Netter''s anatomy flash cards are the most convenient and portable way to review anatomy on the fly. This 4th Edition contains full-color illustrations from Netter''s Atlas of Human Anatomy, 6th Edition paired with concise text identifying those structures and reviewing relevant anatomical information and clinical correlations.
1600 John F Kennedy Blvd Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 NETTER’S ANATOMY FLASH CARDS, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-18595-0 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Permissions for Netter Art figures may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Science Licensing Department in Philadelphia PA, USA: phone 1-800-523-1649, ext 3276 or (215) 239-3276; or email H.Licensing@elsevier.com Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book The Publisher ISBN: 978-0-323-18595-0 Senior Content Strategist: Elyse O’Grady Senior Content Development Specialist: Marybeth Thiel Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: John Casey Senior Book Designer: Louis Forgione Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Preface Congratulations! You have just purchased the most popular and comprehensive set of anatomy flash cards available Netter’s Anatomy Flash Cards offer a unique learning resource to supplement the anatomy textbook, atlas, or dissection materials used in medical, dental, nursing, allied health, and undergraduate courses in human anatomy This set of cards draws on the timeless medical illustrations of Frank H Netter, MD, and includes not only the musculoskeletal system but also a review of important nerves, vessels, and visceral structures not commonly found in traditional flash card sets Each × full-color card details human anatomy as only Netter can The set is organized regionally in accordance with Netter’s widely popular Atlas of Human Anatomy (i.e., Head and Neck; Back and Spinal Cord; Thorax; Abdomen; Pelvis and Perineum; Upper Extremity; Lower Extremity) Within each region, cards are arranged sequentially as follows: Bones and Joints; Muscles; Nerves; Vessels; and Viscera Moreover, the image on each card is referenced to the original plate in the Atlas of Human Anatomy, 6th Edition Because each section opening card is slightly taller, you can easily pull out an entire section of cards for study In addition, a corner of each card is prepunched so that you can insert it on the enclosed metal ring to keep an entire section of cards in the correct order Each card includes a Comment section, which provides relevant information about the structure(s) depicted on the front of the card, including detailed information for muscle origins, insertions, actions, and innervation Most cards also contain a Clinical section that highlights the clinical relevance of the anatomy depicted on the front of the card Bonus online content is available at www.studentconsult.com using the scratch-off PIN code on the first card Online content includes over 300 multiple-choice questions to test your retention of the material These cards offer an accurate and ready source of anatomic information in an easy-to-use and portable format Consensus regarding the specific anatomic details of such topics as muscle attachments or the range of motion of joints can vary considerably among anatomy textbooks In fact, human anatomic variation is common and normal Consequently, the anatomic detail provided on these cards represents commonly accepted information whenever possible I am indebted to and wish to credit the following superb sources and their authors or editors: Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 3rd ed Drake R, Vogl W, Mitchell A Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2014 Gray’s Anatomy, 40th ed Standring S Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2008 Netter’s Clinical Anatomy, 3rd ed Hansen JT Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2014 Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed Moore KL, Dalley DR, Agur AMR Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014 Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th ed Agur AMR, Dalley AF Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013 My hope is that the Netter Flash Cards will make learning more enjoyable and productive, and that the study of anatomy will inspire you with a sense of awe and respect for the human form John T Hansen, PhD Professor and Associate Dean Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York Netter’s Anatomy Flash Cards Table of Contents Section 1: Head and Neck Section 2: Back and Spinal Cord Section 3: Thorax Section 4: Abdomen Section 5: Pelvis and Perineum Section 6: Upper Limb Section 7: Lower Limb Netter’s Anatomy Flash Cards, 4th Edition 1 Head and Neck Cards 1-1 to 1-84 Bones and Joints 1-1 Skull: Anterior View 1-2 Skull: Lateral View 1-3 Skull: Midsagittal Section 1-4 Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity 1-5 Cranial Base: Inferior View 1-6 Foramina of Cranial Base: Superior View 1-7 Mandible: Anterolateral Superior View 1-8 Mandible: Left Posterior View 1-9 Temporomandibular Joint 1-10 Teeth 1-11 Tooth 1-12 Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis 1-13 External Craniocervical Ligaments 1-14 Internal Craniocervical Ligaments 1-15 Cartilages of Larynx 1-16 Auditory Ossicles 1-17 Frontal Belly of Occipitofrontalis Muscle 1-18 Occipital Belly of Occipitofrontalis Muscle 1-19 Orbicularis Oculi 1-20 Orbicularis Oris 1-21 Buccinator 1-22 Platysma 1-23 Muscles of Facial Expression: Lateral View Muscles Netter’s Anatomy Flash Cards Head and Neck Cards 1-1 to 1-84 1-24 Levator Palpebrae Superioris 1-25 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 1-26 Temporalis 1-27 Masseter 1-28 Medial Pterygoid 1-29 Lateral Pterygoid 1-30 Mylohyoid 1-31 Geniohyoid 1-32 Genioglossus 1-33 Hyoglossus 1-34 Styloglossus 1-35 Levator Veli Palatini 1-36 Tensor Veli Palatini 1-37 Roof of Mouth 1-38 Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor 1-39 Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor 1-40 Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor 1-41 Stylopharyngeus 1-42 Sternocleidomastoid 1-43 Sternohyoid 1-44 Sternothyroid 1-45 Omohyoid 1-46 Thyrohyoid 1-47 Cricothyroid 1-48 Stylohyoid 1-49 Digastric Head and Neck Table of Contents Head and Neck Cards 1-1 to 1-84 1-50 Oblique Arytenoids and Transverse Arytenoids 1-51 Posterior Crico-arytenoid 1-52 Muscles of Larynx 1-53 Scalene Muscles 1-54 Longus Capitis and Longus Colli 1-55 Cutaneous Nerves of Head and Neck 1-56 Facial Nerve Branches 1-57 Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducent Nerves: 1-58 Nerves of Orbit 1-59 Mandibular Nerve (V3) Nerves Schema 1-60 Nerves of Nasal Cavity 1-61 Pterygopalatine Fossa 1-62 Autonomic Nerves in Head 1-63 Orientation of Nerves and Vessels of the Cranial 1-64 Vestibulocochlear Nerve: Schema 1-65 Glossopharyngeal Nerve 1-66 Cervical Plexus In Situ 1-67 Superficial Veins and Arteries of Neck 1-68 Subclavian Artery 1-69 Carotid Arteries Base Vessels Netter’s Anatomy Flash Cards Head and Neck Cards 1-1 to 1-84 1-70 Maxillary Artery 1-71 Arteries of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions 1-72 Veins of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions 1-73 Arteries of Brain: Inferior View 1-74 Dural Venous Sinuses 1-75 Schematic of Meninges 1-76 Superficial Face and Parotid Gland 1-77 Lacrimal Apparatus 1-78 Eyeball: Horizontal Section 1-79 Anterior and Posterior Chambers of the Eye 1-80 Ear: Frontal Section 1-81 Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity 1-82 Salivary Glands 1-83 Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands: Posterior View 1-84 Pharynx: Opened Posterior View Viscera Head and Neck Table of Contents Skull: Anterior View 10 Head and Neck 1-1 Skull: Anterior View Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch (foramen) Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone 10 Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Temporal bone Comment: The skull bones are fused together at immovable, fibrous joints, such as the sutures The general classes of skull bones are cranial bones (8 bones), which enclose the brain, and facial bones (14 bones) The cranial bones are the frontal, occipital, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal bones, a pair of temporal bones, and a pair of parietal bones Associated bones of the skull include the auditory ossicles (3 in each middle ear cavity) and the unpaired hyoid bone The skull and associated bones constitute 29 different bones (the 32 adult teeth are part of the mandible and maxilla and are not counted separately) Clinical: Midface fractures are classified clinically as Le Fort fractures: • Le Fort I: horizontal fracture detaching the maxilla along the nasal floor • Le Fort II: pyramidal fracture that includes both maxillae, nasal bones, infra-orbital rims, and orbital floors • Le Fort III: includes the Le Fort II fracture and both zygomatic bones; may cause airway obstruction, nasolacrimal obstruction, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage Head and Neck Atlas Plate Heart in Situ Thymus gland Brachiocephalic trunk Superior vena cava Pericardium Phrenic nerve and pericardiacophrenic artery and vein Recurrent laryngeal nerve Arch of aorta Left brachiocephalic vein Comment: The heart lies within the middle mediastinum, encased within a fibroserous sac called the pericardium The outer layer of the pericardium is the fibrous pericardium, a strong, fibrous layer that blends with the roots of the great vessels Serous pericardium consists of an underlying parietal layer lining the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium and a visceral layer that reflects onto the heart as the epicardium The thymus, often atrophied and imbued with fat in the adult, overlies the great vessels and superior portion of the pericardium It is usually directly posterior to the manubrium of the sternum This figure also shows the mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and costal portions of the parietal pleura Clinical: The pericardial cavity is a potential space between the serous layers and contains a thin film of serous lubricating fluid to reduce friction of the beating heart Trauma to the heart or rupture of a vessel can lead to bleeding in the pericardial cavity, which compresses the heart and compromises its function This condition is called cardiac tamponade Pericarditis is an infection of the pericardium usually caused by a virus, although bacteria and fungi are also causative agents Thorax Atlas Plate 208 Pericardial Sac Pericardial sac with heart removed: anterior view Thorax 3-20 Pericardial Sac Superior vena cava Transverse pericardial sinus Right pulmonary veins Inferior vena cava Oblique pericardial sinus Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk (bifurcation) Ascending aorta Comment: The pericardial cavity is a potential space between the visceral serous pericardium (epicardium) and the parietal serous pericardium, which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium The visceral serous pericardium reflects off the heart around these large vessels and becomes the parietal serous pericardial layer The heart (removed in this illustration) lies within the pericardial sac The oblique sinus, a cul-de-sac behind the left atrium of the heart, is another reflection of serous pericardium surrounding the pulmonary veins Clinical: The transverse sinus is a space between the reflections of the serous pericardium, which is posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, and anterior to the superior vena cava This is a clinically important area because clamping these vessels can completely stop ventricular outflow Thorax Atlas Plate 212 Right Atrium Opened right atrium: right lateral view Thorax 3-21 Right Atrium Superior vena cava Interatrial septum Fossa ovalis Inferior vena cava Opening of coronary sinus Pectinate muscles Septal cusp of tricuspid valve Crista terminalis Right auricle Comment: The smooth portion of the right atrium is known as the sinus venarum because it develops from the embryonic sinus venosus and receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus It is separated from the more muscular portion of the atrium proper by a line, the crista terminalis The fossa ovalis is the adult representation of the embryonic foramen ovale Although the right atrium is slightly larger than the left atrium, it has thinner walls because the pressure on the right side of the heart is normally lower than that on the left side The auricle is a pouch-like appendage of the atrium but is functionally identical to the rest of the atrium Clinical: Atrial septal defects make up 10% to 15% of congenital cardiac anomalies In such cases, blood flows from the higher-pressure left atrium into the lower-pressure right atrium Thorax Atlas Plate 217 Right Ventricle Opened right ventricle: anterior view Thorax 3-22 Right Ventricle Tricuspid valve (Anterior, Septal, and Posterior cusps) Chordae tendineae Anterior papillary muscle Trabeculae carneae Septomarginal trabecula (Septal limb and Moderator band) Interventricular septum (muscular part) Conus arteriosus Pulmonary valve (Anterior, Right, and Left semilunar cusps) Comment: Chordae tendineae connect papillary muscles to the cusps of the tricuspid, or right atrioventricular, valve During contraction of the right ventricle, the chordae tendineae prevent the valve cusps from everting into the right atrium The septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) of the trabeculae carneae connects the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle Contraction of this band of muscle prevents overdistention of the ventricle The interventricular septum is largely muscular, but its superior aspect contains a small membranous portion that is a common site for ventricular septal defects Clinical: Ventricular septal defect is the most common congenital heart defect The most common site of occurrence is in the perimembranous region of the septum, just beneath the tricuspid and mitral valves This defect results in a left-to-right shunt of blood and may precipitate congestive heart failure Thorax Atlas Plate 217 Left Atrium and Ventricle: Flap Opened in Posterolateral Wall of Left Ventricle Thorax 3-23 Left Atrium and Ventricle: Flap Opened in Posterolateral Wall of Left Ventricle Left auricle Mitral valve (Posterior and Anterior cusps) Anterior papillary muscle Chordae tendineae Left atrium Left pulmonary veins Ligamentum arteriosum Arch of aorta Comment: The left ventricle is significantly thicker than the right ventricle It contains papillary muscles whose chordae tendineae attach to the cusps of the mitral (left atrioventricular, or bicuspid) valve The mitral valve looks like a bishop’s miter Heart sounds (lub-dub) occur from the closing of the valves The 1st heart sound results from the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves, whereas the 2nd heart sound results from the closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves Clinical: Because of the pressures it must withstand, the mitral valve is most often involved in valvular heart disease Mitral stenosis (narrowing) can impede the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle, causing left atrial dilation Mitral regurgitation (insufficiency) is often caused by abnormalities of the valve leaflets, rupture or fibrosis of a papillary muscle, or rupture of the chordae tendineae Thorax Atlas Plate 218 Left Atrium and Ventricle: Section with Mitral Valve Cut Away Thorax 3-24 Left Atrium and Ventricle: Section with Mitral Valve Cut Away Left auricle Aortic valve (Left, Right, and Posterior semilunar cusps) Muscular part of interventricular septum Left atrium Valve of foramen ovale Left pulmonary artery Comment: Usually, the left atrium is smaller than the right atrium, but it has thicker walls Oxygenated blood from the lungs passes into the left atrium through pulmonary veins Most of the interventricular septum is muscular, but the uppermost portion is membranous and is a common site for ventricular septal defects The upper portion of the left ventricle, known as the aortic vestibule, is the outflow tract to the ascending aorta The aortic valve has semilunar cusps Clinical: Valvular heart disease can arise from a variety of conditions (stenosis, rupture of papillary muscles or chordae tendineae, malformed valve leaflets) and most often involves either the mitral or the aortic valves The major blood supply to the interventricular septum is via the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery Ischemia of the interventricular septum may compromise the Purkinje conduction system innervating the septum and ventricular walls Thorax Atlas Plate 218 Valves and Fibrous Skeleton of Heart Heart in diastole: viewed from base with atria removed Thorax 3-25 Valves and Fibrous Skeleton of Heart Pulmonary valve (Anterior, Right, and Left semilunar cusps) Aortic valve (Right, Left, and Posterior semilunar cusps) Mitral valve (Anterior and Posterior cusps) Left fibrous ring (of mitral valve) Right fibrous trigone Left fibrous trigone Tricuspid valve (Anterior, Septal, and Posterior cusps) Membranous septum (Interventricular and Atrioventricular parts) Comment: The 1st heart sound (“lub”) is caused by closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the onset of ventricular systole The 2nd heart sound (“dub”) is caused by closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the onset of ventricular diastole The pulmonary valve is a semilunar valve with cusps Through the stethoscope, this valve is best heard over the left 2nd intercostal space, just lateral to the sternum The aortic valve also is a semilunar valve with cusps Closure of this valve is best heard over the right 2nd intercostal space just lateral to the sternum The mitral (bicuspid, or left atrioventricular) valve has cusps Its closure at the onset of ventricular systole is best heard in the left 5th intercostal space, at the midclavicular line The tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve has cusps Its sound is best heard over the lower portion of the body of the sternum The wall of the heart is composed principally of cardiac muscle and a fibrous skeleton that provides attachment points for some of the cardiac muscle fibers and each heart valve Clinical: The heart valves are avascular, and for some mitral valve replacement surgeries, a porcine (pig) valve may be used because it is roughly the same size as a human valve Thorax Atlas Plate 219 Mediastinum: Cross Section at Level of T8 Vertebra 10 Thorax 3-26 Mediastinum: Cross Section at Level of T8 Vertebra 10 Thoracic duct Azygos vein Esophagus and esophageal plexus Branches of right main bronchus Right atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Left atrium Left inferior pulmonary vein Thoracic (descending) aorta Comment: The mediastinum is the region between the pleural cavities A horizontal line between the sternal angle divides it into a superior and an inferior mediastinum The inferior mediastinum is further divided into anterior, middle, and posterior compartments The anterior mediastinum lies just behind the body of the sternum and contains remnants of the thymus gland, lymph nodes, fat, and some connective tissue The middle mediastinum contains the pericardium, heart, nerves, and roots of the great vessels The posterior mediastinum is posterior to the pericardium and heart It contains the esophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos system of veins, thoracic duct, and nerves Clinical: Note the close relationship of the esophagus to the left atrium With left atrial enlargement, this heart chamber can expand posteriorly and partially constrict the esophagus Thorax Atlas Plate 213 See also Plate 241 ... Teeth 1- 11 Tooth 1- 12 Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis 1- 13 External Craniocervical Ligaments 1- 14 Internal Craniocervical Ligaments 1- 15 Cartilages of Larynx 1- 16 Auditory Ossicles 1- 17 Frontal... Limb Netter’s Anatomy Flash Cards, 4th Edition 1 Head and Neck Cards 1- 1 to 1- 84 Bones and Joints 1- 1 Skull: Anterior View 1- 2 Skull: Lateral View 1- 3 Skull: Midsagittal Section 1- 4 Lateral Wall... Anatomy Flash Cards Head and Neck Cards 1- 1 to 1- 84 1- 24 Levator Palpebrae Superioris 1- 25 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 1- 26 Temporalis 1- 27 Masseter 1- 28 Medial Pterygoid 1- 29 Lateral Pterygoid 1- 30 Mylohyoid