The hospitality and tourism industry in china new growth, trends, and developments

THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CHINA New Growth, Trends, and Developments Advances in Hospitality and Tourism THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CHINA New Growth, Trends, and Developments Edited by Jinlin Zhao, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc Apple Academic Press Inc 3333 Mistwell Crescent Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Waretown, NJ 08758 Canada USA © 2019 by Apple Academic Press, Inc Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-652-9 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-14742-0 (eBook) All rights reserved No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication The hospitality and tourism industry in China : new growth, trends, and  developments / edited by Jinlin Zhao, PhD (Advances in hospitality and tourism book series) Includes bibliographical references and index.  Issued in print and electronic formats.  ISBN 978-1-77188-652-9 (hardcover). ISBN 978-1-315-14742-0 (PDF) 1. Tourism China.  2. Hospitality industry China.  I. Zhao, Jinlin, editor   II. Series: Advances in hospitality and tourism book series G155.C6H67 2018 338.4’79151 C2018-903208-1 C2018-903209-X CIP data on file with US Library of C ​ ​ongress Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com CONTENTS About the Editor vii Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Book Series ix About the Series Editor xi List of Contributors xiii List of Abbreviations xv Acknowledgments xvii Preface xix Budget Hotels in China: Recent Development, Changes, and Challenges .1 Lianping Ren Co-Creating Value with Chinese Hotel Owners: Based on a Governance Mechanism Theory 15 Bo Qu Development of International Brand Hotels on Hainan Island 35 Xiangxiang Xie The Expansions of Chinese Companies in the Foreign Hospitality Industry 69 Kun Yang and Jinlin Zhao Chinese Hotel Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) 95 Nan Hua and Huiming Gu New Developments of the Chinese Restaurant Industry .109 Jinlin Zhao and Mohan Song E-Tourism Evolutionary Effect: Studying E-Tourism in China 131 Beiqi Shi The Development and Change of the Cruise Industry in China Over the Decade (2006–2016) 151 Xinliang Ye Profile and Trend of the Exhibition Industry in China 175 Qiuju Luo vi Contents 10 Tourism Higher Education in China: Profile and Issues .241 Zhangxin Yin and Fang Meng 11 Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Development in China (2006–2016) 263 Hong Xu, Conglin Zhao, and Xinying Ma 12 A Review of Studies on China Tourism Destination Competitiveness During the Past Decade .289 Jingna Wang Index 351 ABOUT THE EDITOR Jinlin Zhao, PhD Professor, Director of Graduate Program, and Director of Asia and Pacific Development, Chaplin School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Florida International University in Miami, Florida, USA Jinlin Zhao, PhD, is a Professor, Director of Graduate Program, and Director of Asia and Pacific Development at the Chaplin School of Hospitality and Tourism Management at Florida International University in Miami, Florida, USA He came to FIU in the fall of 2000 and was tenured in 2005 He started his teaching career in US in fall of 1992 when he became an assistant professor and coordinator of special studies in hospitality management at Western Carolina University (WCU), where he took the initiative in building the hospitality management degree program The degree program was approved by the State of North Carolina in 1995 He was granted tenure and promoted an associate professor in 1999 at WCU He has been a visiting professor at several universities, such as Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Macao City University, and Jinan University In 2015, he was named “Municipal International Scholar” by the Shanghai Education Commission at the Shanghai Institute of Tourism He was named a “Fulbright Specialist” by the Fulbright Foundation, USA, and was invited to teach at Northern University of Denmark in 2016 Dr Zhao is an active researcher His area of research lies in competitive methods, the international environment and impact analysis, and multinational corporate strategy He co-edited the book Handbook of Hospitality Strategic Management (London, Elsevier) in 2008 He also co-authored a book chapter in the same book In 2010, he co-authored the book Tourism Destination Management: Principles and Practice (New Delhi, Kanishka Publishers) He is the author of Instructor’s Manual to Accompany-Strategic Management in the Hospitality Industry, 3rd edition (Pearson/Prentice Hall Inc.) in 2008 He has also published many refereed articles in several research journals and five books/chapters, as well as other publications, and has given more than 70 presentations at international hospitality conferences Dr Zhao viii About the Editor has guided and mentored graduate students in research, which has resulted in many publications in high-ranking academic journals and presentations at international conferences Dr Zhao’s industry experience includes pro-bono consulting activities in China, giving hotel management seminars and presentations in China, working as a foodservice manager during the 1996 Atlanta and 2004 Athens Olympic Games, and working as Training Manager for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Catering Project, in which he was in charge of recruiting and training 7,000 temporary employees He also worked as a human resource expert for the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games He has worked with the Great Miami Convention & Visitors Bureau to conduct research Dr Zhao earned his bachelor’s degree in English at the Beijing Second Foreign Language Institute in 1979 and remained to teach at the institute until 1987 After he came to the United States in fall of 1987, he completed his Master degree at Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1988 He earned his PhD degree in Hospitality and Tourism Management at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1994 ADVANCES IN HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM BOOK SERIES BY APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS, INC Editor-in-Chief: Mahmood A Khan, PhD Professor, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church, Virginia, USA Email: mahmood@vt.edu Books in the Series: Food Safety: Researching the Hazard in Hazardous Foods Editors: Barbara Almanza, PhD, RD, and Richard Ghiselli, PhD Strategic Winery Tourism and Management: Building Competitive Winery Tourism and Winery Management Strategy Editor: Kyuho Lee, PhD Sustainability, Social Responsibility and Innovations in the Hospitality Industry Editor: H G Parsa, PhD Consulting Editor: Vivaja “Vi” Narapareddy, PhD Associate Editors: SooCheong (Shawn) Jang, PhD, Marival Segarra-Oña, PhD, and Rachel J C Chen, PhD, CHE Managing Sustainability in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry: Paradigms and Directions for the Future Editor: Vinnie Jauhari, PhD Management Science in Hospitality and Tourism: Theory, Practice, and Applications Editors: Muzaffer Uysal, PhD, Zvi Schwartz, PhD, and Ercan Sirakaya-Turk, PhD 348 The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China Melian-Gonzalez, A., & Garcia-Falcon, J M., (2003) Competitive potential of tourism in destinations Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 720–740 Molz, J G., (2013) Social networking technologies and the moral economy of alternative tourism: The case of couchsurfing.org Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 210–230 Mulec, I., & Wise, N., (2013) Indicating the competitiveness of Serbia’s Vojvodina Region as an emerging tourism destination Tourism Management Perspectives, 8, 68–79 Pansiri, J., (2014) Tourist motives and destination competitiveness: A gap analysis perspective International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 15(3), 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10–15 INDEX A B Accessibility, 137, 229, 296, 297, 300, 306, 308, 314, 319, 323 Accommodation, 38, 65, 144, 226, 238, 239, 306, 335 Acquire, 70, 85, 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 97, 101, 105, 140, 249, 250, 269 Administrative boundary, 294 Adventure tourism, 339 Agricultural economy, 271, 272 exhibition, 280 mode, 276 Ambidextrous strategy, 85 America Game Show E3, 233 Analysis connotation of TDC, 293 international brand hotels, 38 Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), 140, 276, 300, 304, 310 Anbang Insurance Company, 79, 83, 86 Ancient street style folk tourism, 275 temples, 336 Anhui Province, 323 Anti-corruption, 110, 112, 128 Antique buildings, 336 cultural tourism stage, 336 Artificial imitation landscape, 338 landscape, 339, 342 real landscape, 338 resources, 308 Asia-Pacific region, 152, 175, 224 Associate programs, 243, 245, 246, 248, 253, 256 Average daily rate (ADR), 6, 12, 58 exhibition area, 176, 178, 186, 189, 198, 202, 208 Baidu tourism, 331 Bantian handmade street, 340 Barceló group, 74, 76 Beautiful China 2014 Year of Smart Travel, 134, 139 Beijing, 4, 6, 17, 19, 20, 32, 37, 39, 49, 52, 55, 60, 63, 72, 76, 82, 96, 99, 103, 105, 112, 114, 117, 120, 121, 124, 159, 176–190, 197–201, 210–212, 236, 242, 252, 255, 269–271, 274, 277, 280, 314, 319, 321, 323, 331, 332 exhibition analysis, 200 exhibition organizers categories in 2016, 200, 201 internationalization pattern analysis, 198 market saturation analysis, 197 overall urban planning 2004–2020 report, 200 Tianjin corridor local residents, 277 tourism BTG hotels, 103, 105 group, 6, 7, 19, 103, 105, 106 website, 331 twelfth five-year plan of developing the exhibition industry, 200 Benefits, 9, 22, 27, 28, 88, 99, 119, 135, 137, 147, 155, 164, 199, 226, 230, 231, 236, 240, 269, 274, 297, 301, 327, 328 Binhai International Convention and Exhibition Center, 209 Boao Forum for Asia (BFA), 39, 45, 55 Botanical gardens, 338 Branding, 67, 296 Brands and products, 119 Budget hotel, 1–12, 70 further tiering, 10 Business administration, 253, 255, 258, 259 environment and infrastructure, 308 352 The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China model, 88, 89, 101, 235, 267, 271 travelers, 336, 337, 343 C Carnival cruise lines, 164 Carrefour, 125, 239 Challenges, 6, 67, 87, 97, 99, 105, 106, 188, 241, 260, 290, 291, 312, 313, 344 Changchun, 49, 178, 179, 182, 185 ChaoQun Hotel, 70, 73, 78 Chengdu, 17, 178, 179, 182, 185–187, 276, 278 China cruise market, 152, 160, 161, 167, 173 cup, 342 economy, 62, 173, 260, 328, 337 folk culture valley, 336, 337 International Medical Equipment Fair, 202 Optoelectronic Expo, 202 Public Security Expo, 202 Social Public Security Expo, 203 travel service (CITS), 75, 77, 80, 100 national tourism administration (CNTA), 2, 98, 105, 132, 134, 139, 242, 244–247, 251, 265, 268 theme park tourism, 338 tourism academy, 138, 263 development, 321 group (CTG), 100, 101, 103, 105, 106 industry, 62, 63, 100, 135, 321, 325, 326, 328, 329, 334, 338 urbanization, 339 Chinese customers, 10, 80, 85, 166 empirical research achievements, 290, 291 hotel owners (CHOs), 15–18, 27–29, 33 mainland, 216, 219, 223 restaurant foreign expansion, 76 restaurant industry, 109–111, 113, 117, 119, 126–128 tourism industry, 137, 322, 325 websites, 330 tourists collecting tourism information, 330 Yuan’s depreciation, 84 Ching Ming Festival, 266 Chongqing, 99, 177–179, 181, 182, 185–187, 281, 323 Chung Yeung Festival, 266 Climate change, 308 Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, 225 Club mediterranee, 71, 75, 76 Cluster analysis, 304 Clustering analysis, 309, 311 Coastal leisure, 342 romance, 344 Communication, 27, 28, 31, 63, 134, 136, 139, 144, 146, 154, 207, 222, 226, 228, 229, 231, 232, 235, 238–240, 253, 297, 306, 307, 329–332 Community participation, 274, 275 Community-led development patterns, 274 Comparative analysis, 275 rural tourism statistics and domestic tourism statistics, 265 Competition, 1, 6, 27–29, 31, 67, 98, 105, 120, 126, 127, 144, 155, 161, 168, 185, 186, 197, 209, 210, 211, 217, 222, 275, 290, 292, 294, 295, 301–305, 315, 318, 325, 326, 328 Competitive analysis of the Chinese restaurant industry, 119 positioning, 297 Competitiveness, 16, 85, 91, 145, 156, 176, 185, 188, 195, 206, 211–213, 216, 221, 231, 240, 289, 290, 292–297, 300, 302–305, 307, 312–324, 326, 327, 331, 333–335, 339, 341, 344 Component application architecture, 139 Computer reservation system, 135 Conference and exhibition participants, 124 Confirmatory factor analysis, 306 Consumer behavior, 281, 332 Consumer-to-consumer, 141 Conventions, 176, 185–188, 195, 205, 207, 214, 216, 217, 224–226, 232 Core resources and attractions, 300, 309 Courtyard leisure resort mode, 275 Index 353 Crisis management plan, 302 Crouch-Ritchie (C-R) model, 292, 296, 297, 299, 304, 315, 318 Cruise dining culture, 166 industry, 151–153, 155–157, 159, 161, 163–165, 167–170, 172, 173 analysis of issues in the development process, 163 line chains, 173 operation and management, 171 port operation and management, 170 routes lack of richness and diversity, 166 talent, 170, 172 tourism, 152–157, 161, 162, 164, 166, 168–173 Ctrip, 5, 103, 133, 331 Cultural creativity, 207, 344 Culture, 141, 277, 336–338, 340 supporting strategy, 340 Current issues China’s hospitality and tourism education, 254 Current status of tourism education in China, 242 curriculum design, 253 program setup and mission/objectives in tourism education hierarchy, 248 associate program, 250 doctoral program, 248 postgraduate program, 249 secondary vocational schools, 252 undergraduate program, 250 program-running mechanism, 252 scale of development, 243 student enrollment in tourism education hierarchy, 246 tourism education system, 242 tourism faculty, 253 Curriculum, 241, 253, 256, 258–260 design, 256, 259, 260 ineffective, 256 Customers, 9, 11, 12, 52, 77, 82, 85, 89, 119, 122, 123, 126–128, 142, 143, 216, 229, 230, 318 D Dafen oil painting village, 340 Dalian’s tourism, 339 Dameisha beach, 336, 342 coastal resort area, 340 Dapeng Bay Resort, 338 Peninsula, 340 Decision-making, 27, 144, 154, 156, 292, 332 Delphi method, 304, 310 Demand factors, 302, 303, 308, 309 Demographics, 294 Demonstration effect, 343 Deng Xiaoping’s southern tour, 336 Dependent variable, 305, 308 Descriptive statistical analysis, 305, 307 T-test, 307 Design capital, 341 Destination attraction, 291, 300 competitiveness (DC), 290–293, 295, 297, 300, 302, 303, 312–318, 324, 325, 329, 330, 333, 334 indicator (DCI), 307 environment, 308 government, 324, 329, 344 image and branding, 297 management, 135, 291, 296, 297, 299–303, 307–309, 314, 315, 322, 344 organizations (DMOs), 135, 138, 139, 291, 300, 318 organization, 294 support factors, 308 Development, 1–4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 22, 24–28, 30, 31, 36–39, 41, 44, 48, 51, 53, 60–67, 69, 77, 82–85, 91, 92, 96, 100, 104, 105, 110, 113, 118–121, 125, 127, 128, 134–138, 140, 142, 152–157, 159, 162–173, 176, 177, 180, 184, 186–192, 194, 197, 200, 201, 206–213, 215, 217, 219–242, 245, 248, 250, 256–258, 263, 264, 266–269, 271, 273–282, 290, 292–296, 299–301, 306, 308, 309, 312–314, 320–329, 332–342, 344 markets in China, 157 Development scale, 294 354 The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China Disciplinary construction, 255, 258 discipline’s degree of maturity, 255 Doctoral program, 242, 243, 246 Document analysis, 275 Domestic exhibition industry development pattern and trends, 184 resort tourism, 336 restaurant chains and brands, 120 tourists, 47, 131, 264, 265, 321, 344 travelers, 124 Dongguan, 20, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 187, 195 Dragon Boat Festival, 266 Drivers, 67, 297, 302 Dwyer & Kim’s (D-K) model, 292, 297, 298, 314, 316, 318 E East Lake, 336 Eco environmental quality, 314 museum, 277 Ecological environment, 110, 119, 278 tourism, 280 E-commerce, 117, 138, 141–143, 146, 147, 302 system, 140 Economic contribution of tourism, 303, 323 development factors, 314 environment, 110, 118 prosperity index, 303 Edificio España Building, 79 Elite Model Management, 274 Enterprises, 22–24, 26, 27, 53, 83, 98–100, 102, 105, 139, 168, 170, 171, 186, 194, 195, 197, 202, 203, 205, 206, 217–220, 223, 224, 226, 230–232, 252, 253, 257, 276, 295, 296, 300, 301, 306, 315, 318, 326, 328, 332, 343 Entrepreneurs, 17, 115, 121 Entry level jobs, 258 Environment, 16, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 110, 119, 123, 128, 132, 135, 141, 144, 154, 155, 162, 171, 172, 191, 194–197, 208, 210, 212, 216, 217, 220–222, 224, 225, 229, 271, 274, 276, 278–282, 294, 296, 300, 302, 304, 306–308, 314, 318, 320, 326, 328, 329, 331, 336, 339, 341, 343, 344 Environmental competitiveness, 307 management, 301, 344 protection law, 172 Ethnic Village Community Participation in Tourism Development, 276 E-tourism, 133–135, 140, 143–145, 147 from consumers’ perspective, 140 from merchants’ perspective, 144 Evaluation indicators, 303, 304, 307, 320 methods, 140, 156, 290, 291, 304, 312, 344 E-word of mouth, 135 Exhibition, 57, 124, 176, 177, 179–191, 193–199, 201–210, 213–220, 222–232, 235, 236, 238 developments and trends, 226 functional evolution, 227 functions changes, 235 industry, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184–195, 197–202, 204–207, 209–229, 235, 236, 240 development and evolution process, 227 Experience management, 301, 344 F F1 Motor Yacht Championship, 342 Face-to-face interaction, 143 Facilitating resources, 296 Factor analysis, 155, 304, 307, 310 Factorial analysis, 309 Factors affecting the e-tourism adoption, 140 autonomy, 140 culture, 141 sensory attraction, 142 Faculty, 241, 253, 254, 257, 259, 260 Farm house, 267 form modes, 275 tourism, 275, 280 Field investigation, 275 First-order discipline, 255, 258 Index 355 Five win model, 276 Florida International University, 109, 245 Folk culture, 274, 277, 280 valley, 337 Folklore tourism, 280 Foreign direct investment (FDI), 70, 83, 87, 98 investment by Chinese firms, 73 tourists, 58, 62, 66, 137, 343 F-test, 306 Fujian, 17, 52, 119, 181 Functional evolution of exhibition, 236 Future competition between key MICE cities in China, 210 Fuzhou, 178, 185 G Gansu Province, 121, 322 Gardens, 336 General business environment, 110 Genting Hong Kong Limited, 164 Geography, 253, 255, 256, 258, 271, 294 Geotag content, 136 Global distribution systems, 135 Gloria resort, 37, 39, 44, 45, 59, 61 Google Scholar, 257 Governance mechanism, 15, 24–29, 31–33 theory, 24, 33 Government-led tourism strategy, 327 Gravity model, 308 Gross domestic product (GDP), 16, 36, 44, 47, 62, 97, 104, 109, 110, 118, 127, 131, 191, 200 Groupe Du Louvre, 70, 75–77 Guangdong, 17, 36, 52, 181, 196, 226, 237, 280, 322, 323, 334 provincial input-output data, 322 GuangJiu railway, 334 Guangshen highway, 334 Guangxi leisure agriculture scenic spots, 280 Ping An Zhaicun research, 274 Guangzhou, 19, 32, 49, 60, 114, 124, 171, 176–186, 188, 191–197, 200, 203, 204, 210, 211, 215, 224, 225, 238, 314, 321 exhibition environment analysis, 195 industry structure analysis, 194 internationalization pattern analysis, 192 market saturation analysis, 191 Guanlan Print, 340 Guizhou Province, 331 H Hainan International Tourism Island (HITI), 36, 37, 41, 42, 49, 51, 53 Island, 35–45, 47–53, 55–63, 65–67 key effects of international brand hotels, 58 tourism industry, 36 Tourism Development Committee, 38, 54 Hangzhou, 44, 99, 121, 124, 178, 179, 182, 185–187, 242, 280 Happy Valley theme park, 338 Harbin, 49, 178, 179, 182, 185 Hardware, 92, 157, 164, 170, 195, 209, 210, 224, 226, 233, 238 Higher education, 167, 241–246, 248, 252, 254–256, 258, 260 High-quality tourism professionals, 324 resources, 324 High-Speed Rail, 49, 119 Highway system, 343 Hilton, 9, 18, 21, 43, 45, 46, 60, 64, 70, 74, 76, 77, 82, 89, 90, 99 Holistic approach, 297 Hong Kong, 18, 37, 39, 44, 57, 74, 76, 82, 83, 96, 99, 100, 132, 157, 158, 193–195, 197, 203, 204, 212–226, 304–306, 334, 335, 337 Convention and Exhibition Center, 212, 213, 218, 220 exhibition environment analysis, 220 industry structure analysis, 217 international trade exhibition type local consumer show type, 214 International Arbitration Center, 221 internationalization pattern analysis, 213 market saturation analysis, 212 tourists, 337 Trade Development Council, 217 356 The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China trade exhibition buyers, 215 Hospitality, 9, 37, 38, 41, 57, 61, 63, 66, 67, 69, 70, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86, 92, 95, 98, 105, 245, 252, 257, 259, 296, 300, 308, 343 tourism management program (HTM), 252, 254 Hotel industry, 2, 4, 8, 22, 24, 25, 31, 32, 42, 61, 63, 80, 82, 83, 92, 96, 97, 101, 102, 104, 105 transactions, 72, 76–78, 80, 87 Huarun Chinese Supermarket, 125 Hubei, 181 Human Geography and Economic Geography, 271 Hunan Province, 322 Hyatt, 46, 60, 64, 65, 74, 76, 82, 85, 90 I Importance performance analysis (IPA), 306–308, 310, 311 Inconsistent tourism degree program setup, 254 Index system, 277, 303, 304, 330, 344 Industrialization, 279, 335 Industry environment, 172, 226, 303 explorers, 81 Influential factors of foreign hotel acquisitions, 83 Information communication technologies (ICTs), 134–138, 144–147 benefits, 136 management, 297, 301, 344 system, 140 technology (IT), 16, 98, 103, 113, 127, 128, 134, 163, 290, 301, 302, 329 Infrastructure, 48, 51, 66, 78, 104, 110, 118, 120, 135, 139, 157, 180, 185, 207, 220, 278, 295–297, 300, 306–309, 313, 315, 320, 326, 335 Innovation, 62, 91, 102, 115, 134, 152, 154, 165, 168–171, 173, 231, 232, 235, 238, 268, 282, 301, 308, 319, 324, 329, 335, 342 Innovative promotional strategies, 297 Input-output analysis, 322 efficiencies, 322 efficiency, 322, 323, 344 improvement, 323 index, 323 model, 153, 322 perspectives, 321 Institutional difference, 33 environment differences and governance mechanism choice, 29 Intelligent tourism management, 140 traffic, 140 Interactive least squares analysis, 306 InterContinental, 17, 20, 43, 76 International brand hotels, 39, 41, 42, 44, 57–61, 63, 65–67 exhibition city, 190, 191 players and international collaboration/ strategic alliance, restaurant chains and brands, 120 tourism, 6, 47, 55, 66, 131, 132, 343 organization, 344 Internationalization, 63, 67, 185–190, 192–194, 198, 202, 204–206, 208, 213–217, 223, 245, 252, 260, 343 Internet Food Order System, 122 Internet of Things (IoT), 105, 134, 135, 139, 140 Internet Plus concept, 134 Internet Word-of-Mouth, 331 IResearch, 133, 146 J Japanese model, 90 Jiangsu area, 281 Jinan, 178, 179, 182, 314, 335, 341 Municipal Government, 341 tourism, 341 JingJiu railway, 334 Jinjiang hotel management company, 106 Inn, 1–5 International, 4–7, 70, 73, 75, 77, 79, 99, 101, 105, 106 membership system, 102 Index 357 K Key administration of customers, 229, 230 KFC, 111, 120, 122, 126 Knife (information communication technologies), 134 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, 125 L Landscape ecology theory, 276 Large-scale events, 226 Law on Environment Impact Assessment, 172 Least square method, 307 Left Fort, 336 Leisure agricultural products, 281 agriculture, 266, 267, 271–273, 279–282 tourism, 280, 339 Liaoning, 17, 52, 181 Linear regression, 305 relationship, 320 Linkage model, 298 Literature quality trend from 2005-2015, 272 review, 249, 282 Livelihood strategies, 277 Local governments, 162, 163, 169, 269, 323, 325, 327, 332 Location rental, 226 Location-based services (LBS), 136, 137, 139 Logistics, 100, 113, 125, 188, 207, 220, 224, 226 Luodai mode, 276 Luxury hotel operation and management, 252 M M&A, 83, 84, 86, 88, 96–98, 104, 106 Macao, 100, 197, 203, 216, 222–226, 335, 337 Convention and Exhibition Event Incentive Plan, 225 convention and exhibition sector, 225 Economic Services Bureau, 225 exhibition environment analysis, 224 industry, 225, 226 structure analysis, 224 government, 226 internationalization pattern analysis, 223 market saturation analysis, 222 tourists, 337 Mafengwo, 133, 331 Mangrove Seashore Park, 340 Marine Environment Protection Law, 172 Marine tourism, 339, 342 Market demand, 6, 155, 201, 216, 256, 259, 260 performance indicators, 303 Marketing, 9, 12, 54, 55, 91, 127, 155, 156, 161, 226, 229–231, 256, 271, 278, 282, 294, 296, 297, 301, 308, 316, 318, 321, 325, 329–332, 334, 336, 344 strategy, 281, 329, 332 Market-oriented approach, 329 Marriott, 17–20, 43–46, 59, 62, 64, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 82, 86, 88 Master of Tourism Administration, 246, 249 McSam hotel, 70, 78 Mean and standard deviations, 308 Mechanism innovation, 335 Meijiang Convention and Exhibition Center, 208, 209 Mergers and acquisitions, 7, 12, 20, 81, 96 Michael Porter’s theory of competitive advantage, 292 Microblogging, 329 Minsk World, 340 Mobile payment, 115–117, 128, 146 Modernization, 335 Motives, 82, 91, 92 Multi-dimension analysis, 306 Multinational hotel corporations (MNHCs), 15–18, 27–29, 31, 33 Multiple linear regression, 306 logistic regression analysis, 305 N Nanchang, 178, 182 Nanjing, 18, 99, 122, 124, 139, 140, 178, 179, 182, 185, 187, 242, 314 National 358 The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China industrial development, 272 Tourism Administration, 54, 163, 268, 325 Nonprofit organizations, 327 O O2O food delivery, 127 platform investments, 125 platform, 126 Online travel agencies (OTAs), 8, 101, 133, 134, 146 recommendations, 137, 138 Opportunity hunters, 81 Optimal scale regression analysis, 305 Overseas Chinese Town, 20, 336, 338 expansion, 92 P Panel data model, 304, 311 regression analysis, 311 Partial least squares path model (PLSPM), 304, 308, 312 Partner difference, 33 governance mechanism choice, 26 Pearl Land, 336 Pearl River Delta region, 225, 334 Estuary, 334 Physiology, 300 Plastic money, 146 Plateau, 336 Policy support, 98, 162, 170, 205, 225, 326 Political achievements, 328 environment, 111 Portuguese-speaking countries, 226 Postgraduate program, 242, 243, 246, 249 Potential competitiveness, 307 Potter’s Diamond model, 292, 296, 318 Price competitiveness index, 303 Principal component analysis (PCA), 304, 309, 310 Product innovation, 320, 335 Programs, 103, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249, 252–260 Promotion, 36, 41, 57, 60, 63, 104, 105, 153, 207, 212, 219, 220, 225–257, 259, 281, 328, 331, 332 Property management systems, 135 Provincial Tourism Bureau, 330 Public service system, 343 Publicity, 79, 226, 227 Q Qingdao, 52, 124, 163, 168, 171, 178, 179, 182, 185, 307 Qualified buyers, 226 Qualifying determinants, 299, 302 Qualitative analysis, 210, 281, 298 Hong Kong and Macao in China, 212 major cities in China, 188 evaluation, 304 research, 156, 157, 282, 304 Quantitative analysis, 280, 281, 310, 322 research, 156, 282, 304 Questionnaire, 305–308 path analysis, 298 survey, 277 R Rail transportation, 49 Rankings in scale of exhibitions, 179 Realistic competitiveness, 307 Recent acquisitions within the budget hotel sector, Regional Tourist Attractiveness (RTA), 307 Regression analysis, 308 Relationship between MNHCs and CHOs, 16 Resource characteristics, 274, 275 Resource-based view (RBV), 293, 317, 318, 333, 344 Restaurant business, 121, 127 industry, 110, 111, 113–115, 118, 124, 127 market segmentation, 128 Rigid indicators, 303, 304 Ripple effect, 322 Index 359 Risk management, 308 Ritz Carlton Sanya Yalong Bay, 45, 61 Rotating model, 275 Royal Caribbean International, 160, 164 Rural communities, 275 development model, 271 strategy, 281 economy, 271 holiday entertainment, 280 tourism, 263–279, 281, 282 complex development model, 276 development in China, 263 entrepreneurship, 268 S Safety management, 170, 344 Satoyama initiative, 276 Scenic spots, 137, 140, 280, 327, 338, 339, 341 Science education tourism, 280 Sea transportation, 334 world, 336, 340 Secondary vocational schools, 243–246, 248, 252 Second-order discipline, 255, 258 Self-organizing map, 309 Service experience, 301 Sha Tau Kok Street duty-free area, 336 Shandong, 17, 52, 119, 181, 323 Shanghai, 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 17–21, 28, 32, 52, 60, 96, 101–103, 111, 112, 114, 121, 122, 124, 152, 155, 156, 159, 163, 168, 170, 171, 176–191, 193, 195, 198, 200, 210, 211, 237, 238, 242, 321–323, 327 exhibition environment analysis, 190 industry structure analysis, 190 internationalization pattern analysis, 189 market saturation analysis, 188 New International Expo Center (SNIEC), 189, 190, 237, 238 tourism industry, 322 Wusongkou International Cruise Terminal, 159, 165, 168 Shangri-la Yu-Beng community, 275 Shen Zhen Overseas Chinese Town Theme Park, 338 Shenzhen, 18, 20, 52, 70, 73, 114, 120, 124, 159, 163, 168, 171, 176, 178–188, 201–207, 210, 211, 290, 327, 334–344 2010–2015 Inbound Tourism, 343 2010–2015 Tourism Income, 343 Bay Hotel, 336 exhibition environment analysis, 206 exhibition industry structure analysis, 204 F518 Creative Fashion Park, 340 International Furniture Expo, 202 internationalization pattern analysis, 202 market saturation analysis, 201 Municipal Bureau of Tourism, 344 Municipal Tourism Administration, 342 Museum, 340 Tourism Cultural Festival, 340 tourism, 337, 338, 340, 342–344 characteristics, 342 Shift-Share analysis, 305 Shiyan Lake, 336 Show-gaze model, 278 Sichuan, 52, 71–74, 76, 119, 121, 123, 181, 275 ethnic areas, 275 Sightseeing, 154, 273, 274, 279, 316, 336, 339 Silver Lake, 336 Sina Weibo, 140 Skill-oriented courses, 253 Small medium tourism enterprise, 146 Smart forecasting, 140 safety, 140 sightseeing, 140 tourist attraction, 140 Social competitiveness, 307 cultural environment, 110, 117 networks, 116, 136, 143, 329 Soft indicators, 303, 304 Southern China’s Guangdong Province, 334 Space scale, 294 Special economic zones (SEZs), 335–337, 343 Splendid China, 336–338 Sports and Leisure, 344 360 The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China Stakeholders, 136, 139, 276, 292, 293, 301, 303, 327, 334 Starting point-power hypothesis, 276 Starwood, 19, 39, 43–46, 64, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 86, 88–90 Static landscape exhibition, 338 Statistical analysis of, rural tourism revenue, 267 rural tourism reception, 266 Stickiness, 134, 140, 143 Strategic alliances, 12 management, 317 pillar industry, 98, 321 Structural equation model (SEM), 304, 306, 307, 311, 314 Subjective/qualitative indicators, 303 Substations–supermarket, 125 Suigong dock, 224 Summer Davos, 209 Suppliers, 125, 133, 134, 145, 217, 229, 231, 232 Support factors, 298, 303, 306–309, 343 T Target markets, 72, 297 Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), 307, 312 Technological environment, 113 Theme park, 336, 338, 342, 344 Theory development, 24 Three stages least squares regression analysis, 305 Tianjin, 9, 52, 105, 124, 156, 159, 163, 168, 170, 171, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 187, 188, 208–212, 245, 277, 314, 323 exhibition environment analysis, 209 industry, 212 industry structure analysis, 209 International Exhibition Center, 209 internationalization pattern analysis, 208 market saturation analysis, 208 Tomb of Song Dijing, 336 Top management team (TMT), 88–90 Tour guide service, 252 operators, 137, 138 Tourism, 16, 31, 36–38, 42, 44, 47, 48, 51–54, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 85, 96, 98, 100–102, 104, 105, 120, 127, 131–146, 152–159, 161–173, 207, 222, 224, 225, 241–246, 248–260, 263–282, 289–298, 300–344 hospitality education, 308 competitive performance, 307 competitiveness, 294, 296, 311, 313, 319, 323, 335, 343 departments/programs, 252 destination (TD), 6, 55, 57, 66, 137–140, 153, 154, 159, 165, 169, 279, 289, 290, 292–297, 300–302, 304, 306, 313, 314–316, 318, 320–324, 327–332, 342–344 competitiveness (TDC), 54, 289–305, 310–324, 329, 332–334, 342, 344 competitiveness evaluation model, 322, 334 competitiveness model (TDCM), 289, 291, 292, 295 develop personnel hierarchy, 259 developers, 327 development, 37, 38, 47, 51, 53, 135, 269, 274–278, 308, 322, 324–327, 329, 335, 341, 342 committee, 54, 140 process, 335 doctoral program, 248 economics, 242, 256 education, 242–246, 248, 250, 252–254, 256, 257, 259, 260, 320 institutions, 259 practices, 259 employment ability, 307 enterprises, 57, 105, 136, 250, 254, 257–259, 301, 318, 324, 328, 332 forum, 271 geography, 256 industry, 36, 37, 53, 62, 63, 67, 98, 100, 101, 104, 120, 131, 132, 134, 140, 144, 145, 155, 242, 248–250, 252–254, 257–260, 272, 279, 282, 291, 303, 322–326, 328, 329, 331, 340, 341 infrastructure, 297, 300, 343 constructions, 48 Index 361 investment, 303, 304, 324, 328, 329 Law and Maritime Law, 172 Management and Hospitality Management, 256 management and service, 252, 259 market, 52, 63, 98, 152, 153, 155, 157, 163, 165, 167, 168, 264, 266, 271, 281, 296, 300, 321, 325, 326, 328, 329, 334, 344 numbers, 303 organizations, 332 products, 98, 139, 144, 155, 168, 300, 303, 315, 319, 320, 324, 331, 339–341 profession, 258, 259 projects, 341, 342, 344 psychology, 256 reception capacity, 314 resources, 306–308 safety plan and market environment, 324 schools, 250, 252 science, 271 statistics yearbook, 305, 308 tribune, 271, 272 Tourist center, 336 concept, 337 culture, 337 destination cities, 342 destination, 63, 142, 297, 313, 323, 335, 336, 342, 343 plan, 337 product, 336, 337 psychology, 330 resources, 337 Traditional destination image, 291 marketing channels, 329 Trailblazers, 82, 91 Travel and Tourism Research Association, 290 Travel expenses, 303 Trends, 1, 67, 114, 137, 156, 188, 210, 232, 234, 250, 303, 320 international brand hotels on Hainan Island, 63 TripAdvisor, 331 T-test, 306 Type of investors, 92 U UFI, 176, 182–184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 198, 204, 208, 209, 240 Undergraduate programs, 243, 245, 246, 254, 256, 257 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 341 Urban development, 200, 334, 340 Urban scenes, 342 style, 344 Urbanization, 105, 266, 269, 282, 335, 339 User generated content (UGC), 133, 137, 329 Utilization efficiency, 322 V Vacation tourism, 339 Variance analysis, 305, 306 Village township tourism, 280 Virtual tourist attractions, 140 Visa-free policy, 51, 52, 171 transit policy, 171 Visit duration, 142 Visitor attractions, 137, 138 satisfaction management, 297 Vocational programs, 246, 248, 253 W Wald Test, 306 Walmart/Sam Club, 125 Wan Chai District, 213 Warning prospect, 92 Wave Riding Yacht Club, 342 Website managers, 142 promotion, 330 stickiness, 142, 143 WeChat, 127, 147, 331 Wedding party, 124 Weifang, 178, 182 Wen Bo Palace, 340 WePay, 147 Western style buildings, 336 Word of Mouth (WOM), 138, 143, 238 362 The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China World agriculture, 271 exposition, 228 Tourism & Travel Council (WTTC), 47, 307, 308 tourism miracle, 344 Tourism Organization (WTO), 16, 132, 305 Wuhan, 17, 19, 178, 179, 182, 185, 187 Wusongkou International Cruise Terminal, 152, 159 X Xiamen, 18–20, 159, 168, 171, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 343 Shenzhen railway, 343 Xiangmi Lake, 336 Xiaomeisha Beach, 336, 342 Coastal Resort Area, 340 Xili Lake, 336 Xiyong Resort, 336 Y Yangtze River Delta, 159, 185, 307, 309, 312 Yangzhou Caiyi Street, 328 Yuan Ming Palace, 336 Z Zhangjiajie’s projected image, 331 Zhuhai Pearl Land, 337 tourist competitiveness index, 336 Zibo city, 178, 179 Zoo, 338 .. .THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CHINA New Growth, Trends, and Developments Advances in Hospitality and Tourism THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CHINA New Growth, Trends, and Developments. .. example, the Home Inns Hotel Group started by the joint investment of Ctrip (one The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China of the largest online hotel and travel booking companies in China) and the. .. Paradigms in Tourism and Hospitality in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India Editors: Bindi Varghese, PhD The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China: New Growth, Trends, and Developments