Saleh, Yazen: To What Extent is Green Building Design Involved in UAE Projects for Avoiding Construction Waste?, Hamburg, Anchor Academic Publishing 2016 PDF-eBook-ISBN: 978-3-96067-573-0 Druck/Herstellung: Anchor Academic Publishing, Hamburg, 2016 Covermotiv: © pixabay.com Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar Bibliographical Information of the German National Library: The German National Library lists this publication in the German National Bibliography Detailed bibliographic data can be found at: http://dnb.d-nb.de All rights reserved This publication may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers Das Werk einschließlich 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Diplomica Verlag GmbH Hermannstal 119k, 22119 Hamburg http://www.diplomica-verlag.de, Hamburg 2016 Printed in Germany TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………….….….…………3 LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………….…….……… ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………….…… …….…… ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….…….………6 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………… …… CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 Study Rationale 1.2 Aims and Objectives 10 1.3 Outline Research Methodology 11 1.4 Research Structure 11 CHAPTER 2: Sustainability and Green Building Design 12 2.1 2.2 2.3 Original Concept of Sustainability 12 2.1.1 Developing Sustainability Concept in Construction 17 2.1.2 Sustainability During Project Life Cycle 19 Fundamentals of Green Building Design Principles 22 2.2.1 Definition and Attributes of Green Building Design 23 2.2.2 Green Building Elements for Construction Project 25 Implementing Green Building to Avoid Construction Waste 28 2.3.1 Causes and Types of Construction Waste 29 2.3.2 “Designing Out Waste” Tool for Minimizing Construction Waste 31 CHAPTER 3: Construction Industry in UAE 34 3.1 The Current Situation of UAE Construction Industry 34 3.2 The Future of Minimizing Construction Waste in UAE 36 3.3 Summary of Literature Review 38 CHAPTER 4: Research Methodology 40 4.1 Research Methods 40 4.2 Data Collection Methods 42 4.3 Selected Research & Data Collection Methods 44 4.4 Research Design and outline 45 4.5 Data Analysis Method 50 4.6 Summary of Research Methodology 50 CHAPTER 5: Information Gathering and Analysis 52 5.1 Interpretation of Survey Analysis Results 52 5.2 Summary of Research Analysis 62 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion and Recommendations 64 6.1 Conclusion of Research Aim and Objectives 64 6.2 Research Recommendations and Guidelines 65 6.3 Research Limitations 65 REFERENCES 66 APPENDIX A: THE PREVIEW OF SURVEY QUESTIONS IN SURVEYMONKEY.COM 72 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Influence of design decisions on project life-cycle environmental impacts of an average European or North American building 22 Figure 4.1 Summary of the research methods and tools 51 Figure 5.1 Questionnaire results for Q1, graphically 52 Figure 5.2 Questionnaire results for Q2, graphically 53 Figure 5.3 Questionnaire results for Q3, graphically 54 Figure 5.4 Questionnaire results for Q4, graphically 55 Figure 5.5 Questionnaire results for Q5, graphically 56 Figure 5.6 Questionnaire results for Q6, graphically 57 Figure 5.7 Questionnaire results for Q7, graphically 58 Figure 5.8 Questionnaire results for Q8, graphically 59 Figure 5.9 Questionnaire results for Q9, graphically 60 Figure 5.10 Questionnaire results for Q10, graphically 61 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Timeline for the definition of sustainability 16 Table 2.2 Origins and causes of construction waste (Dajadian & Koch, 2014) (Glass, J., Osmani, M., & Price, A., 2008) 30 Table 3.1UAE's Physical Construction Wastes, adapted from municipalities (A Magazine for the Environmental Center for Arab Towns, 2013) (Statistic Abu Dhabi Center, 2011) 35 Table 3.2 Risks and Construction Wastes Sources, adapted from (El-Sayegh, 2008) 36 Table 4.1 comparison between Quantitative and Qualitative research methods, adapted from (MacDonald & Headlam, n.d.) 44 Table 5.1 Questionnaire results for Q1, statistically 53 Table 5.2 Questionnaire results for Q2, statistically 54 Table 5.3 Questionnaire results for Q3, statistically 55 Table 5.4 Questionnaire results for Q4, statistically 56 Table 5.5 Questionnaire results for Q5, statistically 57 Table 5.6 Questionnaire results for Q6, statistically 58 Table 5.7 Questionnaire results for Q7, statistically 59 Table 5.8 Questionnaire results for Q8, statistically 59 Table 5.9 Questionnaire results for Q9, statistically 61 Table 5.10 Questionnaire results for Q10, statistically 62 ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor, Mr Pooria Hafiz, for all support, supervision and guidance that he has given me during the preparation of the dissertation I would like take this opportunity to send my special thanks to my parents, for all their help and support Also, I would like especially to thank M/s Dar Al-Handasah (Shair and Partners), for all the support they have given me, from the initial opportunity, at the start of my career path, up to the present and the completion of my Master’s degree Finally, I dedicate this publication to Mr Ahmed Saleh, for all the support and help that he has given me during my Master’s stage ABSTRACT Types of construction waste divide into two principal groups; these are material waste and time waste, which are generated through direct and indirect processes The future of construction is to minimize construction and time costs, to ten percent, annually, by reducing the project defects and eliminating waste to twenty percent per year With this in view, green building design and sustainability is to be adopted into designing construction projects, which are useful for overcoming the negative impact of construction waste, either on the environmental side or on the monetary side, by increasing energy efficiency, water conservation, material and resource management and construction waste management The green design tools used in eliminating construction waste are such implements as; value engineering and management, the “Designing Out Waste” tool, construction and demolition waste management plans and supply-chain management The United Arab Emirates’ construction industry is around 40 years old and is one of the significant sectors in the world, with 54 - 75% of all UAE waste generated from construction activities being around six million tonnes per year By ensuring the implementation of green building and sustainability concepts, principles and techniques, such as the “Designing Out Waste” tool, this will assist the reduction in construction waste in UAE, as many other countries have done, such as the UK, USA and Australia The quantitative research method of utilizing an online questionnaire survey was used to answer ten questions, including the research's main topic question, presented to engineers working in UAE construction industry The analysis revealed a relationship between the “implementing of green building design in UAE projects, at the design stage” and “avoiding/reducing UAE construction waste”, which is at an average level, of low to moderate, since the main cause of the waste generated in UAE construction is the fact that traditional designs are used and these not follow green building design elements This research recommends and suggests solutions and guidelines for supporting local institutes that are interested in green building design, such as the Emirates Green Building Council (EmiratesGBC), to become a centre for guidance and awareness for UAE engineering consultants and companies; and further, changing engineering consultant culture in the designing of projects, by establishing a department that looks for green building design and by using the “Designing Out Waste” tool and implementing it in their projects Keywords: Sustainable, Green Building Design, Construction Waste, Material Wastes, Waste Management, United Arab Emirates, Construction Industry, Quantitative Research Method Saleh, Yazan Mohammad Yacob "TO WHAT EXTENT IS GREEN BUILDING DESIGN INVOLVED IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES PROJECTS FOR AVOIDING CONSTRUCTION WASTE?" GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AIA : American Institute of Architects BIM : Building Information Modelling EGBC : Emirates Green Building Council EPA : Environmental Protection Agency GDP : Gross Domestic Product GIS : Geographic Information System HVAC : Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning LEED : Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design OECD : Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development OFEE : Office of the Federal Environmental Executive SPSS : Statistical Package for Social Scientists UK : United Kingdom UAE : United Arab Emirates UN : United Nations USA : United States of America USGBC : United States Green Building Council WCED : World Commission on Environment and Development CHAPTER 1: Introduction This chapter introduces the importance of using green building design in United Arab Emirates construction projects, by measuring the significance of the avoidance of construction waste in building materials, project costs, time and quality, human safety and environmental protection In addition, this chapter assesses the applicability of sustainability in UAE construction projects, according to research goals and objectives, through the selection of an appropriate research methodology Also, the chapter exhibits the content of this study 1.1 Study Rationale The construction industry is essential throughout the world, since construction contributes - 10% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is higher in developed countries than it is in developing ones (WIBOWO, n.d.) Consequently, construction is considered as one of the major sectors in all countries, in spite of the fact that the construction industry suffers poor performance (Koskela, 1993) As per Koskela, the problems in the construction industry are; low productivity, poor quality and safety, miserable working environment, and considerable waste in construction projects Construction waste has different impacts in the economic, social and environmental spheres, and it reduces the life component soundness (Manewa, et al., n.d.) Therefore, decreasing construction waste becomes an effective measure in controlling overall project cost, quality, safety and in improving environmental sustainability (Manewa, et al., n.d.) (Koskela, 1993) The green building concept is one of the solutions for overcoming the enormous amount of waste generated in construction projects (Riley, et al., 2003) Based on Egan’s report, regarding the future of the construction industry, it is the minimizing of construction and time costs to ten percent annually, with the reduction in project defects and the elimination of waste to twenty percent per year (Egan, 1998) In order to achieve this improvement in the construction industry, the minimizing and eliminating of construction waste is one of the principles used in enhancing this industry (Koskela, 2000) Generally, construction activities are not environmentally friendly, by nature, because of the various impacts it has, such as dust, noise and air pollution and the discharge of Table 5.9 Questionnaire results for Q9, statistically Q10: To what extent is green building design involved in United Arab Emirates projects for avoiding construction waste? Figure 5.10 Questionnaire results for Q10, graphically The current implementation of green building design tools in UAE construction projects is at an average level, between low and moderate; this contributes to reducing the levels of construction waste, according to the answers given to the primary question of the research Thus, the results reveal that there is a low level of connection in the relationship between the two components, of “Implementing Green Building Design in UAE projects design stage” and “Avoiding/Reducing UAE construction waste” 61 Table 5.10 Questionnaire results for Q10, statistically 5.2 Summary of Research Analysis The research observed ten predictions about “TO WHAT EXTENT IS GREEN BUILDING DESIGN INVOLVED IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES PROJECTS FOR AVOIDING CONSTRUCTION WASTE?” 1) 96% of UAE construction personnel have heard of or have some background in Green Building Design 2) 80% of UAE construction personnel believe that the construction industry is responsible for changes in the earth’s systems, and that the industry should take the correct measurements to minimize its negative impact on the earth 3) In the construction industry, 44% of personnel consider it highly important that during the design stage sustainability concepts should be employed, in order to prevent the hazardous impacts of activities bearing on the later stages of the project life-cycle 4) 28% of UAE engineers working in UAE construction industry are accredited and hold Green Building certifications and accreditations from international and/or local institutions; this indicates the extent to which green building is accepted by construction personnel 5) 56% of UAE construction personnel believe that green building design is important for reducing construction waste; these results reflect the fact that there is general acceptance of using green building, as a major element during the design stage for eliminating waste on site 6) 50% of physical waste, which results from ordering inappropriate quantities, producing more than is required, wrong measurements and cutting, inadvisable storage, manufacture errors and defects, is generated from materials used in UAE construction projects 62 7) 25% non-physical waste, which comprises the waiting and stopping periods, variation orders and information, delay and the doing over of the planned activities, and shortage in the equipment used, is generated from project duration in UAE construction 8) 39% of UAE construction industry personnel agree that the main cause of waste generation in UAE construction industry is traditional design and failure to use green building design elements 9) 52% from UAE construction personnel agree that there is implementation of the “Designing Out Waste” tool during the design stage of construction projects and that the design team uses the tool for eliminating the waste generated from construction activities in UAE projects 10) The questionnaire survey results reveal that there is a low to moderate level of connection in the relationship between the two components, of “Implementing Green Building Design in UAE projects design stage” and “Avoiding/Reducing UAE construction waste” After answering the research topic question and revealing the current situation of “Implementing Green Building Design in UAE projects design stage” and “Avoiding/Reducing UAE construction waste”, which is at a low level, Chapter concludes, as to whether or not the aims and objectives of the study were met, and it also suggests solutions and guidelines for a successful use of Green Building Design in UAE projects during the design stage, aiming at avoiding construction waste 63 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion and Recommendations This chapter summarizes and concludes on what was explored in previous chapters; moreover, it suggests the proper recommendations 6.1 Conclusion of Research Aim and Objectives The study's goals and purposes are covered in all chapters, by using different research technical approaches and methods; the first objective “To review the fundamentals of green building design and sustainability, comparing them with the traditional approaches” were discussed in Chapter and previewed what the origin of sustainability and green building design is and how its principles were founded in the construction industry and how these techniques are used to avoid and eliminate the level of construction waste Chapter explored design methods for eliminating construction waste during the design stage, such as the designing out waste tool, which is a technique for minimizing waste by avoiding, eliminating and reducing waste at the earliest stage, and the resources of the construction stage, which the design team uses to identify a waste reduction action plan, to be implemented from the design stage, up to the last stage in the project life-cycle The second objective, “To study the current situation of UAE construction industry and level of generated wastes from UAE construction projects”, discussed in Chapter 3, assessed the current situation of United Arab Emirates construction industry and the level of construction waste for achieving the maximum level of reduction of waste At the same time, the chapter discussed the future of UAE construction industry and the extent to which Green Building design tools and techniques, such as value engineering and management, the designing out waste tool, construction and demolition waste management plans, and supply-chain management tools, are involved in reducing the levels of waste in UAE construction projects The third objective and aim of the research was “To assess and analyze the current level of implementation of green building design tools in UAE construction projects that contribute to reducing the levels of construction waste”, conducted in Chapters and 5, which revealed that the green building design tools is involved in reducing UAE construction projects waste at a low to medium level 64 Finally, the last objective, “To suggest encouragement and an increase in the awareness of the importance of green building design and sustainability for avoiding construction industry waste”, will be discuss in the last section 6.2 Research Recommendations and Guidelines The recommendations below are based on the research aims and objectives, as solutions and guidelines for a successful implementation of Green Building Design in reducing UAE’s construction waste: Increasing the number of conferences and lectures in UAE about green building design implementation in the construction industry, in order to reduce construction waste Supporting the local institutes that are interested in green building design, such as the Emirates Green Building Council (Emirates GBC), to be a centre for guidance and awareness for UAE professionals and companies Issuing new mandatory regulations in UAE regarding the implementation of green building design tools for eliminating construction waste, such as value engineering and management, the designing out waste tool, construction and demolition waste management plans, and supply-chain management Changing the consultant culture in the designing of projects, by establishing a department that promotes the designing out waste tool and BIM software and its implementation in their projects 6.3 Research Limitations The limitation of this research comes from the medium-level prevalence of the “Designing Out Waste” concept in the design stage of construction projects among UAE construction industry personnel, as a result of the scarcity of journal articles and conferences looking into the question of the application of the “Designing Out Waste” concept at the design stage in UAE projects Thus, accuracy in answering the survey questions depends on the respondents’ understanding of green building design Accordingly, questions were designed to be simple to understand, so as to mitigate invalidity in the respondent’s answers 65 REFERENCES WRAP, 2007 Reducing 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