Ebook Family therapy - His tory, theory, and practice (6/E): Part 2

Part 2 book “Family therapy - His tory, theory, and practice” has contents: Experiential family therapy, behavioral and cognitive – behavioral family therapies, family therapy - research and assessment, theory, treatments, and outcomes of structural family therapy, solution-focused brief therapy and narrative family therapy,… and other contents.

www.downloadslide.net CHAPTER Experiential Family Therapy My father tells me my mother is slowing down He talks deliberately and with deep feelings as stoop-shouldered he walks to his garden behind the garage My mother informs me about my father’s failing health “Not as robust as before,” she explains, “Lower energy than in his 50s.” Her concerns arise as she kneads dough for biscuits Both express their fears to me as we view the present from the past In love, and with measured anxiety, I move with them into new patterns Gladding, 1992b Chapter Overview From reading this chapter, you will learn about n The importance of affect in experiential family therapy n The major theorists, premises, techniques, roles of the therapist, processes, and outcomes of experiential family therapy n The uniqueness of the experiential family therapy approach 249 M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 249 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net 250 Part 2  •  Therapeutic Approaches to Working with Families As you read, consider n How comfortable you are with the expression of emotions and touch n The active nature of experiential family therapists n Whether the experiential approach to family therapy is as relevant now as it was 30 years ago and why that might be so T he experiential branch of family therapy emerged out of the humanistic–existential psychology movement of the 1960s and was most popular when that movement was new Some of its proponents and creators drew heavily from Gestalt therapy, psychodrama, client-centered therapy, and the encounter group movement of the time The emphasis is on immediate, here-and-now, intrapsychic experiences of people as opposed to historical information Concepts such as encounter, process, growth, spontaneity, and action are emphasized Theory and abstract factors are minimized The quality of ongoing experiences in the family is the criterion for measuring psychological health and deciding whether or not to make therapeutic interventions Experiential family therapy, which has a number of forms, emphasizes affect, that is, emotions Awareness and expression of feelings are considered the means to both personal and family fulfillment Professionals who operate from this perspective consider the expression of affect to be a universal medium in which all can share They encourage expression of feelings in a clear and effective way (Kane, 1994) A healthy family is a family in which people openly experience life with each other in a lively manner Such a family supports and encourages a wide range of emotions and personal encounters In contrast, dysfunctional families resist taking affective risks, and members are rigid in their interactions They not know how to empathize with one another and reflect feelings Major Theorists A number of professionals have contributed significantly to the development of experiential family therapy Among the most notable are David Kantor, Frank Duhl, Bunny Duhl, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Bernard Guerney, Louise Guerney, Walter Kempler, Augustus Napier, Leslie Greenberg, and David Keith Virginia Satir and Carl Whitaker are considered here as representatives of this approach Virginia Satir (1916–1988) Virginia Satir was born and raised on a Wisconsin farm She was extraordinarily different from others even at an early age At years of age, she had learned to read, and “by the time she was 11, she had reached her adult height of nearly six feet” (Simon, 1989, p 37) Although she was sickly and missed a lot of school, she was a good student and began her college experience after only 7½ years of formal education Her initial goal, which she achieved, was to become a schoolteacher “Growing up a big, awkward, sickly child, Satir drew from her experience of being an outsider” and developed an acute sensitivity for others (Simon, 1989, p 37) This quality eventually led her from the classroom to social work with families Satir entered private practice as a social worker in 1951 in Chicago This venture came after years of teaching school and years of clinical work in an agency Her M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 250 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net Chapter 9  •  Experiential Family Therapy 251 unique approach to working with families evolved from her treatment of a schizophrenic young woman whose mother threatened to sue Satir when the young woman improved Instead of becoming defensive, Satir invited the mother to join the therapy and worked with them until they reached communication congruence (Satir, 1986) She then invited the father and oldest son into treatment until the family had achieved a balance Satir was influenced by Murray Bowen’s and Don Jackson’s work with schizophrenic families, and in 1959 she was invited by Jackson and his colleagues to help set up the Mental Research Institute (MRI) in Palo Alto, California, after which she became its first director From her clinical work and interaction with other professionals there, she refined her approach to working with families, which was simultaneously folksy and complex “Satir was the archetypal nurturing therapist in a field enamored of abstract concepts and strategic maneuvers Her warmth and genuineness gave her tremendous appeal as she traveled the country giving demonstrations and workshops” (Nichols 2013, p 145) At the core of Satir’s approach was “her unshakable conviction about people’s potential for growth and the respectful role helpers need to assume in the process of change” (Simon, 1989, p 38) Satir gained international attention in 1964 with the publication of her first book, Conjoint Family Therapy The clarity of her writing made the text a classic and put Satir in demand as a workshop presenter She continued to write and demonstrate her “process model of therapy” (Satir, 1982) all over the globe—Europe, North America, Latin America, and Asia—until her death (Bermudez, 2008) Among her many contributions were strong, charismatic leadership (Beels & Ferber, 1969); a simple but eloquent view of effective and ineffective communication patterns (Satir, 1972; Satir & Baldwin, 1983); and a humanistic concern about building self-worth and self-esteem in all people (Haber 2011) “She also pioneered the concept of actively engaging couples and families in exercises during and between sessions” (Kaplan, 2000b, p 6) She conducted much of her work using structured experiential exercises (Woods & Martin, 1984) Satir is often described as a master of communication and even as an originator of family communications theory, an approach that focuses on clarifying transactions among family members In her later work, she “brought a spiritual understanding into the family therapy realm, holding that people are connected not only to their own bodies and states of being but in relationships as well” (Reiter, 2014, p 5) During her lifetime Satir worked with more than 5,000 families, often in group family therapy, where she saw a number of unrelated families at one time in a joint family session She also demonstrated her skills and her approach before hundreds of audiences (Satir & Bitter, 2000) Satir was unashamedly optimistic, and she genuinely believed that healthy families are able to be reciprocal and open in their sharing of feelings and affection Satir died in 1988 at the age of 72 years Today her model of working with families is often referred to as the human validation process model, and there is a movement to enhance it “by integrating it with the explicit principles and tools of Emotion-Focused Therapy” (Brubacher, 2006 p 141) Carl Whitaker (1912–1995) Carl Whitaker grew up on a dairy farm in upstate New York With few exceptions, his nuclear family was his “entire social existence” (Simon, 1985, p 32) He was shy, and when his family moved to Syracuse in 1925, he felt awkward and out of place He attributed M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 251 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net 252 Part 2  •  Therapeutic Approaches to Working with Families his ability to stay sane and adjust to two “cotherapists”—fellow students with whom he made friends, one the smartest and the other the most popular student in the school (Whitaker, 1989) Whitaker entered medical school in 1932, penniless but with a sound work ethic and a bent toward public service He had originally planned to specialize in obstetrics and gynecology, but a tragic operation on a patient who died, even though his surgery was perfect, proved to be a turning point in Whitaker’s life It influenced him to switch to psychiatry during the last year of his residency and concentrate his attention on working with schizophrenics Toward the end of his medical training in 1937, Whitaker married, and he and his wife raised six children over the years Whitaker developed the essence of his approach to therapy while assigned to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during World War II (Whitaker, 1990) There he saw as many as 12 patients a day in half-hour sessions He did not have any mentors and basically taught himself psychiatric procedures From his experience, he realized that he needed a cotherapist in order to be effective He also experimented during this time with the technique of using the “spontaneous unconscious” in therapy (Whitaker & Keith, 1981) “The turning point in Whitaker’s career came in 1946 when he was named chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Emory University” (Atlanta, Georgia) at age 34 years (Simon, 1985, p 33) It was at Emory in that Whitaker hired supportive colleagues, increased his work with schizophrenic patients, and began to develop his freewheeling style He left Emory in 1956 and went into private practice with his colleagues in Atlanta In 1965, he accepted a faculty position at the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin (Madison), where he stayed until his retirement in 1982 During the Wisconsin years, Whitaker devoted his efforts almost entirely to families and served as a mentor to young practitioners, such as Augustus Napier, who coauthored with him one of the best-selling books in the field of family therapy, The Family Crucible (1978) Also during this time, Whitaker traveled extensively, giving workshops on family therapy “More than with most well-known therapists, it is difficult to separate Whitaker’s therapeutic approach from his personality” (Simon, 1985, p 34) As a family therapist, Whitaker was quite intuitive, spontaneous, and unstructured His surname, derived from Witakarlege (meaning a wizard or witch), prompted at least one writer (Keith, 1987) to put Whitaker into a class of his own Yet Whitaker focused on some therapeutic elements that are universal His main contribution to family therapy was in the uninhibited and emotional way he worked with families by teasing them “to be in contact with their absurdity” (Simon, 1984, p 28) He used the term absurdity to refer to half-truthful statements that are silly if followed out to their natural conclusion (Whitaker, 1975) He likened the use of absurdity to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which, if built high enough, would eventually fall Whitaker accomplished his tasks in family therapy by being spontaneous, especially in dealing with the unconscious, and by highlighting the absurd He influenced family members to interact with each other in unique and new ways For example, Whitaker once encouraged a boy and his father, who were having a dispute over who had the most control in the family, to arm wrestle, with the winner of the match becoming the winner of the argument Obviously, the flaw in such a method, that is, its absurdity, was crucial to Whitaker in helping the family gain insight and tolerance Regardless of what he suggested on the spur of the moment, Whitaker refused to become involved in giving families overt directives for bringing about change He was a M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 252 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net Chapter 9  •  Experiential Family Therapy 253 “Don Quixote” who challenged people to examine their view of reality and the idea that they can be in control of their lives apart from others in the family (Simon, 1984, p 28) In general, Whitaker (1989) emphasized uncovering and utilizing the unconscious life of the family He related to some of the psychoanalytic dimensions of other family therapy pioneers However, in contrast to this connection, Whitaker focused on helping the family live more fully in the present Since 1988, his approach has been labeled experiential symbolic family therapy He assumed that experience, not education, changes families The main function of the cerebral cortex is inhibition Thus, most of our experience goes on outside of our consciousness We gain best access to it symbolically Here, “symbolic” implies that some thing or some process has more than one meaning While education can be immensely helpful, the covert process of the family is what contains the most power to bring about potential change (Keith & Whitaker, 1982, p 43) Whitaker died on April 21, 1995, at age 83 years, after an illness of years Premises of the Theory The underlying premise of the experiential approach is that individuals in families are not aware of their emotions, or if they are aware of their emotions, they suppress them Because of this tendency not to feel or express feelings, a climate of emotional deadness is created, which results in the expression of symptoms within one or more family members In this type of atmosphere, family members avoid each other and occupy themselves with work and other nonfamily activities (Satir, 1972) These types of behaviors perpetuate the dysfunctionality of the family further in a downward spiral The resolution to this situation is to emphasize sensitivity and feeling expression among family members and within the family This type of expression can come verbally, but often it is expressed in an affective or behavioral, nonverbal manner For instance, family members in therapy may represent the distance they wish to maintain between themselves and other family members by using role-play or mime or even by arranging physical objects, such as furniture, in a particular way Indeed, experiential interventions can be useful components of therapy, causing emotions and issues to surface more quickly than in sessions of traditional talk therapy (Thompson, Bender, Cardoso, & Flynn, 2011) Regardless of how relationships are enacted or represented, it is crucial that emphasis be placed on the present The experiential family therapy approach concentrates on increasing self-awareness among family members “through action in the here-and-now” (Costa, 1991, p 122) Interpersonal skills are also taught directly and indirectly The theoretical roots of this treatment are humanistic and phenomenological in origin Moreover, even though it is usually not acknowledged, attachment theory is a major component of the experiential approach, especially in regard to Satir’s understanding of interactional behavior and deficits in self-esteem (Simon, 2004) Treatment Techniques Experiential family therapists “can be divided into two groups in regard to therapeutic techniques” (Costa, 1991, p 121) A few clinicians (e.g., Carl Whitaker) rely more “on their own personality, spontaneity, and creativity” (Costa, 1991, p 121) The effectiveness of experiential family therapy depends on the personhood of the therapist (Kempler, 1968) However, the majority of experiential therapists (e.g., Virginia Satir, Peggy Papp, M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 253 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net 254 Part 2  •  Therapeutic Approaches to Working with Families Frank and Bunny Duhl, Bernard and Louise Guerney) employ highly structured activities such as sculpting and choreography Experiential family therapists who use techniques usually find procedures that are congruent with or extensions of their personalities Therapists Who Use Few Techniques: Carl Whitaker Experiential family therapists who not consider techniques important may advocate at least a few of these processes in conjunction with the use of their personality Carl Whitaker advocated seven different active interventions that aid the therapeutic process (Keith & Whitaker, 1982): Redefine symptoms as efforts for growth: The experientialists, especially Satir, believe that all behavior is oriented toward growth, even though it may look otherwise (Walsh & McGraw, 2002) By viewing symptoms in this way, therapists help families see previously unproductive behaviors as meaningful Families and therapists are able to evaluate symptoms as ways families have tried to develop more fully Model fantasy alternatives to real-life stress: Sometimes change is fostered by going outside the realm of the expected or conventional Modeling fantasy alternatives is one way of assessing whether or not a client family’s ideas will work The modeling may be done through role-play by either the therapist or the family Separate interpersonal stress and intrapersonal stress: Interpersonal stress is generated between two or more family members Intrapersonal stress is developed from within an individual Both types of stress may be present in families, but it is important to distinguish between them because there are often different ways of resolving them (e.g., face-to-face interactions vs muscle relaxation exercises) Add practical bits of intervention: Sometimes family members need practical or concrete information to make needed changes Adolescents may find it beneficial to know that their father or mother struggled in achieving their own identity Such information helps teenagers who are confused to feel more “normal.” They may be further assisted by finding that there are career tests they can take to help them sort out their preferences Augment the despair of a family member: Augmenting the despair of a family member means to enlarge or magnify his or her feelings so that other family members, and the family as a whole, understand them better When families have difficulties, they often deny that any of their members are in pain In addition, family members may suppress their feelings Augmenting despair prevents the occurrence of such denial or suppression Promote affective confrontation: As mentioned earlier, a major premise of the experiential approach and approaches associated with it is its emphasis on the primacy of emotion Therefore, in confronting, therapists often direct family members to examine their feelings before exploring their behaviors Treat children like children and not like peers: A major emphasis of the experiential approach is to play with children and treat them in an age-appropriate manner Although children are valued as a part of the therapeutic process, they are treated differently from the rest of a family M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 254 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net Chapter 9  •  Experiential Family Therapy 255 Family Reflection: How helpful would it have been for you to have known that your parents or guardians had struggled with some issues you were facing when you were a teenager? If you had such knowledge when you were growing up, how did you use it? That is, did it make your life easier? Therapists Who Use Structured Techniques: Virginia Satir Among the most widely used structured therapeutic responses are those that were originated by Virginia Satir They include modeling of effective communication using “I” messages, sculpting, choreography, humor, touch, props, and family reconstruction (Satir, Stachowiak, & Taschman, 1975) These techniques are frequently employed in order to increase family members’ awareness and alter their relationships (Duhl, Kantor, & Duhl, 1973; Jefferson, 1978) Modeling of Effective Communication Using “I” Messages  In dysfunctional fam- ilies, members often speak in the first-person plural (i.e., “we”); give unclear and nonspecific messages; and tend to respond to others with monologues (Stoltz-Loike, 1992) In response to her daughter, a mother might drone on about her daughter’s behavior by saying, “Someone is going to get angry unless you something good quickly.” To combat such ineffective and indirect communication patterns, experiential family therapists insist that family members take “I” positions when expressing their feelings In response to the situation just given, a mother might say to her daughter, “I feel discouraged when you not respond to my requests.” “I” statements involve the expression of feelings in a personal and responsible way and encourage others to express their opinions This type of communication also promotes leveling, or congruent communication, in which straight, genuine, and real expressions of one’s feelings and wishes are made in an appropriate context When leveling and congruence occur, communication increases, stereotyping decreases, and selfesteem and self-worth improve (Satir, 1972) When leveling does not occur, then, according to Satir, people adopt four other roles: blamer, placater, distractor, and computer (or rational analyzer) These four roles are used by most individuals at one time or another They can be helpful in some situations, but when they become a consistent way of interacting, they become problematic and dysfunctional Blamer  A blamer is an individual who attempts to place the focus on others and not take responsibility for what is happening This style of communication is often done from a self-righteous stance and is loud and tyrannical A blamer might make this type of statement: “Now, see what you made me do!” or “It’s your fault.” In blaming, a person may also point his or her finger in a scolding and lecturing position Placater  A placater is an individual who avoids conflict at the cost of his or her integrity This type of stance is self-effacing and apologetic It originates out of timidity and an eagerness to please A placater might say in response to something with which he or she disagrees, “That’s fine,” or “It’s okay.” Distractor  A distractor is an individual who says and makes irrelevant statements “that direct attention away from the issues under discussion” (O’Halloran & Weimer, 2005, p 183) This type of person tries to be evasive and elusive and does not seem to be in contact with anything that is going on For instance, when a family is talking about the M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 255 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net 256 Part 2  •  Therapeutic Approaches to Working with Families importance of saving money and being thrifty, a distractor might try to tell a joke, say something flippant, or even walk around looking out the windows and calling the family over to look at a stray cat or a passing car Computer (or Rational Analyzer)  A computer or rational analyzer is an indi- vidual who interacts only on a cognitive or intellectual level and acts in a “super-reasonable” way This type of person avoids becoming emotional and stays detached In a situation in which the person playing this role is asked how he or she feels, the response might be, “Different people have different feelings about this circumstance I think it is difficult to say how one feels without first looking at what one’s thoughts are.” To help family members level and become congruent, Satir (1988) sometimes incorporated a technique known as the communication stance In this procedure, family members are asked to exaggerate the physical positions of their perspective roles For instance, a blamer may be asked to make an angry face, bend forward as in scolding, and point a finger at the person he or she is attacking This process promotes an increase in awareness of what is being done and how it is being conveyed Feelings may surface in the process The result may be a conversation on alternative ways of interacting, which could lead to practicing new ways of opening up Family Reflection: What communication stances were taken by members of your family when you were growing up? Were they similar to the ones described by Satir? How well did your family engage in leveling and using “I” statements? Sculpting  In sculpting, “family members are molded during the therapy session into positions symbolizing their actual relationships as seen by one or more members of the family” (Sauber et al., 1985, p 147) As such, they create a three-dimensional map and the ability to move the structure through time (Weston, 2009) Past events and patterns that affect the family now are perceptually set up The idea is to expose outgrown family rules and clarify early misconceptions so that family members and the family, as a whole, can get on with life For example, a historical scene of a father’s involvement with a television program and his neglect of his son might be shown by having the father sit close to an imaginary television and the son sit isolated in a corner The point is that, in this still-life portrait of time, family members and the therapist gain a clearer view of family relationships Sculpting consists of three roles and four steps (Moreno & Elefthery, 1975; Papp, Schienkman, & Malpas, 2013; Ziff, 2009) The three roles are those of (1) the sculptor (client family member), who sculpts family members into specific positions, (2) the facilitator (family therapist), who supports, protects, and guides the sculptor, and (3) the family members, who participate, observe, and comment on the sculpting The four steps are as follows: Setting the scene: The therapist helps the sculptor to identify a scene to explore Choosing role players: Individuals are chosen to portray family members Creating a sculpture: The sculptor places each person in a specific metaphorical position spatially Processing the sculpture: The sculptor and other participants de-role and debrief about experiences and insights acquired through engaging in this exercise M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 256 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net Chapter 9  •  Experiential Family Therapy 257 Choreography  In choreography, family members are asked to symbolically enact a pattern or a sequence in their relationship to one another This process is similar to acting as a mime or in a silent movie Through it, family members come to see and feel alliances and distances that are not obvious by merely discussing problem situations (Papp, 1976) In a family with an overinvolved mother and an underinvolved father, for example, members may be asked to act out a typical scene showing this dynamic at a certain time of the day, such as at breakfast Each family member then takes a turn positioning other family members in certain spatial relationships to one another A daughter might have her father turn the pages of a newspaper and sit away from her while her mother heaps cereal into the daughter’s bowl and/or straightens the daughter’s hair or dress At the same time, the daughter may lean toward her father and push away her mother Such scenes should be reenacted three or four times so that family members get a good feeling for what certain experiences are like from the perspective of other family members Then, the family and the therapist can sit down and discuss what occurred and what family members would like to have happened In many cases, new scenes are created and acted out (Papp, 1976) Humor  Creating humor within a family therapy session is a risky proposition If successful, humor can reduce tension and promote insight Laughter and the confusion that goes with it create an open environment for change to take place (Whitaker & Keith, 1981) If unsuccessful, attempts at humor may alienate the family or some of its members Therefore, creating humor is an art form that is employed carefully by some experiential family therapists Humor is often initiated with families by pointing out the absurdity of their rigid positions or relabeling a situation to make it seem less serious (Carter & McGoldrickOrfanidis, 1976) In regard to absurdity, a mother might say to a therapist, for example, that she “will die” if her daughter is late for curfew again A humorous response by the family therapist might be, “Take it easy on your mother Just paralyze her arm next time.” If the therapist is really into acting out the absurdity, he or she might then ask the daughter to show how she would go about paralyzing her mother’s arm In the interaction following such a strange request, the therapist would probably even engage the mother to help her daughter in such a process The idea behind this request is to help everyone recognize the distorted power given up by the mother to her daughter If such insight into this absurdity is developed, a more functional mother–daughter relationship can be formed Touch  Among prominent historical experiential therapists, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, and Walter Kempler are the best-known practitioners in the use of touch as a communicative tool in family therapy Touch may be putting one’s arms around another person, patting a person on the shoulder, shaking hands, or even, in an extreme case, wrestling (Napier & Whitaker, 1978) In using touch, experiential family therapists are careful not to violate the personal boundaries of their clients Physical touch is representative of caring and concern It loses its potency if it is employed inappropriately or overused Props  Props are materials used to represent behaviors or illustrate the impact of actions Virginia Satir was well known for using props, such as ropes and blindfolds, in her work with families (Satir & Baldwin, 1983) Props may be metaphorical as well as literal A rope may represent how family members are connected to each other In her M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 257 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net 258 Part 2  •  Therapeutic Approaches to Working with Families work with the family, Satir sometimes tied ends of the rope around all members’ waists and selectively asked them to move This way the entire family could experience being tied to one other They also got a feel for how the movement of one family member influenced the rest of the family (Murray & Rotter, 2002) After the props are used, the therapist might ask the family to process the experience and then relate how it is similar to and/or different from the dynamics in their present family relationship Family Reconstruction  Family reconstruction is a therapeutic innovation devel- oped by Satir in the late 1960s The purpose of family reconstruction is to help family members discover dysfunctional patterns in their lives stemming from their families of origin It concentrates on (1) revealing to family members the sources of their old learning, (2) enabling family members to develop a more realistic picture of who their parents are as persons, and (3) setting up ways for family members to discover their respective personhoods Family reconstruction begins with a star or explorer—a central character who maps his or her family of origin in visually representative ways (Nerin, 1986; Satir et al., 1988) A guide (usually the therapist) can help the star or explorer chart a chronological account of significant family events from paternal, maternal, and family-of-origin histories The process of family reconstruction attempts to uncover facts about the origin of distorted learning, about parents as people, and about the person as a separate self “Family maps, the family life fact chronology, and the wheel of influence (Satir & Baldwin, 1983) are the points of entry, the tools, for a family reconstruction” (Satir et al., 1988, p 202) Family map: As shown in Figure 9.1, a family map is “a visual representation of the structure of three generations of the star’s family” (Satir et al., 1988, p 202), with adjectives to describe each family member’s personality Circles represent people on the map, and lines suggest relationships within the family A family map is used to identify areas of concern and family strengths, including safety issues In the area of safety, a family map can identify children at risk of unintentional injury who are enrolling in Head Start programs and thus help staff better target intervention services that might be needed (Whiteside-Mansell, Johnson, Aitken, Bokony, ConnersBurrow, & McKelvey, 2010) Born: August 17, 1947 Richmond, Virginia Sensitive Methodist Hard working Creative Born: March 9, 1970 Chicago, Illinois Outgoing Methodist Carefree Spontaneous Samuel Margaret Married 1970 Inez Russell Born: January 1, 1946 Macon, Georgia Studious Baptist Social Optimistic Born: Unknown Date Chicago, Illinois Extravert No Religious Preference Opportunistic FIGURE 9.1  Basic family map of a star M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 258 8/5/14 12:24 AM www.downloadslide.net 482 Name Index Rutenberg, S K., 101 Ryckoff, I., 224 Sabourin, S., 99 Sager, C J., 122, 126 Sager, D E., 199 Sager, W G., 199 Saginak, K A., 67 Saginak, M A., 67 Sahin, S., 106 Sandberg, J., 211 Sandberg, J G., 147 Sanders, M., 283 Sanders-Mascari, A., 218 Sandhya, S., 85 Santa-Barbara, J., 89 Santisteban, D A., 142, 143, 153, 364 Santrock, J W., 65 Saposnek, D T., 218, 219 Sarnoff, D P., 396 Sarnoff, P., 396 Sarracco, M., 202, 209, 211 Satir, V M., 31–34, 37, 40, 49, 169, 250–251, 253, 255–260, 265, 266–267, 269, 402 Sauber, S R., 37, 94, 242, 256, 281, 300, 302, 303, 337 Sautter, F., 370 Savickas, M L., 60 Sawhill, I., 105 Sayger, T V., 53, 145, 272, 320 Scala, J., 227 Scanzoni, J., 69 Scanzoni, L D., 69 Scarf, M., 69, 226 Schacht, A J., 155 Schacht, R L., 370, 372, 374, 375 Scharff, J., 226 Scheinkman, M., 214 Schermer, T W., 350 Schienkman, M., 256 Schlesinger, S E., 275, 286 Schlossberg, N., 88 Schlossberg, N K., 92 Schmidt, J., 45 Schneider, D., 214 Schrader, S S., 29, 32, 33, 36, 38, 44, 225 Schramm, D., 128 Schroeder, E., 360, 363, 366 Schulman, G L., 121 Schumer, F., 117, 295 Schumm, W R., 114 Schvaneveldt, J D., 41 Schwartz, R., 43 Schwartz, R C., 60, 352, 383 Schwartz, S J., 385 Schwartzbaum, S., 348 Schwartzberg, A Z., 123 Schwarzbaum, S., 344 Z04_GLAD8795_06_GE_NIDX.indd 482 Schwebel, A I., 208, 272, 275, 285, 286 Schweiger, W K., 46 Schwoeri, L D., 106, 118 Sciarra, D T., 153 Scott, S M., 366 Scuka, R., 201 Selekman, M D., 366 Seligman, D., 92 Seligman, M., 93 Seltzer, J A., 121 Selvini Palazzoli, M., 36, 38, 312, 321–324, 326, 404 Selye, H., 90 Senchak, M., 370 Seshadri, G., 139 Sevier, M., 207 Seward, R., 105 Sexton, T., 277 Sexton, T L., 317 Shadish, W., 219, 363 Shadish, W R., 206, 384, 385 Shannon, M., 344 Shapiro, L., 377 Sharpe, T S., 70 Shaw, H E., 241 Sheats, K J., 143 Sheehy, G., 61, 71 Sheperis, C J., 283 Sherman, M D., 370 Sherman, R., 30, 239, 301, 396 Sherman, S N., 225 Sherrard, P., 202 Shields, C G., 31, 42, 45, 75, 90, 232, 382, 392, 398 Shinkfield, G., 182 Sholevar, G P., 106, 118 Shortt, J., 274 Shumway, S T., 206 Silver, N., 199, 208 Silverman, W K., 272 Silverstein, L B., 106 Silverstein, O., 40 Simms, L J., 209 Simola, S K., 393 Simon, F., 335 Simon, G M., 209, 253, 296, 302–306 Simon, N., 115 Simon, R., 37, 225, 250–251, 263, 294, 295, 314, 320, 324–326 Simon, R M., 73 Simpson, J E., 68 Simpson, L., 216 Simpson, L E., 372 Sinclair, S L., 335 Sirkin, M I., 75 Skinner, B F., 272–273, 290 Skinner, H., 89 Sklare, G., 378 Skogrand, L., 129 Skowron, E A., 159, 185, 237, 239, 242, 244, 376, 377 Skynner, A C R., 231 Skynner, R., 38, 224 Slesnick, N., 179, 361, 363, 365 Slipp, S., 226 Sluzko, C E., 395 Smith, A L., 388 Smith, D A., 208 Smith, J M., 339 Smith, R L., 42, 100, 223, 243 Smith, T., 213, 214 Snead, E., 146 Snider, M., 176, 184, 318–320, 323, 326 Snow, J N., 368 Snow, K., 338 Snyder, D., 214 Snyder, D K., 74, 144, 214, 215, 383, 396 Sobansky, R R., 377 Soehner, G., 117 Softas-Nall, B C., 339 Sollee, D., 199 Soloski, K., 344, 345 Southern, S., 278, 279 Spark, G M., 231 Speck, R., 36 Sperry, L., 30, 74, 75, 82, 113, 114, 117, 176, 177, 286 Spiegel, H., 335 Sporakowski, M J., 53, 100, 382, 396, 398 Sprenkle, D H., 40, 43, 44, 122, 241, 278, 282, 288, 294, 316, 318, 382–386, 395, 397 Stabb, S D., 86, 145 Stachowiak, J., 255 Stahmann, R F., 195 Stanard, R., 152 Stanley, S., 196 Stanley, S M., 64, 86, 200–201, 216, 217 Stanton, D., 41, 321, 403 Stanton, M D., 307, 319, 360, 361, 363, 366, 385, 392 Steigerwald, F J., 145 Steinberg, E B., 320 Steinglass, P., 363 Steinhauser, P D., 89 Stern, P N., 123 Stevenson, H., 148 Stevenson, H C., 53 Stevens-Smith, P., 42, 100 Stewart, S., 181 Stierlin, H, 335 Stillman, B., 114 Stinchfield, T., 43, 324 Stinnett, N., 86 Stinson, R., 278 Stith, S M., 148, 374, 375, 382 Stokes, L A., 143 Stolar, M J., 147 8/5/14 12:41 AM www.downloadslide.net Name Index 483 Stoltz-Loike, M., 255 Stone, A., 29, 48 Stone, C., 106 Stone, H., 29, 48 Stone, M H., 208 Stone Fish, L S., 182 Storm, C L., 40 Stovall, T., 149 Straus, M A., 396 Straussner, S L A., 363 Strolar, M J., 188 Strong, B., 28, 53, 54, 69, 96, 111 Stuart, R., 202, 204–205, 273, 274, 402 Stuart, R B., 275, 282, 286 Sturge-Apple, M L., 216 Sue, D., 141–143, 150, 158–160 Sue, D W., 141–143, 150, 158, 159 Sue, S., 150 Sugarman, S., 267 Sullivan, B F., 272, 275 Sullivan, K T., 196 Sussman, M J., 387 Svatovic, M., 212 Swanson, C., 198 Sweeney, D S., 178 Sweeney, J., 75 Sweeney, M., 63, 64 Sweeney, M M., 105 Sweeney, T J., 115, 368 Sweet, J A., 110, 121 Szapocznik, J., 138, 142, 143, 153, 364, 385 Szykula, S A., 320 Tiedemann, T R., 339 Titelman, P., 223 Titus, G., 150 Todahl, J L., 372 Todd, T., 319, 340, 385, 403 Todd, T C., 366 Tolan, P H., 97 Tolstoy, L., 84 Toman, W., 238 Tomcik, N S., 215 Tomes, H., 377 Tomm, K., 184, 394 Tomm, K M., 312, 321, 325 Tonigan, J S., 364 Tootle, A E., 350 Topham, G., 195 Torres, E., 129 Torres-Robles, C., 152 Touliatos, J., 396 Treadway, D., 100 Tremblay, N., 202 Trepper, T S., 45, 333, 337, 360 Tseng, W -S., 141, 158, 159 Tuason, M T., 236, 244 Turner, C., 277 Turner, C W., 391 Turner, J., 45 Turner, W L., 138, 140, 392 Tafoya, N., 155 Tafoya, T., 154, 155 Tambling, R B., 203 Tan, J P., 83 Tandy, C C., 344 Tankersley, L., 216 Taschman, H A., 255 Tatum, E., 154 Taylor, D D., 132 Taylor, L., 117 Temple, R R., 202 Tennant, G P., 82 Terry, D., 224 Terry, H E., 94 Thibaut, J., 204, 275 Thomas, A., 105 Thomas, A J., 138, 239 Thomas, M B., 86, 96, 188, 283, 286 Thomas, V., 178, 387, 397, 398 Thomason, T., 154 Thomlison, B., 393 Thompson, S., 253 Thompson, S J., 332 Thomsen, B J., 375 Thorngren, J M., 88 Van Alstine, G T., 209 Vanderbleek, L., 194 Van Deusen, J M., 366 VanFleet, R., 261 Varela, F., 335 Vatter, R S., 195 Veltkamp, L J., 371 Vereen, L G., 147 Viere, G M., 130 Vis, J A., 43 Visher, E B., 118, 122, 123, 127, 128, 130, 131 Visher, J S., 118, 122, 123, 127, 128, 130, 131 Volgy, S S., 132 Vontress, C E., 157 Vygotsky, L., 343 Z04_GLAD8795_06_GE_NIDX.indd 483 Ullery, E K., 279 Ulrich, D N., 85 Updegraff, K A., 152, 296 Urschel, J., 114 Wacker, R., 194 Wackman, D B., 202 Wagers, T P., 214 Waite, L J., 194 Walen, S., 286 Walker, J G., 74 Walker, L., 126 Walker, L D., 120 Walker, M R., 169 Waller, M., 147 Waller, M R., 108 Wallerstein, J S., 112, 113, 131 Walsh, F., 40, 49, 70, 82, 83, 85, 87, 105, 114, 116, 120, 132, 275 Walsh, W M., 35, 188, 254, 351 Walter, J., 336 Walters, M., 40 Walters, R H., 272 Walz, J., 209 Wampler, K., 210, 302 Wampler, K S., 181 Wampler, R S., 169, 206 Ward, J B., 181 Watson, J B., 272, 290 Watts, R., 153, 261 Watts, R E., 152, 261, 275 Watzlawick, P., 31, 38, 94, 98, 99, 139, 312, 314, 315, 318, 319, 322, 404 Waxman, G L., 218 Weakland, J., 31, 312, 314, 333, 404 Weakland, J H., 98 Weber, T., 176, 177 Weeks, G R., 37, 94, 215, 242, 281, 300, 337 Weimer, A K., 255 Weinblatt, U., 276, 277 Weiner, N., 55 Weiner-Davis, M., 43, 101, 217, 332–335, 339, 353, 404 Weinhold, B K., 378 Weiss, R., 112, 113, 273, 274 Weiss, R L., 86 Weitzman, S., 370 Wells, K C., 272 Welsh, D P., 298 Weltman, S., 53, 140, 148 Weltner, J S., 116 West, G D., 90 West, J, 398 West, J D., 94, 97, 181, 315, 334, 335, 338–341, 343, 387 West, L C., 295 Westcot, M E., 114, 117 Weston, C., 224, 229, 285 Weston, P., 239, 256 Wetchler, J L., 44, 169, 294 Wheeler, E., 204 Wheeler, J., 372 Whisman, M A., 74 Whitaker, C A., 49, 89, 173, 175, 179, 227, 250–254, 257, 261, 263–267, 269, 368, 402 Whitaker, C.A., 32, 34, 37 White, H., 239 White, K M., 391 White, L K., 127 8/5/14 12:41 AM www.downloadslide.net 484 Name Index White, M., 43, 183, 332, 343–346, 348, 351, 405 Whiteside, M F., 130 Whiteside-Mansell, L., 258 Whiting, J B., 203, 204, 381 Whiting, R., 188 Whittier, J., 273 Whittinghill, D., 363 Wickel, K., 294 Wieling, E., 138 Wilcoxon, S A., 85, 100, 101, 169, 218, 377 Wilde, B J., 43 Wildman, J., 159, 185, 296, 325 Wiley, K., 260 Wilk, J., 335, 339, 341 Wilkinson, R., 214 Williams, L., 200, 393 Williams, L M., 382, 383 Williams, R A., 385 Williams, T., 154 Williamson, D., 224 Willis, J T., 147–148 Wills, T A., 86 Wilson, C M., 360 Wilson, J J., 92 Wilson, J S., 82 Z04_GLAD8795_06_GE_NIDX.indd 484 Wilson, L L., 148 Wilson, P., 77 Windsor, L C., 332 Winek, J., 260 Winek, J L., 370 Winn, D.-M, 148 Winnicott, D W., 230 Winter, J., 266 Winter, W D., 87 Wittenborn, A K., 209–211 Woestendiek, J., 129 Woititz, J G., 363 Wolff, Z., 195 Wolin, S., 85 Wolin, S J., 85 Wolpe, J., 273, 282 Wood, L F., 274, 288 Wood, M M., 199 Woods, M D., 251, 263 Woolley, S., 210, 302, 315 Woolley, S R., 202 Worden, M., 68, 179, 183 Worthington, E L Jr., 199 Wozny, D A., 157 Wrenn, C G., 142 Wright, J., 99, 202 Wright, M., 273 Wycoff, S., 371 Wycott, S., 367 Wylie, M S., 235, 243, 274, 312, 314, 315, 318, 321–323 Wynne, L., 224, 232, 234, 335 Wynne, L C., 31, 48, 75, 90, 382 Yang, J., 152 Young, K., 343 Young, M., 195, 201 Young, M A., 194, 203, 206, 209, 210, 383 Young, M E., 194, 210 Young, T., 66 Yznaga, S., 239 Zaken-Greenberg, F., 286 Zal, H M., 67 Zarski, J J., 90 Zastowny, T., 117 Zelli, A., 97 Ziff, K., 256 Zill, N., 86 Zimmerman, J., 68 Zimmerman, T S., 118 Zuccarini, D., 209 Zuk, G., 32, 36, 41 8/5/14 12:41 AM www.downloadslide.net Subject Index AAMFT See American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) ABC procedure, 207 ABCX model, 98 Absurdity, 252 Abuse See Child abuse/neglect; Domestic violence; Substance abuse ACA See American Counseling Association (ACA) Acceptance, 107, 274 behavioral couple therapy, 207 of gays and lesbians, 145–146 and single-parent family by choice, 111 Accommodation (joining stage of therapy), 301 Accountability, research, 383 Acculturation, 153 Acculturation gap, 150 Ackerman Institute for the Family, 226 ACME See Association of Couples for Marriage Enrichment (ACME) Adaptability of families, 96–97 Adlerian family therapy middle phase of treatment, 189 to substance-related disorders, 368 termination, 189–190 Advances and Developments in Family Stress Theory and Research, 99 Affairs during marriage, 213 Affect, 250 Affective confrontation, 254 African Americans/African American families challenges, 147–148 cultural value preferences, 143 racism, poverty, and discrimination, 146–147 statistics on, 146 strengths, 147 therapy and, 148–149 AFTA See American Family Therapy Academy (AFTA) Agents, county home extension, 29–30 Aging family, 83 AIM See Anatomy of Intervention Model (AIM) Al-Anon, 185, 368, 369 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 36 Alcohol abuse, 360 Alcohol dependency, 360 Alcoholism, 154, 360 Alignments, 299 All Families Are Special, 115 Ambiguous losses, 88 American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) accreditation, 45–46 membership of, 36, 45–46 American Association of Marriage Counselors, 29 American Counseling Association (ACA), 41 American Family Therapy Academy (AFTA), 36, 37, 235 American Psychological Association (APA), 40, 45, 313 American Society for Clinical Hypnosis, 313 Amplifying feedback loops (positive feedback loops), 57 Anatomy of Intervention Model (AIM), 285–286 And Baby Makes Three, 198 Angela’s Ashes, 362 Anxiety, 279 APA See American Psychological Association (APA) Appreciation and healthy families, 86 Arab Americans culture of, 155 statistics on, 155 therapy and, 155–156 Asian Americans/Asian American families racism against, 150 statistics on, 149 therapy, 150–151 values/culture of, 143, 149–150 Assertiveness, 275 Assessment of families dimensions of, 395–396 Family Assessment Form, 396, 397 formal methods, 396–398 importance of, 393–396 informal methods, 396 overview, 381–383 Tomm system, 394 Association of Couples for Marriage Enrichment (ACME), 200 Attachment theory, 253 Attenuating feedback loops (negative feedback loops), 57 Authoritarian parenting style, 276 Authoritative parenting style, 276 Baseline of behaviors, 284 Basic Family Therapy Skills Project, 43, 50 Battering See also Domestic violence batterer types, 370 definition/description, 370 male batterers’ heart rates, 274 Battle for initiative, experiential approach, 265 Battle for structure, 173, 265 Behavioral analysis, of marital distress, 206 Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral family therapies, 402–403 Behavioral/cognitive-behavioral family therapies behavioral parent training, 276–277 case illustration, 289–290 cognitive-behavioral marital therapy (CBMT), 279 comparison with other theories, 288–289 functional family therapy, 277–278 major theorists, 272–274 overview, 272–273 premises of theory, 274–276 process and outcome, 286 for sexual dysfunction, 279 techniques of, 280–285 therapists’ role, 285–286 type of, 276–277 unique aspects of, 287–289 Behavioral couple therapy (BCT), 204–207 comparison with other theories, 206–207 offshoots of, 207 process and outcome, 206 treatment techniques, 204–206 unique aspects of, 206 Behavioral parent training, 276–277 Behaviorism, 29, 276 Belmont Report, 388 Bibliotherapy, 115, 199 Blamer, 255 Blamer softening, 211 Blended families, 117–132 case illustrations, 122, 125 common concerns of, 118–119 as consequence of parent death, 119–120 defined, 117–118 divorce of a couple and, 120–121 dynamics associated with, 121–125 process and outcome, 132 strengths and challenges of, 125–128 therapist’s role with, 130–131 therapy approaches, 128–130 Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking, 383 485 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 485 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net 486 Subject Index Bonding, 210 Boomerang children, 69 Boundaries family structure and, 89 structural family therapy, 297, 302–303 therapist creation of, 181, 189 Boundary making (disequilibrium technique), 302–303 Bowen family therapy, 401–402 asking questions, 242 case illustration, 245–246 comparison with other theories, 244 detriangulation, 241 differentiation of self, 241–242 genograms, 239–341 going home again, 241 major theorists, 234–235 overview, 223–224 person-to-person relationships, 241 premises of theory, 235–239 process and outcome, 243 and substance-related disorders, 367 therapist’s role, 242–243 treatment techniques, 239–242 unique aspects of, 243–244 Bowen transmission process, 237 Boys and Girls Book About Stepfamilies, The, 129 Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 332, 333 Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT), 385 Brief therapy, 31, 333 Bronx State Hospital, 36 Brunner/Mazel, 41 BSFT See Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) Building a Strong Marriage, 201 Bulimia, 237 Caring days, 205 Case conceptualization, 178 Case illustrations behavioral/cognitive-behavioral family therapies, 289–290 Bowen family therapy, 245–246 Bridges (centrifugal families), 96 Briggs substance abuse, 366 Caliva, Nonna (family therapy history), 38 Cobb (Bowen family therapy), 245–246 Connor, Tim (family therapy process), 180 data collection in Malaysia, 398 Embrace, Attractive, 172 emotionally focused therapy (EFT), 212–213 experiential family therapy, 267–269 Ferrado family, 232–234 graduate student sampling study, 390 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 486 Gupta, Deo (family therapy history), 44–45 Gupta family (Asian Americans), 151 Hamilton family substance abuse, 369 Johansson family (structural family therapy), 307–308 Kaplanovics (EFT), 212–213 Knapp, Ada (development factors), 60–61 Krause family (blended family), 125 Marrone family (behavioral/cognitivebehavioral family) therapies, 289–290 Mati, Makena (blended family), 122 narrative family therapy, 352–353 Ortiz, Jodi (family therapy history), 34 psychodynamic family therapy, 232–234 Reena (role in families), 89 Roberts family (solution-focused family therapy), 342–343 Robin family (balance within a family), 54 same-sex marriages, 146 Steinhauer family (experiential family therapy), 267–269 strategic family therapy, 327–328 structural family therapy, 307–308 Tuzman family, 59 Verghese, Sheena (single-parent mother), 110 Weatherford family (narrative family therapy), 352–353 Wilson family (strategic family therapy), 327–328 Catalyst role of therapist, 230 Catharsis, 108, 228, 233 CBMT See Cognitive-behavioral marital therapy (CBMT) C-CAT See Couples Creativity Assessment Tasks (C-CAT) Celebrations, narrative family therapy, 348 Centrifugal family style, 95–96 Centrifugal position, of therapist, 348 Centripetal family style, 95–96 Certificates, narrative family therapy, 348, 349 “Change of change,” 99 Changing Family Life Cycle: A Framework for Family Therapy, The, 65, 76 Chaos stage, 265 Charting, 284 Check mark diagram, 98 Child abuse/neglect abuse vs neglect, 376 effects of, 376 overview, 376–379 physical abuse, 376–377 sexual abuse, 377 treatment approaches, 377–379 Child-free couples, 82 Childhood sexual abuse (CSA), 377 Child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT), 261 Child relationship enhancement family therapy (CREFT), 261 Children, experiential approach for, 254 Choreography, experiential approach, 257 Chronic illness See Illness Circle/wheel of influence, in family reconstruction, 260 Circular causality, 35, 55, 56, 71, 316 Circular questioning, 37, 183, 324 Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems, 97 Classical conditioning, behavioral/ cognitive-behavioral family therapies, 281 Clear boundaries, 297 Clients, solution-focused/oriented therapies, 338 Clinical notes, 182–183 Clue, solution-focused family therapy, 337 Coaching, behavioral/cognitive-behavioral family therapies, 281 Coalitions in families observation in therapy, 184, 189 structural family therapy, 295–296 Cobb family (Bowen family therapy), 245–246 Cocreate a problem, solution-focused family therapy, 336 Code of ethics revision of, 47 Codependency, 367 Coexistence strategy, 139 Cognitive-behavioral marital therapy (CBMT), 279 Cognitive-behavioral theory, 275 Cognitive construction addition, 304 Cognitive distraction, 208 Cohabitation, 64 Cohesion of families, 96–97 Collaborative divorce, 218–219, 221 Combrinck-Graham diagram, 95, 97 Commitment ambiguity, 146 Commitment and healthy families, 86 Common couple violence (CCV), 372 Communication behavioral/cognitive-behavioral family therapies, 280 experiential approach, 255–256 and healthy families, 87 “I” statement, 206, 255 leveling, 255 skills training, 206 Communication stance, 256 Communications theory, 204, 251 Community-family links, 115, 368–369 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 487 Community reinforcement approach (CRA), 365 Complainants (clients), 338 Complementarity, 229, 296, 385 Complementary relationships, 94–95 strategic family therapy and, 316 Compliment, solution-focused family therapy, 337 Computer (or rational analyzer), 256 Confirmation (joining stage of therapy), 300 Confirming/verifying, research, 383 Conflictual triangles, 89–90 Confrontation affective, 254 in psychodynamic family therapy, 228 Conjoint Family Therapy, 34, 251 Conjoint therapy, 202 definition/description, 375 and dual sex therapy team, 279 Consolidation/integration, in EFT, 211 Construct validity, 391, 393 Consultants, solution-focused family therapy, 333 Content, 170, 171 Content validity, 393 Contextual therapy, 32 Contingency contracting, behavioral/ cognitive-behavioral family therapies, 281 Contingency contracts, 204 Contracting, behavioral/cognitivebehavioral family therapies, 280 Coping with crises/stress ambiguous losses, 88 characteristics, 97–98 expected events, 88 family structure, 94–97 nonevents, 88 strategies of families, 97–100 Correlation research designs, 389 County home extension agents, 29–30 Couple, description and statistics on, 194 Couples Communication (CC) Program, 201 Couples Creativity Assessment Tasks (C-CAT), 396 Couple therapy, 194 See also Marriagecouple therapy; Marriage therapy Courage, and growth, 71 CRA See Community reinforcement approach (CRA) Crisis resolution, 230 Criterion validity, 393 Cross-generational alliance, 296 CSA See Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) Cultural competency, 139 Culturally diverse families dynamics of, 140–141 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 487 economics of, 141 institutional barriers and, 141 life cycle events, 140–141 overview, 138–140 statistics on, 139 worldview, 139 Culturally diverse families-therapy approaches acceptance, 142 African American families, 146–149 Arab American families, 155–156 Asian American families, 150–151 European American families, 157 experience, 142 gay/lesbian families, 144 Hispanic/Latino American families, 152–153 ingenuity, 143 intervention, 144 issues within, 141–144 Native American families, 154–155 overview, 144 sensitivity, 142 specificity, 143 therapist role in, 158–159 treatment selection guidelines, 157–159 Culturally encapsulated counselors, 142 Cultural value preferences by ethnicity, 143 Culture, 138–140 Culture specific model, 157 Custodial parent, 106 Customers (clients), 338 Cutoffs, Bowen family therapy, 238 Cybernetics, 55 Cybernetics of cybernetics, 43, 44 Cycle deescalation, in EFT, 210 Damping, in conflict, 87 Death of spouse/parent See also Single-parent family from death remarried families and, 119–120 stages following, 108 Deconstruction, 350 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), 47 Denial, 231 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 36 Descriptive research, 389 Desensitization, 275 Design, of research, 389 Despair augmentation, of family, 254 Details, overemphasis on, 170–171 Detouring coalition, structural family therapy, 296 Detriangulation, 238, 241 Development See also Family development; Individual life cycle development concept of, 59 time dimensions, 59–61 Developmental crises, 61 Developmental research, 389 Developmental stressors, 91 Diagnosing, structural family therapy, 303 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 47, 100, 177, 393 Differentiation, 230 Differentiation of self autonomy, 236 continuum, 236, 237 definition/description, 236 undifferentiated, 236 Diffuse boundaries, 298 Dilemmas, and narrative family therapy, 346 DINKs See Dual income, no kids (DINKs) Directive, strategic family therapy, 317 assigned behaviors, 317 direct and indirect suggestions, 317 nonverbal messages, 317 Direct observational assessment, 391 Dirty game, 324 Disequilibrium techniques, 301 Displacement, psychoanalytic defense mechanisms, 231 Disputing irrational thoughts, 284 Distancing, 180 Distractor, 255 Division 43 (Family Psychology) of the American Psychological Association (APA), 40 Divorce See also Single-parent family from divorce cohabitation effect, 64 collaborative, 218–219 empty nesters, 69 family mediation, 218 illness and, 74 newly married couples and, 66 reasons for seeking, 216 and remarried families, 120–121 Divorce Remedy: The Proven 7-Step Program for Saving Your Marriage, 217 Divorce therapy, 216–217, 221 book resources on, 217 goals of, 216–217 techniques used in, 217 Domestic violence definition/description, 370 forms of, 370 murders, 370 statistics on, 370–371 victim-victimization spectrum, 370–372 Domestic Violence: A National Curriculum for Family Preservation Practitioners, 371 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net 488 Subject Index Domestic violence, family therapy assessment of, 372 conjoint therapy, 375 educational treatment, 376 equality wheel, 374 intimate justice theory, 375–376 power and control wheel of, 373 treatment approaches, 372–376 Double ABCX model, 98, 99 Double-bind, 31 Dream and daydream analysis, in psychodynamic family therapy, 228 Dual-career couples, 82 Dual-career family, 82 Dual income, no kids (DINKs), 82 Dual therapy, 32 Duluth model, 376 Dysfunctional communication theory, 31 Economic factors culturally diverse families, 141 domestic violence, 370, 372 family life, 53–54 multigenerational family, 83 remarried families, 128 single-parent families, 111, 114, 115 stress and, 154 Education cognitive-behavioral approaches and, 280 domestic violence-family therapy and, 376 family therapists, 45, 46 marriage and relationship, 198–199 for remarried families-therapy approaches, 129–130 for single-parent family therapy approaches, 113, 115 studying healthy families, 100–101 Embrace, Attractive case illustration, 172 Emotional deadness, 253 Emotionally focused therapy (EFT), 203 case illustration, 212–213 comparison with other theories, 212 definition/description, 209 objective of, 209 process and outcome, 210, 211 therapist’s role, 210 treatment techniques, 210 unique aspects of, 211–212 Emotional processes in society, 238 Emotional reactivity, 35 Empty nest, 69–70 Enabler role, 362 Enactment emotionally focused therapy, 210 structural family therapy, 302 Encopresis, 345 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 488 Engagement, in experiential approach, 264–265 Enhancers, 169 Enmeshment, 180 ENRICH See PREPARE/ENRICH Inventories Epistemology of investigator, 391 ESCAPE, 159 Ethical genogram See Multigenerational genogram Ethnic group/ethnicity, life cycles-family therapy and, 74 European Americans cultural values of, 143, 156–157 therapy and, 157 Exceptions, solution-focused family therapy, 336 Exceptions questions, 347 Exchange theory, 204 Expanded Family Life Cycle, The, 91, 119 Expectancy factors, 169 Expected events, of crisis, 88 Experiential family therapy, 402 case illustration, 267–269 major theorists, 250–253 overview, 249–250 premises of theory, 253 process and outcome, 264–265 Satir, Virginia, 250–251 techniques of, 253–263 therapists’ role, 263–264 unique aspects of, 266–267 Whitaker, Carl, 251–253 Experiential-symbolic family therapy, 253 Experimental research, 389 Exploratory research, 389 Explorer/star in family reconstruction, 258 Externalization, narrative family therapy, 344 External validity, 391 Extinction, behavioral/cognitive-behavioral family therapies, 281–282 Extratherapeutic factors, 168 FACES See Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES) Families and Family Therapy, 37, 295 Families as empty nesters, 69, 70 Families in later life, 70–71 Families of the Slums, 33, 295 Families with adolescents challenges, 68 overview, 67–69 reasons for seeking family therapy, 68 stress in, 68 Families with young children attachment bond and, 66–67 challenges of, 66–67 for intact middle class/nuclear families, 67 marital satisfaction and, 66–67 reasons for seeking therapy, 67 Family defined, 54 functions, 54 interrelatedness, 54 origin/history, 52–53 as a system, 55 types of, 81–84 Family adaptability, 96–97 Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES), 97 Family Assessment Form, 396, 397 Family assessment measures, 396–397 Family-based research, culturally effective, 46 Family clown, 362 Family cohesion, 96–97 Family Crucible, The, 252 Family dance, 179 Family development and environmental fit, 92 Family drawings, 262 Family homeostasis, strategic family therapy and, 315 Family Journal, The, 47 Family life cycle with adolescents, 67–69 in later life, 70–71 launching children, 69–70 new couple, 65–66 overview, 62–63 single adults leaving home, 63–65 stressors/well-being summary, 67 summary, 77–78 unifying with individual cycle, 71, 73 with young children, 66–67 Family life education, 29 Family life fact chronology, 259 Family map, in family reconstruction, 258 Family mediation, 218, 221 Family Process, 225 Family projection, Bowen family therapy, 237 Family reconstruction experiential approach, 258–260 family life fact chronology, 259 family map, 258 guide, 258–260 “star”/“explorer,” 258 wheel/circle of influence, 260 Family relating symbols, 298 Family rules, strategic family therapy and, 315 Family sculpting, 36 Family structure, structural family therapy, 295 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 489 Family therapists common problems of (See Problems of family therapists) continued development of profession of, 46 major stressors for, 169 personhood of, 169–170 staying active, 185 Family therapy See also Life cycles-family therapy background of, 188–189 change in leadership of (1980s), 40 common factors in, 168–169 development inhibitors, 28–29 example of appropriate process, 188–190 foreign therapies/therapists’ influence, 37 global growth of, 45 growth catalysts, 29–30 initial sessions, 188–189 new theories and specialties within, 42–45 overview, 28 publications in, 41 refinement of theories, 37 research techniques, 41 through the decades, 48–50 2010 to the present, 46–47 Family therapy, reasons for seeking families as empty nesters, 70–71 families in later life, 71 families with adolescents, 67–69, 70 families with young children, 67 marriage-new couple, 66 single adults (young), 64 Family therapy appropriate process initial sessions, 178–183 middle phase of treatment, 183–186 pre-session planning/tasks, 176–178 termination, 186–188 Family therapy history before 1940, 28 foreign therapies/therapists’ influence, 37 institutes/training centers importance, 36 personalities in 1950s, 31–32 personalities in 1960s, 32–34, 34–35 1940 to 1949, 30 1950 to 1959, 30–31 1960 to 1969, 32–36 1970 to 1979, 36–40 1980 to 1989, 40–42 1990 to 1999, 42–45 2000 to 2009, 45–46 Family therapy models behavioral and cognitive-behavioral, 402–403 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 489 Bowen, 401–402 experiential, 402 narrative, 405–406 psychodynamic, 401 solution-focused, 404–405 strategic, 404 structural, 403 Family Therapy Networker, 41 Family Therapy with Ethnic Minorities, 143 Fantasy alternatives, modeling, 254 Feminist Approach to Family Therapy, A, 39 Feminist family therapy, 39–40, 42 15Fifteen and Pregnant, 111 Fighting for Your Marriage: Positive Steps for Preventing Divorce and Preserving a Lasting Love, 217 Filial therapy, 153, 261 Findings, of research, 383–386 First-order change, 98 FOCUS, 195 Follow-up/relapse prevention, 187, 190 Formation, psychoanalytic defense mechanisms, 231 Frame, concept of, 179 Freud, Sigmund Bowen family therapy and, 223 psychodynamic family therapy, 223, 226, 231 Functional family therapy assessment, 277–278 change, 278 definition/description, 277–278 maintenance, 278 Fusion/fused relationship, 235, 236, 242, 298 Games, 323 Gay/lesbian families, 144–146 description, 82–83 therapy and, 146 Gender roles, 169 Gender-sensitive family therapy, 39 Genograms See Multigenerational genogram Goals, long-term (termination), 187 Good enough mother, 230 Grandparent-headed family, 83 “Great Start,” 201 Greek chorus, 326 Grounding, 283 Group family therapy, 251 Group Work: A Counseling Specialty, 231 “Growing Together Workshop,” 201 Growth See also Development description, 71 illness, 74 Growth, and courage, 71 Guide in family reconstruction, 258 Guilford Press, 41 Happenstance, 92–93 Health, definition/description, 85 Healthy families development pattern and, 89–90 encouragement of individual, 88–89 interdependence of, 55 overview, 84–85, 85–90 perception changes over time, 84–85 qualities of, 86–89 reasons for studying, 100–101 religious/spiritual orientation, 87–88 roles and, 89 structure and, 89–90, 94–97 television shows and, 84 Heterosexual couples, 82 Hill’s ABCX model, 98 HIPS and Slips approach, 394 Hispanic/Latino American families therapy and, 152–153 Hispanic/Latino people cultural values, 143, 151–152 description/statistics on, 151–152 Historical time, 59 Hollingsworth v Perry, 47 Home-based therapy, 155 Homeostasis definition/description, 56, 89 strategic family therapy and, 315 Homework definition/description, 182 reasons for, 182 with strategic family therapies, 319 with structural family therapy, 305 Hope and therapy, 181–182 Hope factors, 169 Horizontal stressors, 90 “Human Family” (poem), 168 Humanistic model of therapy, 210 Human Sexual Inadequacy, 278 Human Sexual Response, 278 Human Validation Process Model, 251, 265 Humor experiential approach, 257 in therapy, 186 Hypothesizing, 323 IAMFC See International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) IBCT See Integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT) Idealistic distortion, 66 Idealization, 65–66 Identified patient, 364, 365 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net 490 Subject Index IFC See Institute for Family Counseling (IFC) Illicit drug use, 360 Illness phases of, 74–75 therapeutic responses, 75 Incest, 100 Indicated prevention, 196 Individuality, 236 Individual life cycle development conflicts, 62 historical focus, 61–62 stages, 61–62 unifying with family cycle, 71, 73 Individual time, 59 Infidelity, 221 defined, 213 extramarital affair, 213, 214 forgiveness, 215 integrated approach, 215 risk factors with, 214 treatment approaches for, 214–215 Informed consent brochure, 173 Initial sessions, in family therapy process appointment, 182 assessing changes to be made, 181–182 assignments in, 182 clinical notes, 182–183 engendering hope in, 181–182 observing family interactions, 179–180 overcoming resistance, 184 overview, 178–183 perception of family, 179 rapport establishment, 178–179 Institute for Family Counseling (IFC), 295, 314 Institute for Family Studies in Milan, 36 Institutional barrier, 141 Instrumentation, of research, 390–391 Integration stage, 265 Integration strategy, 139 Integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT), 207 See also Behavioral couple therapy (BCT) Intensity, structural family therapy, 303 Intercultural couples, 139 Intergenerational ambivalence, 62 Intergenerational coalitions, 89 Interlocking pathology, 226 Internal family systems model, 43 International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) accreditation, 46 formation of, 41 goals and purposes of, 41 membership of, 46 Interpersonal couple conflict, 279 Interpersonal processes, EFT, 209 Interpersonal stress, 254 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 490 Interpretation, 229 Interrater reliability, 391 Intervention, 364 Intimate partner violence (IPV), 370 See also Domestic violence Intrapersonal stress, 254 Intrapsychic conflict, 279 Intrapsychic processes, EFT, 209 Invariant prescription, 324 Invisible loyalties, 231 Involvement, experiential approach, 265 “I” position, 236 IPV See Intimate partner violence (IPV) “I” statement, 206, 255 Job card grounding, 283 Johansson family case (structural family therapy), 307–308 Joining stage of therapy, 178–179, 188, 300 Joint custody, 106 Journal of Family Issues, 41 Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37, 46 Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41 Juno, 111 Kaplanovic family case (EFT), 212–213 Keeping Love Alive, 334 Knots, 38 Krause family case (blended family), 125 Lack of resolution strategy, 139 Ladies Home Journal, 29 Latino See Hispanic/Latino American families Leaving Home, 314 Lesbian family, 82–83 Letter writing, narrative family therapy, 347–348 Leveling, in communication, 255 Life cycle definition/description, 60 unifying individual-family cycles, 71, 73 Life cycles-family therapy ethnicity and, 74 gender and illness and, 74–75 implications overview, 73–77 match between family-therapist, 73–74 poor families and, 76–77 professional families and, 76–77 special needs children, 75–76 Life cycle transitions, and stress, 90 Life history, 229 Linear causality, 35, 56 Logico-scientific reasoning, narrative family therapy, 344 Longitudinal study, 389 Lost child role, 362 Love Is a Family, 115 Making contact stage, 265 Marital assessment measures, 396–397 Marital distress, 206 See also Divorce Marital quality, 203 Marriage health benefits of, 194 statistics on, 194–195 Marriage and Family Living, 29 Marriage and relationship education, 198–199 Marriage counseling, 29 Marriage-couple therapy behavioral couple therapy (BCT), 204–207 cognitive-behavioral couple therapy (CBCT), 207–208 cost effectiveness, 202 emotionally focused therapy (EFT), 210 major theorists, 202–203 research and results, 202 therapeutic approaches for, 203–204 Marriage Encounter Program, 200 Marriage enrichment definition/description, 199 programs, 199–202 Marriage-new couple challenges, 66 divorce and, 66 idealization, 65–66 overview, 65–66 reasons for seeking family therapy, 66 Marriage therapy See also Marriage-couple therapy defined, 194 premarital counseling and, 114–115 research and, 384 Marrone family (behavioral/cognitivebehavioral family therapies), 289–290 Mastering Family Therapy: Journeys of Growth and Transformation, 295 Mediation, 218 Mental Research Institute (MRI), 31 Merged families See Remarried families Metachange, 99 Middle phase of treatment process active as therapists, 185 coalitions, 184 connecting family members, 184 emphasizing change within system, 184 establishing contracts, 184 in family therapy, 190 humor in, 186 involving family members, 183 observing evidence of change, 186 quid pro quo relations, 184 reinforcing for new behaviors, 185 Milan approach, 321 Milan systemic family therapy, 321–330 case illustration, 38 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 491 circular questioning, 324 comparison to other theories, 326 hypothesizing, 323 invariant/variant prescriptions, 324 major theorist, 321–323 positive connotation, 324 premises, 323 process and outcome, 325 rituals, 324–325 role of therapist, 325 treatment techniques, 323–325 unique aspects of, 326 Military family, 83 Mimesis (joining stage of therapy), 300 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, 398 Miracle question, 336 Model and technique factors, 169 Modeling fantasy alternatives, 254 Mourning stage, 108 Multiculturalism, 139 See also Culturally diverse families Multifamily therapy, 368 Multigenerational family, 83 Multigenerational genogram, 245–246 case illustration, 246 data, 240 definition/description, 237, 239–241 gender solution-focused, 339 Gladding family genogram, 240 Multigenerational transmission process, 237 Multisystemic therapy (MST), 40, 41–42 Murphy Brown, 84 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 398 Mystification, 38 Narcotics Anonymous (NA), 368 Narrative family therapy, 332, 354, 405–406 case illustration, 352–353 celebrations, 348 certificates, 348, 349 comparison with other theories, 351–352 dilemmas and, 346 externalization, 345 influence of person on problem, 345–346 influence of problem on person, 345–346 letters, 347–348 logico-scientific reasoning, 344 major theorists, 343–344 premises of theory, 344 process and outcome, 350 questions, 347 reauthoring, 344 setbacks and, 346 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 491 therapists’ role, 348, 350 treatment techniques, 345–348 unique aspects of, 351–352 Narrative reasoning, 344 Narratives, concept, 344 National Mental Health Act of 1946, 30 National Research Act, 388 Native Americans challenges of, 154 cultural values, 143, 154 family therapy and, 154–155 statistics on, 153 Natural systems theory, 234 Negative feedback loops (attenuating feedback loops), 57 Neglectful parenting style, 276 “Net Generation, ” 47 Neutrality, 242, 323 New epistemology, 43 Noncustodial parent, 106 Nonevents, of crisis, 88 Nonprobability samples, 390 Nonverbal messages, 176 Nonviolent resistance, 277 Nuclear family, 81 cutoff, 236 emotional process, 236 emotional reactivity, 236 fusion, 236 Object, defined, 226 Object relations theory, 226 Off-schedule events, 241 Offset effect, 384 Old epistemology, 325 Oldest old category, 70 Old old category, 70 One-person family therapy (OPFT), 385 Ontology, 44 Open assessment, domestic violence, 372 Operant conditioning, 204, 273, 280 Operant interpersonal approach, 204 OPFT See One-person family therapy (OPFT) Ordeals, strategic family therapy, 318 Organism, in Bertalanffy’s theory, 55 Orientation, termination process, 187 Outside systems-family links, 75, 82–83, 185 “Overpathologize,” 100 PAIRS See Practical Application of Intimate Relationship Skills (PAIRS) Paradox, strategic family therapy, 317 prescribing, 317 redefining, 317 restraining, 317 Paradox, structural family therapy, 304 Paradox and Counterparadox, 38 Paradoxical intentions, 38 Paradox strategy, 182 Parallel relationship, 95 Parental subsystem, 296 Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), 276 Parentified children, 117, 298 Parenting changes with adolescent children, 68–69 children behavioral problems, 64 parent-skills training (behavioral parent training), 276–277 in remarried families, 121–122, 125 Parenting assessment measures, 396 Parent-skills training, 276, 277 Parents Without Partners, 115 Parent therapies, 276 Participatory evaluation research, 387 Partner abuse See Domestic violence Patched families See Remarried families Patterns of communication, 189 Permissive parenting style, 276 Person-to-person relationships, Bowen family therapy, 241 Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, 33, 36, 294, 295, 314, 320 Placater, experiential approach, 255 Placebo factors, 169 Planful competence, 68 Play therapy, 260–261 PLISSIT, 278 Positioning, strategic family therapy, 318 Positive blame, 339 Positive connotation, 189, 324 Positive feedback loops (amplifying feedback loops), 57 Positive reciprocity, 206 Positive reinforcement, 204, 282 Positive risk, 205 Possibility therapy, 334 See also Solution-focused family therapy Postgender relationship, 94 Postmodernism, 386 Power, 299 family dynamics and, 189 Power/control wheel, 373 Practical Application of Intimate Relationship Skills (PAIRS), 202 Pragmatic fictions, 304 Premack principle, 284 Premarital assessment questionnaire (PAQ), 195 Premarital counseling, 195, 199 single-parent families, 114–115 PREP See Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) PREPARE, 195 PREPARE/ENRICH Inventories, 201 Prescribing, 317 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net 492 Subject Index Pre-session planning/tasks, family therapy process, 176–178 collecting information, 176–178 hypotheses about dynamics within family, 177 preliminary diagnosis, 177 tone and type of speech in, 177 Presuppositional question technique, 339 Pretend, strategic family therapy, 318 Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP), 201 Preventive approaches, for single-parent families, 114–115 Principles of Behavior Modification, 274 Probability samples, 389 Problems of family therapists battle for initiative, 175 details, 169–170 early or easy resolution, 172 family members engagement, 175 making everyone happy, 171 nonverbal messages, 176 overemphasis, 170–173 overview, 169 scapegoat, 172 showing care/concern, 173, 175 therapy structure establishment, 173 underemphasis, 173–176 verbal expression, 171 Problem solving, 206 Problem Solving Therapy, 314 Procedure, of research, 391 Process, focus on, 185–186 Process of therapy, 169, 170 Professional self-disclosure statement, 173, 174 Projection, psychoanalytic defense mechanisms, 231 Props, experiential approach, 257 Pseudo-individuation, 361 Pseudoselves, 237 Psychoanalysis, 29 Psychoanalytic defense mechanisms, 231 Psychodynamic family therapy, 401 case illustration, 232–234 comparison with other theories, 232 complementarity, 229 confrontation, 228 dream and daydream analysis, 228 emphases, 231–232 focusing on strengths, 228–229 interpretation, 229 life history, 229 major theorists, 224–225 overview, 223, 224–234 premises of theory, 226–227 process and outcome, 230 therapist’s role, 230 transference, 227–228 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 492 treatment techniques, 227–229 unique aspects of, 231–232 Psychodynamics of Family Life, The, 31, 225 Psychoeducational methods, 207 Psychoeducational model, 43 Psychoeducational parenting program, 277 Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context, 37 Public Health Service Act, Title III, Section 303(d)(1), 42 Punctuation strategic family therapy and, 316 structural family therapy, 301–302 Puppet interviews, 263 Qualitative research, 386–388 Quantitative research, 387–388 Quasi kin networks, 122, 123, 126 Questions, and narrative family therapy, 347 exceptions questions, 347 significance questions, 347 Quid pro quo, 184 behavioral/cognitive-behavioral family therapies, 282 strategic family therapy and, 315 for successful relationships, 204 Raising You Alone, 115 Random assignment sampling, 389 Rapport establishment, 178–179, 188–189 Rational analyzer (computer), 256 Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), 207 Rational emotive therapy (RET), 207 Rationalization, psychoanalytic defense mechanisms, 231 Rational Recovery, 369 Reaction, psychoanalytic defense mechanisms, 231 Readjustment stage, 108 Reauthoring, narrative family therapy, 344, 348 REBT See Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) Reciprocity, behavioral/cognitivebehavioral family therapies, 282 Reconcilable Differences, 217 Reconstituted families See Remarried families Recoupled families See Remarried families Redefining, 317 Redirection, 171 Redundancy principle, strategic family therapy and, 316 Reflecting team approach, 43 Reframing definition/description, 181 strategic family therapy and, 316 structural family therapy, 301 Regression, psychoanalytic defense mechanisms, 231 Relapse prevention (RP), 208 RELATE, 195 Relational codes, 394 Relationship Enhancement (RE), 200 Reliability, of research, 393 Religious/spiritual orientation, 87–88 Remarried families, 81 appreciation/respect differences in people, 126 boundaries and, 127–128 challenges of, 127–128 children in, 121–122 cohesion, 123 common concerns of, 118–119 coping with difficulties, 127 couple bond, 123 creativity/innovation and, 126 death of a parent, 119–120 developmental outline, 119 divorces and, 120–121 dynamics with, 121–125 economic problems and, 128 formation of, 118–121 hierarchy and, 127 issues with, 123, 124 life experiences and, 126 loss of members of former family, 127 making healthy adjustments in, 121–122 quasi kin networks, 122, 123, 126 resolving feelings, 128 statistics on, 118 strengths of, 126–127 structure, 123 transition for children in, 121–122 transition for parents/stepparents, 122 Remarried families-therapy approaches education and, 129–130 old loyalties and, 128–129 overview, 128–130 parental involvement and, 129 process/outcome, 132 therapist role in, 130–131 traditions/rituals and, 130 Renewal and accomplishment stage, 108 Reorient, 189 Reorientation and change, in treatment, 189 Repairing process, in conflict, 87 Repression, 129, 231 Research accountability, 383 confirming and verifying, 383 descriptive, 389 design, 389 developmental, 389 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 493 difficulties, 388–393, 399–400 epistemology of investigator, 391 experimental, 389 exploratory, 389 findings, 383–386, 399 importance, 383, 399, 400 instrumentation, 390–391 overview, 381–383 participatory evaluation research, 387 procedure, 391 qualitative, 386–388 quantitative, 387–388 reliability, 393 sampling, 389 software, 386 statistics and, 392 theory and, 391–392 types, 386–388, 399 uniqueness, 383 validity, 393 Resiliency model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation, 98 Resistance, 181 Restraining, 317 Restructuring, structural family therapy, 303 Restructuring interactional positions, 211 RET See Rational emotive therapy (RET) Rigid boundaries, 298 Rituals, 324–325 Roberts family (solution-focused family therapy), 342–343 Role playing, 285 Roles family dynamics and, 189 in structural family therapy, 299 Rugged individualism myth, 28 Rules, 27, 299 Sampling, of research, 389 SANCTUS, 202 Sandwich generation, 67 Satir, Virginia, 33–34 experiential family therapy, 250–251, 254, 266–269 intervention phases, 265 structured techniques used by, 255–260 training program, 266 Scaling technique, solution-focused family therapy, 336 Scapegoat, 172, 362 Schema, in CBMT, 279 Schism, 30 Science and Human Behavior, 273 Sculpting, 256 Second-order change, 99 Second-order (qualitative) change, solution-focused family therapy, 337 Second-order cybernetics, 44 Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 493 Secure attachment bonds, 209 Selective prevention, 196 Self-control strategies, 208 Self-help groups, 369 Self-instructional training, 284–285 Self-report instruments, 390 Self-worth, 265 Senescence, 70 Sensitivity, culturally diverse families and, 142 SET See Structural Ecosystems Therapy (SET) Setbacks, and narrative family therapy, 346 Seven Principles of Making Marriage Work (Gottman and Silver), 198 Severe abusive violence (SAV), 372 Sexual dysfunctions, behavioral treatment of, 279–285 Sexual responsiveness, phases of, 278 SFSR See Strategic Family Systems Rating (SFSR) Shame attack, 285 Shaping, 282 Shaping competence, 303 Sibling position, 238 Sibling subsystem, 296 Significance questions, 347 Simple random sample, 390 Single adults (young) cohabitation, 63 leaving home, 63–65 reasons for seeking family therapy, 64 Singlehood, 63 Single-parent family, 81 challenges, 113–114 definition/description, 105–106 remarriage, 117–118 statistics on, 105–106 strengths, 112–113 types of, 106–109 Single-parent family by choice acceptance and, 111 dramatization of, 111 dynamics of, 111 historical tradition and, 111 overview, 108 reasons for, 111 statistics on, 111 Single-parent family from death dynamics of, 110–111 overview, 108 Single-parent family from divorce children, 114 divorce phases, 107 dynamics of, 109–112 overview, 106 post-divorce family phases, 107 Single-parent family from temporary circumstances dynamics of, 112 overview, 108–109 Single-parent family therapy approaches communication and, 115 education and, 115 financial counseling, 115 overview, 114 prevention approaches, 114–115 process/outcome, 116–117 social support/community connection, 115 therapist role in, 116 Situational stressors, 91 Skeleton keys, 337, 339 Skew, 30 Smart Marriage, 199 Snowballing (sampling), 390 Social constructionism, 43, 334 Social exchange theory, 275 Social learning theory, 204 Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 93 Social Stress and the Family: Advances and Developments in Family Stress Theory and Research, 99 Social time, 59 Societal regression, 238 Soft emotions, 207 Software, for research, 386 SOLER skills, 173–175 Solid self, 63 Solution-focused family therapy, 353–354, 404–405 case illustration, 342–343 comparison with other theories, 341 major theorists, 332–334 overview, 332 premises of theory, 334–336 process and outcome, 340 techniques of, 336–338 therapists’ role, 338–340 unique aspects of, 340–341 Special-needs-child/children family, 82 Special needs children families with, 82 life cycles-family therapy, 75–76 Spillover, 82 Spiritual/religious orientation, healthy families’ qualities, 87–88 Splitting, 227 Spontaneous interaction, structural family therapy, 302 Spousal subsystem, 296 Squeeze technique, for sexual dysfunctions, 279 Stable coalition, structural family therapy, 296 Star/explorer in family reconstruction, 258 Steinhauer family (experiential family therapy), 267–269 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net 494 Subject Index STEP See Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) Step family See Blended families; Remarried families Stepfamily Association of America, The, 129 Stepkin Stories: Helping Children Cope with Divorce and Adjust to Stepfamilies, The, 129 Strategic Family Systems Rating (SFSR), 385 Strategic family therapy, 329, 404 background, 312–313 as brief therapy, 315 case illustration, 327–328 comparison with other theories, 320–321 major theorists, 314–315 overview, 312–313 premises of theory, 315–316 process and outcome, 319 solutions, 340 substance-related disorders, 365–366 techniques, 316–318 therapists’ role, 318–319 unique aspects of, 319–321 Stratified sample, 390 Strength focusing, in psychodynamic family therapy, 228–229 Stress inoculation, 285 Stressors of family life See also Coping with crises/stress expected life stressors, 91–92 failure effects, 93 family structure, 94–97 happenstance, 92–93 horizontal stressors, 90 life cycle transitions and, 90 success effects, 93 trauma effects, 93 unexpected life stressors, 92–94 vertical stressors, 90 Stressors/well-being summary, 67 Structural Ecosystems Therapy (SET), 385 Structural family therapy, 33, 403 case illustration, 307–308 comparison with other theories, 306–307 major theorists, 294–295 premises of theory, 295–296 process and outcome, 305 substance-related disorders, 365–366 subsystems of families, 296 techniques of, 299–304 therapists’ role, 304–305 unique aspects of, 305–307 Structure of family Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 494 centripetal/centrifugal forms, 95–96 cohesion/adaptability forms, 96–97 density over time, 95 symmetrical/complementary forms, 94–95 Structuring behavior, 178 Substance abuse, 360 and Asian American families, 150 and deaths, 361 and Native American families, 154 Substance-related disorders couples and families manifestations of, 361–363 environmental influences on, 365 families and, 360–369 inappropriate handling of, 361–362 individual manifestations of, 353, 361–362 manifestation of, 361–363 overview, 360–361 Substance-related disorders, family therapy Adlerian approach, 368 behavioral therapies, 367 Bowen family therapy, 367 community reinforcement approach (CRA), 365 community resources, 368–369 concerned significant others (CSO) strategy, 364 engaging family in, 363–364 identified patient (IP), 364 multifamily therapy, 368 multisystemic framework of therapy, 365 prevention, 368–369 structural-strategic approach, 366–367 treatment approaches, 365–369 Subsystems of families definition/description, 54, 89 structural family therapy, 296 therapy and, 179 Successive approximation, 282 Summarization, termination process, 187 Supportive behavior, 178 Symbolic drawing of family life space, 262 Symmetrical relationships, 94–96 strategic family therapy and, 316 System, defined, 55 Systematic change agent, 144 Systematic desensitization, 282 Systematic random sample, 390 Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP), 368 Systems theory behaviorism and, 274–275 definition/description, 55 and family therapy, 32, 36 and research, 391–392 Tempe family (balance within a family), 54 Termination process, 186–188 in family therapy, 189–190 follow-up/relapse prevention, 187 long-term goals discussion, 187 orientation, 187 steps, 187 summarization, 187 Therap-eNews, 46 Therapeutic conversations model, 43 Therapeutic neutrality, 242, 323 Therapists See Family therapists Therapy See Family therapy Therapy relationship, 168–169 This Is Me and My Single Parent, 115 This Is Me and My Two Families, 129 Thought stopping, 284 Tickling of defenses, 225 TIME See Training in Marriage Enrichment (TIME) Time dimensions, in life cycle development, 59 Time-out, 283 Touch, experiential approach, 257 Tracking (joining stage of therapy), 300 Traditions/rituals, remarried familiestherapy approaches, 130 Training in Marriage Enrichment (TIME), 201 Transference, in psychodynamic family therapy, 227–228 Transgenerational family therapy See Bowen family therapy Treating the Troubled Family, 34 Triadic questioning, 38 Triangle system, in Bowen family therapy, 237 Triangulated family member, 179–180 Triangulation, 298 Typical day, 189 Unbalancing, structural family therapy, 302, 304 Uncommon Therapy, 313 Undifferentiated family ego mass, 35, 236 Unique outcomes, defined, 350 United States v Windsor, 47 United Way, 115 Universal perspective model, 158 Universal prevention, 196 Unresolvable problems, 207 U.S Bureau of the Census loss of spouse statistics, 70 singlehood statistics, 64 Users Guide to the AAMFT Code of Ethics, 47 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net Subject Index 495 Validity, of research, 393 Values See also specific ethnic groups cultural value preferences by ethnicity, 143 Variant prescription, 324 Verbal expression overemphasis, 171 Vertical stressors, 90 Vicious cycles, 319 Virtuous cycles, 319 Visitors (clients), 338 Walden Two, 273 WASP See White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 495 Weatherford family (narrative family therapy), 352–353 Wheel/circle of influence, in family reconstruction, 260 Whitaker, Carl experiential family therapy, 251–253, 254, 268 on role of therapist, 263 tailoring therapy to individual families, 266 techniques used by, 252–253, 257, 261, 270 White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP), 156 Whites See European Americans Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, 362 Wilson family (strategic family therapy), 327–328 Wiltwyck School, New York, 33, 294 Withdrawer reengagement, 211 Women for Sobriety, 369 Women’s Project in Family Therapy, 40 “Yes set,” 337 Young old category, 70 8/5/14 12:42 AM www.downloadslide.net Z05_GLAD8795_06_GE_SIDX.indd 496 8/5/14 12:42 AM ... 32) He was shy, and when his family moved to Syracuse in 1 925 , he felt awkward and out of place He attributed M09_GLAD8795_06_GE_C09.indd 25 1 8/5/14 12: 24 AM www.downloadslide.net 25 2 Part 2 ... 1 8-4 -1 920 Emily is born Star’s maternal grandmother Savannah, GA 1940 Robert marries Emily Star’s maternal grandfather Macon, GA 1-1 -1 946 Inez is born Star’s mother Macon, GA 6 -2 2- 1 970 Samuel and. .. 2- 3 -1 979 Samuel and Inez divorce Star’s parents Chicago, IL 1-1 -1 9 82 Samuel remarries Star’s father Atlanta, GA 9-5 -1 989 Margaret enters college; lives at home with mom Star Chicago, IL 1 0-1 -1 991