Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information RI SKS, RE WARDS A N D R E G UL ATI O N O F UNCONVE N T IO NA L G AS A Global Perspective The global energy transition from carbon-intensive to renewable fuels has increasingly demanded a better understanding of the causes and consequences of the rapid development of unconventional oil and gas Focusing on key countries including the US, Canada, China, Argentina, the UK and Australia, this book consists of case studies and in-depth analyses that weigh up the risks and rewards at regional, national and global scales Explaining how and why unconventional fuels are transforming the global energy landscape, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are explored through a political, economic and governance-based perspective Emphasis is placed on how to regulate the industry; the discussion encompasses local issues, stakeholder engagement and the social licence to operate The new baseline studies and standards introduced in this book provide a timely insight into the trade-offs across the social, economic and environmental domains, making it an ideal text for researchers and policymakers in energy fields and for graduate students r quentin grafton is Professor of Economics at the Australian National University (ANU) and Director of the Centre for Water Economics, Environment and Policy (CWEEP) at the ANU and holds the UNESCO Chair in Water Economics and Transboundary Water Governance He served as Chief Economist and Foundation Executive Director of the Australian Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (2011–2013) He has published more than 120 scholarly articles in some of the world’s leading journals in economics and the life sciences and has edited or co-authored 15 books ian g cronshaw worked as Division Head at the International Energy Agency (Paris) between 2005 and 2011, where he was responsible for analysing global gas, coal and power developments He was the principal author of the Agency’s Medium-Term Gas Market Outlook in that period Since then he has worked for the IEA as a consultant on the annual World Energy Outlook and on publications, such as ‘The Golden Age of Gas?’ and ‘Golden Rules for the Golden Age of Gas’, highlighting the growing importance of unconventional gas and approaches to regulation, both viewed from a global perspective michal c moore is Professor of Energy Economics at the School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Canada, where he teaches classes in microeconomic theory, decision analysis and energy technologies He is also Visiting Professor of Economics and Systems Engineering at Cornell University, New York He is a former Chief Economist for the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado His current research focuses on energy market regulation and a pan-North-American energy strategy © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information R IS KS , R E WA R DS A ND R E G U L AT I O N O F U N C O N V E N T I O NA L G A S A Global Perspective Edited by R QU E N T I N G R A F TO N The Australian National University I A N G C RO N S H AW The Australian National University MICH A L C MOORE University of Calgary, Canada © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi – 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107120082 C Cambridge University Press 2017 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2017 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-12008-2 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information Contents List of Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements page vii xi xiii xvii The Rise of Unconventional Gas: The Story So Far ian cronshaw, r quentin grafton and michal c moore Geopolitical Dimensions of Global Unconventional Gas Perspectives frank umbach Unconventional Gas Development in Asia–Pacific: Looking for Common Ground juan roberto lozano-maya Unconventional Hydrocarbons and the US Technology Revolution martin j evans Risks and Opportunities of Unconventional Natural Gas: Australia and the United States ian cronshaw and r quentin grafton 35 59 92 Economics of Shale Gas in the United States francis o’sullivan 111 Unconventional Natural Gas in China lv jianzhong and zhang huanzhi 129 The Argentinian Approach for Developing Unconventional Gas Resources luis stinco and silvia barredo 142 Unconventional Gas in the United Kingdom michael bradshaw 167 10 Alberta Natural Gas – Landlocked Largesse 197 michal c moore v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information vi 11 Contents Managing the Regulatory Risk of Unconventional Natural Gas 224 michal c moore 12 Regulation of Unconventional Gas in Colombia 233 ´ ana cristina s anchez-thorin and orlando cabrales 13 Regulation of Unconventional Gas in India 251 vijay kelkar and rahool panandiker 14 Failure to Frack: Pitfalls of Governance and Risk in Polish Shale Gas michael carnegie labelle 15 Unconventional Gas Regulation in Australia and the US: Case Studies of Four Jurisdictions ian cronshaw and r quentin grafton 286 Regulation of Unconventional Hydrocarbons in Alberta, Canada 327 16 267 michal c moore 17 18 19 20 When Unconventional Becomes Conventional: Regulation of Natural Gas Development in British Columbia, Canada paul jeakins 340 Leading Practice Regulation for Unconventional Reservoir Development in South Australia barry goldstein, michael malavazos and belinda hayter 374 Best Practice for Community Engagement: Determining Who is Affected and What is at Stake peta ashworth 391 Managing the Impact of Coal Seam Gas Water Extraction in the Surat Basin 411 randall cox 21 Whole-of-Landscape Assessment and Planning in the Management of Unconventional Gas Exploration and Production in Australia john williams, ann milligan and tim stubbs 427 22 Unconventional Energy in British Columbia: A Post-Tsilhqot’in View william nikolakis 451 23 Fugitive Emissions from Coal Seam Gas Production stuart day 467 Appendix: Units Glossary and Acronyms Index 484 486 489 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information Contributors Professor R Quentin Grafton Crawford School of Public Policy, Building 132, Lennox Crossing, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Ian G Cronshaw Crawford School of Public Policy, Building 132, Lennox Crossing, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Dr Michal C Moore School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Downtown Campus, 906 8th Avenue S.W., 5th Floor Calgary, AB T2P 1H9, Canada Professor Peta Ashworth School of Chemical Engineering, Building 47A, The University of Queensland, St Luca, QLD, 4072 Dr Silvia Barredo University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Institute of Technology, Avellaneda 2130, CP1636 Olivos – Buenos Aires, Argentina Professor Michael Bradshaw Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK CV4 7AL Orlando Cabrales Energy Consultant, Calle 87 No 10–93, Office 302, Bogot´a, Colombia Randall Cox Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, 61 Mary Street, Brisbane QLD 4000, PO Box 15216, City East QLD 4002, Australia Stuart Day CSIRO Energy Flagship, PO Box 330, Newcastle NSW 2300, Australia vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information viii List of Contributors Martin J Evans Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, 1201 Lake Robbins Drive, The Woodlands, Texas 77380, United States of America Barry Goldstein Department of State Development, GPO Box 320, Adelaide SA 5001; Peta Ashworth Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Queensland, Unit 2602/45 Duncan St, WEST END QLD 4101, Australia Belinda Hayter Department of State Development, GPO Box 320, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia Zhang Huanzhi CNPC Economics & Technology Research Institute, Liupukang St Rm 403, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100724, China Paul Jeakins BC Oil and Gas Commission, PO Box 9331, Stn Prov Govt BC, Canada V8W 9N3 Dr Lv Jianzhong CNPC Economics & Technology Research Institute, Liupukang St Rm 532, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100724, China Dr Vijay Kelkar National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 134/4-6, Ashok Nagar, Off Range Hill Road, Bhosale Nagar, Shivaji Nagar, Pune 411 007, India Dr Michael Carnegie LaBelle Central European University, Nador Utca 9, 1051 Budapest, Hungary Juan Roberto Lozano-Maya Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC), Inui Building Kachidoki 11F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0054, Japan Michael Malavazos Department of State Development, GPO Box 320, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia Ann Milligan Environment and Natural Resources in Text, PO Box 7350, Kaleen ACT 2617, Australia Dr William Nikolakis Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information List of Contributors ix Dr Francis O’Sullivan MIT Energy Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E19-307, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA Dr Rahool Panandiker The Boston Consulting Group, 14th Floor, Nariman Bhavan 227, Nariman Point, Mumbai 400 021, India Ana Cristina S´anchez-Thorin Environmental Consultant, Calle 92, No 14–73, Office 1004, Bogot´a, Colombia Dr Luis Stinco University of Buenos Aires, Oleumpetra LLC, Avellaneda 2130, CP1636 Olivos – Buenos Aires, Argentina Tim Stubbs Yellow and Blue Pty Ltd: Environmental and Natural Resource Consulting, 10 Jamieson Avenue, Fairlight NSW 2094, Australia Dr Frank Umbach European Centre for Energy and Resource Security (EUCERS), King’s College, London, UK; (non-resident) Senior Fellow, US Atlantic Council, Washington DC, USA; Senior Associate and Head of the Programme “International Energy Security” at the Centre for European Security Strategies (CESS GmbH), Heideweg 4, 53578 Windhagen, Germany Professor John Williams Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, JG Crawford Building 132, Lennox Crossing, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Frontmatter More Information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org 480 Stuart Day Conclusions Minimising fugitive emissions from natural gas production is critical to the sustainability of the industry, but there continues to be controversy about the magnitude of emissions, especially those from unconventional gas production Recent research in the United States is leading to a better understanding of emissions, suggesting that in some parts of the industry emissions are high although this may not be the case across the whole industry Indications are that much of the emission is confined to a relatively few large-emission sources Presumably, large-emission sources will be the easiest to detect, so a key priority must be to identify these sources and develop appropriate mitigation strategies In Australia, there is less information available on emissions from the CSG industry but an initial study suggests that, on well pads at least, emissions may be relatively low However, it must be remembered that less than 1% of the total number of wells currently operating in Australia have been examined With production set to expand substantially over the next few years, it will be important to monitor carefully emissions from the industry In addition, the current measurements only relate to well pads Emissions from well completions, which are one of the largest sources of emissions from other forms of unconventional gas, are poorly defined Other parts of the Australian CSG production chain are also subject to high uncertainties because emissions are generally estimated rather than measured Downstream infrastructure such as water treatment and gas processing facilities, pipelines and LNG plants are all potential sources of fugitive emissions that will contribute to the overall greenhouse footprint of the CSG industry There is also a need to determine background emissions prior to large-scale gas developments, so that the effect of gas extraction can be reliably quantified The proper characterisation of fugitive emissions from the Australian CSG industry is likely to involve a combination of bottom-up and top-down methods Top-down methods in particular offer the prospect of measuring emissions on a continuous basis across the whole industry, but in fact many Australian CSG fields are co-located with large-methaneemission sources such as coal mines and agricultural activities Hence the application of these methods to Australian CSG operations will require careful design and interpretation to ensure accurate results References Allen, D.T Torres, V.M., Thomas, J., Sullivan, D.W., Harrison, M., Hendler, A., et al (2013) Measurements of methane emissions at natural gas production sites in the United States Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 110, 18023–18024 Alverez, A.A., Pacala, 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Agency, Washington DC Wigley, T (2011) Coal to gas: the influence of methane leakage Climatic Change 108, 601–608 Zazzeri., G., Lowry, D., Fisher, R.E., France, J.L., Lanoisell´e, M., Nisbet E.G (2015) Plume mapping and isotopic characterisation of anthropogenic methane sources Atmospheric Environment 110, 151–162 17 Jun 2017 at 03:04:51 25 Appendix: Units Table A.1 Units of measurement and abbreviations Units J l t g W Wh Metric prefixes joule litre tonne gram watt watt hour k M G T P E b kilo mega giga tera peta exa billion Other abbreviations 103 (thousand) 106 (million) 109 (billion) 1012 (trillion) 1015 1018 109 bcm m3 ft3 bbl Mtoe Gcal Mbtu billion cubic metres cubic metre cubic feet barrel million tonnes of oil equivalent gigacalorie million British thermal units Source: adapted from BREE 2014, Guide to the Australian Energy Statistics Table A.2 Conversion between units of volumea gal US gal UK For one unit US gallon (gal) UK gallon (gal) barrel (bbl) cubic foot (ft3 ) litre (l) cubic metre (m3 ) ft3 bbl l m3 3.785 4.546 159.0 28.3 1000 0.0038 0.0045 0.159 0.0283 0.001 Multiply by 1.201 42.0 7.48 0.2642 264.2 0.8327 34.97 6.229 0.220 220.0 0.02381 0.02859 0.1781 0.0063 6.289 0.1337 0.1605 5.615 0.0353 35.3147 Source: IEA 2005, Energy Statistics Manual a To find the conversion from a unit A on the left, move across that row until you reach the column headed by the desired new unit, B The column entry that you have reached gives the number F by which B (the column heading) must be multiplied to obtain A (the unit at the left of the row in question) Thus A = FB For example, US gallon = 0.1337 × ft3 484 26 Jun 2017 at 18:01:06 26 Appendix: Units 485 Table A.3 Conversion between units of energy (cf footnote to Table A.2) PJ Gcal Mtoe For one unit Mbtu GW h 947 800 3.968 3.968 × 107 3412 277.8 1.163 × 10−3 11 630 2.931 × 10−4 Multiply by petajoule (PJ) gigacalorie (Gcal) Mtoe million btu (Mbtu) gigawatt hour (GW h) 4.1868 × 10−6 41.868 1.0551 × 10−6 0.0036 238 800 107 0.252 860 0.02388 10−7 2.52 × 10−8 8.6 × 10−5 Source: IEA 2005, Energy Statistics Manual Table A.4 Conversion rates (cf footnote to Table A.2) Mcm bcm Tcm Mcf For one unit Mcm bcm Tcm Mcf bcf Mt LNG GJ TJ PJ Mbtu bcf Mt LNG GJ TJ PJ Mbtu 38 800 3.88×107 3.88×1010 1099 1.1×106 5.28×107 103 106 1.055 38.80 38 800 3.88×107 1099 52 787 10−3 103 1.06×10−3 3.88×10−2 38.80 38 800 1.1×10−3 1.099 52.79 10−6 10−3 1.06×10−6 36 775 3.68×107 3.68×1010 1041 1.04×106 4.93×107 0.948 948 9.48×105 Multiply by 103 106 0.028 28.32 1361 2.58×10−5 0.026 25.77 2.72×10−5 10−3 103 2.83×10−5 0.028 1.361 2.58×10−8 2.58×10−5 0.026 2.72×10−8 10−6 10−3 2.83×10−8 2.83×10−5 1.36×10−3 2.58×10−11 2.58×10−8 2.58×10−5 2.72×10−11 35.31 35 313 3.53×107 103 48 045 9.1×10−4 0.910 910 9.6×10−4 3.53×10−2 0.03531 35 313 10−3 48.04 9.1×10−7 9.1×10−4 0.910 9.6×10−7 7.35×10−4 0.735 735 2.08×10−5 0.021 1.89×10−8 1.89×10−5 0.019 2.03×10−8 26 Jun 2017 at 18:01:06 26 Glossary and Acronyms 3D Seismic: Geophysical method that allows three-dimensional images of the subsurface to be constructed by measurement of the reflection of seismic energy, i.e waves of elastic energy travelling through rock, comparable to sound waves in air The seismic energy is created by a controlled seismic energy source (explosives or mechanical vibrations) and detected by an array or receivers AGL: A large and long-standing Australian gas and power distributor, which has more recently moved upstream, developing and owning gas production and power generation including renewables ANH: Colombian National Hydrocarbons Agency ANLA: Colombian National Authority of Environmental Licenses bcm: Volumetric measure defined as a billion cubic metres, widely used in European gas industry Beneficial use (of produced water): Water extracted from strata from which unconventional gas is produced can under circumstances be used for other purposes, with appropriate treatment and regulatory oversight and approvals BG Group: A British multinational oil and gas company with operations in more than 25 countries It was born out of the privatised British Gas BTEX: A group of volatile monocyclic hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene Casing: A pipe that is lowered into a well and cemented in place to maintain the integrity of the well CBM: Coal bed methane, generally called coal seam gas (CSG) in Australia CMA: Cumulative management area CNOOC: China National Offshore Oil Corporation, one of the largest Government owned oil and gas companies CSG: Coal seam gas DEC: New York Department of Environmental Conservation DEP: Department of Environmental Protection (Pennsylvania) Dewatering: The process of removing water from coal beds The resultant reduction in hydraulic pressure enables gas to flow and methane to be produced economically DNRM: Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines EHP: The Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection EIA: United States Energy Information Administration EIS: Environmental Impact Statement Eminent domain: The ability to resume private land for utilities such as roads, railways or other utilities ENSO: EI Ni˜no Southern Oscillation 486 17 Jun 2017 at 03:05:02 27 Glossary and Acronyms 487 EPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency GAB: The Great Artesian Basin Henry Hub: A physical location on the Louisiana–Texas border where gas is most actively traded in the United States, effectively providing a much quoted reference price for North American gas Horizontal drilling: Advanced drilling technique that enable an oil or gas well to dramatically increase its intersection with hydrocarbon-bearing strata Hydraulic fracturing: A technique to enhance or create fracture paths for fluid flow within a rock mass by opening existing fractures or the creating new fractures by the application of high-pressure fluid on the rock IESC: Australian Federal Independent Expert Scientific Committee Injection: Delivery of fluid into a reservoir via a well LNG: Liquefied natural gas – methane cooled to the point where it liquefies, sharply reducing its volume and thus increasing its energy density, making transport economic over long distances and over seaborne routes Mbtu: Million British thermal units, widely used in North America as a basis for pricing, and also in the LNG industry MESD: Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development Million tonnes LNG: The common unit for LNG-importing countries (Japan and Korea) MME: Colombian Ministry of Mines and Energy Natural gas: Methane CH4 (with or without impurities such as nitrogen) Natural gas is often classified as either biogenic (of biological origin) or thermogenic (of thermal or heat origin) NICNAS: Australian National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme NORM: Naturally occurring radioactive material OGIA: The Queensland Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment PEL: Petroleum Exploration Licence (NSW) Permeability: The ability of a fluid to flow through geological formations, in this case of methane through host rocks such as shale or coal Petajoule (PJ): One petajoule = 1015 joules or million GJ The heat energy content of about 37 000 tonnes of black coal or 29 million litres of petroleum Porosity: The open pore space within a rock, usually filled with fluid Proppant: Fine-grained material that is injected with fracturing fluids to hold fractures open during a hydraulic fracturing treatment Reservoir: A bed of rock containing oil or natural gas Shale: A fine-grained sedimentary rock that may contain oil or natural gas, which may not be extractable naturally Shale gas: Methane derived from low permeability sedimentary formations Spudding: The initiation of well drilling after the drill rig has been established on-site Stimulation: Any of a range of techniques to increase the natural permeability of the rock These techniques include hydraulic fracturing, chemical stimulation (including the injection of acids) and temperature cycling TPES: Total primary energy supply, namely all inputs into the energy sector, including inputs for electricity generation Tubing: A small-diameter pipe that is run inside the well casing to serve as a conduit for the passage of oil and gas to the surface The tubing can be a permanent or temporary part of the borehole 17 Jun 2017 at 03:05:02 27 488 Glossary and Acronyms TW h: A terawatt hour is a measure of energy equivalent to 1012 watts of power sustained for one hour, equal to 3.6 × 1012 kilojoules It is a convenient unit for measuring electricity production and use at the national level UCG: Unconventional gas, referring chiefly to methane produced from unconventional sources and including, notably, shale gas, tight gas and coal bed methane UWIR: Underground water impact report Well: Industry term for holes drilled into the earth for the purpose of gathering data or the injection or production of fluids 17 Jun 2017 at 03:05:02 27 Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Index More Information Index abandoned wells, 229, 433 abandonment, 330 Aboriginal rights and title, 454 Aboriginal title, 451, 452 access to natural resources, 45, 48, 56 Act 13, 305 AER Directive 083: Hydraulic Fracturing – Subsurface Integrity, 335 Agrio Formation, 145 airborne measurements, 476 Alberta, 327 Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (AEUB), 212, 214 Alliance, 218 APEC, 36, 39, 47 aquifers, aquitards, 208 area of review, 246 area-based analysis (ABA), 359 Argentina, 3, Arrow Energy, 286 Asia–Pacific, 10, 29, 36 Asia–Pacific marketplace, 219 aspersion, 247, 250 assessment and planning, 427 atmospheric dispersion, 472 Austral Basin, 145 Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, 437 authority for Acts and Regulations, 333 authority of regulators, 329 Barnett Shale, 60, 77, 81, 84 baseline, 244 baseline assessments, 289 Bass Strait, 295 bedrock, 335 best practice for community engagement, 391 best practice regulation, 95, 375, 378, 390 best practices, 229 BG, 288, 318 Binghamton, 310 bioregional assessments, 434 borehole integrity, 229 Bowen Basin, 286, 416, 422 Bowland–Hodder shale, 168, 170 Bradford County, 101, 316 breakeven price, 124, 125 British Columbia, 197, 340, 451 British Geological Survey, 168, 187 BTEX chemicals, 289, 297, 320 building trust, 400 Bureau of Oil and Gas Regulation of the Department of Environmental Conservation, 309 Cabot, 318 Cacheuta Formation, 144 Camden, 295, 296 Canada, 2, 3, 327 Canada Labour Code, 331 Canada Lands, 331 Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act, 331 Canada Petroleum Resources Act, 331 Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, 337 Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (S.C 1992, c 37) (CEAA), 330 Canadian Environmental Protection Act (S.C 1999, c 33) (CEPA), 330 Canadian Province, 197 capital facilities, 225 carbon dioxide, 216 casing, 245 catchment action plans, 439 catchment management authority, 427, 442 causal risk analysis, 225 Chief Scientist and Engineer, 298 China, 1, 3, 4, 7, 129, 136 Clarence–Moreton Basin, 296, 417 Clean Streams Law and Water Resources Planning Act, 305 CNPC, 133, 134 coal bed methane (CBM), 3, 4, 203, 252 See also coal seam gas coal bed methane, chemical additives, 249, 288, 335 coal deposits, 197 489 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Index More Information 490 Index coal seam gas (CSG), 411 See also coal bed methane coal seam gas (CSG) Compliance Unit, 291, 322 coal seam gas recycled water management plan, 289 coal seam gas water management policy, 289 coal to liquids or gas, 253 Code of Practice for Constructing and Abandoning Coal Seam Gas Wells, 289 Colombia, 4, 233 commercial producibility, 213 commercial risk, 268, 281 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 314 Community Benefits Fund, 100, 299 community engagement, 391 composition of fluids used in hydraulic fracturing operations, 306 concession-based oil and gas regime, 328 Condamine River, Queensland, 318 ConocoPhillips, 288 Consultation and Notification Regulation (CNR), 350 consultation with First Nations, 351 contamination of surface aquifers, 94 contamination risk, 94 conventional gas, 11, 13, 18, 20, 24, 27, 36 Cooper Basin, 107, 289, 295 cost affordability, 140 cost effective technique, 224 costs, risks and benefits, 395, 399 Court of Appeal, 334 Cretaceous Basin, 147 critical dimensions, 45 cross contamination among aquifers, 94 cross contamination of underground aquifers, 288 cross contamination of water resources, 95 Cuadrilla, 167, 171, 172, 180, 187 cumulative effects, 349, 351, 361, 367 cumulative management, 289, 412, 413 cumulative risk assessment, 428, 432, 441 Cuyana Basin, 144, 151 de facto moratorium, 309 decision-making, 394, 397 decommissioning wellsites, 328 deep well fluid disposal, 95 Delaware River Basin Commission, 306 Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), 305 Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 331 Department of Natural Resources Act, 332 Department of Natural Resources and Mines, 291 Departments of Energy, Mines and Resources and Forestry, 332 developing unconventional fossil fuels, 252 Dimock, Pennsylvania, 318 directional drilling, 75 discount rates, 226 disposal well, 158, 247, 250 domestic demand, 215 © in this web service Cambridge University Press drilling and completion costs, 117 drilling multiple wells from a single drilling pad, 303 drilling rig, 71, 74, 89 Dryden, 310 Dunn Country, 316 Duvernay Zone, 336 Eagle Ford shale, 76, 85 Eastern Australia gas market, 296 Eastern Star Gas, 318 economic aspects, 161 Economic Contingent Profitable reserves, 213 Economic Normally Profitable reserves, 213 Elba Island, 107 emission factors, 470, 471, 476 emission sources, 470, 472, 476, 480 emissions, 244, 249 ENCANA, 315 energy supply, 59, 85 energy-supply security, 9, 12, 23, 29 enforcement standards, 227 England, 168, 170, 174, 176, 183 Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act) 1999, 292 environmental assessments, 330 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 186 Environmental Protection Law (EPL), 138 environmental risk, 275 environmental violations, 329 equipment leaks, 471, 478 ethane, ethylbenzene, 100 European Union (EU), 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19 exchanges at international level of regulatory experience, usefulness of, 322 exploration, 59, 70, 89 Exxon Mobil, 321 federal constitution, 330 federal lands, 314 federal–state frameworks, 286 federation, 330 financing agents, 231 fine-grained sandstones, 203 First Nations, 451 First Nations Legal Orders, 462 flowback, 230, 475, 478 flowback water management, 234 fluid migration, 229 flux chambers, 472 foreign investment, 235 Fox Creek, Alberta, 336 Frackademics, 177 fracking, 16, 24, 27, 142, 153, 157, 159 fracture methods, 329 fracture stimulation, 288, 356, 468 Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), 453 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Index More Information 491 Index freshwater, 234 fugitive emissions, 174, 178 fugitive methane, Fukushima, xiii, Galilee Basin, 286 gas fired power, 1, 99, 279 Gas Industry Social and Environmental Research Alliance, 314 gas markets, 1, gas prices, 11, 18, 25, 26, 28 Gas Royalty Operations Information Bulletins, 333 gas well blowout, 100 GasFields Commission Queensland, 291 Gasland, 100 Gateway assessment process, 298 Gazprom, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28 generic environmental impact statement, 309 geologic formation permeability, 92 Geological Survey of Canada, 200 George Mitchell, 81 Gladstone, 102, 106, 288, 289 global warming potential, 467, 470 Gloucester project, 297 Golfo San Jorge Basin, 142, 146, 147, 157 governance, 45, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56, 267 governance risk, 280 Great Artesian Basin, 289, 313, 417 Great Barrier Reef, 289 green completions, 94, 101 greenhouse gas emission, 98, 174, 317, 470 Ground Water Protection Council, 317 groundwater and chemical interactions, 231 groundwater baseline monitoring, 246 guidelines for beneficial use of water, 324 Halliburton, 318 hearings on energy project proposals, 329 Henry Hub prices, 310 horizontal drilling, 4, 6, 60, 75, 92, 104, 329 horizontal wells, 61, 65, 71, 75, 76, 78, 139 Horn River Basin, 207 Howard Hughes, 74 hydraulic fracturing, 4, 5, 6, 61, 63, 77, 92, 100, 238, 246, 329 hydraulic fracturing techniques, 288, 319 hydrocarbon reserves, 59 hydrocarbon resources, 59, 68, 85 hydrofracking, 12 hydrogen sulfide, 216 hydrogeology, 142, 156 impacts on aquatic ecosystems, 432 impacts on biodiversity, 429 impacts on communities, 431 impacts on food and fibre, 429 impacts on surface water resources, 432 © in this web service Cambridge University Press imperfect correlation, 224 import dependence, 172 improper closure, 229 incentives, 234, 235 indefinitely profitable (insufficient information to compute EMV), 213 indemnifying decision-makers, 231 Independent Expert Scientific Committee, 299 independent mineral, 137 Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal, 299 India, 4, 251 Indigenous legal orders, 463 induced seismicity, 230, 336, 354 industry operations, 45 Infrastructure Act 2015, 183, 187 infrastructure connectivity, 140 infrastructure systems, 216 initial productivity, 121 insurance industry, 225 integrated catchment management, 438 integrated development management, 438 integrity, 400, 405 International Energy Agency, 313 interprovincial pipelines, 203 Inuvialuit Final Agreement, 331 inverse modelling, 473 Japan, 1, 2, John Ashton, 178 joint venture, 277, 282 judicial challenges, 224 jurisprudence, 458, 462, 464, 465 knowledge management programme, 233, 238 Kogas, 288, 321 Korea, Lancashire, 171, 178, 182, 187 land access, 288, 291, 298, 323 land claims, 464 landscape functionality, 428, 445 land-use planning, 427, 444 large-scale fracturing stimulation, 135 laws in Argentina, 161 leading practice regulation, 374 legacy issues, 396, 433 legislative grant or licence, 329 Lieutenant Governor in Council, 333 life insurance, 225 life cycle, 330 liquefied natural gas (LNG), 2, 3, 4, 59, 199 LNG export, 92, 99 LNG export industry in Queensland, 288 Longmaxi formation, 134 Los Molles formation, 145 Los Monos formation, 146 loss of property values, 99 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Index More Information 492 Index low permeability reservoirs, 60, 61, 63, 69, 132 lower gas prices, 98 low porosity formation, 132 LPG, Mackenzie Valley Resource Management Act, 331 Mainline, 216 Marcellus, 218, 220 Marcellus Basin, 2, 93, 302 Marcellus formation, 92 Marcellus Shale, 61, 67, 85 market and finance, 226 Metgasco, 296, 318 methane leakage, 96, 474 methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), 231 microseismic events, 62, 82, 230 Middlefield, 310 Mineral Planning Authority (MPA), 186 Mining and Petroleum Gateway Panel, 298 Minister of Labour, 331 mitigation, 478 MLR (Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China), 129, 133, 137 modernizing legislation while anticipating change, 343 Montana, 197 Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, 336 Montney, 207 Mozambique, 107 mudstones, 203 Multiple Land Use Framework, 437 multi-stakeholder engagement, 48, 53 multi-well pad drilling, 61, 77, 87 Narrabri, 102, 297 National Energy Board, 327, 331, 341 National Energy Board Act (NEB Act), 331 National Harmonised Regulatory Framework for Coal Seam Gas, 312 National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, 314 National Multiple Land Use Framework, 313 natural gas, 63, 68, 78, 81, 85 natural gas liquids, 203 natural gas storage, 216 Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), 331 NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission), 133, 138 Neocomian, 146 Neuqu´en Basin, 142, 144, 146, 147, 156, 157 New South Wales, 295 New York, 309 New York State Department of Health, 310 no-fault arrangements, 323 North American Environmental Atlas, 332 North Dakota, 92, 100, 116, 198, 316, 321 North East Water Tool (NEWT), 348, 353 © in this web service Cambridge University Press North Sea, North West Passage, 213 Northwest Territories, 197 nuclear facilities, 227 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, 331 Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment (OGIA), 289, 414 offshore boards, 329 Oil and Gas Activities Act (OGAA), 340 Oil and Gas Appeal Tribunal (OGAT), 351 Oil and Gas Policy and Regulatory Affairs Division, 336 oil-indexed gas prices, 104 olefin-rich shales, 203 Onshore Licensing Round, 13th, 170 Onshore Licensing Round, 14th, 171 Ontario, 197, 199 operational and procedural changes, 348 option price, 226 organisational competence, 400 Origin Energy, 105, 286 ownership of mineral rights, 321 Pacific Rim, 201 Paleozoic marine mud shale, 129 Palermo Aike formations, 150 Pavillion, Wyoming, 315 Pennsylvania, 96, 101, 218, 302 Pennsylvania regulatory regime, 317 performance and system failure, 226 permeability, 60, 63, 68, 72, 78, 203 permissive regulation, 224 permits, 226 personal liability, 227 PetroChina, 288 petroleum, 375 Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004, 289 Petroleum Exploration and Drilling Licence (PEDL), 183 petroleum exploration licences (PELs), 296 Petroleum Onshore Act 1991, 296 Petroleum Resources, 213 Petroleum Services Association of Canada (PSAC), 208 Petronas, 288, 321 Pilliga State Forest, 318 Pittsburgh, 307, 317 play-based regulation (PBR), 336 plays, 208 pneumatic devices, 468, 477 Poland, 4, 267 Poland’s energy security, 267 policy framework, 36, 45, 257 policy goals, 329 political and regulatory risks, 226 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Index More Information Index porosity, 62, 63, 68, 69, 71, 72 Potentially Profitable (positive EMV) resources, 213 Pozo D-129 Formation, 142, 146, 147 pre-production measurement and monitoring, 95 procedural fairness, 396, 397, 399 production, 59, 61, 63, 70, 76, 79, 85, 87 production decline, 117, 120, 124, 125 productivity per well, 303 project oversight, 328 property rights, 328 proppants, 94, 329 Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997, 296 proved reserves, 59, 85, 199 provincial regulatory responsibilities – B.C., 342 proxy value, 226 public bidding, 137 public concern, 225 public participation, 393 public support, 226 Puesto Kauffman formation, 144 Qatar, 2, 3, 11 Qinshui Basin, 129, 132 Quebec, 197, 199 Queensland, 103, 286 Queensland Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 318, 479 Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage, 290 Queensland Gas Company, 286 Queensland State Gas Scheme, 286 reclamation, 328 reclamation certificate, 328 recoverable reserve, 213 redrawing the North American gas map, 303 reduced emissions completions, 316, 478 Regional Alberta Observatory for Earthquakes Studies Network (RAVEN), 336 regional governance, 431, 438, 444 regulatory compliance, 229 regulatory enforcement, 234, 250 regulatory institutions, 227 regulatory principles, 374, 378 regulatory systems, 327 reserve capacity, 329 reserve depletion, 203 reserve identification, 197 reserves types of, 213 resource play, 336 resource quality, 129, 139 Resources and Technical Surveys Act, 332 reverse osmosis, 102, 433 Richmond Valley Council, 318 Richter Scale, 230 rise of shale gas, 112 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 493 risk assessment, 335 risk governance framework, 268 risk perceptions, 270, 272 risk premium, 219 risks, 226 Rocky Mountains, 197, 203 Royalties for Regions, 100 royalty policy, 329 rules and standards, 330 rules of conduct, 227 Russia, 8, 11, 15, 18, 23, 25 safe drinking water legislation, 306 Santos, 105, 286, 297, 318, 321 Saskatchewan, 197 satellite observations, 475, 476 Securities Exchange, 213 seismic events, 5, 167 seismic monitoring in northeast BC, 354 seismic testing, 330 seismic tremors, 94 seismicity, 248 setback limit, 305 severance taxes, 96 shale, 61, 63, 68, 75, 81, 85 shale gas, 35, 41, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 203, 252, 334 Shale Gas Task Force, 176, 178 shale resources, 127 Shell, 106, 133, 288, 317 Sichuan Basin, 129, 131, 133, 135, 141 single regulator agency, 337 single-window regulator, 342 Sinopec, 133, 134, 288, 321 slickwater fracturing, 141 social licence, 226 social licence to operate, 392, 394 solar photovoltaic power costs, 108 source rocks, 208 South Australia, 374 Spectra Main Line, 216 spot market, 219 stakeholder analysis, 401 stakeholders, 392, 395 Standing Council on Energy and Resources (SCER), 312 State Review of Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Regulations, 317 Strategic Cropping Land Act (2011), 295, 434 Strategic Regional Land Use Policy, 298 sub-economic deposits, 213 subsidy, 137 Sulige Gas Field, 135 Supreme Court of Canada, 451 Surat Basin, 106, 286, 289, 318, 411, 417, 426 Surat Underground Water Impact Report, 290, 417 surface spills, 96 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12008-2 — Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas Edited by R Quentin Grafton , Ian G Cronshaw , Michal C Moore Index More Information 494 Index Susquehanna Basin, 320 Susquehanna County, 101, 318 Susquehanna River Basin Commissions, 306 Sydney Basin, 295 tactical approach to issues, 350 Taiwan, Tara, Queensland, 318 Tarim Basin, 129, 131, 132 technically recoverable resources of shale gas, 129 Techno-Institutional Complex (TIC), 271 technology suitability, 139 tenures in BC, 349 Texas Railroad Commission, 319 The British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission (Commission), 340 three-dimensional seismic surveys, 62, 65 tidewater access, 201 tight gas, 203 tight oil, 114, 116, 125 tight sandstone reservoirs, 132 timely information, 401 toluene, 100, 101 Total, 288, 321 tracer gas, 473 traditional gas wells, 329 traffic light process, 336 Trans-Canada Mainline, 218 transparency, xv, 44, 95, 100, 182, 229, 296, 299, 309, 316, 317, 320, 323 treatment of flowback water, 303 Tsilhqot’in Nation v British Columbia, 451 UK Onshore Oil and Gas (UKOOG), 170 ultra-low permeability, 69, 87, 89 uncontrolled release of hydraulic fracturing fluids, 100 unconventional energy, 451, 453, 464 unconventional gas development, 36, 43, 45 unconventional gas exploration and development, 427, 428 unconventional reservoirs, 59, 60, 67, 69, 70, 77, 83, 85 unconventional resources, 59, 62, 85, 87, 327 underground coal gasification, 253 © in this web service Cambridge University Press underground water impact report, 289, 290, 412 uniform Federal standards, 317 United Kingdom, 2, 4, 167 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 453 United States Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC), 317, 347 University of Western Ontario, 336 US as a gas exporter, US landowners own the subsurface mineral rights, 303 US shale gas production, 92, 113 US shale gas revolution, 8, 10, 13, 24, 27, 28 Utica, 218, 220 Vaca Muerta formation, 145, 147, 153 vector, 218 venting and flaring, 468 Victorian Gas Market Taskforce, 319 Walloon Coal Measures, 289, 417 Washington County, 101, 316 waste water injection, 356 water availability, 138 Water Management Act 2000, 296 water policies, 138 Weald Basin, 169 well casing, 94, 100 well integrity, 100 well productivity, 116, 119, 120 wellbore integrity, 336 Wentworth Group, 439 Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), 198 wet gas, 219 whole-of-landscape assessment, 427 whole-of-system analysis, 428 wireline logging, 71, 73 Wise County, 316 Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, 315 Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, 315 Xinjiang, 130, 136 Yacoraite formation, 147 www.cambridge.org ... Unconventional Natural Gas 224 michal c moore 12 Regulation of Unconventional Gas in Colombia 233 ´ ana cristina s anchez-thorin and orlando cabrales 13 Regulation of Unconventional Gas in India 251 vijay... IEA has convened a number of global forums to share that experience and best practice among national and provincial level regulators Risks, Rewards and Regulation of Unconventional Gas: A Global. .. kelkar and rahool panandiker 14 Failure to Frack: Pitfalls of Governance and Risk in Polish Shale Gas michael carnegie labelle 15 Unconventional Gas Regulation in Australia and the US: Case Studies