Anatomical characteristics of facial nerve trunk in Vietnamese adult cadavers

Objectives: To describe the anatomical characteristics of the main body and the branches of the facial nerve. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional study wa carried out on 30 hemifaces that belong to formalin-treated Vietnamese male and female cadavers.

Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FACIAL NERVE TRUNK IN VIETNAMESE ADULT CADAVERS Le Quang Tuyen*; Hoang Van Luong**; Pham Dang Dieu* SUMMARY Objectives: To describe the anatomical characteristics of the main body and the branches of the facial nerve Subjects and method: A cross-sectional study wa carried out on 30 hemifaces that belong to formalin-treated Vietnamese male and female cadavers Results: 100% of the sample remained only one facial nerve trunk leaving the stylomastoid foramen was locatedat a depth 28.9 mm on right side, 25.1mm on the left from the skin In bifurcates at the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible and in 6.7% trifurcation was found The distance between the angle of the mandible and trifurcation of the facial nerve, mean distance was found to be 40.8 mm in the present study in Vietnamese subjects, whereby 86.6% were between 36 to 50 mm from the angle of the mandible Conclusions: There is only one facial nerve trunk exit from the stylomastoid foramen, the trunk length 14.1 mm, diameter 2.5 mm, average number of division is 2.1 The angle formed by the superior and inferior division appears to be almost perpendicular (91.2 ), and mean superior division length is 15.2 mm which is notably shorter than inferior division (23.6 mm) * Keywords: Facial nerve; Angle of mandible; Main trunk INTRODUCTION In medical literature, even though there are studies about the facial nerve anatomy on Caucasian and non-Caucasian race, specifically about its course through the parotid gland, its rami and its branching pattern to innervate its end organ, none of them provided precise and detailed description about its rami and its branches Therefore, achieving basic understanding about the exact course of the facial nerve in the parotid gland and its rami is critical for every surgeon to prevent facial nerve injury in parotid gland-related surgeries There are anatomic landmarks that help pinpoint the facial nerve trunk, e.g mastoid process, posterior belly of the digastricus, tragal “pointer”, retromandibular vein, etc The key to successfully locate the facial nerve trunk lies in those landmarks that act as referent points for the surgeons to predict the safety of nearby structures Additionally, given that these reference points are fixed during a surgery, they should be easily palpable and permit surgeons to identify quickly, safely and preserve anatomic structures The aims of this study are to: Describe the facial nerve trunk anatomy as well as its rami in Vietnamese adult cadavers, and to identify several practical anatomic landmarks related to the main trunk and its rami * Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine ** Vietnam Military University Corresponding author: Le Quang Tuyen (tuyenlq@gmail.com) Date received: 10/07/2018 Date accepted: 30/08/2018 184 Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 SUBJECTS AND METHODS Subjects A descriptive cross-sectional study on 30 hemifaces that belong to formalintreated Vietnamese male and female cadavers, at Department of Anatomy of Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, from October 2012 to April 2015 We used a convenient sample from the available population of cadavers at the university * Inclusion criteria: - Vietnamese adult cadaver, older than 18 years of age - The head, face and neck must be intact with no previous surgical history in these regions - The normal anatomy of the head, face and neck No deformities or tumors allowed * Exclusion criteria: All cadavers that have deformities in the head, face and neck region, as well as damaged cadavers due to dissection errors or previous facial, parotid gland-related surgeries temporal line Then make an incision from the ear lobe and continue parallel with the mandibular ramus, and then go along the orbicularis oris The skin is then separated, the second layer is then exposed, continue dissecting the second layer into the third layer; the incision is perpendicular with external auditory canal - lateral canthus line and is cm lateral to the external ear canal, and the inferior incision still goes along the mandibular ramus These incisions will be dissecting into the third layer Dissecting the third layer (SMAS) based on the available incisions, reflecting the SMAS the zygoma superiorly, until the flap reaches the zygomatic and orbital ligaments, masseteric ligaments anteriorly, and mandibular ligaments inferiorly Continue dissecting the SMAS towards the orbicularis oculi muscle, the temporal, the nose, mouth, chin and neck Methods * Dissection techniques and data collection: - First, an incision was made along the external auditory canal - lateral canthus, continued the incision along the orbital rim, cm above the supraorbital margin The incision will go from the superolateral orbital rim to the aperture of the external auditory canal and run along the superior Figure 1: Exposed third layer (SMAS) The fourth layer was exposed, namely sub-SMAS, the parotid fascia was 185 Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 dissected carefully, so that facial nerve branches were not damaged Expose the following landmarks: Cartilaginous portion of the ear canal and the posterior belly of the digastricus The facial nerve trunk usually lies deep, - 1.5 cm below the anteroinferior margin of the cartilaginous portion of the ear canal (so called tragal “pointer”), and cm below and deep to the midpoint of the posterior belly of the digastricus After identifying the facial nerve trunk, proceed to dissect along the main trunk to expose the two following rami: zygomatico-temporal ramus and the cervico-facial branch, sometimes a third rami can exist Dissect and expose the retromandibular vein and the external carotid artery * List of parameters to be collected: - The amount of branches of the temporo-facial ramus and the cervicofacial ramus - Branching pattern of the facial nerve main trunk based on Tsai’s studies and branching pattern of its division based on Davis et al’s classification - Mean distance of the facial nerve trunk from the skin surface after it emerges from the stylomastoid foramen - Mean angle formed by the facial nerve rami: Superior, middle, inferior and other division (if available) - Diameter and length of the facial nerve trunk, superior and inferior division All parameters were collected into a data sheet (see attached files) Measurement values were rounded to nearest tenth 186 Materials Measurements and data were collected using: - A Nikon D90 digital single-lens reflex camera, Macro lens equipped - A dissection kit: Scalpel, dissection knife, Kelly clamp, Allis clamp, toothed and non-toothed forceps, single-prong hook, double-prong hook - Measurement devices include: Analog caliper, a compass, a depth gauge, a protractor * Statistical procedures: Raw data were collected from measurement records and encoded in corresponding variables These statistics are analyzed by calculating Pearson’s Chi-squared exact test as well as student’s t-test using SPSS 19.0 Measurements are rounded to the nearest tenth and p < 0,05 is considered statistically significant RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this study, we had done dissections on 30 hemifaces with an average of 70, in which female accounted for 33.3% and male 66.7% We identified the facial nerve trunk quickly and safely using the center of the triangle formed by the temporo-mandibular joint, mastoid process and the angle of the mandible, as these referent points were easily palpable during the dissection In addition, we also employed the commonly accepted classical approach to localize the facial nerve trunk for its safety Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 as it exits the stylomastoid foramen, which was to find landmarks such as the posterior belly of the digastricus to measure its depth, the mandibular angle, the retromandibular vein and the tragal “pointer” In this approach, the relationship between the nerve trunk and the retromandibular vein along with the bifurcation location of the former in relation to the mandibular angle and the posterior belly of the digastricus were easily identified in reference to the tragal “pointer”, because its reference point is difficult to localize foramen Bisides, a study by Katz and Catalano showed that 3% of their specimens had double facial nerve trunk, and 4.4% and 13.3% in another study by Park and Lee Mean distance of the right facial nerve trunk from the skin surface after it emerged from the stylomastoid foramen was 28.9 mm, which was deeper than that of the left side (25.1 mm) This difference was statistically significant in a way that surgeons had to take precautions when carrying out the surgery on the left hemiface and on children because the facial nerve was more superficial in the latter Therefore in our study, the location of the facial nerve in regard to the skin surface appeared to be deeper than that of Myint K [8] (from - cm deeper than the skin), but more superficial than that of Rodrigues (5 cm) Table 1: Comparison of length of the facial nerve trunk in literature Author Figure 2: Tragal pointer pointing at the main trunk of facial nerve Anatomical characteristics facial nerve main trunk of Based on our findings, we concluded that there was only a single facial nerve trunk emerging from the stylomastoid foramen and no specimen had been found to have double trunk, including one domestic study by N.V Thanh (1997) [1] However, a foreign study by Kilic C had noted the existence of the double facial nerve trunk with the stylomastoid Length (mm) N.V Thanh 22.4 Salame 16.4 Kandari 10 - 15 Dias F.L 13 Rodrigues 10 Ekinci Kwak 9.38 Present study 14.1 In this study, the average length of the facial nerve trunk was 14.1 mm, which was shorter when compared to studies of 187 Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 N.V Thanh (22.4 mm) and Salame (16.44 mm), but was equivalent to results by Kandari (from - 1.5 cm) and Dias F.L (1.3 cm) Furthermore, our measurements were longer than those of Rodrigues (about cm), Ekinci (9 mm) and Kwak (9.38 mm) Lame emphasized the importance of its length in facial nerve anastomosis because the trunk needs to be long enough to allow anastomosis with other branches without being too overstretched or too slack [7] The facial nerve trunk was 2.5 mm in diameter, which was comparable to that of N.V Thanh (2.38 mm) [1] Figure 3: Length of the facial nerve trunk Average number of divisions was 2.1 on both sides, in which bifurcation of the trunk mostly accounted for 93.3% and trifurcation only accounted for 6.7%; this was in agreement with Myint K’ findings [8] However, as Park and Lee’s recommendation stated, surgeons should be suspicious for the presence of the third division as they can accidentally damage it Based on our findings, trifurcation took up 6.7% which was in agreement with Park and Lee’s findings (4.4%); but our findings were lower than N.V Thanh’s [1] (24%), Kalaycioğlu A (18.8%), Ekinci (18.6%) and Kopuz 188 (18%), and higher than Salame’s (2.2%) This disparity might be due to racial factors or inherent inaccuracy in our insufficient sample Nevertheless, the non-negligible probability of having a third division (albeit small) had an important meaning to all surgeons: Pay attention to its probable existence and avoid injuring it In our study, we found that the angle formed by the superior and inferior division of the main trunk appeared to be almost perpendicular to each other, at angle of 91.20, in which 66.7% of our specimens were acute and 33.3% were obtuse It was similar to Myint K’s findings in a way that when the nerve reaches the posterior border of mandibular ramus, its divisions almost form a perpendicular angle [8] Meanwhile, N.V Thanh’s findings showed that 56% were obtuse and 44% were acute [1] In our study, mean superior division length was 15.2 mm, which was much shorter than that of inferior division (23.6 mm) This finding was statistically significant and in agreement with N.V Thanh’s findings, in which the former was 15.1 mm but the latter was notably shorter that of ours’s (12.4 mm) [1] This inconsistency in the inferior division is due to individual variability as in our study it travels a considerably long course after its branching from the main trunk before dividing into the mandibular branch, the cervical branch or the anastomotic branch As for the diameter, the superior was mm and inferior division was 1.4 mm, but when we used paired t-test to compare between the two, the finding was Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 not statistically significant (p > 0.05) Therefore, the diameter of both was identical Compared to another domestic study by N.V Thanh, the superior division diameter was 1.94 mm, which agreed with our findings, but the inferior diameter was smaller (1.07 mm) In contrast with international findings by Myint K, the superior temporo-facial division had a diameter nearly twice that of inferior ramus [8] As for Pia F’s findings, the superior division runned in a superomedial fashion and had greater diameter There were three branching patterns of the facial nerve trunk according to Tsai: + Patern 1: The main trunk divided into superior and inferior division, closely followed by the bifurcation of the marginal and cervical branches 20.0% of our specimens displayed this pattern Figure 5: Branching pattern of the facial nerve trunk + Pattern 3: 20.0% right-sided and 13.3% left-sided, the upper division branched immediately after the bifurcation of the upper and lower divisions Figure 6: Branching pattern of the facial nerve trunk Table 2: Comparison of pattern ratio in literature Figure 4: Branching pattern of the facial nerve trunk + Pattern 2: Was the largest group (60% right-sided and 66.7% left-sided), the upper and lower trunks divided, then branched into their respective classical divisions Author Pattern (%) Pattern (%) Pattern (%) Tsai 24.7 42.0 33.3 N.V Thanh 10.0 82.0 6.0 Our study 20.0 60.0 20.0 In our study, 60% of our specimens displayed pattern on both sides and the 189 Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 ratio between patterns was not statistically significant Pattern and took up 20% evenly Compared to Tsai’s findings, 24.7% of their specimens displayed pattern (main trunk divided into superior and inferior division, closely followed by the bifurcation of the marginal and cervical branches), which agreed with our findings; as for pattern (the upper and lower trunks divided, then branched into their respective classical divisions), their findings were lower than ours’s (42%); regarding pattern 3, their findings were higher than ours Compared to N.V Thanh’s findings, type (equivalent to Tsai pattern 2) accounted for 82%; type (Tsai pattern 3) accounted only 6% and type (Tsai pattern 1) accounted 10% [10] Although there were inconsistencies between studies, Tsai pattern appeared to be the highest such as Myint K (28.06 mm, range from 11 - 40 mm) [8], McCormack (34 mm on Caucasian, range from 14 - 46.9 mm), Davis et al (32 mm, range from 25 - 45 mm), Park and Lee (28.8 mm on Korean, range from 12.1 - 39.8 mm) Is the facial nerve trunk in Vietnamese truly located at a higher position than other races? In order to achieve this finding, we need to conduct a study with large enough samples together with location comparison between the main trunk and the mandibular angle in relation to the zygomatic arch Facial nerve main trunk localization method and its application In our study, the distance from the mandibular angle to the bifurcation location of the facial nerve was 40.8 mm, which agreed with N.V Thanh’s findings (38.6 mm) This could be explained by the fact that both authors had conducted their corresponding studies on Vietnamese people, so the mandibular ramus length was approximately identical In addition, according to other authors’ explanation, this distance in Caucasian was remarkably longer due to their greater body size as well as larger, stronger mandible However, in our study, the distance from the angle to the bifurcation was longer compared to international counterparts, 190 Figure 7: The distance from the angle of the mandible to the facial nerve trunk bifurcation Besides, the distance from the mandibular angle to the bifurcation ranged from 36 - 50 mm and accounted for 86.6% on both sides, which was drastically higher than Myint K’s findings, in which most of their specimens (81.0%) had the bifurcation 21 - 35 mm above the mandibular angle [8] Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 Table 3: Comparison of distance from the angle of the mandible to the bifurcation of the facial nerve with Myint K’s findings Myint K Distance Our study Number Proportion (%) Number Proportion (%) 11 - 15 mm 3.8% 0% 16 - 20 mm 7.6% 0% 21 - 25 mm 12 15.2% 0% 26 - 30 mm 30 38.0% 0% 31 - 35 mm 22 27.8% 10.0% 36 - 40 mm 7.6% 14 46.7% 41 - 45 mm 0% 26.7% 46 - 50 mm 0% 13.3% 51 - 55 mm 0% 3.3% 79 100.0% 30 100.0% In our study, we found that the distance from the mandibular angle to the bifurcation of the facial nerve ranged from 31 - 55 mm, compared to Myint K’s findings (11 - 40 mm), which means if we divided the distance into mm portion, we could miss the inbetween values This could mean that in our upcoming study, maybe we should calculate the ratio between the distance from the bifurcation to the whole mandibular ramus length so that it may be more significant Identifying the distance from the angle of the mandible to the bifurcation is critical for clinical otolaryngology as it prevents facial nerve injury during parotid gland-related surgeries CONCLUSIONS - Our findings about the anatomical characteristics of the facial nerve main trunk and its division include: All cadavers had a unique trunk exiting from the stylomastoid foramen, none of the specimens had been found to have double trunk, the distance of the facial nerve to the skin surface on the right side was deeper than the left side which detected during surgery Mean trunk length was 14.1 mm, 2.5 mm in diameter, average number of division was 2.1 in which bifurcation proportion accounted for 93.3%, and the third division may exist and might be damaged intraoperatively The angle formed by the superior and inferior division appeared to be almost perpendicular (91.20), and mean superior division length was 15.2 mm which was notably shorter than inferior division, (23.6 mm) We found that most of our specimens displayed Tsai pattern (60%) - In order to identify the main trunk and its division, we found that the distance from the angle of the mandible to its bifurcation location was 40.8 mm, which was considerably longer than in other 191 Journal of military pharmaco-medicine no7-2018 authors’s, due to the bifurcation lied at a higher level and the distance to the bifurcation ranges from 36 - 50 mm, which accounted for 86.6% Based on our findngs, in order to avoid facial nerve injury during parotid gland-related surgery, surgeons need to correctly identify the facial nerve bifurcation along the posterior border of the mandibular ramus to the mandibular angle Approximately 86.7% of cases had facial nerve running laterally to the retromandibular vein on both sides and over 80% of the superior and inferior division run laterally to the retromandibular vein Based on this finding, we concluded that the location of the superior and inferior division in relation to the retromandibular vein may not be identical ipsilaterally and bilaterally and this nervevein relationship doesn’t seem to be compatible Moreover, we found that the superior division forms a ring around the retromandibular vein, and bleeding and facial nerve injury risk might be increased during parotid gland tumor removal procedures REFERENCES Nguyễn Văn Thanh Nghiên cứu dạng phân nhánh dây thần kinh mặt vùng mang tai ứng dụng phẫu thuật tuyến mang tai Luận văn Thạc sỹ Y học Trường Đại học Y Dược TP Hồ Chí Minh 1997 Alzahrani F.R, Alqahtani K.H The facial nerve versus the retromandibular vein: A new anatomical relationship Head Neck Oncol 2012, (4), p.82 192 Ariyoshi Y, Shimahara M Determining whether a parotid tumour is in the superficial or deep lobe using magnetic resonance imaging J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998, Jan, 56 (1), pp.23-26 Astik Rajesh B, Dave Urvi H, Gajendra Krishna Swami Variant position of the facial nerve in parotid gland International Journal of Anatomical Variations 2011, 4, p.3-4 Davis R.A, Anson B.J et al Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and parotid gland based upon a study of 350 cervicofacial halves Surg Gynecol Obstet 1956, 102, pp 385-412 Kim D.I, Nam S.H, Lee K.S et al The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve in Koreans Clin Anat 2009, Mar, 22 (2), pp.207-114 Kwak H.H, Park H.D, Youn K.H et al Branching patterns of the facial nerve and its communication with the auriculotemporal nerve Surg Radiol Anat 26, pp.494-500 Myint K, Azian A.L, Khairul A The clinical significance of the branching pattern of the facial nerve in Malaysian subjects Med J Malaysia 1992, 47 (2), pp.114-120 Touré G, Vacher C Relations of the facial nerve with the retromandibular vein: Anatomic study of 132 parotid glands Surg Radiol Anat 2010, Dec, 32 (10), pp 957-961 10 Tsai Stella Chin-Shaw, Hsu Hsin-Te Parotid neoplasms: Diagnosis, treatment, and intraparotid facial nerve anatomy The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2002, Vol 116, pp.359-362 11 Wang T.M, Lin C.L et al Surgical anatomy of the mandibular ramus of the facial nerve in Chinese adults Acta Anat (Basel) 1991, 142 (2), pp.126-131  ... skin), but more superficial than that of Rodrigues (5 cm) Table 1: Comparison of length of the facial nerve trunk in literature Author Figure 2: Tragal pointer pointing at the main trunk of facial. .. main trunk of facial nerve Anatomical characteristics facial nerve main trunk of Based on our findings, we concluded that there was only a single facial nerve trunk emerging from the stylomastoid... - Our findings about the anatomical characteristics of the facial nerve main trunk and its division include: All cadavers had a unique trunk exiting from the stylomastoid foramen, none of the