostium of LM to bifurcation to LAD/LCX or trifurcation to LAD/LCX/RI  Proximal LAD (pLAD) = end of LM to 1st large septal or diagonal, whichever is more proximal  Mid LAD (mLAD) = end of pLAD to 1/2 the distance to apex  Distal LAD (dLAD) = end of mLAD to end of LAD  Diagonal (D1) = 1st diagonal branch of LAD  Diagonal (D2) = 2nd diagonal branch of LAD  Ramus intermedius (RI) = vessel arising from LM between LAD and LCX in the case of trifurcation  Proximal left circumflex (pCx) = end of LM to origin of 1st obtuse marginal  Mid and distal left circumflex (LCX) = from 1st obtuse marginal to end of vessel or origin of L-PDA  Obtuse marginal (OM1) = 1st obtuse marginal branch of left circumflex  PDA-LCX (L-PDA) = PDA from LCX  PLB-L (L-PLB) = posterolateral branch from LCX  Proximal RCA (pRCA) = ostium of RCA to 1/2 the distance to acute margin 617 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular      Mid RCA (mRCA) = end of pRCA to acute margin Distal RCA (dRCA) = acute margin to origin of PDA PDA-RCA (R-PDA) = PDA from RCA PLB-RCA (R-PLB) = posterolateral branch from RCA Alternative coronary artery segmentation o Original 15-segment model published via American Heart Association committee by W Gerald Austen in 1975 o 28-segment model of Myocardial Infarction and Mortality in Coronary Artery Surgery Study  Of note, some authors use 2nd diagonal branch (rather than 1/2 the distance from 1st branch) to apex as landmark dividing mid and distal LAD NORMAL VARIANTS AND ANOMALIES General Considerations  Wide degree of variation with variable clinical significance  Categorized as anomalies of origin, course, intrinsic anatomy, and termination Anomalies of Origin and Course  Absence of LM, with separate ostia of LAD and LCX directly from left coronary sinus  High (above sinotubular junction) origin of coronary ostium  Origin from opposite or rarely noncoronary cusp with anomalous course o Benign variants have course either retroaortic or prepulmonic/anterior to right ventricular outflow tract o Malignant variants have interarterial course between aorta and pulmonary artery o Transseptal variant of malignant type, where vessel runs in myocardium just below interarterial space, is considered less malignant compared to other anomalies  Anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA)  Single coronary artery Anomalies of Intrinsic Anatomy  Congenital coronary ostial stenosis or atresia  Congenital or acquired coronary ectasis or aneurysm  Myocardial bridge  Duplicated coronary artery Anomalies of Termination  Coronary-venous or coronary-cameral fistula  Extracardiac termination CARDIAC VEINS  Anterior cardiac veins drain anterior right ventricular free wall, cross right atrioventricular groove, and enter right atrium directly  Coronary sinus, the largest cardiac vein at ˜ 14 mm diameter, enters right atrium near inferior vena cava inflow o There may be a complete or incomplete valve at its ostium (Thebesian valve)  Middle cardiac vein runs in posterior interventricular groove and enters coronary sinus near its ostium  Other tributaries to coronary sinus are posterior vein of left ventricle (drains inferior left ventricular wall), marginal veins, and great cardiac vein, which runs in left atrioventricular groove  Anteriorly, great cardiac vein becomes anterior interventricular vein, which runs parallel to LAD and receives diagonal veins RELATED REFERENCES Raff GL et al: SCCT guidelines for the interpretation and reporting of coronary computed tomographic angiography J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 3(2):122-36, 2009 Abbara S et al: Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac veins with 16-MDCT angiography AJR Am J Roentgenol 185(4):1001-6, 2005 P.8:6 Image Gallery AORTIC ROOT AND CORONARY ARTERIES 618 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular (Top) Volume-rendered image shows the aortic root and coronary arteries, oriented to depict the right coronary artery (Bottom) Volume-rendered image shows the aortic root and coronary arteries, oriented to depict the left coronary arteries P.8:7 CORONARY ARTERY ORIGINS 619 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular (Top) 3D volume-rendered anteroposterior image shows the coronary artery origins The right ventricular outflow tract and atrial appendages have been excluded to depict the coronary origins (Middle) 3D volume-rendered anteroposterior image shows the coronary artery origins The right ventricular outflow tract and atrial appendages have been excluded to depict the coronary origins (Bottom) 3D volume-rendered images show the diaphragmatic surface of the heart In this right-dominant coronary arterial system, the RCA continues as the PDA along the posterior interventricular groove P.8:8 LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES 620 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular (Top) Right anterior oblique caudal view of selective angiography shows a left-dominant coronary system (Bottom) 3D volume-rendered image shows the left coronary arteries P.8:9 RIGHT CORONARY ARTERIES 621 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular (Top) Left anterior oblique projection shows a right-dominant coronary system (Middle) This is a curved maximumintensity projection (MIP) along the course of a dominant RCA The view is known as the C view due to the characteristic appearance of the RCA (Bottom) Curved MIP depicts the sinoatrial artery arising from the proximal RCA, the most common variant Less commonly, the sinoatrial artery arises from the LCX Rarely, it may arise directly from the right coronary sinus P.8:10 LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES 622 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular clinical issues, 8:56 differential diagnosis, 8:56 imaging, 8:54, 8:55, 8:56, 8:57 pathology, 8:56 Ischemic cardiomyopathy See Cardiomyopathy, ischemic Ischemic heart disease, suggested protocols by indication, 1:10 Ischemic stroke, acute, 14:6, 14:7, 14:8, 14:9, 14:10, 14:11 associated abnormalities, 14:8 clinical issues, 14:8 differential diagnosis, 14:8 imaging, 14:6, 14:7, 14:8, 14:9, 14:10, 14:11 pathology, 14:8 subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion associated with, 16:10 Isomerism, right/left See Heterotaxia syndromes Ivemark syndrome See Heterotaxia syndromes J > Back of Book > Index > J J Jatene arterial switch procedure, 2:4 K Kawasaki disease coronary fistula vs., 8:132 coronary thrombosis vs., 8:43 Kommerell diverticulum, ductus diverticulum vs., 12:74 Kussmaul-Maier disease See Polyarteritis nodosa L L-transposition of great arteries See Transposition of great arteries Laminar flow artifact, acute pulmonary embolism vs., 11:16 Large-vessel vasculitis See Takayasu arteritis Lecompte maneuver, 2:4 Left anterior descending coronary artery distribution infarction clinical issues, 8:76 differential diagnosis, 8:76 imaging, 8:75, 8:76, 8:77 infarction, 8:74, 8:75, 8:76, 8:77 pathology, 8:76 Left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, benign anomalous left coronary artery vs., 8:19 P.xviii Left atrial appendage, surgical exclusion of, left atrial thrombus vs., 10:19 Left atrial inflow obstruction, other reasons, rheumatic heart disease vs., 4:79 Left atrial thrombus, 10:18, 10:19, 10:20, 10:21 associated abnormalities, 10:20 clinical issues, 10:20 differential diagnosis, 10:19 imaging, 10:18, 10:19, 10:21 pathology, 10:20 Left atrium, anatomy CT, 1:35 graphic, 1:26 morphologic, imaging clues for identifying, 1:16 structure and function, 1:15 Left circumflex coronary artery, anomalous See Anomalous left circumflex coronary artery Left coronary artery, anomalous, malignant, 8:16, 8:17 benign anomalous left coronary artery vs., 8:19 differential diagnosis, 8:17 Left flank pain, nutcracker syndrome associated with, 13:35 Left heart failure, 9:10, 9:11, 9:12, 9:13 clinical issues, 9:12 differential diagnosis, 9:11, 9:12 genetics, 9:12 imaging, 9:10, 9:11, 9:13 isolated, right heart failure vs., 9:8 L-transposition of great arteries vs., 2:41 pathology, 9:12 staging, grading, & classification, 9:12 tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with, 4:52 Left main coronary artery, occlusion, benign anomalous left coronary artery vs., 8:19 Left main coronary stenosis, 8:58, 8:59, 8:60, 8:61 clinical issues, 8:60 differential diagnosis, 8:59 imaging, 8:58, 8:59, 8:61 pathology, 8:60 Left pulmonary artery sling, double aortic arch vs., 2:17 Left superior intercostal vein, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return vs., 3:35 Left superior vena cava, persistent, 13:22, 13:23, 13:24, 13:25 clinical issues, 13:23, 13:24 differential diagnosis, 13:23 imaging, 13:22, 13:23, 13:25 partial anomalous pulmonary venous return vs., 3:35 pathology, 13:23, 13:24 pseudocoarctation associated with, 12:66 with absent right superior vena cava, superior vena cava syndrome vs., 13:12 Left ventricle dysfunction, following heart transplantation, differential diagnosis, 9:16 13 hypertrabeculation See Left ventricular noncompaction thrombus, left ventricular noncompaction vs., 7:51 transient apical ballooning See Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Left ventricle, anatomy graphic, 1:27 morphologic, imaging clues for identifying, 1:16 structure and function, 1:15 Left ventricular aneurysm, absent pericardium vs., 5:35 Left ventricular aneurysm, postinfarction, 8:96, 8:97, 8:98, 8:99 clinical issues, 8:98 differential diagnosis, 8:97, 8:98 imaging, 8:96, 8:97, 8:99 pathology, 8:98 Left ventricular apical aortic conduit, 4:82, 4:83, 4:84, 4:85 clinical issues, 4:83 differential diagnosis, 4:83 imaging, 4:82, 4:83, 4:84, 4:85 pathology, 4:83 Left ventricular failure See Left heart failure Left ventricular free wall rupture, 8:106, 8:107, 8:108, 8:109 clinical issues, 8:107 differential diagnosis, 8:107 imaging, 8:106, 8:107, 8:108, 8:109 pathology, 8:107 staging, grading, & classification, 8:107 Left ventricular hypertrophy, 9:22, 9:23 Left ventricular inflow obstruction, tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with, 4:52 Left ventricular noncompaction, 7:50, 7:51, 7:52, 7:53 associated abnormalities, 7:51, 7:52 clinical issues, 7:52 differential diagnosis, 7:51 genetics, 7:51 hypereosinophilic syndrome vs., 7:38 imaging, 7:3, 7:50, 7:51, 7:53 or prominent normal trabeculation, cardiac thrombus vs., 6:26 pathology, 7:51, 7:52 Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction L-transposition of great arteries associated with, 2:42 left ventricular noncompaction associated with, 7:51 Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm, postinfarction, 8:100, 8:101, 8:102, 8:103 clinical issues, 8:101 differential diagnosis, 8:101 imaging, 8:100, 8:101, 8:102, 8:103 pathology, 8:101 Leiomyoma, lymphoma vs., 6:58 Leiomyosarcoma, tumor extension into atria vs., 6:14 P.xix Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular Leriche syndrome See Aortic occlusion, abdominal Levo transposition of great arteries See Transposition of great arteries Lipoma, cardiac, 6:20, 6:21, 6:22, 6:23 cardiac sarcoma vs., 6:31 clinical issues, 6:22 differential diagnosis, 6:21, 6:22 imaging, 6:20, 6:21, 6:23 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:51 lymphoma vs., 6:58 osteoarthritis, 6:22 Lipomatous hypertrophy, interatrial septum, 6:50, 6:51, 6:52, 6:53, 6:54, 6:55 cardiac lipoma vs., 6:22 characteristics, 6:37 clinical issues, 6:52 differential diagnosis, 6:51, 6:52 imaging, 6:50, 6:51, 6:53, 6:54, 6:55 pathology, 6:52 tumor mimics vs., 6:38 Liposarcoma cardiac lipoma vs., 6:21, 6:22 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:51 Lobar emphysema (or hyperinflation), congenital, pulmonary sling vs., 2:31 Löffler endocarditis See Endomyocardial fibrosis Löffler myocarditis See Hypereosinophilic syndrome Lower extremity anatomy, 16:4, 16:5, 16:6, 16:7 anatomy imaging issues, 16:4 imaging anatomy, 16:4 lower extremity arterial anatomy, 16:5, 16:6 pelvic and lower extremity arterial anatomy, 16:5 upper and lower extremity venous anatomy, 16:7 Lower extremity aneurysms, 16:24, 16:25, 16:26, 16:27 associated abnormalities, 16:26 clinical issues, 16:26 differential diagnosis, 16:25, 16:26 imaging, 16:24, 16:25, 16:27 pathology, 16:26 Lower extremity arteriovenous fistula, 16:42, 16:43, 16:44, 16:45 clinical issues, 16:44 differential diagnosis, 16:43, 16:44 genetics, 16:44 imaging, 16:42, 16:43, 16:45 pathology, 16:44 Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, 16:46, 16:47, 16:48, 16:49 clinical issues, 16:48 differential diagnosis, 16:48 genetics, 16:48 imaging, 16:46, 16:47, 16:49 pathology, 16:48 Lower extremity ischemia, acute, 16:28, 16:29, 16:30, 16:31 clinical issues, 16:30 differential diagnosis, 16:29, 16:30 imaging, 16:28, 16:29, 16:31 pathology, 16:30 staging, grading, & classification, 16:30 Lower extremity peripheral vasculature, 16:24, 16:25, 16:26, 16:27, 16:28, 16:29, 16:30, 16:31, 16:32, 16:33, 16:34, 16:35, 16:36, 16:37, 16:38, 16:39, 16:40, 16:41, 16:42, 16:43, 16:44, 16:45, 16:46, 16:47, 16:48, 16:49 acute lower extremity ischemia, 16:28, 16:29, 16:30, 16:31 anatomy, 16:4, 16:5, 16:6, 16:7 aneurysms See Lower extremity aneurysms arteriovenous fistula, 16:42, 16:43, 16:44, 16:45 cystic adventitial disease See Cystic adventitial disease deep vein thrombosis, 16:46, 16:47, 16:48, 16:49 femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease, 16:32, 16:33, 16:34, 16:35 persistent sciatic artery, 16:40, 16:41 Lung abscess, pulmonary sequestration vs., 11:24 Lung cancer, pulmonary sequestration vs., 11:24 Lung disease, chronic, tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with, 4:52 Lupus/anticardiolipin antibodies, chronic pulmonary embolism associated with, 11:20 Lupus erythematosus See Systemic lupus erythematosus Lymphangioma, hemangioma vs., 6:42 Lymphoma, 6:56, 6:57, 6:58, 6:59 cardiac sarcoma vs., 6:31 clinical issues, 6:58 differential diagnosis, 6:57, 6:58 imaging, 6:56, 6:57, 6:59 pathology, 6:58 M Marfan syndrome, 12:60, 12:61, 12:62, 12:63 aortic dissection vs., 12:50 carotid dissection associated with, 14:22 clinical issues, 12:61 differential diagnosis, 12:61 genetics, 12:61 imaging, 12:60, 12:61, 12:62, 12:63 mitral valve prolapse vs., 4:30 mitral valve regurgitation associated with, 4:33 multivalvular disease vs., 4:73 pathology, 12:61 pulmonary valve regurgitation vs., 4:45 renal fibromuscular dysplasia vs., 15:18 14 vertebral artery dissection associated with, 14:30 May-Thurner syndrome, 13:30, 13:31, 13:32, 13:33 associated abnormalities, 13:32 clinical issues, 13:32 differential diagnosis, 13:31, 13:32 imaging, 13:30, 13:31, 13:33 inferior vena cava occlusion associated with, 13:20 pathology, 13:32 staging, grading, & classification, 13:32 Meckel diverticulum, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 P.xx Mediastinal mass chronic post-traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysm vs., 12:37 double aortic arch vs., 2:17 middle, pulmonary sling vs., 2:31 pseudocoarctation vs., 12:66 right aortic arch vs., 2:23 thoracic aortic aneurysm vs., 12:27 Mediastinum, widened, traumatic aortic laceration vs., 12:70 Medications See Drug therapy Mesothelioma, lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:52 Metabolic disorders, infectious pericarditis vs., 5:17 Metastatic disease, 6:8, 6:9, 6:10, 6:11 associated abnormalities, 6:10 cardiac, atrial myxoma vs., 6:17 cardiac lipoma vs., 6:22 cardiac sarcoma vs., 6:31 clinical issues, 6:10 differential diagnosis, 6:10 fibroma vs., 6:47 hemangioma vs., 6:41, 6:42 imaging, 6:8, 6:9, 6:10, 6:11 left atrial thrombus vs., 10:19 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:52 lymphoma vs., 6:57 pathology, 6:10 pulmonary arteriovenous malformations vs., 11:7 Methysergide, rheumatic heart disease vs., 4:79 Microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa vs., 15:21 Mid-aortic (coarctation) syndrome, abdominal aortic occlusion vs., 12:89 Mitral annular carcinoma, caseous, mitral valve annular calcification vs., 4:37 Mitral valve annulus, dilated, papillary muscle rupture vs., 8:79 insufficiency See Mitral valve regurgitation obstruction, mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular primary flail leaflets, mitral valve regurgitation vs., 4:33 trauma, mitral valve prolapse vs., 4:30 Mitral valve abnormalities atrial septal defects associated with, 3:12 truncus arteriosus associated with, 2:46 Mitral valve, anatomy anatomy, 1:15 CT of mitral valve, 1:55 echocardiography, aortic and mitral valves, 1:52 radiography of prosthetic aortic and mitral valves, 1:46 Mitral valve annular calcification, 4:36, 4:37, 4:38, 4:39 associated abnormalities, 4:37 characteristics, 6:37 clinical issues, 4:38 coronary artery calcification vs., 8:33 differential diagnosis, 4:37 genetics, 4:37 imaging, 4:36, 4:37, 4:39 pathology, 4:37, 4:38 tumor mimics vs., 6:38 Mitral valve disease degenerative, mitral valve regurgitation vs., 4:33 myxomatous, mitral valve prolapse vs., 4:30 Mitral valve prolapse, 4:28, 4:29, 4:30, 4:31 clinical issues, 4:30 coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:50 differential diagnosis, 4:30 imaging, 4:28, 4:29, 4:31 pathology, 4:30 Mitral valve regurgitation, 4:32, 4:33, 4:34, 4:35 clinical issues, 4:34 differential diagnosis, 4:33 genetics, 4:33 imaging, 4:32, 4:33, 4:35 ischemic, 4:33 papillary muscle rupture vs., 8:79 other causes, post-infarction mitral valve regurgitation vs., 8:105 pathology, 4:33, 4:34 post infarction, 8:104, 8:105 secondary, rheumatic heart disease vs., 4:79 severe, dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy vs., 7:20 staging, grading, & classification, 4:33, 4:34 Mitral valve stenosis, 4:24, 4:25, 4:26, 4:27 associated abnormalities, 4:25 clinical issues, 4:26 congenital, mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 differential diagnosis, 4:25 imaging, 4:24, 4:25, 4:27 pathology, 4:25, 4:26 staging, grading, & classification, 4:26 Morgagni hernia, pericardial cyst vs., 5:31 Mucopolysaccharidoses mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 rheumatic heart disease vs., 4:79 Multivalvular disease, 4:72, 4:73, 4:74, 4:75, 4:76, 4:77 calcific, mitral valve annular calcification vs., 4:37 clinical issues, 4:73 differential diagnosis, 4:73 imaging, 4:72, 4:73, 4:74, 4:75, 4:76, 4:77 Musculoskeletal diseases of chest wall or shoulders, ischemia right coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:56 Mycotic aortic aneurysm, 12:32, 12:33, 12:34, 12:35 abdominal aortic aneurysm with rupture vs., 12:83 differential diagnosis, 12:33 Mycotic pseudoaneuysm, penetrating aortic atherosclerotic ulcer vs., 12:45 P.xxi Myocardial bridge, 8:128, 8:129 clinical issues, 8:129 coronary atherosclerotic plaque vs., 8:38 differential diagnosis, 8:129 imaging, 8:128, 8:129 pathology, 8:129 staging, grading, & classification, 8:129 Myocardial calcification, constrictive pericarditis vs., 5:28 Myocardial infarction acute See Myocardial infarction, acute chronic, 8:70, 8:71, 8:72, 8:73 differential diagnosis, 8:72 imaging, 8:70, 8:71, 8:72, 8:73 infectious pericarditis vs., 5:17, 5:18 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:51 nonatherosclerotic, 8:86, 8:87, 8:88, 8:89 differential diagnosis, 8:87 imaging, 8:86, 8:87, 8:89 nontransmural, 8:90, 8:91, 8:92, 8:93, 8:94, 8:95 differential diagnosis, 8:91, 8:92 imaging, 8:90, 8:91, 8:93, 8:94, 8:95 old acute myocardial infarction vs., 8:68 calcification of, coronary artery calcification vs., 8:33 post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm, 8:96, 8:97, 8:98, 8:99 subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion associated with, 16:10 subendocardial, post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm vs., 8:97 transmural, nontransmural myocardial infarction vs., 8:91, 8:92 uremic pericarditis vs., 5:21 15 Myocardial infarction, acute, 8:66, 8:67, 8:68, 8:69 chronic myocardial infarction vs., 8:72 clinical issues, 8:68 differential diagnosis, 8:68 due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, coronary embolism vs., 8:29 imaging, 8:66, 8:67, 8:68, 8:69 pathology, 8:68 post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm vs., 8:97 sarcoidosis vs., 7:44 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy vs., 7:63 Myocarditis, 7:26, 7:27, 7:28, 7:29 acute See Myocarditis, acute arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy vs., 7:32 chronic, ischemic cardiomyopathy vs., 7:16 clinical issues, 7:28 coronary embolism vs., 8:29 differential diagnosis, 7:27, 7:28 eosinophilic See Hypereosinophilic syndrome imaging, 7:3, 7:26, 7:27, 7:29 Löffler myocarditis See Hypereosinophilic syndrome nontransmural myocardial infarction vs., 8:91 pathology, 7:28 sarcoidosis vs., 7:44 staging, grading, & classification, 7:28 viral, Chagas disease vs., 7:55 Myocarditis, acute acute myocardial infarction vs., 8:68 coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:50 infarction, left anterior descending distribution vs., 8:76 ischemia right coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:56 nonatherosclerotic myocardial infarction vs., 8:87 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy vs., 7:63 Myocarditis/sarcoid, suggested protocols by indication, 1:10 Myocardium hibernating, post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm vs., 8:98 noncompaction, endomyocardial fibrosis vs., 7:36 spongy See Left ventricular noncompaction Myopericarditis metastatic disease vs., 6:10 neoplastic pericarditis vs., 5:24 Myxoma atrial See Atrial myxoma cardiac sarcoma vs., 6:31 fibroma vs., 6:48 hemangioma vs., 6:41 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:51 lymphoma vs., 6:58 rheumatic heart disease vs., 4:79 tumor extension into atria vs., 6:14 Myxomatous mitral valve disease Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular mitral valve prolapse vs., 4:30 mitral valve regurgitation vs., 4:33 N Neoplastic disease, 6:2, 6:3, 6:4, 6:5, 6:6, 6:7, 6:8, 6:9, 6:10, 6:11, 6:12, 6:13, 6:14, 6:15, 6:16, 6:17, 6:18, 6:19, 6:20, 6:21, 6:22, 6:23, 6:24, 6:25, 6:26, 6:27, 6:28, 6:29, 6:30, 6:31, 6:32, 6:33, 6:34, 6:35, 6:36, 6:37, 6:38, 6:39, 6:40, 6:41, 6:42, 6:43, 6:44, 6:45, 6:46, 6:47, 6:48, 6:49, 6:50, 6:51, 6:52, 6:53, 6:54, 6:55, 6:56, 6:57, 6:58, 6:59 See also Metastatic disease approach to See Neoplastic disease, approach to atrial myxoma See Atrial myxoma benign, cardiac thrombus vs., 6:25 bronchogenic carcinoma, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 carcinoid tumor See also Carcinoid syndrome malignant, mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm vs., 11:9 cardiac tumor, primary malignant, atrial myxoma vs., 6:17 carotid space schwannoma, carotid dissection vs., 14:21 P.xxii extracardiac, carcinoid syndrome vs., 4:70 fibroma See Fibroma hemangioma See Hemangioma history of, chronic pulmonary embolism associated with, 11:20 hypervascular, pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm vs., 11:9 infectious pericarditis vs., 5:18 leiomyoma, lymphoma vs., 6:58 leiomyosarcoma, tumor extension into atria vs., 6:14 lipoma, cardiac, 6:20, 6:21, 6:22, 6:23 lipomatous hypertrophy, interatrial septum See Lipomatous hypertrophy, interatrial septum liposarcoma cardiac lipoma vs., 6:21, 6:22 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:51 lower extremity aneurysms vs., 16:25 lung, pulmonary sequestration vs., 11:24 lymphangioma, hemangioma vs., 6:42 lymphoma See Lymphoma malignant, primary, metastatic disease vs., 6:10 mediastinal mass See Mediastinal mass mesothelioma, lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:52 mitral annular carcinoma, caseous, mitral valve annular calcification vs., 4:37 myocardial bridge vs., 8:129 myxoma See Atrial myxoma; Myxoma neurofibroma, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 neurofibromatosis coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 renal fibromuscular dysplasia vs., 15:18 neurogenic mass, persistent sciatic artery vs., 16:41 papillary fibroelastoma, 6:44, 6:45 differential diagnosis, 6:45 mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 paraganglioma fibroma vs., 6:48 glomus vagale, carotid dissection vs., 14:21 hemangioma vs., 6:41, 6:42 pelvic tumors, May-Thurner syndrome vs., 13:32 pericardial masses, approach to, 5:3, 5:4 pericardial tumors See Pericardial tumors pericarditis, neoplastic, 5:22, 5:23, 5:24, 5:25 popliteal fossa mass, cystic adventitial disease vs., 16:38 primary malignancy, left atrial thrombus vs., 10:19 primary or secondary malignancy, cardiac thrombus vs., 6:25 renal, renal arteriovenous fistula vs., 15:25 renal vascular tumor, nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 renal vein tumor extension, renal vein thrombosis vs., 15:29 rhabdomyoma See Rhabdomyoma rhabdomyosarcoma fibroma vs., 6:47 mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 right atrium tumor, carcinoid syndrome vs., 4:70 sarcoma cardiac See Sarcoma, cardiac pulmonary artery acute pulmonary embolism vs., 11:16 chronic pulmonary embolism vs., 11:20 soft tissue, persistent sciatic artery vs., 16:41 suggested protocols by indication, 1:10 teratoma See Teratoma thrombus, cardiac See Thrombus, cardiac thymolipoma, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 tumor extension into atria, 6:12, 6:13, 6:14, 6:15 tumor mimics, 6:36, 6:37, 6:38, 6:39 tumor thrombus/embolus acute pulmonary embolism vs., 11:16 subclavian vein thrombosis vs., 16:14 vascular, lower extremity arteriovenous fistula vs., 16:43 16 Neoplastic disease, approach to, 6:2, 6:3, 6:4, 6:5, 6:6, 6:7 cardiac masses by location, 6:4 comparison of imaging modalities, 6:4 differential diagnosis, 6:3 epicardial/pericardial lesions, 6:3 images, 6:5, 6:6, 6:7 imaging considerations, 6:2 intracavitary lesions, 6:2, 6:3 intramural lesions benign, 6:3 in children, 6:3 malignant, 6:3 introduction, 6:2 suggested MR protocol, 6:4 tumor mimics/pseudomasses, 6:3 valvular lesions, 6:3 Neoplastic pericarditis, 5:22, 5:23, 5:24, 5:25 Nephrotic syndrome, adult, renal vein thrombosis associated with, 15:30 Neurofibroma, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 Neurofibromatosis coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 renal fibromuscular dysplasia vs., 15:18 Neurogenic mass, persistent sciatic artery vs., 16:41 Nodules of Arantius, papillary fibroelastoma vs., 6:45 Nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy See Cardiomyopathy, nonischemic dilated Noonan syndrome, pulmonary valve stenosis associated with, 4:42 Norwood procedure, 2:4 Nutcracker syndrome, 13:34, 13:35, 13:36, 13:37 associated abnormalities, 13:35, 13:36 P.xxiii clinical issues, 13:36 differential diagnosis, 13:35 imaging, 13:34, 13:35, 13:37 pathology, 13:35, 13:36 renal arteriovenous fistula vs., 15:26 renal vein thrombosis vs., 15:30 O Osseous fractures, chronic posttraumatic aortic pseudoaneurysm associated with, 12:37 Osteogenesis imperfecta carotid dissection associated with, 14:22 mitral valve prolapse vs., 4:30 P Pacemakers/implantable cardioverterdefibrillators, 10:12, 10:13, 10:14, 10:15 clinical issues, 10:14 differential diagnosis, 10:14 imaging, 10:12, 10:13, 10:15 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular pathology, 10:14 Pancreatic pseudocyst, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 Pannus See Valvular pannus Papillary fibroelastoma, 6:44, 6:45 differential diagnosis, 6:45 imaging, 6:44, 6:45 mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 Papillary muscle rupture, 8:78, 8:79, 8:80, 8:81 clinical issues, 8:80 differential diagnosis, 8:79, 8:80 imaging, 8:78, 8:79, 8:81 pathology, 8:80 Papillary muscles, cardiac thrombus vs., 6:26 Paraganglioma fibroma vs., 6:48 glomus vagale, carotid dissection vs., 14:21 hemangioma vs., 6:41, 6:42 Parenchymal hypodensity (nonvascular causes), acute ischemic stroke vs., 14:8 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return See Pulmonary venous return, partial anomalous Patent Botallo duct See Patent ductus arteriosus Patent ductus arteriosus, 3:4, 3:5, 3:6, 3:7, 3:8, 3:9 atrial septal defects vs., 3:11 bicuspid aortic valve associated with, 4:22 clinical issues, 3:6 coarctation of aorta associated with, 2:12 differential diagnosis, 3:5 endocardial cushion defect vs., 3:23 genetics, 3:5 imaging, 3:4, 3:5, 3:7, 3:8, 3:9 pathology, 3:5, 3:6 persistent, ductus diverticulum associated with, 12:74 persistent 5th arch vs., 2:29 pseudocoarctation associated with, 12:66 pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 staging, grading, & classification, 3:6 ventricular septal defects vs., 3:17 Patent foramen ovale atrial septal defects vs., 3:11 pulmonary valve stenosis associated with, 4:42 Pelvic tumors, May-Thurner syndrome vs., 13:32 Pelvic varicosities/pelvic congestion, female, nutcracker syndrome associated with, 13:35 Penetrating aortic atherosclerotic ulcer, 12:44, 12:45, 12:46, 12:47 aortic dissection vs., 12:50 approach to, 12:4 differential diagnosis, 12:45 Pentalogy of Fallot, tetralogy of Fallot vs., 2:71 Peptic ulcer coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:50 ischemia right coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:56 Percutaneous aortic valve replacement See Aortic valve replacement, transcatheter Periaortitis, aortic graft complications vs., 12:87 Pericardial anatomy, 5:8, 5:9, 5:10, 5:11, 5:12, 5:13, 5:14, 5:15 anatomy imaging issues, 5:8 axial MDCT, 5:12, 5:13 black blood MR, 5:14 cross-sectional appearance, 5:11 gross anatomy, 5:8 fibrous pericardium, 5:8 pericardial attachments, 5:8 pericardial sinuses, 5:8 pericardiophrenic bundle, 5:8 serous pericardium, 5:8 imaging anatomy, 5:8 pericardial sac, with and without heart, 5:9 visceral pericardium, posterior view, parietal pericardium removed, 5:10 white blood cine & LGE imaging, 5:15 Pericardial calcification, coronary artery calcification vs., 8:33 Pericardial cyst, 5:30, 5:31, 5:32, 5:33 absent pericardium vs., 5:35 approach to, 5:3, 5:4 clinical issues, 5:32 differential diagnosis, 5:31, 5:32 imaging, 5:30, 5:31, 5:33 neoplastic pericarditis vs., 5:24 pathology, 5:32 pericardial effusion vs., 5:38 post-infarction left ventricular pseudoaneurysm vs., 8:101 Pericardial disease, 5:2, 5:3, 5:4, 5:5, 5:6, 5:7, 5:8, 5:9, 5:10, 5:11, 5:12, 5:13, 5:14, 5:15, 5:16, 5:17, 5:18, 5:19, 5:20, 5:21, 5:22, 5:23, 5:24, 5:25, 5:26, 5:27, 5:28, 5:29, 5:30, 5:31, 5:32, 5:33, 5:34, 5:35, 5:36, 5:37, 5:38, 5:39, 5:40, 5:41, 5:42, 5:43, 5:44, 5:45 absent pericardium See Pericardium, absent approach to See Pericardial disease, approach to constrictive pericarditis See Pericarditis, constrictive infectious pericarditis, 5:16, 5:17, 5:18, 5:19 neoplastic pericarditis, 5:22, 5:23, 5:24, 5:25 pericardial cyst See Pericardial cyst P.xxiv pericardial effusion See Pericardial effusion 17 pericardial tamponade See Pericardial tamponade uremic pericarditis, 5:20, 5:21 Pericardial disease, approach to, 5:2, 5:3, 5:4, 5:5, 5:6, 5:7 choice of imaging test, 5:2 congenital absence of pericardium, 5:4 images, 5:5, 5:6, 5:7 imaging modalities, 5:4 introduction, 5:2 pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, 5:2 pericardial masses, 5:3, 5:4 pericarditis, 5:2, 5:3 Pericardial effusion, 5:36, 5:37, 5:38, 5:39, 5:40, 5:41 absent pericardium vs., 5:35 approach to, 5:2 clinical issues, 5:38 differential diagnosis, 5:38 Ebstein anomaly vs., 2:63 fibrinous, pericardial tamponade vs., 5:44 hemorrhagic, pericardial tamponade vs., 5:44 imaging, 5:36, 5:37, 5:38, 5:39 left heart failure vs., 9:12 left ventricular free wall rupture vs., 8:107 lymphatic, pericardial tamponade vs., 5:44 malignant, metastatic disease associated with, 6:10 pathology, 5:38 serous, pericardial tamponade vs., 5:43 Pericardial fat pad, pericardial cyst vs., 5:31 Pericardial hematoma, left ventricular free wall rupture vs., 8:107 Pericardial lymph nodes, enlarged, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 Pericardial masses, approach to, 5:3, 5:4 Pericardial tamponade, 5:42, 5:43, 5:44, 5:45 acute, right ventricular infarction vs., 8:84 approach to, 5:2 clinical issues, 5:44 constrictive pericarditis vs., 5:28 differential diagnosis, 5:43, 5:44 imaging, 5:42, 5:43, 5:45 pathology, 5:44 Pericardial tumors approach to, 5:4 constrictive pericarditis vs., 5:28 malignant, pericardial effusion vs., 5:38 metastases, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 teratoma, cardiac lipoma vs., 6:21 uremic pericarditis vs., 5:21 Pericarditis acute acute myocardial infarction vs., 8:68 right ventricular infarction vs., 8:84 approach to, 5:2, 5:3 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular constrictive See Pericarditis, constrictive coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:50 iatrogenic, infectious pericarditis vs., 5:17 idiopathic, infectious pericarditis vs., 5:17 infectious, 5:16, 5:17, 5:18, 5:19 differential diagnosis, 5:17, 5:18 imaging, 5:16, 5:17, 5:19 inflammatory, infectious pericarditis vs., 5:17 neoplastic, 5:22, 5:23, 5:24, 5:25 differential diagnosis, 5:23, 5:24 imaging, 5:22, 5:23, 5:25 nonconstrictive approach to, 5:2, 5:3 constrictive pericarditis vs., 5:28 other causes, uremic pericarditis vs., 5:21 uremic, 5:20, 5:21 Pericarditis, constrictive, 5:26, 5:27, 5:28, 5:29 approach to, 5:3 chronic myocardial infarction vs., 8:72 clinical issues, 5:28 differential diagnosis, 5:28 effusive constrictive, approach to, 5:3 endomyocardial fibrosis vs., 7:35, 7:36 imaging, 5:26, 5:27, 5:28, 5:29 pathology, 5:28 restrictive cardiomyopathy vs., 7:23 right heart failure vs., 9:8 Pericardium, absent, 5:34, 5:35 congenital, approach to, 5:4 differential diagnosis, 5:35 imaging, 5:34, 5:35 left, Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 staging, grading, & classification, 5:35 Pericardium, suggested protocols by indication, 1:10 Perioperative infarction, post-coronary artery bypass graft thrombosis vs., 8:121 Peripheral artery disease, cystic adventitial disease vs., 16:37 Peripheral vasculature, approach to, 16:2, 16:3 aneurysms, 16:2 pathologic issues, 16:2 pathology-based imaging issues, 16:2, 16:3 peripheral arterial disease, 16:2 thromboembolic disease, 16:2 Peripheral vasculature, lower extremity, 16:24, 16:25, 16:26, 16:27, 16:28, 16:29, 16:30, 16:31, 16:32, 16:33, 16:34, 16:35, 16:36, 16:37, 16:38, 16:39, 16:40, 16:41, 16:42, 16:43, 16:44, 16:45, 16:46, 16:47, 16:48, 16:49 acute lower extremity ischemia, 16:28, 16:29, 16:30, 16:31 anatomy, 16:4, 16:5, 16:6, 16:7 aneurysms, 16:24, 16:25, 16:26, 16:27 arteriovenous fistula, 16:42, 16:43, 16:44, 16:45 cystic adventitial disease See Cystic adventitial disease deep vein thrombosis, 16:46, 16:47, 16:48, 16:49 femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease, 16:32, 16:33, 16:34, 16:35 persistent sciatic artery, 16:40, 16:41 Peripheral vasculature, trunk, 16:8, 16:9, 16:10, 16:11, 16:12, 16:13, 16:14, 16:15, 16:16, 16:17, 16:18, 16:19, 16:20, 16:21, 16:22, 16:23 iliac artery aneurysmal disease, 16:20, 16:21, 16:22, 16:23 differential diagnosis, 16:21, 16:22 iliac artery occlusive disease vs., 16:17 iliac artery occlusive disease, 16:16, 16:17, 16:18, 16:19 P.xxv subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion, 16:8, 16:9, 16:10, 16:11 subclavian vein thrombosis, 16:12, 16:13, 16:14, 16:15 Permanent pacing device See Pacemakers/implantable cardioverterdefibrillators Persistent arterial duct See Patent ductus arteriosus Persistent fetal circulation syndrome patent ductus arteriosus vs., 3:5 total anomalous pulmonary venous return vs., 3:31 Persistent 5th arch, 2:28, 2:29 Persistent left superior vena cava See Left superior vena cava, persistent Persistent sciatic artery, 16:40, 16:41 Persistent superior vena cava, ± coronary sinus ASD, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 Phentermine usage, carcinoid syndrome vs., 4:70 Phrenic cyst, Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 Plakophilin mutation, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy associated with, 7:32 Pleural effusion, loculated absent pericardium vs., 5:35 pericardial cyst vs., 5:31 Pneumonia postobstructive, pulmonary sequestration vs., 11:24 pulmonary sequestration vs., 11:23 Polyangiitis, microscopic, polyarteritis nodosa vs., 15:21 Polyarteritis nodosa, 15:20, 15:21, 15:22, 15:23 clinical issues, 15:22 differential diagnosis, 15:21 imaging, 15:20, 15:21, 15:23 pathology, 15:22 renal artery atherosclerosis vs., 15:13 18 Polycystic kidney disease, autosomal dominant carotid dissection associated with, 14:22 vertebral artery dissection associated with, 14:30 Polysplenia, azygos continuation of inferior vena cava associated with, 13:28 Popliteal artery aneurysms acute lower extremity ischemia vs., 16:30 cystic adventitial disease vs., 16:37 lower extremity aneurysms associated with, 16:26 Popliteal artery embolus, cystic adventitial disease vs., 16:37 Popliteal artery entrapment acute lower extremity ischemia vs., 16:30 cystic adventitial disease vs., 16:37 femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease vs., 16:34 lower extremity aneurysms vs., 16:25 Post-angioplasty dissection, postangioplasty restenosis vs., 8:113 Post-angioplasty restenosis, 8:112, 8:113 Post-coronary artery bypass graft atherosclerosis, 8:124, 8:125, 8:126, 8:127 clinical issues, 8:126 differential diagnosis, 8:125 imaging, 8:124, 8:125, 8:127 post-coronary artery bypass graft thrombosis vs., 8:121 Post-coronary artery bypass graft thrombosis, 8:120, 8:121, 8:122, 8:123 clinical issues, 8:122 differential diagnosis, 8:121 imaging, 8:120, 8:121, 8:123 pathology, 8:121, 8:122 post-coronary artery bypass graft atherosclerosis vs., 8:125 Post-endovascular stent, aortic graft complications vs., 12:87 Post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm, 8:96, 8:97, 8:98, 8:99 Post-infarction left ventricular pseudoaneurysm, 8:100, 8:101, 8:102, 8:103 Post-infarction left ventricular rupture See Ventricular septal rupture Post-infarction mitral regurgitation, 8:104, 8:105 Post-intervention, aortic graft complications vs., 12:87 Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm, chronic, 12:36, 12:37, 12:38, 12:39 Postobstructive pneumonia, pulmonary sequestration vs., 11:24 Postoperative status, aortic graft complications vs., 12:87 Potts shunt, Blalock-Taussig shunt for tetralogy of Fallot vs., 2:77 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular Prosthetic valve, 4:58, 4:59, 4:60, 4:61, 4:62, 4:63 differential diagnosis, 4:60 dysfunction, infective endocarditis vs., 4:55 radiography of prosthetic aortic and mitral valves, 1:46 Prosthetic valve complications, 4:64, 4:65, 4:66, 4:67 Proteinuria, nutcracker syndrome associated with, 13:35 Prothrombotic states, acute ischemic stroke associated with, 14:8 Proximal interruption of pulmonary artery See Pulmonary artery interruption, proximal Pseudoaneurysm anastomotic, iliac artery aneurysmal disease vs., 16:21, 16:22 aortic, chronic post-traumatic, 12:36, 12:37, 12:38, 12:39 differential diagnosis, 12:37 ductus diverticulum vs., 12:73 coronary artery, coronary artery aneurysm vs., 8:31 extracranial carotid, 14:24, 14:25, 14:26, 14:27 internal carotid artery, traumatic, carotid dissection vs., 14:21 left ventricular, post-infarction, 8:100, 8:101, 8:102, 8:103 lower extremity aneurysms vs., 16:25, 16:26 post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm vs., 8:97 P.xxvi post-infarction left ventricular pseudoaneurym, 8:100, 8:101, 8:102, 8:103 pulmonary artery See Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm traumatic aortic See Traumatic aortic laceration traumatic, coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 Pseudocoarctation, 12:64, 12:65, 12:66, 12:67 associated abnormalities, 12:66 clinical issues, 12:66 coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 differential diagnosis, 12:65, 12:66 imaging, 12:64, 12:65, 12:67 pathology, 12:66 Pseudolipoma, tumor extension into atria vs., 6:14 Pseudomasses See Tumor mimics Pseudothrombosis, tumor extension into atria vs., 6:14 Pseudothrombus, on CTA, left atrial thrombus vs., 10:19 Pseudotruncus See Pulmonary atresia Pulmonary airway malformation, congenital, pulmonary sequestration vs., 11:24 Pulmonary arterial banding, 2:3 Pulmonary arterial hypertension, 11:30, 11:31, 11:32, 11:33 atrial septal defects vs., 3:11 branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 clinical issues, 11:32 differential diagnosis, 11:31, 11:32 from severe hypoxia, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 idiopathic chronic pulmonary embolism vs., 11:20 pulmonary venoocclusive disease vs., 11:35 imaging, 11:30, 11:31, 11:33 patent ductus arteriosus vs., 3:5 pathology, 11:32 primary, total anomalous pulmonary venous return vs., 3:31 pulmonary valve regurgitation vs., 4:45 pulmonary valve stenosis vs., 4:41 staging, grading, & classification, 11:32 ventricular septal defects vs., 3:17 Pulmonary arterial thromboembolic disease, chronic See Pulmonary embolism, chronic Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, 11:6, 11:7 differential diagnosis, 11:7 imaging, 11:6, 11:7 partial anomalous pulmonary venous return associated with, 3:35 pulmonary artery aneurysm vs., 11:11 pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm vs., 11:9 Pulmonary artery branch stenosis See Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm left aberrant, pulmonary valve stenosis vs., 4:41 proximal, atresia of, pulmonary atresia associated with, 2:50 right, absent, Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 stenosis, adult-acquired, branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 Pulmonary artery aneurysm, 11:10, 11:11, 11:12, 11:13 clinical issues, 11:12 differential diagnosis, 11:11 genetics, 11:12 imaging, 11:10, 11:11, 11:13 pathology, 11:11, 11:12 pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm vs., 11:9 Pulmonary artery interruption, proximal, 2:84, 2:85, 2:86, 2:87 associated abnormalities, 2:85 clinical issues, 2:85 differential diagnosis, 2:85 imaging, 2:84, 2:85, 2:86, 2:87 pathology, 2:85 pulmonary valve stenosis vs., 4:41 Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm, 11:8, 11:9 differential diagnosis, 11:9 imaging, 11:8, 11:9 19 pulmonary arteriovenous malformations vs., 11:7 pulmonary artery aneurysm vs., 11:11 Pulmonary artery sarcoma chronic pulmonary embolism vs., 11:20 primary, acute pulmonary embolism vs., 11:16 Pulmonary atresia, 2:48, 2:49, 2:50, 2:51 associated abnormalities, 2:50 branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27, 11:28 clinical issues, 2:50 coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 D-transposition of great arteries associated with, 2:37 differential diagnosis, 2:49 Ebstein anomaly vs., 2:63 imaging, 2:48, 2:49, 2:51 pathology, 2:49, 2:50 staging, grading, & classification, 2:50 with ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot vs., 2:71 Pulmonary blood flow decreased coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 L-transposition of great arteries vs., 2:42 increased, L-transposition of great arteries vs., 2:41 Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, pulmonary venoocclusive disease vs., 11:35 Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic left heart failure vs., 9:12 right heart failure vs., 9:8 Pulmonary embolism acute See Pulmonary embolism, acute chronic See Pulmonary embolism, chronic coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:50 coronary thrombosis vs., 8:43 P.xxvii nonatherosclerotic myocardial infarction vs., 8:87 right ventricular infarction vs., 8:84 Pulmonary embolism, acute, 11:14, 11:15, 11:16, 11:17 clinical issues, 11:16 differential diagnosis, 11:16 imaging, 11:14, 11:15, 11:16, 11:17 infarction, left anterior descending distribution vs., 8:76 pathology, 11:16 Pulmonary embolism, chronic, 11:18, 11:19, 11:20, 11:21 associated abnormalities, 11:20 branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 clinical issues, 11:20 differential diagnosis, 11:20 imaging, 11:18, 11:19, 11:20, 11:21 pathology, 11:20 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular Pulmonary hypertension See Pulmonary arterial hypertension; Pulmonary venous hypertension/pulmonary edema (cardiogenic) Pulmonary hypoplasia, isolated right, Scimitar syndrome vs., 3:27 Pulmonary insufficiency See Pulmonary valve regurgitation Pulmonary nodule, solitary, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations vs., 11:7 Pulmonary sequestration, 11:22, 11:23, 11:24, 11:25 associated abnormalities, 11:24 clinical issues, 11:24 differential diagnosis, 11:23, 11:24 extralobar, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return associated with, 3:35 imaging, 11:22, 11:23, 11:25 intralobar, Scimitar syndrome vs., 3:27 pathology, 11:24 pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 Pulmonary sling, 2:30, 2:31, 2:32, 2:33, 2:34, 2:35 associated abnormalities, 2:32 clinical issues, 2:32 differential diagnosis, 2:31, 2:32 genetics, 2:32 imaging, 2:30, 2:31, 2:33, 2:34, 2:35 left, double aortic arch vs., 2:17 pathology, 2:32 staging, grading, & classification, 2:32 Pulmonary stenosis See Pulmonary valve stenosis; Pulmonary vein stenosis Pulmonary trunk, idiopathic dilation pulmonary arterial hypertension vs., 11:31, 11:32 pulmonary valve stenosis vs., 4:41 Pulmonary valve abnormalities, primary, pulmonary valve regurgitation vs., 4:45 atresia See Pulmonary atresia surgical complication, pulmonary valve regurgitation vs., 4:45 Pulmonary valve disease, other causes, carcinoid syndrome vs., 4:70 Pulmonary valve regurgitation, 4:44, 4:45, 4:46, 4:47 associated abnormalities, 4:46 clinical issues, 4:46 differential diagnosis, 4:45 genetics, 4:46 imaging, 4:44, 4:45, 4:47 pathology, 4:45, 4:46 staging, grading, & classification, 4:46 Pulmonary valve stenosis, 4:40, 4:41, 4:42, 4:43 associated abnormalities, 4:42 branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:28 clinical issues, 4:42 congenital, pulmonary arterial hypertension vs., 11:31 D-transposition of great arteries associated with, 2:37 differential diagnosis, 4:41 genetics, 4:42 imaging, 4:40, 4:41, 4:43 pathology, 4:42 right heart failure vs., 9:8 staging, grading, & classification, 4:42 Pulmonary vasculature, 11:2, 11:3, 11:4, 11:5, 11:6, 11:7, 11:8, 11:9, 11:10, 11:11, 11:12, 11:13, 11:14, 11:15, 11:16, 11:17, 11:18, 11:19, 11:20, 11:21, 11:22, 11:23, 11:24, 11:25, 11:26, 11:27, 11:28, 11:29, 11:30, 11:31, 11:32, 11:33, 11:34, 11:35 acute pulmonary embolism, 11:14, 11:15, 11:16, 11:17 differential diagnosis, 11:16 infarction, left anterior descending distribution vs., 8:76 approach to, 11:2, 11:3, 11:4, 11:5 abnormalities in vascular diameter, 11:2, 11:3 imaging anatomy, 11:2 imaging protocols, 11:2 intravascular filling defects, 11:3 radiographic findings, 11:3 branch pulmonary artery stenosis, 11:26, 11:27, 11:28, 11:29 chronic pulmonary embolism, 11:18, 11:19, 11:20, 11:21 branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 differential diagnosis, 11:20 images, 11:4, 11:5 pulmonary arterial hypertension See Pulmonary arterial hypertension pulmonary arteriovenous malformation See Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation pulmonary artery aneurysm, 11:10, 11:11, 11:12, 11:13 differential diagnosis, 11:11 pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm vs., 11:9 pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm See Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm pulmonary sequestration See Pulmonary sequestration pulmonary venoocclusive disease, 11:34, 11:35 Pulmonary vein abnormalities, truncus arteriosus associated with, 2:46 Pulmonary vein mapping, 10:4, 10:5, 10:6, 10:7 clinical issues, 10:5 imaging, 10:4, 10:5, 10:6, 10:7 P.xxviii differential diagnosis, 10:9 imaging, 10:8, 10:9, 10:10, 10:11 pathology, 10:9 Pulmonary vein thrombosis, pulmonary vein stenosis vs., 10:9 Pulmonary vein varix partial anomalous pulmonary venous return vs., 3:35 pulmonary vein stenosis vs., 10:9 Pulmonary venoocclusive disease, 11:34, 11:35 Pulmonary venous hypertension/pulmonary edema (cardiogenic), 9:26, 9:27, 9:28, 9:29, 9:30, 9:31 clinical issues, 9:28 differential diagnosis, 9:28 imaging, 9:26, 9:27, 9:28, 9:29, 9:30, 9:31 pathology, 9:28 Pulmonary venous return, partial anomalous, 3:34, 3:35 associated abnormalities, 3:35 atrial septal defects associated with, 3:12 differential diagnosis, 3:35 imaging, 3:34, 3:35 other forms, Scimitar syndrome vs., 3:27 patent ductus arteriosus vs., 3:5 persistent left superior vena cava vs., 13:23 pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 right heart failure vs., 9:8 Pulmonary venous return, total anomalous, 3:30, 3:31, 3:32, 3:33 clinical issues, 3:32 cor triatrium vs., 2:69 D-transposition of great arteries vs., 2:38 differential diagnosis, 3:31 genetics, 3:31 imaging, 3:30, 3:31, 3:33 pathology, 3:31, 3:32 staging, grading, & classification, 3:32 supracardiac type, persistent left superior vena cava vs., 13:23 Pulmonic valve, anatomy, 1:15 tricuspid and pulmonic valves, 1:49 Pulseless disease See Takayasu arteritis PVH See Pulmonary venous hypertension/pulmonary edema (cardiogenic) Pyelonephritis, renal vein thrombosis vs., 15:30 Pyopericardium See Pericarditis, infectious Pulmonary vein stenosis, 10:8, 10:9, 10:10, 10:11 branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:28 clinical issues, 10:9 Radiation effects May-Thurner syndrome vs., 13:31 neoplastic pericarditis vs., 5:24 valvulitis, aortic stenosis vs., 4:10 20 R Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular Reflux esophagitis, left anterior descending distribution infarction vs., 8:76 Remote infarction See Myocardial infarction, chronic Renal arteriovenous fistula, 15:24, 15:25, 15:26, 15:27 clinical issues, 15:26 differential diagnosis, 15:25, 15:26 imaging, 15:24, 15:25, 15:27 nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 pathology, 15:26 Renal arteriovenous malformation, renal arteriovenous fistula vs., 15:25 Renal artery aneurysm, renal arteriovenous fistula vs., 15:25 Renal artery atherosclerosis, 15:12, 15:13, 15:14, 15:15 clinical issues, 15:14 differential diagnosis, 15:13, 15:14 imaging, 15:12, 15:13, 15:15 pathology, 15:14 staging, grading, & classification, 15:14 Renal artery stenosis See Renal artery atherosclerosis Renal disease, end-stage mitral valve annular calcification associated with, 4:37 mitral valve annular calcification vs., 4:37 Renal failure, infectious pericarditis vs., 5:17 Renal fibromuscular dysplasia, 15:16, 15:17, 15:18, 15:19 clinical issues, 15:18 differential diagnosis, 15:17, 15:18 genetics, 15:18 imaging, 15:16, 15:17, 15:19 pathology, 15:18 polyarteritis nodosa vs., 15:21 renal artery atherosclerosis vs., 15:14 Renal neoplasm, renal arteriovenous fistula vs., 15:25 Renal or ureteral calculus, obstructing, nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 Renal tumor, vascular, nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 Renal vasculature, anatomy, 15:8, 15:9, 15:10, 15:11 branches of renal arteries, 15:8 intrarenal arterial anatomy, 15:8 normal renal arterial anatomy, 15:10 normal renal arterial and venous anatomy, 15:9 normal renal venous anatomy, 15:11 renal arteries, 15:8 renal veins, 15:8 variant renal arterial anatomy, 15:8 variant renal venous anatomy, 15:8 Renal vasculature, approach to, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4, 15:5, 15:6, 15:7 abnormalities of renal arteries, 15:2, 15:3 aneurysm and pseudoaneurysms, 15:2 arteriovenous communications, 15:2 atherosclerosis, 15:2 fibromuscular dysplasia, 15:2 segmental arterial mediolysis, 15:2 stenosis, 15:2, 15:3 P.xxix thrombosis/acute arterial occlusion, 15:3 trauma, 15:3 vasculitis, 15:3 abnormalities of renal veins, 15:3, 15:4 anatomic variants, 15:3 arteriovenous communications, 15:3 thrombosis, 15:3 trauma, 15:3 tumor thrombus, 15:3 varices, 15:3, 15:4 anatomic considerations, 15:2 renal arteries, 15:2 renal veins, 15:2 images, 15:5, 15:6, 15:7 imaging, 15:4 Renal vasculature conditions, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4, 15:5, 15:6, 15:7, 15:8, 15:9, 15:10, 15:11, 15:12, 15:13, 15:14, 15:15, 15:16, 15:17, 15:18, 15:19, 15:20, 15:21, 15:22, 15:23, 15:24, 15:25, 15:26, 15:27, 15:28, 15:29, 15:30, 15:31 approach to See Renal vasculature, approach to fibromuscular dysplasia, 15:16, 15:17, 15:18, 15:19 differential diagnosis, 15:17, 15:18 polyarteritis nodosa vs., 15:21 renal artery atherosclerosis vs., 15:14 polyarteritis nodosa, 15:20, 15:21, 15:22, 15:23 differential diagnosis, 15:21 renal artery atherosclerosis vs., 15:13 renal arteriovenous fistula, 15:24, 15:25, 15:26, 15:27 differential diagnosis, 15:25, 15:26 nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 renal artery atherosclerosis, 15:12, 15:13, 15:14, 15:15 renal vein thrombosis, 15:28, 15:29, 15:30, 15:31 differential diagnosis, 15:29, 15:30 nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 Renal vein left retroaortic (vascular variant), nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 occlusion See Renal vein thrombosis tumor extension, renal vein thrombosis vs., 15:29 Renal vein thrombosis, 15:28, 15:29, 15:30, 15:31 associated abnormalities, 15:30 clinical issues, 15:30 differential diagnosis, 15:29, 15:30 genetics, 15:30 imaging, 15:28, 15:29, 15:31 nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 pathology, 15:30 21 Restenosis, in-stent, 8:114, 8:115, 8:116, 8:117, 8:118, 8:119 clinical issues, 8:116 differential diagnosis, 8:115 imaging, 8:114, 8:115, 8:117, 8:118, 8:119 pathology, 8:115, 8:116 staging, grading, & classification, 8:116 Restenosis, post angioplasty, 8:112, 8:113 Restrictive cardiomyopathy See Cardiomyopathy, restrictive Retroaortic left renal vein (vascular variant), nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 Retroperitoneal fibrosis, aortic graft complications vs., 12:87 Retroperitoneal infection, mycotic aneurysm associated with, 12:34 Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, inferior vena cava anomalies vs., 13:15 Retroperitoneal process, renal vein thrombosis vs., 15:30 Rhabdomyoma cardiac sarcoma vs., 6:31 fibroma vs., 6:47 hemangioma vs., 6:41 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:52 lymphoma vs., 6:58 Rhabdomyosarcoma fibroma vs., 6:47 mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 Rheumatic heart disease, 4:78, 4:79, 4:80, 4:81 aortic regurgitation vs., 4:17 aortic stenosis vs., 4:9 carcinoid syndrome vs., 4:70 clinical issues, 4:80 differential diagnosis, 4:79 imaging, 4:78, 4:79, 4:81 infective endocarditis vs., 4:55 mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 mitral valve prolapse vs., 4:30 mitral valve regurgitation vs., 4:33 multivalvular disease vs., 4:73 pathology, 4:80 pulmonary valve regurgitation vs., 4:45 tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with, 4:52 tricuspid valve stenosis associated with, 4:49 tricuspid valve stenosis vs., 4:49 Rheumatoid arthritis, branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 Rheumatoid nodules, aortic valve, papillary fibroelastoma vs., 6:45 Rib notching, inferior, coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 Right aortic arch, 2:22, 2:23, 2:24, 2:25, 2:26, 2:27 associated abnormalities, 2:23 clinical issues, 2:23 differential diagnosis, 2:23 imaging, 2:22, 2:23, 2:24, 2:25, 2:26, 2:27 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular pathology, 2:23 pulmonary atresia associated with, 2:50 truncus arteriosus associated with, 2:46 with aberrant left subclavian artery and Kommerell diverticulum, double aortic arch vs., 2:17 with aortic diverticulum, pulmonary sling vs., 2:31 with mirror-image branching and aortic diverticulum, double aortic arch vs., 2:17 Right atrium, anatomy anterior heart surface and right atrium, 1:22 P.xxx CT, 1:34 morphologic, imaging clues for identifying, 1:16 structure and function, 1:15 Right atrium tumor, carcinoid syndrome vs., 4:70 Right bridging bronchus, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 Right common carotid artery steal, subclavian steal syndrome vs., 14:33 Right coronary artery stenosis, ischemic, 8:54, 8:55, 8:56, 8:57 Right heart failure, 9:6, 9:7, 9:8, 9:9 clinical issues, 9:8 cor pulmonale vs., 9:33 differential diagnosis, 9:8 imaging, 9:6, 9:7, 9:8 pathology, 9:8 staging, grading, & classification, 9:8 Right pulmonary artery absence, Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 Right pulmonary hypoplasia, isolated, Scimitar syndrome vs., 3:27 Right-sided obstructive cyanotic heart lesions, with decreased pulmonary vascularity, Ebstein anomaly vs., 2:63 Right tracheal bronchus, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 Right ventricle arrhythomogenic dysplasia See Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy dilatation, in endurance athletes, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/ cardiomyopathy vs., 7:31, 7:32 hypoplasia, D-transposition of great arteries associated with, 2:37 outflow tachycardia, idiopathic, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy vs., 7:32 outflow tract obstruction, left ventricular noncompaction associated with, 7:51 volume overload, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy vs., 7:31 Right ventricle, anatomy graphic, 1:23 morphologic, imaging clues for identifying, 1:16 structure and function, 1:15 Right ventricular hypertrophy, 9:24, 9:25 Right ventricular infarction, 8:82, 8:83, 8:84, 8:85 arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy vs., 7:31 clinical issues, 8:84 differential diagnosis, 8:84 imaging, 8:82, 8:83, 8:84, 8:85 pathology, 8:84 Rubella syndrome, congenital, pulmonary valve stenosis associated with, 4:42 Ryanodine receptor defect, cardiac, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy associated with, 7:32 S Sarcoidosis, cardiac, 7:42, 7:43, 7:44, 7:45 arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy vs., 7:31 cardiac amyloidosis vs., 7:47 clinical issues, 7:44 differential diagnosis, 7:43, 7:44 imaging, 7:3, 7:42, 7:43, 7:45 pathology, 7:44 post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm vs., 8:98 right ventricular hypertrophy vs., 9:25 right ventricular infarction vs., 8:84 Sarcoma cardiac See Sarcoma, cardiac leiomyosarcoma, tumor extension into atria vs., 6:14 liposarcoma cardiac lipoma vs., 6:21, 6:22 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:51 pulmonary artery acute pulmonary embolism vs., 11:16 chronic pulmonary embolism vs., 11:20 primary, acute pulmonary embolism vs., 11:16 rhabdomyosarcoma fibroma vs., 6:47 mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 soft tissue, persistent sciatic artery vs., 16:41 Sarcoma, cardiac, 6:30, 6:31, 6:32, 6:33, 6:34, 6:35 clinical issues, 6:32 differential diagnosis, 6:31, 6:32 hemangioma vs., 6:41 imaging, 6:30, 6:31, 6:33, 6:34, 6:35 lymphoma vs., 6:58 22 pathology, 6:32 staging, grading, & classification, 6:32 tumor extension into atria vs., 6:14 Schwannoma, carotid space, carotid dissection vs., 14:21 Sciatic artery, persistent, 16:40, 16:41 Scimitar syndrome, 3:26, 3:27, 3:28, 3:29 associated abnormalities, 3:27 clinical issues, 3:28 differential diagnosis, 3:27 genetics, 3:27 imaging, 3:26, 3:27, 3:29 partial anomalous pulmonary venous return associated with, 3:35 pathology, 3:27, 3:28 proximal interruption of pulmonary artery vs., 2:85 pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 Scleroderma, branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 Segmental arterial mediolyis, renal fibromuscular dysplasia vs., 15:18 P.xxxi Semilunar valves, MR of semilunar valves, 1:48 Senning procedure, 2:4 Septal aneurysm, membranous, associated with ventricular septal defect, 6:37 Septal defects See Atrial septal defects; Ventricular septal defects Septal hypertrophy, mitral valve regurgitation associated with, 4:33 Septic emboli, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations vs., 11:7 Septum, interatrial, lipomatous hypertrophy of See Lipomatous hypertrophy, interatrial septum Shunts, 3:2, 3:3, 3:4, 3:5, 3:6, 3:7, 3:8, 3:9, 3:10, 3:11, 3:12, 3:13, 3:14, 3:15, 3:16, 3:17, 3:18, 3:19, 3:20, 3:21, 3:22, 3:23, 3:24, 3:25, 3:26, 3:27, 3:28, 3:29, 3:30, 3:31, 3:32, 3:33, 3:34, 3:35 approach to, 3:2, 3:3 clinical implications, 3:3 embryology, 3:3 imaging protocols, 3:3 types of intracardiac shunts, 3:2, 3:3 atrial septal defects See Atrial septal defects endocardial cushion defect, 3:22, 3:23, 3:24, 3:25 differential diagnosis, 3:23 patent ductus arteriosus vs., 3:5 left-to-right, pseudocoarctation associated with, 12:66 partial anomalous pulmonary venous return See Pulmonary venous return, partial anomalous patent ductus arteriosus See Patent ductus arteriosus Scimitar syndrome See Scimitar syndrome Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular total anomalous pulmonary venous return See Pulmonary venous return, total anomalous ventricular septal defects See Ventricular septal defects Sinoatrial node branch, anomalous left circumflex coronary artery vs., 8:23 Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm bicuspid aortic valve associated with, 4:22 characteristics, 6:37 pseudocoarctation associated with, 12:66 Sinus of Valsalva rupture, aortic regurgitation vs., 4:17 Sinus venosus atrial septal defect partial anomalous pulmonary venous return associated with, 3:35 Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 Situs ambiguous See Heterotaxia syndromes Situs inversus abdominal, heterotaxia syndromes vs., 2:57 atrial, L-transposition of great arteries associated with, 2:42 Situs inversus totalis, heterotaxia syndromes vs., 2:57 Situs solitus abdominal, with true dextrocardia, Scimitar syndrome vs., 3:27 and levocardia, abdominal, heterotaxia syndromes vs., 2:57 Soft tissue sarcoma, persistent sciatic artery vs., 16:41 Solitary pulmonary nodule, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations vs., 11:7 Spinal cord stimulator, pacemakers/implantable cardioverterdefibrillators vs., 10:14 Spinal infection, mycotic aneurysm associated with, 12:34 Splenectomy, chronic pulmonary embolism associated with, 11:20 Splenorenal shunt, spontaneous, nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 Standing waves, renal fibromuscular dysplasia vs., 15:18 Stent, coronary artery coronary artery calcification vs., 8:33 imaging, 1:3 in-stent restenosis, 8:114, 8:115, 8:116, 8:117, 8:118, 8:119 Stent thrombosis acute, in-stent restenosis vs., 8:115 post-angioplasty restenosis vs., 8:113 Stents post endovascular, aortic graft complications vs., 12:87 post-stent aneurysm, in-stent restenosis vs., 8:115 Stimulators, pacemakers/implantable cardioverter-defibrillators vs., 10:14 Stress cardiomyopathy See Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Stroke See Ischemic stroke, acute Subaortic stenosis, idiopathic hypertrophic See Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic Subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm, vertebral artery dissection vs., 14:29 Subclavian artery, aberrant pseudocoarctation associated with, 12:66 truncus arteriosus associated with, 2:46 Subclavian artery dissection, subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion vs., 16:10 Subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion, 16:8, 16:9, 16:10, 16:11 associated abnormalities, 16:10 associated syndromes, 16:9 clinical issues, 16:10 differential diagnosis, 16:9, 16:10 imaging, 16:8, 16:9, 16:11 pathology, 16:10 proximal to left internal mammary artery origin, post-coronary artery bypass graft atherosclerosis vs., 8:125 Subclavian steal syndrome, 14:32, 14:33, 14:34, 14:35 clinical issues, 14:34 differential diagnosis, 14:33, 14:34 imaging, 14:32, 14:33, 14:35 pathology, 14:34 staging, grading, & classification, 14:34 subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion associated with, 16:9 P.xxxii Subclavian vein thrombosis, 16:12, 16:13, 16:14, 16:15 associated abnormalities, 16:14 clinical issues, 16:14 differential diagnosis, 16:14 imaging, 16:12, 16:13, 16:14, 16:15 pathology, 16:14 Subendocardial fibroelastosis, left ventricular noncompaction associated with, 7:52 Submitral ring or web, cor triatrium vs., 2:69 Subvalvular aortic stenosis, aortic stenosis vs., 4:9 Superficial thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity vs., 16:48 Superior vena cava anomalous, Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 left, truncus arteriosus associated with, 2:46 normal anatomy, 13:6 persistent, ± coronary sinus ASD, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 variant anatomy, 13:3 Superior vena cava syndrome, 13:10, 13:11, 13:12, 13:13 clinical issues, 13:12 differential diagnosis, 13:11, 13:12 23 imaging, 13:10, 13:11, 13:13 pathology, 13:12 Supravalvular aortic stenosis aortic stenosis vs., 4:10 bicuspid aortic valve associated with, 4:22 Supraventricular tachycardia, paroxysmal, hypoplastic left heart syndrome vs., 2:53 Surgery, May-Thurner syndrome vs., 13:31 Swyer-James-McLeod syndrome, proximal interruption of pulmonary artery vs., 2:85 Syndrome X, coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:50 Systemic lupus erythematosus branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 polyarteritis nodosa vs., 15:21 rheumatic heart disease vs., 4:79 T Tachycardia idiopathic right ventricular outflow tachycardia, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy vs., 7:32 paroxysmal supraventricular, hypoplastic left heart syndrome vs., 2:53 Takayasu arteritis, 12:54, 12:55 aortic intramural hematoma vs., 12:41 branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 chronic pulmonary embolism vs., 11:20 coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 coronary fistula vs., 8:132 coronary thrombosis vs., 8:43 differential diagnosis, 12:55 giant cell arteritis vs., 12:57 imaging, 12:54, 12:55 penetrating aortic atherosclerotic ulcer vs., 12:45 renal artery atherosclerosis vs., 15:13 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, 7:62, 7:63, 7:64, 7:65 acute myocardial infarction vs., 8:68 Chagas disease vs., 7:55, 7:56 clinical issues, 7:64 differential diagnosis, 7:63 imaging, 7:62, 7:63, 7:65 infarction, left anterior descending distribution vs., 8:76 nonatherosclerotic myocardial infarction vs., 8:87 pathology, 7:64 post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm vs., 8:98 Technical artifacts, cardiac thrombus vs., 6:26 Technical errors, deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity vs., 16:48 Teratoma Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular cardiac or pericardial, cardiac lipoma vs., 6:21 cardiac sarcoma vs., 6:31, 6:32 hemangioma vs., 6:42 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:51 Tetralogy of Fallot, 2:70, 2:71, 2:72, 2:73, 2:74, 2:75 clinical issues, 2:72 coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 differential diagnosis, 2:71 Ebstein anomaly vs., 2:63 genetics, 2:71, 2:72 imaging, 2:70, 2:71, 2:73, 2:74, 2:75 pathology, 2:71, 2:72 proximal interruption of pulmonary artery associated with, 2:85 pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 pulmonary valve stenosis associated with, 4:42 Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 staging, grading, & classification, 2:72 ventricular septal defects associated with, 3:18 with pulmonary atresia, pulmonary atresia vs., 2:49 Tetralogy of Fallot: BT shunt, 2:76, 2:77 differential diagnosis, 2:77 imaging, 2:76, 2:77 modified Blalock-Taussig shunt, 2:3 Tetralogy of Fallot: definitive repair, 2:78, 2:79, 2:80, 2:81, 2:82, 2:83 clinical issues, 2:80 diagnostic checklist, 2:80 history of, 2:4 imaging, 2:78, 2:79, 2:80, 2:81, 2:82, 2:83 ß-t halassemia, iron overload syndrome associated with, 7:60 Thoracic aorta and great vessels, 12:10, 12:11, 12:12, 12:13, 12:14, 12:15, 12:16, 12:17, 12:18, 12:19, 12:20, 12:21, 12:22, 12:23, 12:24, 12:25, 12:26, 12:27, 12:28, 12:29, 12:30, 12:31, 12:32, 12:33, 12:34, 12:35, 12:36, 12:37, 12:38, 12:39, 12:40, 12:41, 12:42, 12:43, 12:44, 12:45, 12:46, 12:47, 12:48, 12:49, 12:50, 12:51, 12:52, 12:53, 12:54, 12:55, 12:56, 12:57, 12:58, 12:59, 12:60, 12:61, 12:62, 12:63, 12:64, 12:65, 12:66, 12:67, 12:68, 12:69, 12:70, 12:71, 12:72, 12:73, 12:74, 12:75 anatomy See Thoracic aorta and great vessels, anatomy aortic aneurysm, 12:26, 12:27, 12:28, 12:29, 12:30, 12:31 aortic dissection See Aortic dissection P.xxxiii aortic intramural hematoma, 12:40, 12:41, 12:42, 12:43 aortic dissection vs., 12:50 differential diagnosis, 12:41 approach to, 12:2, 12:3 See also Aortic syndrome, acute, approach to acquired pathology, 12:2 congenital pathology, 12:2 images, 12:3 chronic post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm, 12:36, 12:37, 12:38, 12:39 ductus diverticulum, 12:72, 12:73, 12:74, 12:75 differential diagnosis, 12:73, 12:74 traumatic aortic laceration vs., 12:70 giant cell arteritis See Giant cell arteritis Marfan syndrome See Marfan syndrome mycotic aneurysm, 12:32, 12:33, 12:34, 12:35 abdominal aortic aneurysm with rupture vs., 12:83 differential diagnosis, 12:33 penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, 12:44, 12:45, 12:46, 12:47 aortic dissection vs., 12:50 approach to, 12:4 differential diagnosis, 12:45 pseudocoarctation, 12:64, 12:65, 12:66, 12:67 Takayasu arteritis See Takayasu arteritis traumatic aortic laceration, 12:68, 12:69, 12:70, 12:71 Thoracic aorta and great vessels, anatomy, 12:10, 12:11, 12:12, 12:13, 12:14, 12:15, 12:16, 12:17, 12:18, 12:19 anatomic imaging issues, 12:11 anatomic relationships, 12:11 aortic root CT anatomy, 12:14, 12:15 aortic root short-axis planes, 12:17 imaging anatomy, 12:10, 12:11 standard measurements, 12:16 standard planes of aorta, 12:18 TAVI/R planning, 12:19 thoracic aorta and great vessels graphic, 12:12 normal anatomy, 12:13 Thoracic outlet syndrome subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion associated with, 16:9 subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion vs., 16:9, 16:10 subclavian vein thrombosis vs., 16:14 superior vena cava syndrome vs., 13:11 Thorson-Bioerck syndrome See Carcinoid syndrome Thromboembolism, renal artery atherosclerosis vs., 15:14 Thrombophlebitis, superficial, deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity vs., 16:48 Thrombosis acute, acute lower extremity ischemia vs., 16:29 axillary vein, subclavian vein thrombosis associated with, 16:14 24 coronary, 8:42, 8:43, 8:44, 8:45, 8:46, 8:47 pseudothrombosis, tumor extension into atria vs., 6:14 pulmonary vein, pulmonary vein stenosis vs., 10:9 subclavian vein, 16:12, 16:13, 16:14, 16:15 valvular prosthesis complications vs., 4:66 Thrombosis, deep venous chronic, May-Thurner syndrome vs., 13:32 deep venous thrombosis, stenosis, or occlusion, upper extremity veins, superior vena cava syndrome vs., 13:12 lower extremity, 16:46, 16:47, 16:48, 16:49 May-Thurner syndrome associated with, 13:32 Thrombosis, post-coronary artery bypass graft, 8:120, 8:121, 8:122, 8:123 differential diagnosis, 8:121 post-coronary artery bypass graft atherosclerosis vs., 8:125 Thrombosis, renal vein, 15:28, 15:29, 15:30, 15:31 differential diagnosis, 15:29, 15:30 nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 Thrombosis, stent acute, in-stent restenosis vs., 8:115 post-angioplasty restenosis vs., 8:113 Thrombus, cardiac, 6:24, 6:25, 6:26, 6:27, 6:28, 6:29 apical, hypereosinophilic syndrome vs., 7:38 cardiac lipoma vs., 6:22 cardiac sarcoma vs., 6:31 characteristics, 6:37 clinical issues, 6:26 coronary artery dissection vs., 8:63 differential diagnosis, 6:25, 6:26 imaging, 6:24, 6:25, 6:27, 6:28, 6:29 intracardiac, atrial myxoma vs., 6:17 intraventricular, left ventricular noncompaction associated with, 7:51 left atrial, 10:18, 10:19, 10:20, 10:21 left ventricular, left ventricular noncompaction vs., 7:51 lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum vs., 6:52 lymphoma vs., 6:57, 6:58 metastatic disease vs., 6:10 papillary fibroelastoma vs., 6:45 pathology, 6:26 tumor extension into atria vs., 6:13, 6:14 tumor mimics vs., 6:38 Thrombus/embolus, tumor acute pulmonary embolism vs., 11:16 subclavian vein thrombosis vs., 16:14 Thymic cysts, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 Thymolipoma, pericardial cyst vs., 5:32 Thyroid replacement therapy, chronic pulmonary embolism associated with, 11:20 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular Total anomalous pulmonary venous return See Pulmonary venous return, total anomalous Tracheal bronchus, right, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 Tracheal stenosis, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 P.xxxiv Tracheobronchomalacia, double aortic arch associated with, 2:17 Transcatheter aortic valve replacement, 4:12, 4:13, 4:14, 4:15 Transfusional iron overload, iron overload syndrome vs., 7:60 Transient ischemic attack, subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion associated with, 16:10 D-transposition of great arteries, 2:36, 2:37, 2:38, 2:39 associated abnormalities, 2:38 clinical issues, 2:38 differential diagnosis, 2:37, 2:38 imaging, 2:36, 2:37, 2:39 pathology, 2:38 repairs, 2:4 staging, grading, & classification, 2:38 truncus arteriosus vs., 2:45 L-transposition of great arteries, 2:40, 2:41, 2:42, 2:43 associated abnormalities, 2:43 clinical issues, 2:43 D-transposition of great arteries vs., 2:37, 2:38 differential diagnosis, 2:41, 2:42 genetics, 2:43 imaging, 2:40, 2:41, 2:43 pathology, 2:43 repairs, 2:4 truncus arteriosus vs., 2:45 Transvenous cardiac metastasis See Atria, tumor extension into Trauma cystic adventitial disease vs., 16:38 infectious pericarditis vs., 5:18 lower extremity aneurysms vs., 16:26 May-Thurner syndrome vs., 13:31 Traumatic aortic laceration, 12:68, 12:69, 12:70, 12:71 Traumatic arterial injury, acute lower extremity ischemia vs., 16:29 Traumatic occlusion femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease vs., 16:34 iliac artery occlusive disease vs., 16:17 Traumatic pseudoaneurysm, coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 Tricuspid atresia Ebstein anomaly vs., 2:63, 2:64 pulmonary atresia associated with, 2:50 ventricular septal defects associated with, 3:18 with ventricular septal defect pulmonary atresia vs., 2:49 tetralogy of Fallot vs., 2:71 Tricuspid insufficiency See Tricuspid valve regurgitation Tricuspid valve anatomy, 1:15 tricuspid and pulmonic valves, 1:49 disease, other causes, carcinoid syndrome vs., 4:70 left-sided dysplasia, L-transposition of great arteries associated with, 2:42 obstruction, tricuspid valve stenosis vs., 4:49 Tricuspid valve regurgitation, 4:50, 4:51, 4:52, 4:53 associated abnormalities, 4:52 clinical issues, 4:52 differential diagnosis, 4:51 primary tricuspid regurgitation, 4:51 secondary tricuspid regurgitation, 4:51 Ebstein anomaly vs., 2:63 imaging, 4:50, 4:51, 4:53 pathology, 4:52 Tricuspid valve stenosis, 4:48, 4:49 congenital, tricuspid valve stenosis vs., 4:49 differential diagnosis, 4:49 imaging, 4:48, 4:49 Trilogy of Fallot, tetralogy of Fallot vs., 2:71 Trisomy 21 atrial septal defects associated with, 3:12 endocardial cushion defect associated with, 3:24 Truncus arteriosus, 2:44, 2:45, 2:46, 2:47 associated abnormalities, 2:46 clinical issues, 2:46 D-transposition of great arteries vs., 2:38 differential diagnosis, 2:45 genetics, 2:46 imaging, 2:44, 2:45, 2:47 pathology, 2:45, 2:46 staging, grading, & classification, 2:46 ventricular septal defects associated with, 3:18 Truncus arteriosus type See Pulmonary atresia Trypanosomiasis, American See Chagas disease Tumor extension into atria, 6:12, 6:13, 6:14, 6:15 Tumor mimics, 6:36, 6:37, 6:38, 6:39 clinical issues, 6:38 differential diagnosis, 6:38 imaging, 6:36, 6:37, 6:38, 6:39 staging, grading, & classification, 6:38 Tumor thrombus/embolus acute pulmonary embolism vs., 11:16 subclavian vein thrombosis vs., 16:14 Tumors See Neoplastic disease Turner syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve associated with, 4:22 25 U Uhl anomaly, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, Ebstein anomaly vs., 2:63 Uremic pericarditis, 5:20, 5:21 Ureteral or renal calculus, obstructing, nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 V VACTERL, pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 Vagal nerve stimulator, pacemakers/implantable cardioverterdefibrillators vs., 10:14 Valve replacement, in situ, left ventricular apical aortic conduit vs., 4:83 Valves, anatomy anatomy, 1:15 cardiac skeleton and heart valves, 1:45 CT atrioventricular valve, 1:47 CT and MR of aortic valve, 1:54 left heart valves, 1:53 mitral valve, 1:55 right heart valves, 1:50 echocardiography of aortic and mitral valves, 1:52 left heart valves, 1:51 MR CT and MR of aortic valve, 1:54 semilunar valves, 1:48 valve function, 1:56, 1:57 radiography of prosthetic aortic and mitral valves, 1:46 tricuspid and pulmonic valves, 1:49 Valvular disease, 4:2, 4:3, 4:4, 4:5, 4:6, 4:7, 4:8, 4:9, 4:10, 4:11, 4:12, 4:13, 4:14, 4:15, 4:16, 4:17, 4:18, 4:19, 4:20, 4:21, 4:22, 4:23, 4:24, 4:25, 4:26, 4:27, 4:28, 4:29, 4:30, 4:31, 4:32, 4:33, 4:34, 4:35, 4:36, 4:37, 4:38, 4:39, 4:40, 4:41, 4:42, 4:43, 4:44, 4:45, 4:46, 4:47, 4:48, 4:49, 4:50, 4:51, 4:52, 4:53, 4:54, 4:55, 4:56, 4:57, 4:58, 4:59, 4:60, 4:61, 4:62, 4:63, 4:64, 4:65, 4:66, 4:67, 4:68, 4:69, 4:70, 4:71, 4:72, 4:73, 4:74, 4:75, 4:76, 4:77, 4:78, 4:79, 4:80, 4:81, 4:82, 4:83, 4:84, 4:85 aortic regurgitation, 4:16, 4:17, 4:18, 4:19 differential diagnosis, 4:17, 4:18 dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy vs., 7:20 aortic stenosis See Aortic valve stenosis approach to See Valvular disease, approach to bicuspid aortic valve See Aortic valve, bicuspid carcinoid syndrome See Carcinoid syndrome Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy vs., 7:20 infective endocarditis See Endocarditis, infective left ventricular apical aortic conduit, 4:82, 4:83, 4:84, 4:85 mitral annular calcification See Mitral valve annular calcification mitral regurgitation See Mitral valve regurgitation mitral stenosis, 4:24, 4:25, 4:26, 4:27 congenital, mitral stenosis vs., 4:25 differential diagnosis, 4:25 mitral valve prolapse, 4:28, 4:29, 4:30, 4:31 coronary artery stenosis vs., 8:50 differential diagnosis, 4:30 multivalvular, 4:72, 4:73, 4:74, 4:75, 4:76, 4:77 calcific, mitral valve annular calcification vs., 4:37 differential diagnosis, 4:73 prosthetic valve complications, 4:64, 4:65, 4:66, 4:67 pulmonary regurgitation, 4:44, 4:45, 4:46, 4:47 pulmonary stenosis See Pulmonary valve stenosis rheumatic heart disease See Rheumatic heart disease single-valve, primary, multivalvular disease vs., 4:73 suggested protocols by indication, 1:10 transcatheter aortic valve replacement, 4:12, 4:13, 4:14, 4:15 tricuspid regurgitation, 4:50, 4:51, 4:52, 4:53 differential diagnosis, 4:51 Ebstein anomaly vs., 2:63 tricuspid stenosis, 4:48, 4:49 congenital, tricuspid valve stenosis vs., 4:49 differential diagnosis, 4:49 valvular prosthesis See Valvular prosthesis Valvular disease, approach to, 4:2, 4:3, 4:4, 4:5, 4:6, 4:7 anatomy and physiology, 4:2 CT role, 4:2, 4:3 images, 4:4, 4:5, 4:6, 4:7 introduction, 4:2 MR role, 4:2 special cases, 4:3 transcatheter aortic valve replacement, 4:3 valvular masses, 4:3 valvular prosthesis, 4:3 Valvular pannus cardiac thrombus vs., 6:26 valvular prosthesis complications vs., 4:66 Valvular prosthesis, 4:58, 4:59, 4:60, 4:61, 4:62, 4:63 clinical issues, 4:60 differential diagnosis, 4:60 dysfunction, infective endocarditis vs., 4:55 imaging, 4:58, 4:59, 4:61, 4:62, 4:63 radiography of prosthetic aortic and mitral valves, 1:46 Valvular prosthesis complications, 4:64, 4:65, 4:66, 4:67 clinical issues, 4:66 differential diagnosis, 4:66 imaging, 4:64, 4:65, 4:66, 4:67 pathology, 4:66 Valvular vegetation cardiac thrombus vs., 6:25 papillary fibroelastoma vs., 6:45 Van Praagh segmental approach to congenital heart disease, 2:2, 2:3 Varices/collaterals, inferior vena cava anomalies vs., 13:15 Varicoceles, male, nutcracker syndrome associated with, 13:35 Vascular neoplasms, lower extremity arteriovenous fistula vs., 16:43 Vasculitis acute lower extremity ischemia vs., 16:29 coronary thrombosis vs., 8:43 femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease vs., 16:34 iliac artery occlusive disease vs., 16:18 renal artery atherosclerosis vs., 15:13 renal fibromuscular dysplasia vs., 14:17 subclavian artery stenosis/occlusion vs., 16:10 Vasospasm See also Coronary spasm extracranial atherosclerosis vs., 14:14 subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm, vertebral artery dissection vs., 14:29 Velocardiofacial (Shprintzen) syndrome, truncus arteriosus associated with, 2:46 Vena cava See Inferior vena cava entries; Superior vena cava Venography, CT cardiac See Cardiac vein mapping Venoocclusive diseases, pathologybased imaging issues, 13:8 Venous anatomy, 13:2, 13:3, 13:4, 13:5, 13:6, 13:7 abdominal and pelvic venous anatomy, 13:3 portal venous system, 13:3 systemic, 13:3 cervicothoracic venous anatomy, 13:2 lower extremity venous anatomy, 13:2, 13:3 deep veins, 13:2, 13:3 perforator veins, 13:3 superficial veins, 13:2 neck, thoracic inlet, and upper thorax, 13:5 normal abdominal systemic and portal venous anatomy, 13:4 thoracic veins, superior venal cava and tributaries, 13:6 upper extremity venous anatomy, 13:2 deep veins, 13:2 26 superficial veins, 13:2 variant venous anatomy, 13:3 inferior vena cava and tributaries, 13:3 superior vena cava and tributaries, 13:3 Venous aneurysms, pathology-based imaging issues, 13:9 Venous collaterals, coarctation of aorta vs., 2:11 Venous compression, extrinsic, subclavian vein thrombosis vs., 16:14 Venous conditions, 13:2, 13:3, 13:4, 13:5, 13:6, 13:7, 13:8, 13:9, 13:10, 13:11, 13:12, 13:13, 13:14, 13:15, 13:16, 13:17, 13:18, 13:19, 13:20, 13:21, 13:22, 13:23, 13:24, 13:25, 13:26, 13:27, 13:28, 13:29, 13:30, 13:31, 13:32, 13:33, 13:34, 13:35, 13:36, 13:37 approach to, 13:8, 13:9 anatomy-based imaging issues, 13:8, 13:9 imaging protocols, 13:9 pathology-based imaging issues, 13:8, 13:9 azygos continuation of inferior vena cava, 13:26, 13:27, 13:28, 13:29 differential diagnosis, 13:27, 13:28 Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 inferior vena cava anomalies See Inferior vena cava anomalies inferior vena cava occlusion, 13:18, 13:19, 13:20, 13:21 differential diagnosis, 13:19, 13:20 intrahepatic, due to tumor or thrombosis, azygos continuation of inferior vena cava vs., 13:28 left superior vena cava See Left superior vena cava, persistent May-Thurner syndrome, 13:30, 13:31, 13:32, 13:33 differential diagnosis, 13:31, 13:32 inferior vena cava occlusion associated with, 13:20 nutcracker syndrome See Nutcracker syndrome superior vena cava syndrome, 13:10, 13:11, 13:12, 13:13 Venous insufficiency, pathology-based imaging issues, 13:8, 13:9 Venous malformations See also Arteriovenous malformations congenital, nutcracker syndrome vs., 13:35 lower extremity arteriovenous fistula vs., 16:43 Ventricles See Left ventricle; Right ventricle Ventricular assist devices, 9:18, 9:19, 9:20, 9:21 anatomy-based imaging issues, 9:19 clinical implications, 9:19, 9:20 equipment, 9:20 imaging, 9:18, 9:21 imaging anatomy, 9:19 Diagnostic Imaging Cardiovascular left ventricular apical aortic conduit vs., 4:83 pathology-based imaging issues, 9:19 post-procedure outcomes, 9:20 Ventricular myocardium, isolated noncompaction of See Left ventricular noncompaction Ventricular septal defects, 3:16, 3:17, 3:18, 3:19, 3:20, 3:21 associated abnormalities, 3:17, 3:18 atrial septal defects vs., 3:11 bicuspid aortic valve associated with, 4:22 clinical issues, 3:18 coarctation of aorta associated with, 2:12 congenital, ventricular septal rupture vs., 8:111 D-transposition of great arteries associated with, 2:37 differential diagnosis, 3:17 endocardial cushion defect vs., 3:23 imaging, 3:16, 3:17, 3:19, 3:20, 3:21 in pulmonary atresia, tetralogy of Fallot vs., 2:71 in tricuspid atresia pulmonary atresia vs., 2:49 tetralogy of Fallot vs., 2:71 L-transposition of great arteries associated with, 2:42 patent ductus arteriosus vs., 3:5 pathology, 3:17, 3:18 pseudocoarctation associated with, 12:66 pulmonary sling associated with, 2:32 pulmonary valve stenosis associated with, 4:42 repair of, 2:4 Scimitar syndrome associated with, 3:27 staging, grading, & classification, 3:18 truncus arteriosus associated with, 2:46 Ventricular septal rupture, 8:110, 8:111 differential diagnosis, 8:111 papillary muscle rupture vs., 8:80 Vertebral arteriovenous fistula, subclavian steal syndrome vs., 14:33 Vertebral artery hypoplasia, subclavian steal syndrome vs., 14:34 occlusion/severe stenosis, subclavian steal syndrome vs., 14:33 27 Vertebral artery dissection, 14:28, 14:29, 14:30, 14:31 clinical issues, 14:30 differential diagnosis, 14:29 genetics, 14:30 imaging, 14:28, 14:29, 14:31 pathology, 14:30 Viral myocarditis, Chagas disease vs., 7:55 Volume overload right ventricular, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy vs., 7:31 uremic pericarditis vs., 5:21 W Waterston-Cooley shunt, BlalockTaussig shunt for tetralogy of Fallot vs., 2:77 Wegener granulomatosis branch pulmonary artery stenosis vs., 11:27 polyarteritis nodosa vs., 15:21 Williams syndrome, pulmonary valve stenosis associated with, 4:42 ... J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 (3) :22 9-67, 20 11 13 Corti R et al: Imaging of atherosclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging Eur Heart J 32( 14):1709-19b, 20 11 14 Achenbach S et al: Imaging of coronary atherosclerosis... Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Circulation 122 (21 ):e 525 -55, 20 10 17 Abdelmoneim... 27 (5) :28 9-95, 20 12 de Jong MC et al: Diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion imaging for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Eur Radiol 22 (9):1881-95, 20 12 Fihn