Objectives: To describe the diet pattern and physical activities among diabetes type 2 patients treated at Agriculture General Hospital. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study with convenient sampling method was conducted on 602 patients.
Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2017 DIET PATTERN AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG TYPE DIABETES PATIENTS BEFORE INTERVENTION Tong Le Van*; Hoang Hai ** SUMMARY Objectives: To describe the diet pattern and physical activities among diabetes type patients treated at Agriculture General Hospital Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study with convenient sampling method was conducted on 602 patients Results: Most of the participants reported that they had meals per day (94.5%) and no snacks (80.2%) The most common diet was more vegetables pattern (85.9%), followed by normal diet (59.9%) and the least common was fatty diet, sweet preference and vegetarian diet Most of the patients reported that they used fatty foods as vegetable oil/seed oil (96.8%), starchy foods as rice, pasta, noodle (94.9%) and high protein foods as beans and products from bean (75.7%) Most of the patients had bowl of vegetable each meal (72.6%) and no soft drink (99.3%) In terms of physical activities, 96.3% of patients reported walking, tai chi; only 3.7% did not exercise due to lack of time or having disease such as heart disease, paralysis, footsore On average, patients spent 42.2 minutes per day for exercise while sedentary time was 128.1 minutes per day Conclusion: Practice of diet and physical activities among type diabetes patients at Agriculture General Hospital before intervention were quite good; however, it is necessary to split meals in order to control blood glucose better * Keywords: Type diabetes; Diet; Physical activity INTRODUCTION Type diabetes is a global health problem, posing a major challenge to health management in the 21th century [3] Diabetes patients are - times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease and - times dying from complications than healthy people Diabetes is one of important causes of adult blind, non-injury amputation and advanced kidney disease that leading to kidney transplant and dialysis [4] There were around 53,458 deaths from diabetes in Vietnam in 2015 Medical expense for each patient was approximately 162.7 US dollar that exceeded the average monthly salary in Vietnam (150 US dollar) [3] These are reasons why it is vital to study about diabetes, especially diet and physical activity among diabetes patients We conducted the study that aimed: To describe diet and physical activity among type diabetes patients at Agriculture General Hospital SUBJECTS AND METHODS Subjects Type diabetes patients who were diagnosed, being treated at the Agriculture General Hospital, joining in Diabetes Club agreed to participate to the study * Agriculture General Hospital ** Vietnam Military Medical University Corresponding author: Tong Van Le (vanbvnn@yahoo.com) Date received: 04/06/2017 Date accepted: 17/08/2017 53 Journal of military pharmaco-medicine No7-2017 Method A cross-sectional study * Sample size and sampling: A convenient sampling during months (October – December, 2016) selected 602 patients who participated in this study * Data analysis: Data were collected, cleaned and entered by Epidata 3.1 software Stata 12.0 software was used to analyze the data RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General information of participants Of 602 diabetes patients, 302 were male (50.2%) and 300 were female (48.9%) The percentage of gender between male and female was quite equally By age groups, patients who were 60 to 69 years old accounted for highest rate (49.3%), followed by those over 70 years old (25.3%), 50 - 59 years old (20.1%), 40 - 49 years old (4.7%), and 30 - 39 years old with the lowest rate (0.7%) 100% of patients were Kinh ethnic Most of the patients were retired (60.1%) while 30.1% were farmers and 0.5% unemployment A major part of patients have completed secondary school (28.9%), high school (25.4%) and college (24.4%) Almost of patients were married (99.2%) The risk of type diabetes increases proportionally to age; thus, older patients accounted for a major part of participants The results were consistent with Aleqre-Diaz’s study that conducted among 159,755 Mexicans and showed the incidence of diabetes remarkably increase related to age groups The diabetes incidence among 35 - 39 years old people was 3% while that among people over 60 years old was over 20% [5] Participants were old people, so most of them had retired (60.1%) Diet pattern of participants Table 1: Diet of participants Number of meals per day Number of snacks Level of consumption Diet type 54 food Diet n % meals 33 5.5 meals 569 94.5 None 483 80.2 snacks 88 14.6 snacks and more 31 5.2 Full 46 7.6 Enough 422 70.1 Little 134 22.3 Normal 358 59.5 More vegetables 517 85.9 Fatty diet 1.0 Sweet preference 0.3 Vegetarian 0.2 No information 0.2 Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2017 Most of the participants had meals per day (94.5%) and no snacks (80.2%) There were 70.1% of patients consuming enough food; 22.3% little and 7.6% full meals More vegetable diet was the most common (85.9%), followed by normal diet (59.9%), while fatty diet, sweet preference and vegetarian were the least ones Most of the patients had bowl of vegetable each meal (72.6%) and no soft drink (99.3%) It is showed that diet patterns of diabetes patients were quite good Possible reason might be that patients lived in Hanoi where they got high level of education Moreover, major part of participants was retired that means they were educated and had jobs before so they might have better diet practice The findings were consistent with ones from Bui Thi Khanh Thuan’s study at People’s Hospital 115 Hochiminh City: most of the participants consumed more vegetables (90%), 94% no soft drink and only 4% had more than meals per day [1] However, while our study showed that 96.8% of patients used vegetable oil/seed oil, Bui Thi Khanh Thuan’s study showed only 69% [1] The reason might be that Thuan’s study conducted in 2009 when socioeconomic status was quite low and patients could not afford vegetable oil instead of animal fat Table 2: Diet characteristics of the study participants Characteristics Consuming fatty foods Consuming starchy foods Consuming high protein foods Number of vegetables Consuming soft drinks n % Animal fat 187 31.1 Vegetable oil/seed oil 583 96.8 Fried foods 371 61.6 Fastfood 50 8.3 Rice, pasta, noodle 571 94.9 Bread 373 62.0 Potato, corn, sweet potato 440 73.1 Non-fatty meat 408 67.8 Skin-off poultry 267 44.4 Fish, seafood 332 55.1 Beans and products from beans 456 75.7 - eggs per week 290 48.2 Half of bowl 11 1.8 One bowl 437 72.6 Two bowls 154 25.6 Yes 0.7 No 598 99.3 Most of the patients reported using fatty foods as vegetable oil/seed oil (96.8%), starchy foods as rice, pasta, noodle (94.9%) and high protein foods as beans and products from bean (75.7%) Most of the patients had bowl of vegetable each meal (72.6%) and no soft drink (99.3%) 55 Journal of military pharmaco-medicine No7-2017 Physical activity of participants 90% 80.7% 80% 37.5% 70% 60% 50% 40% 12.3% 30% 7.8% 20% 3.7% 2.7% 0.2% No exercise Running Playing sports 10% 0% Walking Tai chi Cycling Gardening Figure 1: Distribution of the types of physical exercise in the study population The most common exercise was walking (80.7%), followed by tai chi (37.5%) while the least common was play sports (0.2%) Table 3: Doing exercise and sedentary time Characteristics n ± SD Min Max Doing exercise per day (minutes) 580 42.2 ± 19.8 15 240 Watching TV, seating in front of computer per day (minutes) 602 128.1 ± 55.7 15 540 On average, patients spent 42.2 minutes per day for exercise while sedentary time such as watching TV or seating in front of computer was 128.1 minutes per day In this study, 96.3% of patients reported having walking, tai chi; only 3.7% did not exercise due to lack of time or having disease such as heart disease, paralysis, footsore On average, patients spent 42.2 minutes per day for doing exercise The result was higher than that in Thuan’s study 56 with only 72% of patients did exercise and 39% spent more than 30 minutes per day [1] The study conducted in Hanoi by Hoang Minh Hien in 2015 also noted that only 32.3% of prediabetes people had the level of physical activity as WHO recommended [2] The reason might be the difference of target population, precisely prediabetes people were less concerned about physical activity compared to diabetes patients, leading to less physical activity Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2017 CONCLUSION The practive of diet and physical activities among type diabetes patients at Agriculture General Hospital before intervention were quite good: More vegetables consuming were diet and walking exercise were the most common However, it is necessary to split meals in order to better control blood glucose REFERENCES Bui Thi Khanh Thuan Knowledge, attitute and behaviors of diet and physical activity among type diabetes patients Retrieved from http://123doc.org/document/ 3187061-kien-thuc-thai-do-hanh-vi-ve-che-doan-va-tap-luyen-o-nguoi-benh-dai-thao-duongtype-2.htm (in Vietnamese) 2009 Hoang Minh Hien, Nguyen Ngoc Tam Physical activity level of pre-diabetes people in Hanoi in 2015 Journal of Preventive Medicine (in Vietnamese) 2016 International Diabetes Federation Diabetes atlas seventh edition IDF diabetes atlas - Home Retrieved December 2015, 24, from http://www.diabetesatlas.org Tracey M.L, Gilmartin M, O’Neill K, Fitzgerald A.P, McHugh S.M Buckley C.M, Kearney P.M Epidemiology of diabetes and complications among adults in the Republic of Ireland 1998 - 2015: a systematic review and meta-analysis BMC Public Health 2016 Alegre Díaz J, Herrington W, LópezCervantes M, Gnatiuc L, Ramirez R, Hill M, Emberson J.R Diabetes and cause-specific mortality in Mexico city The New England Journal of Medicine 2016 57 ... to diabetes patients, leading to less physical activity Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7 -20 17 CONCLUSION The practive of diet and physical activities among type diabetes patients at... farmers and 0.5% unemployment A major part of patients have completed secondary school (28 .9%), high school (25 .4%) and college (24 .4%) Almost of patients were married (99 .2% ) The risk of type diabetes. .. REFERENCES Bui Thi Khanh Thuan Knowledge, attitute and behaviors of diet and physical activity among type diabetes patients Retrieved from http:// 123 doc.org/document/ 3187061-kien-thuc-thai-do-hanh-vi-ve-che-doan-va-tap-luyen-o-nguoi-benh-dai-thao-duongtype -2. htm