Theory of Knowledge Structures and Processes 8893_9789814522670_TP.indd 12/10/16 8:22 AM World Scientific Series in Information Studies (ISSN: 1793-7876) Series Editor: Mark Burgin (University of California, Los Angeles, USA) International Advisory Board: Søren Brier (Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark) Tony Bryant (Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, United Kingdom) Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic (Mälardalen University, Eskilstuna, Sweden) Wolfgang Hofkirchner (ICT&S Center, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria) William R King (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA) Vol Theory of Information — Fundamentality, Diversity and Unification by Mark Burgin Vol Information and Computation — Essays on Scientific and Philosophical Understanding of Foundations of Information and Computation edited by Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic & Mark Burgin Vol Emergent Information — A Unified Theory of Information Framework by Wolfgang Hofkirchner Vol An Information Approach to Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Extending Swerdlow’s Hypothesis by Rodrick Wallace Vol Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes by Mark Burgin Sajani - Theory of Knowledge.indd 25-07-16 2:02:32 PM World Scientific Series in Information Studies — Vol Theory of Knowledge Structures and Processes Mark Burgin University of California, Los Angeles, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON 8893_9789814522670_TP.indd • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI • TOKYO 12/10/16 8:22 AM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Burgin, M S (Mark Semenovich), author Title: Theory of knowledge : structures and processes / Mark Burgin Description: New Jersey : World Scientific, 2016 | Series: World Scientific series in information studies ; Volume | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015049963 | ISBN 9789814522670 (hc : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Knowledge, Theory of Classification: LCC BD161 B865 2216 | DDC 121 dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015049963 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher Desk Editors: Dr Sree Meenakshi Sajani/Tan Rok Ting Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Sajani - Theory of Knowledge.indd 25-07-16 2:02:32 PM September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-fm page v Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii About the Author xv Introduction 1.1 The role of knowledge in the contemporary society 1.2 A brief history of knowledge studies 1.3 Structure of the book 39 Knowledge Characteristics and Typology 2.1 The differentiation and classification of knowledge 2.2 Existential characteristics of knowledge 2.3 Descriptive properties of knowledge and corresponding typology 2.3.1 Dimensions and other characteristics of knowledge 2.3.2 Correctness, relevance, and consistency of knowledge 2.3.3 Confidence in and certainty of knowledge 2.3.4 Complexity and clarity of knowledge 2.3.5 Significance of knowledge 2.3.6 Efficiency of knowledge 2.3.7 Reliability of knowledge v 45 45 77 91 94 96 119 122 131 134 136 September 27, 2016 vi 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-fm page vi Contents 2.3.8 Abstractness and generality of knowledge 2.3.9 Completeness of knowledge versus precision of knowledge 2.3.10 Meaning of knowledge 2.3.11 Other descriptive properties of knowledge 2.4 Metaknowledge and metadata 137 Knowledge Evaluation and Validation in the Context of Epistemic Structures 3.1 Knowledge in the context of epistemic structures and knowledge scales 3.2 Knowledge evaluation, justification, and testing 3.2.1 Knowledge evaluation 3.2.2 Knowledge validation, justification, and testing 3.3 Local consistency versus global consistency in knowledge representation 139 140 149 151 169 170 215 215 240 263 Knowledge Structure and Functioning: Microlevel or Quantum Theory of Knowledge 4.1 Basic structures of knowledge units on the quantum level — knowledge quanta and semantic links 4.1.1 Quantum theory of knowledge (QTK) 4.1.2 Semantic link network theory (SLNT) and Semantic link theory of knowledge (SLTK) 4.1.3 QTK–SLTK connection 4.2 Signs and symbols as quantum units of knowledge 4.3 Operations with and relations between quantum knowledge units 4.3.1 Properties of and relations between nodes and links in SLN and knowledge quanta in QTK 4.3.2 Operations with extended knowledge quanta 4.3.3 Operations with symbolic knowledge quanta and complete semantic links 307 309 310 329 340 343 358 360 369 380 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-fm vii Contents Knowledge Structure and Functioning: Macrolevel or Theory of Average Knowledge 5.1 Language as a universal tool for knowledge representation 5.1.1 Natural languages 5.1.2 Languages of science and mathematics 5.1.3 Algorithmic and programming languages 5.2 Logic as a tool for knowledge representation and production 5.2.1 Concepts, names, terms, and objects 5.2.2 Statements, queries, and instructions 5.2.3 Logical systems of inference 5.3 Theory of abstract properties 5.4 Semantic networks and ontology 5.5 Scripts and productions 5.6 Frames and Schemas Knowledge Structure and Functioning: Megalevel or Global Theory of Knowledge 6.1 A typology of structures and scientific knowledge 6.2 Nuclear and comprehensive knowledge systems 6.3 Logic-linguistic knowledge system and descriptive knowledge 6.4 Model-representation knowledge system and representational knowledge 6.5 Procedural, axiological and instrumental knowledge systems, and operational knowledge 6.6 Relations between and operations with global knowledge systems 6.7 Hierarchies of knowledge systems Knowledge Production, Acquisition, Engineering, and Application page vii 395 402 403 411 423 428 446 481 491 500 518 527 536 593 595 603 612 617 622 631 636 643 7.1 Knowledge production, learning, and acquisition as basic cognitive processes 644 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in viii b2334-fm page viii Contents 7.1.1 Scientific cognition 7.1.2 Intuition as a cognitive instrument 7.1.3 Computers and networks as cognitive tools 7.1.4 Learning 7.1.5 Knowledge creation in organizations 7.2 Knowledge organization and engineering 7.3 Knowledge management and application Knowledge, Data, and Information 658 669 688 696 705 711 714 721 8.1 Epistemic structures and cognitive information 8.2 Structural aspects of knowledge–information duality 8.3 Information as a source of knowledge 8.4 Dynamic aspects of knowledge, data, and information interaction 8.5 Knowledge as a measure of information 722 727 760 766 791 Conclusion 803 Appendix 809 A B C D E Set theoretical foundations Elements of the theory of algorithms Elements of algebra and category theory Numbers and numerical functions Topological, metric and normed spaces 809 819 825 831 833 Bibliography 837 Subject Index 927 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-fm Preface If the extent of knowledge is the hallmark of our civilization, the use to be made of it may be its crisis S Dilon Ripley An investment in knowledge pays the best interest Benjamin Franklin Knowledge has always been important in society and all educated people have always understood importance of knowledge That is why Western philosophers have studied knowledge as an important phenomenon from the time of Plato and Aristotle Thinkers from other countries, such as China and India, also tried to understand the essence of knowledge from ancient times In contemporary society, importance of knowledge is much higher and continues to grow very fast Researchers concluded that knowledge had become the key strategic asset for the 21st century and for every organization Consequently, the necessity in developing the best strategy for identifying, developing, and applying the knowledge assets has become critical Every organization needs to invest in creating and implementing the best knowledge networks, processes, methods, tools, and technologies The growing needs in knowledge and efficient knowledge organization intensified studies of knowledge There are three main directions ix page ix September 27, 2016 19:41 x Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-fm Preface in these studies: — The philosophical and methodological direction, which comprises epistemology and the methodology of science and mathematics — The area of artificial intelligence (AI), in which knowledge is perceived as the base of intelligence — The field of knowledge management where knowledge is treated as the main asset of companies and organizations AI is typically directed at knowledge representation and processing Epistemology is largely interested in knowledge definition and acquisition (cognition) Knowledge management is mostly concerned with knowledge organization and utilization In addition, knowledge is also explored in psychology, sociology, and linguistics Intensification of studies in area of knowledge brought forth a quantity of books on a variety of issues and problems of knowledge So, why is this book different? It is different because its main goal is to present, organize and synthesize the basic ideas, results, and concepts from these three directions, which are loosely related now, into a unified theory of knowledge and knowledge processes It is called the synthetic theory of knowledge It is multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary at the same time The approach presented in this book provides a new explanation of important relations between knowledge and information demonstrating new kinds of possibilities for knowledge management, information technology, data mining, information sciences, computer science, knowledge engineering, psychology, social sciences, genetics, and education that are made available by the synthetic theory of knowledge Explanation of knowledge essence, structure and functioning is given in this book, as well as answers to the following questions: — How knowledge is related to information and data? — How knowledge is modeled by mathematical and logical structures? page x September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in 934 Subject Index Intelligence artificial, 2–3, 79, 151, 264, 295, 395, 526, 651, 804, 818 collective, 85, 698 Interaction, 42 Interactive process, 201, 301 Turing machine, 157 Interface, 673 Internet, 690 Interpretation conceptual, 187 erotetic, 187 operational, 187 Intuition, 676 chronometric, 676 common sense, 676 comprehension, 676 creativity, 676 geometrical, 676 global, 676 interpretation, 676 mathematical, 670, 673–674 metaphoric, 676 perceptual, 676 practical, 676 primordial, 675–676 reasoning, 676 set-theoretic, 676 spatial, 676 synthetic, 676 temporal, 676 J Journal, 60, 90, 120, 154, 165 Justification, 23 by authority/opinion, 244 by practice/experience, 244 by reasoning/thinking, 244 coherence, 242 doxatic, 242 epistemological, 215 existential, 244 external, 242 faith-based, 245 b2334-index foundational, 242 internal, 242 knowledge, 242 probabilistic, 242 procedural, 245 process, 243 rehabilistic, 243 Justified by observation, 23 by experience, 33 by probable arguments, 33 by weather forecast, 222 by the recent inspection, 266 K Key levels of knowledge, 41 Knowledge abstract, 28, 66 acquisition, 2, 9, 17, 605 active, 65 agentive, 61 amount of, 96 analytic, 34 analytical, 35 ancillary, 65 a posteriori, 55 application, a priori, 55 articulated, 56–57 assertoric, 607 auditory, 68 axiological, 49 base, 56 biological, 68 breadth of, 138 carrier, 80 case-specific, 65 certainty of, 119 characteristics of, 36, 52, 96 clarity of, 122 classification of, 44, 64–65, 75 codified, 65 cognitive, 67–68 coherent, 64 collective, 322 page 934 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in Subject Index completeness of, 139 complexity of, 53, 125, 129, 303–304 communal, 55 compiled, 64 concealed, 168 concept, 65 conceptual, 67 conscious, 168 conditional, 70 confidence in, 119 consistency of, 96, 107 correctness of, 97, 112, 117, 231, 242 creation, 2, 644–645, 671–673, 705–710, 716, 718, 762 cultural, 66 declarative, 48, 69 deep, 67 deep-level, 67 definitional, 65 depth of, 138 descriptive, 48, 211, 605 descriptive properties of, 91, 149 differentiation of, 50 diffused, 66 digital, 68 dissemination, 717–718 domain, 96 domain-specific, 64 domain-oriented, 64 economic, 69 educational, 69 efficiency of, 134 embedded, 53 embodied, 53 embrained, 53 economy, efficiency of, 134, 147, 521, 713 elementary knowledge unit, 179, 189, 307, 792 empirical, 55, 744 encultured, 53, 65 engineering, entailed, 65 b2334-index page 935 935 erotetic, 607 esoteric, 61 evaluation, 215 exact, 61 exactness of, 102 existential, 49 existential characteristics of, 40, 77, 81 exoteric, 61 expectational, 65 explicit, 91, 705–706, 716, 718, 737 explicitly absent, 168 external, 59 external characteristics of, 149 externally explicit, 57–58 factual, 66 false, 118, 648 fictitious, 66 focal, 59 formal, 49 function, 2–3, 804 future, 66 fuzzy, 61 general, 65 generality of, 137 geological, 68 global theory of, 593 graph, 554 group, 58 habitual, 67 higher, hypothetic, 607 implicit, 56–57, 59, 648, 716, 761 incommunicable, 57 incomplete, 265, 272, 758 indeterminate, 17, 61 inductive, 64 informal, 49 individual, 58, 69 instinctive, 67, 698 instrumental, 49 intellective, 61 intellectual, 69 internally explicit, 57 September 27, 2016 936 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-index Subject Index intuitive, 31, 650, 670–671, 677, 686 justification, 215 learned, 67 link, 330 logico-mathematical, 60 lower, management, x, mathematical, 24, 124, 158, 256, 479, 593, 645, 673–674 meaning of, 140 measure, 111 memorized, 64 methodological, 65 modality of, 100 molecular, 68 moral, 64 network, 55, 709 node, 330 non-referential, 55 objectified, 58 of ideas, 670 olfactory, 68 ontogenetic, 67 operational, 49 organization, 92–93, 301, 711 organizational, 58 partial, 71, 139–140, 594, 687 passive, 65, 67 perceptual, 64 personal, 65 phylogenetic, 67 physical, 60, 68 political, 68 practical, 60, 69 pragmatic, 69–70 precision of, 139 printed, 68 probabilistic, 61 procedural, 49, 69 processing, 4, 147, 239, 538, 697, 736, 804 production, 1, 4, 7–8, 643–644 productive, 60 professional, 53 procedural, 67, 69 propositional, 48, 98 public, 58, 65 quantum, 68, 93–94 quantum theory of, 41, 309–310, 341, 362, 754 quantum unit of, 309 real, 66 referential, 55 regularity of, 405 relational, 70 relevance of, 104 reliability of, 32, 95, 136 religious, 69 representation, 5, 41, 80, 97, 131, 185, 263, 280, 341, 398–400, 449 representation of, 141, 177, 400, 526, 603 representational, 49, 605 role of, 3, 7, 40, 179 scientific, 46–47, 124, 158, 401, 600, 634, 638 sediment, 67 self-referential, 67 semiformal, 49 shared, 65 significance of, 131 situational, 67 sociological, 53 social, 60 society, social, 60, 69–70, 131, 548, 644, 647 socio-cultural knowledge, 67 source of, 32, 42, 136, 176, 433, 760 space, 185 specific, 66 spiritual, 69 state, 189 state-referential, 55 stockpiled, 67 structure, 547 strategic, 67 page 936 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-index 937 Subject Index studies, 1–2, 9, 39–40, 117, 151, 722, 804 structural, 49 structure of, 92 subsymbolic, 54 superficial, 67 subconscious, 59 supplementary, 65 surface, 67 symbol-type, 53 symbolic, 54, 68 synthetic, 35 system, 98 tacit, 55 technology, testing, 215 theoretical, 60 theory, 142 theory of, transgenerational, 67 true, 648 truthfulness, 112 unarticulated, 57 undiffused, 66 unit of, 98, 311 utilization, validation, 253 verification, 253 visual, 68 wired, 54 written, 68 Knowledge system axiological, 606 comprehensive, 594, 601, 603, 611, 626 instrumental, 606, 622 logic-linguistic, 612 model-representation, 617 nuclear, 603 procedural, 67, 69, 142, 606 Knowledge systems hierarchies of, 636 operations with, 359 relations between, 72 Knowledge unit page 937 descriptive, 311 operations with, 386 L Language abstract, 380 algorithmic, 425, 427, 496, 615 block-scheme, 539 context-free, 304 empty, 119 formal, 403 functional programming, 426 imperative programming, 426 input, 72 natural, 93, 145, 316, 343, 403–404, 427, 441, 466, 519, 605, 730 of mathematics, 403 of science, 411 object-oriented programming, 401, 426, 470 output, 705 procedural programming, 426 programming, 50 regular, 304 representation of a, 452 working, 129 Learning automated, 705 machine, 705 Length, 204 Level attributive, 604 componential, 604 of the world, 87 productive, 604 Limit, 605 Limit partial recursive function, 665 Limit recursive function, 665 Limited recursion, 665 Link, 329–340, 557 arrow semantic, 330 complete semantic, 330 inner semantic, 330 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in 938 knowledge, 330 semantic, 330 Linguistic representation, 148, 177, 401, 446 structure, 820 Logic algebraic, 441 Aristotelian, 441 autoepistemic, 442 Avicennian, 432 belief, 442 Buddhist, 430 business, 442 categorical, 442 classical, 441 combinatory, 442 complex, 442 computability, 442 conclusion, 442 conditional, 442 conservative, 442 constructive, 442 contemporary, 440 continuous, 442 cumulative, 442 default, 442 deontic, 442 dependence, 442 deviant, 442 dialectic, 440 discussive, 442 discursive, 442 dynamic, 442 epistemic, 442 equational, 442 erotetic, 442 European, 430, 432 fibring, 442 first-order, 442 formal, 440 free, 442 functor, 442 fuzzy, 442 higher-order, 442 b2334-index Subject Index hybrid, 442 hypermodal, 443 illocutionary, 443 inclusive, 443 Indian, 430 inductive, 443 infinitary, 443 informal, 443 information-theoretic, 443 intensional, 443 intermediate, 443 interpretability, 443 intuitionistic, 443 Jain, 429 Judaic, 433 labeled, 443 linear, 443 local, 443 many-sorted, 443 many-valued, 443 market, 440 mathematical, 441, 463, 485, 493–494, 555 modal, 443 nominal, 443 non-symbolic, 443 of computation, 426 of decision, 443 of diagnosis, 440 of discovery, 443 of epistemology, 440 of formal inconsistency, 443 of names, 443 of physics, 440 of science, 440 operational, 443 paraconsistent, 443 polar, 443 polyadic, 443 polymodal, 443 Port-Royal, 358, 438 possibilistic, 443 predicate, 441 probabilistic, 443 process, 443 page 938 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in Subject Index prohairetic, 443 propositional, 439, 441 provability, 443 quantum, 443 relevant logic, 443 resource, 443 scholastic, 440 second-order, 443 slash, 443 spatial, 443 stationary, 443 substructural, 443 superintuitionistic, 443 symbolic, 440 temporal l, 443 tense, 443 triadic, 443 type-free, 443 universal, 440 Logical calculus, 281 implication, 438 language, 97, 119, 141, 167, 179, 181, 189–190, 290, 400, 496, 659 positivism, 46, 218 prevariety, 281 quasivariety, 281 reasoning, 429, 487 semantics, 144, 181, 429, 441 theory, 280 variety,186, 191–192, 270–274, 281, 294, 305 Logic-based programming languages, 401, 426 M Machine finite state, 568 inductive Turing, 822 limit Turing, 825 Turing, 825 Macrolevel, 41 Macrosystem, 307 Maintenance, b2334-index page 939 939 Manifold, 278 Many-worlds theory, 291 Mathematics, 35, 62, 86, 130, 156 Mathematical, 41 Meaning, 145 contextual, 147 denotation, 147 estimate, 147 implicational, 147 relation, 147 sender, 145 sentence, 145 speaker, 145 textual, 147 Measure direct complexity, 131 dual complexity, 131 dynamic complexity, 131 functional complexity, 131 of information, 118, 802 integral complexity, 129 semantic, 118 static complexity, 131 Memory bubble, 200 collective, 85 computer, 90, 178, 191, 197, 199, 310, 400, 465 core, 199 declarative, 51 echoic, 195–196 eidetic, 52, 195 electro-acoustic, 200 episodic, 51 explicit, 51 flash, 199 haptic, 196 human, 195–197 iconic, 196 implicit, 51 internal, 197 long-term, 51, 195–196, 785, 789 main, 197–198 molecular, 200 n-inductive, 825 September 27, 2016 940 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-index Subject Index perceptual, 197 personal, 197 phase-change, 200 primary, 195 procedural, 51 secondary, 195 semantic, 51–52 semiconductor, 199 sensory, 195–196 short-term, 195–196, 785, 789 skill, 197 social, 85 static, 199 structured, 822 system, 197 thin-film, 199 twistor, 199 vacuum tube, 200 working, 542, 821–822 Megalevel, 41–42, 328, 593, 601, 603 Mental world, 84–87, 554, 792 Mentality, 84–85, 87, 89–91, 244, 477–479, 540, 545, 650 Metadata, 40, 151–155, 551, 553, 759 Meta-epistemology, 164 Meta-ethics, 164 Metaheuristic, 163 Metaknowledge, 40, 151–153, 158, 162, 165–167, 353, 636 Metalanguage, 167 Metalogic, 164 Metaphilosophy, 164 Metarule, 159 Methodology, 158 Metric, 833 Microlevel, 41, 307 Microsystem, 307 Minimization, 197 Misconception, 83 Modality anticipation, 76 bygone, 76 confidential, 76 current, 76 of knowledge, 100 temporal, 228 Mode accepting, 567 computing, 598 concurrent, 599 deciding, 587 of activity, 571 Model constructive, 205 many-world, 291 mathematical, 287 multidimensional structured, 265 structure-nominative, 600 Modeling, Multigraph, 575 Multiplicity, 178 Multiset, 178 N Name, 345 Named data, 759 set, 487, 814 Natural number, 35 Network abstract neural,425 artificial neural, 558 architecture, 155 assertional, 520 definitional, 520 executable, 521 hybrid, 521 implicational, 520–521 learning, 521 linguistic, 521 neural, 694 semantic, 32, 520 statement, 521 theory, 520 unsupervised neural, 544 Neuron, 419 Node accepting, 568 generating, 568 transducing, 568 page 940 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in Subject Index Norm, 834–835 Novelty, 96, 150 O ∆-operator, 741 Object abstract, 83, 312 constructive, 96 natural, 312 Object-oriented programming (see also OOP), 401, 426, 470, 756 Observers abstract, 83 external, 83 internal, 83 real, 83 Ontology, 42, 84 Operation arithmetical, 516 effective, 424 functional, 492 information, 786 integral, 813 order, 305 topological, 412, 415 Operational decomposition, 548 Operational device, 822 Operational programming language, 160 Operator, 49 addition bond, 770 addition content, 768 addition epistemic information, 788–790 addition weight, 770 additive epistemic information, 788 antitone epistemic information, 784 binary, 360 bond, 767 bond epistemic information, 767 bond thesaurus information, 768 bounded epistemic information, 777, 780 b2334-index page 941 941 closed epistemic information, 783 content, 767 content epistemic information, 767 content thesaurus information, 768 continuous epistemic information, 777 contracting epistemic information, 784 copying epistemic information, 785–786 database, 484 deletion bond, 770 deletion content, 768 deletion weight, 770 emotional information, 171 epistemic information, 170, 193, 766 generation epistemic information, 770 information, 191–193 inner epistemic information, 767 instructional information, 171 knowledge information, 171 linear, 780 linear epistemic information, 775, 781–782 logical, 489 mixed epistemic information, 767 modal, 489 monotone epistemic information, 783 moving, 769, 785 moving epistemic information, 785, 788–789 information theory, 328 of adding weights, 773 of deleting weights, 773 of substituting weights, 773 permanent epistemic information, 772 projection, 487 (p, q)-continuous epistemic September 27, 2016 942 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-index Subject Index information, 777 replication epistemic information, 768 schema, 550 selection, 487 semipermanent epistemic information, 772 stationary epistemic information, 772 stratified epistemic information, 787 strictly antitone epistemic information, 784, 787 strictly monotone epistemic information, 784 structured information, 766 substantiation bond, 770 substantiation content, 768 substitution bond, 770 substitution content, 768 substitution weight, 770 tense, 432 transformation content, 768 transformation weight, 770 transformation epistemic information, 770 uniform epistemic information, 777 uniformly bounded epistemic information, 780 value-changing weight, 771 weight, 767 weight epistemic information, 767 Operationalism, 46 Operationism, 46 Opinion, 244 Order, 165 Ordinal, 234, 813 Organization, 1, 7–8, 149, 656, 700, 719 Output alphabet, 826 condition, 253 data, 260 port, 557 variable, 260 P Part algorithmic, 608, 625 aspect, 608, 618 combination, 608, 631 evaluation, 608, 631 fragment, 608, 628 linguistic, 608, 613–614 logical, 602, 608, 613 nominalistic, 608 nomological, 602, 608, 618 operating, 608, 625 operator, 608, 625 scaling, 608, 631 system, 608, 628 Partial order, 811 Partial projection, 208 Partial recursive function, 341 Perception, Philosophy, 158 Physics, 361, 403, 416 Physical, 423 Potential infinity, 825 Potential process, 109 Port, 559 Power accepting, 670 computing, 304 decision, 309 set, 237, 809 Pragmatics, 145 Precision, 139 Predicate, 308 Prefix function, 801 Preprocessing, 692–693 Principle methodological, 791 of minimal action, 766 named data, 329, 758 ontological, 817 special transformation, 722–723, 746 page 942 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-index Subject Index Problem Decidable, 512 halting, 128, 565 undecidable, 301 Procedural programming, 426 Procedure, 461 Process, 11, 48 algorithmic, 125 business, 56 cognitive, 29 complex, 796 dynamic, 78 integration, 125 problem-solving, 67 thermonuclear, 68 Processor, 821 Product, 4, 363 Production, 427–428 Program, 126–127, 131 Property abstract, 41, 91 ascribed, 113, 311–312 contextual, 92 descriptive, 91 existential, 40 intellectual, intrinsic, 113, 312 of knowledge, 74, 101, 133 natural, 311 relational, 92 Proposition, 176 Psychology social, 85 Q Quality primary, 312 secondary, 312 Quantifier existential, 486 universal, 486 Quantum, 316 Query, 303, 481 Question, 481, 600 R Range, 558 Real number, 132, 214, 315, 774, 832–833 Realizability, 265 Recursion, 172, 661 Recursive relation, 351 Reduction, 301, 367 Relation, 147 Relationship, 275 Relevance, 96 Reliability, 95 Representation of a language, 141 operational, 187 Representational type, 217 Resource, 4, 127 Restriction, 392 Result final, 530 of acceptation, 796 of computation, 825 Revision, 634 Robustness, 124 Rule construction, 160 data transformation, 159 deduction, 555 derivation, 465 execution, 159 formation, 487 logical, 493, 495 midot, 433 of a Turing machine, 158 of correspondence, 422, 599 of inference, 265, 284, 402 of interpretation, 429 of propagation, 465 production, 487 syntactic, 258, 427 S Scale, 170 Scenario, 624 page 943 943 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in 944 Schema, 539 basic, 559 closed, 567 conceptual, 553 content, 549 database, 553 dataflow, 551 deterministic, 567 external, 553 formal, 548 function, 549 ideological, 548 image, 546 interaction, 541 internal, 553 linguistic, 549 mental, 541, 547 motor, 541 network, 543 non-deterministic, 567 open, 567 perceptual, 541 port, 559 potentially open, 568 process, 549 role, 549 theory, 544 social, 548 specification, 552 star, 553 static, 549 theory, 555 XML, 551–552 Script, 527 Search, 163 Semantic link, 329 node, 329 network, 538–539, 725, 782 Semantic link network, 330 Semantics axiomatic, 145 cognitive, 144 conceptual, 144 denotational, 145 b2334-index Subject Index formal, 144 frame, 144 lexical, 144 linguistic, 144 logical, 144 operational, 145 structural, 144 Semiotic triangle, 356 Sequential composition, 153, 512–513, 623, 769, 786 Set acceptable, 72 computable, 364 empty, 187 enumerable, 511 fuzzy, 103 named, 330, 814 Sign, 345 conceptual, 343 material, 343 Size, 542–543 Social context, 3, 463, 701 influence, 701 intelligence, 85, 644, 647 mentality, 85 memory, 85 psychology, 85 recognition, Society, 80 Sociology, 347, 415, 556 Software, 97 Software metric, 220 Solution, 709 Source, 154 Space abstract epistemic, 178–182 conceptual, 204 conceptual epistemic, 206 epistemic, 178–182 Euclidean, 676, 834 knowledge, 187 linear, 827 metric, 833–835 page 944 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-index Subject Index organization, 566 structure, 566 symbolic epistemic, 178–182 topological, 189, 833 topological vector, 189 vector, 208 weighted epistemic, 206 weighted propositional epistemic, 207 Spatial, 676 Spatiality, 737 Specification, 26, 258, 274, 457 Square Structure-Information-MatterEnergy (see also SIME), 727, 746, 749 Specialized concurrent processing, 426 State accepting, 794 configuration, 346 final, 820 initial, 174 inner, 247 space, 192, 201 start, 159, 380, 820 structure, 820 Statement, 19, 24 Stoic philosophy, 686 Stratification, 84, 284 Stratum assertoric, 609 erothetic, 609 heuristic, 609 hypothetic, 609 String, 819 Structuralism, 415 Structuration, 84, 576, 593 Structure, action, 820 algebraic, 412, 415 cognitive, 725 concept, 614 dynamic, 605 dynamic space, 566 epistemic, 170 external, 415, 569 global space, 566 inner, 415 intermediate, 415 internal, 415, 569 knowledge, 603 mathematical, 157 of a system, 368 order, 412 outer, 415 pure epistemic, 725 region space, 542 space, 566 state, 820 static, 605 static space, 606 static synthetic, 804 static systemic, 604 topological, 412 weighted epistemic, 725 Structured memory, 822 memory of order n, 305 programming, 305 proposition, 483 Subconcept, 185 Subset, 362 Substance, 476 Subsystem axiological, 606 of bonds, 610 instrumental, 606 logic-linguistic, 606 model-representing, 606 of ties, 639 operational, 639 pragmatic-procedural, 602 problem-heuristical, 602 procedural, 602 structural, 603 Syllogism, 16, 25 Symbol, 355 binary, 360 empty, 360 of the alphabet, 380 page 945 945 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in 946 Symbolic, 441 Synchronization, 421 System abstract, 83 AI, 42 algebraic, 807 artificial, 41 assertoric knowledge, 603 automated, 695 axiom, 497 brain, 684 cerebral, 677 cognitive, 177–178 cognizing, 648 complex, 123 comprehensive knowledge, 77 computer, 395, 468 computational, 46 conceptual, 170 decision support, 712 descriptive knowledge, 805 epistemic, 178 expert, 237, 265 formal, 164, 404 functioning, 49 geographic information, 712 global knowledge, 594 heuristic knowledge, 603–604 holistic, 13 inference, 277 infological, 684 information processing, 566 informational, 56 intelligent, 175 knowledge, 178 knowledge-based, 712 limbic, 677 logical, 745 mathematical, 754 nervous, 85 neuropsychological, 683 nuclear knowledge, 603 numerical, 614 of Affective States (see also SAS), 649, 681–686 b2334-index Subject Index of of of of of of of of of of Emotions, 649 conditions, 667 equalities, 328 instructions, 320 named sets, 323 names, 323 operations, 329 philosophy, 12 properties, 324 Rational Intelligence (see also SRI), 649, 681–686 of Reasoning, 244, 649, 681 of symbols, 676 of Will and Instinct (see also SWI), 681–686, 770 operational knowledge, 603 partial knowledge, 594 physical, 656, 753 processing, 566 religious, 11 representation, 806 representational knowledge, Samkhya, 589 search, 279 sign, 298 software, 264 Solar, 71 static, 168 storage, 148 structuration, 658 structured, 159 symbolic, 25, 369 technical, 354 theory, 258 theoretical, 369 threefold, 458 transition, 125, 326 Vedanta, 11–12 Systemic context, 125 T Table, 528 Table form, 725 Tape, 159 page 946 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in Subject Index Task, 45, 259 Technology computer, 698 information, 687 software, 254 theory of, 248 Temporal, 51, 76 Temporality, 737 Testing action, 253 ad hoc, 255 alpha, 255 auditing, 252 beta, 255 black-box, 254 decision, 253 diagnostic, 253 exploitation, 251–252 exploratory, 255 functional, 252–253 load, 254 logical, 252 performance, 251–252 processual, 252–253 recovery, 255 simulation, 251 smoke, 255 static, 252 stress, 254 structural, 252 verification, 253 volume, 255 white-box, 254 Theorem, 62 Theory of average knowledge, 346 fuzzy set, 103, 558 global, 647 many-worlds, 489 mathematical, 247 mathematical schema, 555 of information, 365 of knowledge, physical, 270 quantum, 208 b2334-index page 947 947 scientific, 325 Theory-element, 368 Time physical, 676 system, 127 Tool, 487 Topology, 184, 567, 833 discrete, 825 Total function, 478 Transmission, Triad, 208, 281, 329 attributive, 219 Bacon/Augustine Sign, 345 balanced sign, 350 communication, 745 Data-Knowledge, 760 Data-Information-Knowledge, 42 dyadic sign, 347 dynamic sign, 357 epistemic, 172 epistemological, 142 evaluation, 220–221 existential, 84–89, 554 functional, 261 fundamental, 341, 448, 487, 496, 814 general Popper, 89 information, 407 language, 405 Locke triad of the world, 89 Locke triad of science, 89 process, 262 reflection epistemic, 173 sign, 345 substantiation epistemic, 173 symbolic, 330 triangular, 587 Triadic approach, 261 concept, 357 context, 456 dynamic model, 417 logic, 444 mental information, 257 model, 457 September 27, 2016 19:41 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in 948 relation, 357 representation, 367 sign model, 348 stratification, 387 structure, 405, 467 typology, 247 Triune Brain, 677 Componential Triune Brain, 677 True, 52 absolutely, 52 Turing machine, 157 Typology acquisition, 67 dynamic, 67 triadic, 67 U Unconscious collective, 89 Understanding, 57 Universal, 324 University, 696 Utilization, 598 V Validation, 169 Value, 328 Variable, 558 Vector bundle, 211, 780 Verification, 369 W Weight, 208 Wisdom, 598 b2334-index Subject Index Word empty, 367 infinite, 498 finite, 657 length of a, 217 Working tape, 647 World actual, 398 business, 720 conceptual, 658 existing, 347 extended mental, 87 external, 89 information, 739 material, 84–88 mental, 84–88 mind-independent, 96 mystical, 147 natural, 348 objective, 647 outside, 702 physical, 84–88 of ideas, 324 of forms, 301 of structures, 84–88 perfect, 654 possible, 478 real, 415 structural, 84–88 view, 650 page 948 ... theory of knowledge Vedantins’ theories of knowledge Visistadvaita theory of knowledge Madhva theory of knowledge Mimansaka theories of knowledge Jaina theory of knowledge Buddhist theories of. .. philosophical and methodological studies of knowledge in India September 27, 2016 19:40 10 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-ch01 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes... 19:40 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes - 9in x 6in b2334-ch01 Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes quantitatively and qualitatively, due to the development and utilization of