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Ebook Starting to read ECGs: Part 2

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Cấu trúc

  • Chapter 6: Arrhythmias

    • Background

    • Premature Beats

      • Premature Beat Origin

      • Compensatory and Non-compensatory Pauses

      • Bigeminy and Trigeminy

    • Supraventricular Tachycardia

      • Vagal Maneuvers

    • Atrial Fibrillation

    • Atrial Flutter

    • Atrial Tachycardia

      • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia

    • Sinus Tachycardia

    • Sinus Arrhythmia

    • Junctional Tachycardia

      • Reentry

    • Pre-excitation

      • Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW)

      • Orthodromic and Antidromic

      • Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Atrial Fibrillation

      • Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome (LGL)

      • Cardioversion

      • Electrophysiology Studies (EPS)

      • Ablation

    • Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)

      • Fusion Beats

      • Capture Beats

      • AV Dissociation

      • Rhythm Regularity

      • Concordance

      • Cardiac Axis

    • Cardiac Arrest Rhythms

      • Pulseless VT

      • Ventricular Flutter

      • Ventricular Fibrillation

      • Asystole

      • Pulseless Electrical Activity

    • Summary of Key Points

    • Quiz

  • Chapter 7: Acute Coronary Syndromes

    • Background

    • Atherosclerosis

    • Angina

      • Stable Angina

      • Unstable Angina

      • Prinzmetal’s Angina

      • Digitalis Effect

    • Myocardial Infarction

      • Door to Needle or Balloon Time

      • ST Elevation

      • J Waves

      • STEMI

        • Evolution of a STEMI

      • Ventricular Aneurysm

      • Tombstoning

      • Reciprocal Changes

      • MI Regions/Territories

      • Posterior and Right Ventricular MI

      • LBBB and Chest Pain

      • NSTEMI

      • Cardiac Biomarkers

      • Treatment for Myocardial Infarction

        • Thrombolytic Therapy

        • The Intra Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)

        • Reperfusion Arrhythmias

    • Summary of Key Points

    • Quiz

  • Chapter 8: Genetic Cardiac Conditions

    • Background

    • Brugada Syndrome

      • Treatment

    • Lev’s Disease

    • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

    • Long QT Syndromes

      • Romano-Ward Syndrome

        • Treatment

      • Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome

    • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C)

    • Summary of Key Points

    • Quiz

  • Chapter 9: The Pediatric ECG

    • Background

    • Stages of Myocardial Development

    • Patent Foramen Ovale

    • Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

    • Tetralogy of Fallot

    • Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

    • Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

    • Coarctation of Aorta

    • Ebstein’s Anomaly

    • Transposition of the Great Arteries

    • Dextrocardia

      • Isolated Dextrocardia/Dextrocardia of Embryonic Arrest

      • Dextrocardia Situs Inversus

      • Technical Dextrocardia

    • Congenital Accessory Pathways

    • Normal Child ECG Values

      • Axis

      • Intervals/ST Segment

    • Summary of Key Points

    • Quiz

  • Index

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(BQ) Part 2 book Starting to read ECGs has contents: Arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, genetic cardiac condition, the pediatric ECG, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of aorta, treatment for myocardial infarction.

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a rp r em a tu r eb e a t sa r eun i fo c a l ,o c cu r r ingf romth es am ep l a c e andsh a r ingth es am e mo rpho logy Som e t im e sv en t r i cu l a rp r em a tu r eb e a t sc anb e mu l t i fo c a lando r ig in a t ef romd i f f e r en ta r e a sinth ev en t r i c l e Th ep r e s en c eo f mu l t i fo c a lVPB sc anind i c a t es e r iou sh e a r td i s e a s e Mu l t i fo c a lVPB sc anb eid en t ifi ed inth es am ew aya sv en t r i cu l a rp r em a tu r eb e a t sw i thth ee x c ep t ionth a tth e yd i f f e rin mo rpho logyf romon eano th e r(F ig 2) B ig em in yandT r ig em in y Ar e g u l a rr e p e a t i n gp a t t e r no fp r em a t u r eb e a t s B i g em i n yc a nb ei d e n t ifi e db ya r e p e a t i n gp a t t e r no fn o rm a lb e a tf o l l ow e db yp r em a t u r eb e a t T r i g em i n yi si d e n t ifi e d b yar e p e a t i n gp a t t e r no fp r em a t u r eb e a tf o l l ow i n ge v e r ytw oi n t r i n s i cb e a t s V e n t r i c u l a rb i g em i n y / t r i g em i n yi sa n o t h e rp a t t e r no fv e n t r i c u l a rp r em a t u r eb e a tt h a t T ab l e6 P a tho log i c a lp a t t e rn s o fv en t r i cu l a rp r em a tu r eb e a t Coup l e t s T r ip l e t s S a lv o s 2v en t r i cu l a rp r em a tu r eb e a t so c cu r r ing tog e th e r 3v en t r i cu l a rp r em a tu r eb e a t so c cu r r ing tog e th e r 4v en t r i cu l a rp r em a tu r eb e a t so c cu r r ing tog e th e r 1 A r rh y thm i a s F ig Mu l t i fo c a l /mu l t i fo rmv en t r i cu l a rp r em a tu r eb e a t s F ig 3( T op)V en t r i cu l a rb ig em in y ,( bo t tom)v en t r i cu l a rt r ig em in y F ig A t r i a lb ig em in y c a np r e d i s p o s e i n d i v i d u a l s t od a n g e r o u sa r r h y t hm i a s ,s u c sVT /VF A ne x am p l eo f v e n t r i c u l a rb i g em i n y / t r i g em n i n ya n da t r i a lb i g em i n yc a nb es e e n i nF i g s 3a n d Sup v en t r i cu la rT a ch y ca rd ia O r SVTi sat a chy c a rd i ath a to r ig in a t e sf romabo v eth ev en t r i c l e s(F ig 5) Th e r e fo r eSVT i sab l ank e t t e rmfo rm an yd i f f e r en tfo rm so f t a chy c a rd i a(T ab l e6 3) Th et e rmSVTi so f t enu s edwh enth esp e c ificrhy thmc anno tb eid en t ifi ed SVT s u su a l ly m an i f e s tw i thr ap idn a r rowQRScomp l e x e s ,w i thth ec a v e a to fab e r r an c y , wh i chi sd i s cu s s edl a t e rinth ech ap t e r STd ep r e s s ionandTw a v e in v e r s ion( s ign so f i s ch em i a )a r eo f t ena s so c i a t edw i th SVT Th er a t ei su su a l lyb e tw e en100and250BPM A sth ee l e c t r i c a limpu l s et r a v e l sth roughth eAVnod e ,d rug ssu cha sAd eno s in ec anb eu s edtoin i t i a t eat r an s i en t AVb lo ck Th i sc anr e v e a lth eund e r ly ingrhy thm m ak ingad i agno s i spo s s ib l e A l t e rn a t i v e lyth erhy thm m ayb et e rm in a t edcomp l e t e lyi fi tc au s edbyar e en t ry p a thw ayth a tu t i l i z e sth eAVnod e Ano th e rop t iono f t enu s edtot e rm in a t eo rr e v e a l anund e r ly ingrhy thmi sth eu s eo fv ag a lm an euv e r s Som eo fth e s em an euv e r sc an e v enb et augh ttop a t i en t stoh e lpth emd e a lw i thfu tu r eep i sod e so fSVT A t r i a lF i b r i l l a t i on 1 F ig SVT T ab l e6 T yp e so fSVT S inu st a chy c a rd i a A t r i a lfi b r i l l a t ion A t r i a lfl u t t e r A t r i a lt a chy c a rd i a Mu l t i fo c a la t r i a lt a chy c a rd i a AVnod er e en t ryt a chy c a rd i a(AVNRT ) AVr e c ip ro c a t ingt a chy c a rd i a(AVRT ) V aga l Man eu v e r s Th ehum anau tonom i cn e rv ou ssy s t emen comp a s s e sth esymp a th e t i candp a r a sym p a th e t i cd i v i s ion s Th eau tonom i cn e rv ou ssy s t emr e gu l a t e so r g an sandg l and sa ta sub s c iou sl e v e l S t imu l a t ingv ag a le f f e r en td i s ch a r g eh a sth ee f f e c to findu c ing t r an s i en tAVnod a lb lo ck Th i s in tu rnh a s th ee f f e c to f t e rm in a t ing t a chy c a rd i a s th a t sub s i s ton AVcondu c t ion ,su cha s AVNRTand AVRT O th e rSVT sm ayb e mo r e e a s i lyd i agno s edbys t imu l a t iono fth ev agu sn e rv e Th ev agu sn e rv ec anb es t imu l a t edbyu s ingv ag a lm ano euv r e s T ab l e6 4l i s t ssom eo fth e s ev ag a lm ano euv r e s A t r ia lF ib r i l la t ion Th es ing l e mo s tcommon lyen coun t e r eda r rhy thm i ain c r e a s e sth eannu a lr i sko f s t rok ebya round4–5 % Th e in c id en c eo fA t r i a lfib r i l l a t ion(AF ) in c r e a s e sw i thag e AFi sa l soo f t ens e eninp a t i en t sfo l low ingc a rd i a csu r g e ry AFi sch a r a c t e r i s edonth eECGbyani r r e gu l a r lyi r r e gu l a rrhy thm(F ig 6)b e s t gu l a r i tyanda s e eninth erhy thms t r ipo fanECG Th e r ei snop a t t e rntoth ei r r e 1 A r rh y thm i a s T ab l e6 V ag a lm ano euv r e s V ag a lm ano euv r e P ro c edu r e V a l s a lv a o F r c e de x p i r a t i o na g a i n s tac l o s e dg l o t t i s T h i sc a nb ed o n eb yc l o s i n gt h e p a t i e n t sm o u t n dg e t t i n gt h emt op i n c ht h e i rn o s e T h ep a t i e n tt h e ne x h a l e s a si fb l ow i n gu pab a l l o o n A l t e r n a t i v e l ya1 0m ls y r i n g em a yb eu s e d A s k t h ep a t i e n tt ob l owi n t ot h et i po ft h es y r i n g ea n dt r yt om o v et h ep l u n g e r Mü e l l e r F o r c edin sp i r a t ionag a in s tac lo s edg lo t t i s E s s en t i a l lyth eoppo s i t eo fth e v a l s a lv am ano euv r e D i v ingr efl e x O f t enu s edw i thch i ld r en Ani c eco ldb agi sapp l i edtoth ef a c e Th i s r edu c e sth er i sko fa sp i r a t iona s so c i a t edw i thsubm e r g ingth ef a c eini c e co ldw a t e r C a ro t ids inu s Ro t a t ion a lp r e s su r ei sapp l i edtoth er igh tc a ro t ida r t e ryfo rb e tw e en5and m a s s ag e 10s P a t i en t sshou ldb emon i to r ed( in c lud ingECGandBP )du r ing p ro c edu r e Do c to r sw i l lo f t enl i s t enfo rac a ro t idb ru i tw i thas t e tho s cop ea s th i si sagoodind i c a to ro fc a ro t ida r t e r i a ls t eno s i s C a ro t ids inu sm a s s ag ei scon t r a ind i c a t edinp a t i en t sw i th : H i s to ryo fT IAo rs t rok einl a s t3mon th s Myo c a rd i a lin f a r c t ion O c c lu s iono fc a ro t ida r t e ry H i s to ryo fVTo rVF P r e v iou sadv e r s er e a c t iontos inu sm a s s ag e O cu l a rp r e s su r e Con t r a ind i c a t eddu etoth er i sko fr e t in a ld e t a chm en t Cough ing No tt e chn i c a l lyam ano euv r eb u tc anb eu s edtos t imu l a t eth ev ag a ln e rv e En cou r ag eth ep a t en ttocoughh a rd F ig 6 A t r i a lfib r i l l a t ion ch ao t i cb a s e l in econ s i s t ingo f fib r i l l a to ry w a v e s ,t e rm ed‘ f ’w a v e si su su a l ly ob s e rv ed Th eo th e rs a l i en tf e a tu r eo fAFi sth ecomp l e t eab s en c eo fPw a v e s ,b e s t s e eninl e ad sI IandV Fi sc au s edbyth ep r e s en c eo fmu l t ip l ee c top i cfo c iinth e 1.A a t r i a ,u su a l ly lo c a t edn e a r th epu lmon a ryv e in s Th e s efo c ia c ta s t r igg e r s in c r e a s ing th ea t r i a lr a t e Th eAVnod ehow e v e rp r e v en t sth em a jo r i tyo fimpu l s e sb e ingcon du c t edtoth ev en t r i c l e s I fth i sw a sno tth ec a s eth eou t com ew ou ldb ec a t a s t roph i c AF w i thav en t r i cu l a rr a t e100 BPMi sr e f e r r edtoa s‘un t ro l l ed ’o r‘ f a s t ’ AF F ib r i l l a t iono fth ea t r i ar edu c e s c a rd i a cou tpu tby mo r eth an20 %v i alo s so f‘ a t r i a lk i ck ’ Th ea t r i a lk i cki sth e t r ib u t ionm ad ebyth ea t r i ap r io rtov en t r i cu l a rsy s to l e I th a sth ee f f e c to fboo s t ingth ee ffi c i en c yo fv en t r i cu l a re j e c t ion AFi so f t end e t e c t edth rough m anu a lpu l s ep a lp a t ion Wh enGP sr e co rd m anu a l pu l s e sdu r ingrou t in ev i s i t sl e ad ingtoth ed e t e c t iono fAF ,th e r ei sar edu c t ioninth e in c id en c eo fs t rok e Un fo r tun a t e lydu eth eu s eo ft e chno logy m anu a lpu l s ep a lp a t ion i sno tb e ingc a r r i edou ta sf r equ en t lya s i ton c ew a s Mo s tm a ch in e su s ed to t ak e A t r i a lF i b r i l l a t i on 1 p a t i en t sob s e rv a t ion sdohow e v e rd i sp l ayth ep a t i en t spu l s e I fth epu l s ei s‘ jump ing a round ’on th em a ch in e inan i r r e gu l a rm ann e r th enm anu a lp a lp a t ionshou ldb ec a r r i edou t I fth epu l s eapp e a r stob ei r r e gu l a ra12 l e adECGshou ldb ec a r r i edou t I f th ea r rhy thm i ap e r s i s t s , in i t i a le l e c t r i c a lr emod e l l ingo f th ea t r i a i ssub s equ en t ly fo l low edbys t ru c tu r a lr emod e l l ing ,wh i chintu rnh e lp stom a in t a inth ea r rhy thm i a A t r i a lr emod e l l ingr e f e r stoan yp e r s i s t ingch ang einth es t ru c tu r eo rfun c t iono fth e a t r i a A t r i a lr emod e l ing m ak e si t mo r el ik e lyth a te c top i co rr e en t rya c t i v i ty w i l l o c cu r S t ru c tu r a lch ang e sindu c edbyAFo c cu tac e l lu l a rl e v e landin c lud em an y f a c to r s ,su cha s :anin c r e a s einmyo c y t ec e l ls i z e ,myo ly s i s ,ch ang e stoth esh ap eo f m i to chond r i a ,ch ang e stos t ru c tu r a lp ro t e in sandf r agm en t a t iono fth es a r cop l a sm i c r e t i cu lum Bo the l e c t r i c a lands t ru c tu r a lr emod e l l ing m a in t a inth ea r rhy thm i a ,th e long e rap a t i en th a sAF ,th emo r el ik e lyth e s ech ang e sa r etoo c cu r A t r i a lfi b r i l l a t ionc anb efu r th e rc l a s s ifi eda s : • P a roxy sm a lA t r i a lF ib r i l l a t ion T e rm in a t e sspon t an eou s ly ,u su a l lyinl e s sth an7d ay s • P e r s i s t en tA t r i a lF ib r i l l a t ion Do e sno tt e rm in a t espon t an eou s lyandl a s t slong e rth an7d ay s • P e rm an en tA t r i a lF ib r i l l a t ion No tt e rm in a t edo rr e v e r t ed P a t i en t sp r e s en t ing w i th AF whoh a v eb e eninfib r i l l a t ionfo rlong e rth an48h r equ i r ean t i co agu l a t ionp r io rtod i r e c tcu r r en tc a rd io v e r s ion(DCCV ) Th i si sdu eto th epo s s ib i l i tyth a tin t r amu r a lth romb u sm aya c cumu l a t einth ea t r i a ,o f t ena round th el e f ta t r i a lapp end ag e Wh enth eno rm a l mo t iono fth ea t r iumi sr e comm en c ed , th e r ei sar i skth a tth eth romb u sm ay m ig r a t ec au s ingas t rok e T om i t ig a t eag a in s t th i san t i co agu l a t ioni sg i v enfo rw e ek sb e fo r eanda f t e rth ec a rd io v e r s ion I fth i si s no tpo s s ib l edu etoh emodyn am i ccomp rom i s er equ i r ingimm ed i a t et r e a tm en t ,IV h ep a r inc anb eadm in i s t e r edp r io rtoth ec a rd io v e r s ion P a t i en t sw i thap r io rh i s to ryo fAFsu f f e r ingan ewin c id en c eo fAFfo rl e s sth an 48hc ansu f f e rf romr emod e l l ingo fth ea t r i ac au s edbyth ep r e v iou sep i sod e so f AF Inth i sc a s eth e r em ayb eanin c r e a s edr i skin v o lv edinDCCV T ob esu r eth a t th e r ea r enoin t r amu r a lth romb ip r e s en tth ep a t i en tm ayh a v eat r an so e soph ag e a l e cho c a rd iog r am(TOE ) Th i s in v o lv e sp a s s inganu l t r a sounds en so r in to th eo e soph agu stob e t t e rv i ewth ech amb e r so fth eh e a r t T r e a tm en tfo rAFfo cu s e sone i th e rr a t econ t ro lo rrhy thmcon t ro l R a t econ t ro l a im stor edu c esymp tom sa s so c i a t edw i thth eh ighh e a r tr a t e sandtop r e v en tc a rd io myop a thys e cond a rytoth et a chy c a rd i a Rhy thmcon t ro lonth eo th e rh anda im sto t e rm in a t eth eund e r ly ingrhy thm G en e r a l lyp a roxy sm a lAFi st r e a t edin i t i a l lyw i th rhy thmcon t ro l P e rm an en tAFa l t e rn a t i v e ly i su su a l ly t r e a t edw i thr a t econ t ro ls t r a t e g i e s P e r s i s t en t AFc anb et r e a t ed w i the i th e r Inth e s ep a t i en t srhy thmcon t ro li s o f t ent r i edfi r s ti fth e ya r eyoung e r ,symp tom a t i co rh a v econg e s t i v eh e a r tf a i lu r e R a t econ t ro l i sa t t emp t edfi r s t ino ld e rp a t i en t s(>65y e a r s ) ,un su i t ab l efo rc a rd io v e r s iono r t r e a tm en tw i than t i a r rhy thm i cd rug so rw i thco ron a rya r t e ryd i s e a s e I fe i th e r o fth eop t ion sa t t emp t edfi r s tf a i l sth ep a t i en tm ayb econ s id e r edfo rth ea l t e rn a t i v e s t r a t e gy F igu r e s6 7and 8showth et r e a tm en ta lgo r i thm sr e comm end edbyN ICE 1 A r rh y thm i a s A lgo r i thm2 :Ra tecon t ro ls t teg ies O f fe rra tecon t ro lasthef i rs t l ines t tegyto peop lew i tha t r ia lf ib r i l la t ion O f fe ras tanda rdbe ta -b loc ke ro rara tel im i t ing ca lc iumchanne lb loc ke rasin i t ia l mono the rap y topeop lew i tha t r ia lf ib r i l la t ionwhoneedd rug t rea tmen taspa r to fara tecon t ro ls t tegy Basethecho iceo fd rugonthepe rson ’ s symp toms ,hea r tra te ,como rb id i t iesand p re fe renceswhencons ide r ingd rug t rea tmen t O f fe rrh y thmcon t ro ltopeop lew i tha t r ia lf ib r i l la t ion : • Whosea t r ia lf ib r i l la t ionhasare ve rs ib le cause • Whoha vehea r tfa i lu rethough ttobep r ima r i ly causedb ya t r ia lf ib r i l la t ion Cons ide rd igo x in mono the rap yfo rpeop lew i th non -pa ro xysma la t r ia lf ib r i l la t ionon lyi fthe ya re seden ta ry(donoo rve ryl i t t leph ys ica le xe rc ise ) • W i thnew -onse ta t r ia lf ib r i l la t ion Dono to f fe ram ioda ronefo rlong te rm tecon t ro l • W i tha t r ia lf lu t te rwhosecond i t ionis cons ide redsu i tab lefo ranab la t ions t tegy tores to res inusrh y thm • Fo rwhomarh y thmcpn t ro ls t tegywou ldbe mo resu i tab lebasedonc l in ica ljudgemen t I fsymp tomsa reno tcon t ro l led I f mono th rap ydoesno tcon t ro lsymp toms ,and i fcon t inu ingsymp tomsa reth roughtobedue topoo rven t r icu la rra te ,cons ide rcomb ina t ion the rap yw i than y2o fthefo l low ing : • abe tab loc ke r •d i l t iazem •d igo x in Y es Ispa t ien t e l ig ib lefo rh y thmcon t ro l s t tegy? I fsymp tomsa reno tcon t ro l led No Gotoa lgo r i thm3 : Rh y thmcon t ro ls t teg ies Gotoa lgo r i thm4 : Ab la t ions t teg ies F ig R a t econ t ro ls t r a t e g i e sad ap t edf romN ICE ,(2014 )gu id e l in e sonth em an ag em en to fAF in th e i rm an ag em en to fa t r i a lfib r i l l a t iongu id e l in e sfo rbo thrhy thmandr a t econ t ro l (2014 ) Th esymp tom sandc au s e so fAFa r el i s t edinT ab l e s6 5and6 Rhy thmcon t ro lop t ion sin c lud e : • • • • D i r e c tcu r r en tc a rd io v e r s ion Ch em i c a l /ph a rm a co log i c a lc a rd io v e r s ion Ab l a t ion Cox m a z esu r g i c a lp ro c edu r e(d e l ib e r a t es c a r r ingo fth ea t r iumtob lo cka t r i a l m a c ro r e en t ry ) R a t econ t ro lop t ion sfo cu sont r e a tm en tw i th m ed i c a t iontor edu c edth er a t e Th e yin c lud e : • B e t aB lo ck e r sw i thc a l c iumch ann e lb lo ck e r s • D igox in A t r i a lF i b r i l l a t i on 1 A lgo r i thm3 :Rh y thmcon t ro ls t teg ie s Pe rs i s ten tAF Pa ro x y sma lAF Du t ion >48h rs? A s se s stheneedfo rd rugthe rap yfo r longte rmrh y thmcon t ro l No Y e s Cons ide ras tanda rd be tab lo c ke r P i l l inthepo c ke t See recommenda t ions fo racu teAF Cons ide ro the rd ruga c co rd ingtoco -mo rb id i t ie s : A l readyon the rapeu t i c an t i coagu la tan ts? No Y es Cons ide r t ran soe sophagea l e cho ca rd iog raph y gu idedand /o r th reapeu t i c an t icoagu la t ionfo r3 week sp r io rto ca rd io ve r s ion E lec t r ica l ca rd io ve rs ion (cons ide r am ioda rone the rap yp reand pos t ) • Con s ide ram ioda ronefo rpeop lew i th le f t ven t r i cu la r impa i rmen to rhea r tfa i lu re • Dono to f fe rc la s s1 can t ia rh y thm i cd rug ssu ch a sf le ca in ideo rp ropa fenonetopeop lew i th known i s chaem i co rs t ru c tu lhea r td i sea se •D roneda rone ina c co rdan cew i thTA197 Fa i ledt rea tmen t Gotoa lgo r i thm4 : Ab la t ions t teg ie s F ig 8Rhy thmcon t ro ls t r a t e g i e sad ap t edf rom N ICE ,(2014 )gu id e l in e sonth em an ag em en t o fAF T ab l e6 Symp tom so fAF P a lp i t a t ion s Ch e s a in F a t igu e Dy spno e a D i z z in e s s Lo s so fcon s c iou sn e s s T ab l e6 C au s e so fAF C a rd i a csu r g e ry Hyp e r t en s ion S i ckS inu sSynd rom e(SSS ) Hyp e r thy ro id i sm Rh eum a t i cv a lv ed i s e a s e A l coho l I s ch em i ch e a r td i s e a s e P r e e x c i t a t ionsynd rom e s A cu t ein f e c t ion Pu lmon a ryEmbo l i sm(PE ) P l eu r a le f fu s ion A t r i a lS ep t a lD e f e c t(ASD ) C a rd iomyop a thy 1 6 A r rh y thm i a s Le f ta t r ium R igh ta t r ium M i t l annu lus Supe r io r venaca va C r is ta te rm ina l is T r icusp id annu lus rona ry In fe r io r Co s inus venaca va F ig T yp i c a lm a c ro r e en t r an tc i r cu i ts e enina t r i a lflu t t e r A t r ia lF lu t t e r I sc a u s e db yam a c r o r e e n t r a n tc i r c u i ta n di su s u a l l yp a r o x y sm a l A t r i a lfl u t t e ru s u a l l y o r i g i n a t e sf r omt h er i g h ta t r i um A t r i a lflu t t e n da t r i a lfi b r i l l a t i o na r ec l o s e l yl i n k e d a n dm a ya l t e r n a t ei ni n d i v i d u a l s T h es ym p t om sa n dc a u s e so fa t r i a lfl u t t e r et h e s am ea s t h o s ef o rAF Ap r o l o n g e da t r i a lfl u t t e ro f t e nc o n v e r t s i t s e l f i n t oa t r i a lfib r i l l a t i o n F i g u r e6 9s h ow sat y p i c a lm a c r o r e e n t r a n tc i r c u i ts e e ni nt h er i g h ta t r i um ,t h e a r r ow ss h ow t h ed i r e c t i o n t h ep a t hw a ys u s t a i n i n g t h efl u t t e r T h eAVn o d ec a n n o tc o n d u c tim p u l s e sa tt h e s eh i g hr a t e st ot h ev e n t r i c l e sa sad e g r e eo fh e a r tb l o c kd e v e l o p s F lu t t e rc anb eid en t ifi edonth eECGbyi t sc l a s s i c‘ s aw too th ’l ik eapp e a r an c e , s e enb e s t in l e adI I ,I I IandaVF A sw i thA t r i a lF ib r i l l a t ion th e r ea r enoPw a v e s ,b u t in s t e adp rom in en tF lu t t e r‘F ’w a v e s(F ig 10) I ti sa l sow o r thno t ingth a tflu t t e r w a v e s in l e adV1 c an look l ik ePw a v e s Th ea t r i a lr a t eo fa t r i a lflu t t e r i so f t ena round 300andu su a l lyb e tw e en200and400impu l s e sp e rm inu t e Th e r ea r ed i f f e r en tcondu c t ionr a t io sb e tw e enth ea t r i a landv en t r i cu l a rr a t e s Th e s er a t io su su a l lyr em a inth es am eb u tc ansom e t im e sm an i f e s tw i thav a r i ab l e AVb lo ck Th et e rmAVb lo ckwh enu s edinr e l a t iontoa t r i a lfl u t t e ri sno tth es am e N o rm a lCh i l dECGV a l u e s F ig 9 T e chn i c a ld e x t ro c a rd i a sw app ingth el imbl e ad so v e r Th em a in w aytot e l lth ed i f f e r en c eb e tw e enar e a l d e x t ro c a rd i aandat e chn i c a ld e x t ro c a rd i sth eRw a v ep rog r e s s ion ,wh i chi su su a l lyno rm a lint e chn i c a ld e x t ro c a rd i a Ano th e rc lu ec anb efoundbye x am in ingan y p r e v iou sECG ’ sth ep a t i en th a swh i chw ou ldob v iou s lylookd i f f e r en ti fth e yw e r e p r e v iou s lyno rm a l( e sp e c i a l lyl e adaVR ) A f t e rr e co rd inganECGth ep r a c t i t ion e r shou lda lw ay sch e cktos e etos e eth a tth e ECGh a sb e enr e co rd edco r r e c t ly (F ig 9) Cong en i ta lA c c e s so ryP a thway s Ex t r ap a thw ay sinth eh e a r tth a tsom ep eop l ea r ebo rnw i thc ana l lowimpu l s e sto t r a v e lb a ckupth econdu c t ionsy s t eml e ad ingtoasu s t a in edt a chy c a rd i a W o l f f P a rk in son -Wh i t esynd rom e(WPW )i son esu che x amp l e WPWandcong en i t a l a c c e s so ryp a thw ay sa r ed i s cu s s edinmo r ed e t a i linCh ap No rma lCh i ldECGV a lu e s Th e r ea r em an yd i f f e r en c e sb e tw e enth eadu l tECGandth ep ed i a t r i cECG ,th e m a jo r i tyo fwh i cha r es e eninth efi r s ty e a ro fl i f e Wh enlook inga tth eECGo fa ch i ldo rado l e s c en t i t i s impo r t an t tob eaw a r eo fsom eo f th ek e yd i f f e r en c e sb e tw e en wh a ta r econ s id e r edno rm a lfind ing sinanadu l t sECGandwh a ti scon s id e r edno r m a linach i ld sECG Th eh e a r tr a t ei sak e ye x amp l eo fth i s Th eyoung e rth ech i ld th eh igh e r th eh e a r tr a t e Ch a r t 1show s th eupp e rand low e r l im i t so fach i ld sh e a r t em e ano v e r ag er a t e i sd i sp l ay edon th ech a r t iny e l low r a t eb a s edon th e i rag e Th A sth ech i ldag e sth eh e a r tr a t ed e c r e a s e s mo v ingtow a rd sth eadu l ta v e r ag ebyag e 12–16y e a r s 94 Th eP ed i a t r i cECG Agere la tedno rma lhea r tra teinch i ld ren 200 Hea r tra te(BPM ) 160 120 80 40

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