Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 By following traces, practices and ‘devicification’, the chapters of this edited collection take us through the profound transformations that characterise contemporary digital consumption Digital consumers are now not more or less than their devices Consumers, devices, data, infrastructures and algorithms form composites with consequence Professor Daniel Neyland, Sociology, Goldsmiths, UK This is a terrific collection that takes the dynamic, material processes of digitalization, rather than ‘the digital’ as its departure point As a result, the authors are able to expose the rhythms, traces and consequences of digitalization on consumption, and on social life more broadly It should be required reading for anyone who wants to move beyond the hype to understand how digitalization is working through infrastructures that artfully combine the enterprises of consumers and professionals to monitor and frame consumption Liz McFall, Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the Open University, UK The digitalization of consumption is an important field of research that, so far, has not been adequately explored This book makes a much need contribution by combining in-depth empirical analysis with new theoretical insights I think it is a must-read for anyone with an interest in this field Adam Arvidsson, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Milan, Italy Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Digitalizing Consumption Contemporary consumer society is increasingly saturated by digital technology, and the devices that deliver this are increasingly transforming consumption patterns Social media, smartphones, mobile apps and digital retailing merge with traditional consumption spheres, supported by digital devices which further encourage consumers to communicate and influence other consumers to consume Through a wide range of empirical studies which analyse the impact of digital devices, this volume explores the digitization of consumption and shows how consumer culture and consumption practices are fundamentally intertwined and mediated by digital devices Exploring the development of new consumer cultures, leading international scholars from sociology, marketing and ethnology examine the effects on practices of consumption and marketing, through topics including big data, digital traces, streaming services, wearables, and social media’s impact on ethical consumption Digitalizing Consumption makes an important contribution to practice-based approaches to consumption, particularly the use of market devices in consumers’ everyday consumer life, and will be of interest to scholars of marketing, cultural studies, consumer research, organization and management Franck Cochoy is Professor of Sociology at the University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, France, and a member of LISST-CNRS, France Johan Hagberg, PhD, is Associate Professor of Marketing at the School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Magdalena Petersson McIntyre is PhD in European Ethnology and Associate Professor at the Centre for Consumer Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Niklas Sörum is PhD in European Ethnology and Senior Researcher at the Centre for Consumer Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden and a Senior Lecturer in Marketing at University College of Borås, Sweden Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Routledge Interpretive Marketing Research Recent years have witnessed an ‘interpretative turn’ in marketing and consumer research Methodologists from the humanities are taking their place alongside those drawn from the traditional social sciences Qualitative and literary modes of marketing discourse are growing in popularity Art and aesthetics are increasingly firing the marketing imagination This series brings together the most innovative work in the burgeoning interpretative marketing research tradition It ranges across the methodological spectrum from grounded theory to personal introspection, covers all aspects of the postmodern marketing ‘mix’, from advertising to product development, and embraces marketing’s principal sub-disciplines Consuming Books The Marketing and Consumption of Literature Edited by Stephen Brown The Undermining of Beliefs in the Autonomy and Rationality of Consumers By John O’Shaugnessy and Nicholas Jackson O’Shaugnessy Marketing Discourse A Critical Perspective By Per Skålén, Markus Fellesson and Martin Fougère Explorations in Consumer Culture Theory Edited by John F Sherry Jr and Eileen Fisher Consumer Culture, Branding and Identity in the New Russia From Five-Year-Plan to 4x4 Graham H Roberts The Practice of the Meal Food, Families and the Market Place Edited by Benedetta Cappellini, David Marshall and Elizabeth Parsons Digitalizing Consumption How Devices Shape Consumer Culture Edited by Franck Cochoy, Johan Hagberg, Magdalena Petersson McIntyre and Niklas Sörum Digitalizing Consumption Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 How Devices Shape Consumer Culture Edited by Franck Cochoy, Johan Hagberg, Magdalena Petersson McIntyre and Niklas Sörum First published 2017 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 selection and editorial matter, Franck Cochoy, Johan Hagberg, Magdalena Petersson McIntyre and Niklas Sörum; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Franck Cochoy, Johan Hagberg, Magdalena Petersson McIntyre and Niklas Sörum to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-12489-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-64788-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Taylor & Francis Books Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Contents List of illustrations List of contributors Digitalizing consumption: Introduction ix xii FRANCK COCHOY, JOHAN HAGBERG, MAGDALENA PETERSSON MCINTYRE AND NIKLAS SÖRUM Big data challenge for social sciences and market research: From society and opinion to replications 20 DOMINIQUE BOULLIER AND JIM O’HAGAN Towards a rhythm-sensitive data economy 41 MIKA PANTZAR AND MINNA LAMMI Serendipitous effects in digitalized markets: The case of the DataCrawler recommendation agent 59 JEAN-SÉBASTIEN VAYRE, LUCIE LARNAUDIE AND AUDE DUFRESNE Extending the mind: Digital devices and the transformation of consumer practices 85 REBECCA JENKINS AND JANICE DENEGRI-KNOTT Promoting ethical consumption: The construction of smartphone apps as “ethical” choice prescribers 103 LENA HANSSON Tracing the sex of big data (or configuring digital consumers) 122 MAGDALENA PETERSSON MCINTYRE “Write something”: The shaping of ethical consumption on Facebook NIKLAS SÖRUM AND CHRISTIAN FUENTES 144 viii Contents Digitalized music: Entangling consumption practices 167 JOHAN HAGBERG AND HANS KJELLBERG 10 Marketing and cyberspace: William Gibson’s view 190 BARBARA CZARNIAWSKA Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 11 Digital advertising campaigns and the branded economy 203 GUSTAV SJÖBLOM, OSKAR BROBERG AND ANN-SOFIE AXELSSON 12 From the logs of QR code readers: A socio-log-y of digital consumption 225 FRANCK COCHOY AND JAN SMOLINSKI Index 246 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Illustrations Figures 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 6.1 6.2 Daily profiles of Internet bank transactions in 2011 over a period of five weeks on Saturdays (top), Sundays (middle) and Thursdays (bottom) Hourly visitors on a major chat line in Finland from Monday 08.06.2009 to Sunday 15.06.2009 Weekly rhythm of an online auction: Friday, Saturday and Sunday peak (40% of sales connected with products for children) Daily customer contacts at an insurance company’s call center Cognitive architecture of the DataCrawler recommendation agent Presentation of product information pages AOI: AOI a-image, AOI b-title, AOI c-price, AOI d-recommendation, AOI e-description and AOI f-search Average AOI fixation duration (DFi) per clickstream Transition percentages per AOI (PTi) for all product information pages observed Evolution of the number of homepages (PA), product lists (LP) and product information pages (FP) observed according to the number of recommendation clicks (CR) performed during the clickstream Evolution of the consultation time of open nodes (T(is)) according to the number of recommendation clicks (CR) performed during the clickstream Evolution of the number of pages opened more than once (T+1), different product categories (CD) observed and cart clicks (CP) performed according to the number of recommendation clicks (CR) performed during the clickstream Buying advice from an expert adviser Product information and the result of the qualification calculation 50 51 51 52 68 70 71 72 74 75 78 113 113 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 240 Franck Cochoy and Jan Smolinski remarkable For instance, the number of visits to the QR code on the salt box is negatively correlated with the number of visits to the QR code on the chocolate bar, as if craving for salt resulted in an aversion to sugar, and vice versa (r = −0,681; sig = 0) Many other examples could be provided: visits to the QR code on the chocolate bar are positively correlated with upper-class categories (r = 627; sig = 0) and income per region (r = 0.670, sig = 0); visits to the QR code on the bottle of water are positively correlated with the rate of retired people per region (r = 0.428, sig = 0.047), etc These two results reflect more or less predictable consumption patterns like snacking habits of urban professionals or health concerns of aging people Other results are more enigmatic, like the strong link between iOS users (measured with an iOS/[Android and other operating system] ratio) and salt box readers (r = 0.653; sig = 0) Last but not least, some anticipated relationships were not observed: see the lack of significant correlation (positive for salt and chocolate; negative for water) between the prevalence of obesity and the visits to QR codes printed on the three products Examining the observable variations of individual practices confirms and clarifies this very strong adhesion logic between the reading of QR codes and the local circumstances of product use In order conclusively to strengthen the link between consumption situations and QR code reading operations, we propose to observe how these operations vary when a single QR code is subject to multiple visits by the same visitor, both in time and space contexts Figure 12.6 measures the more or less sedentary or nomadic characteristic of multiple visits, by giving the proportion of different categories of maximum distances observed during all the visits made by the same person for each product Distances were calculated based on the GPS coordinates of the visited cities according to the requirements imposed by privacy protection regulations (see above, note 2) The maximum distance between the visited cities 94%94% 94% Salt box 94% < 94% 94% Water bottle 94% 94% 10 km 94% 10-50 km > 50 km 94% Chocolate bar 80% 82% 94% 84% 94% 94% 86% 88% 90% 92% 94% 96% 98% 100% Figure 12.6 Distribution of the maximum distances observed during several visits to the same QR code by the same visitor Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 From the logs of QR code readers 241 is estimated by calculating the length of the diagonal that connects the couple formed by the minimum observed latitudes and longitudes for all visits to the QR code by the same user, and conversely, the coordinates of the maximum latitudes and longitudes observed for the same visits As we will see, calculating these distances informs us about the propensity of goods more or less to follow consumers’ physical movements and practices As a matter of readability, we present the results with a broken scale (starting beyond the 80% level) Figure 12.7 shows the results of a comparable and complementary calculation aimed at tracking the distribution of the maximum time elapsed between the first and last visits to the same QR code by the same visitor, for each of the three products The calculation provides insights about the extent to which the codes are interesting for the consumers, or (conversely) about technical difficulties they may encounter Once again, the observed practices seem closely associated with the physical properties of the goods The most sedentary readings are unsurprisingly related to the salt box, the bulky characteristic and low “continuity” (in terms of physiological needs) of which suggest a sedentary lifestyle Conversely, the chocolate bar, designed to fit in the pocket and accompany people’s movements in order to satisfy or arouse sudden cravings, is one that is the most favorable to remote and nomadic reading operations The bottle of water, more cumbersome than the chocolate bar but more frequently desired than salt, occupies an intermediate position, less sedentary than salt, less mobile than the chocolate bar The spatial mobility of visits leads to some temporal extensions The more sedentary the product, the more often the “replay” readings occur within a short time interval, and vice versa; the more mobile the product, the more widely the replays are spaced in time Sa lt box 90% 90% Water bottle Chocolate bar 90% 0% 10% 20% 90% 30% 40% 50% 60% day 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 70% 80% 90% 100% Figure 12.7 Distribution of maximum periods observed between several visits to the same QR code by the same visitor 242 Franck Cochoy and Jan Smolinski Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Conclusions The study of QR codes and their use via the digital traces left by their reading presents a triple challenge The first challenge is methodological: we have to find a way to make sense of traces, the collection of which is massive and systematic, but that does not speak alone In other words, one has to overcome the tension between the supposed omnipotence of big data and their relative lack of meaning in their raw state Trying to meet that challenge captures, beyond the results themselves, the effort in which big data professionals are engaged This study reveals the necessary strengths and weaknesses of this kind of approach when one is forced to assume that the characteristics of the general population can be used to approximate the users’ social characteristics In this respect, our study is a first exploratory attempt to conduct the socio-log-y of the varied traces that pave the way of digital consumers, and thus move beyond classic ethnographies formerly introduced in consumer research by the Consumer Behavior Odyssey from which we started The second challenge is theoretical: we have to wonder about the different ways to account for digital traces and their implications We can explore these traces themselves and for themselves, and in this case we rely on the third generation of social science as shown by Boullier (this volume), who promotes a view that postulates the existence of an endogenous ecology of traces, independent of their origin and destination Or we may study new digital data and the ordinary empirical world on an equal basis in order to trace the relationships between the two, and we may hybridize rather than substitute the different generations of social sciences The decision between these two approaches may refer to a particular conception of society, or depend on very prosaic empirical constraints, i.e the choice to favor the inner life of digital traces at the expense of their origin and destination is, largely related to the (not insurmountable) unavailability of exogenous data It is also dependent on the objectives that are assigned to the research and on the nature of the objects under scrutiny If one is interested in political expressions and the emergence and circulation of opinions and the intricacies of social networks, the hypothesis of a “life of traces” is obviously as appropriate as it is stimulating If one is interested in market phenomena, where seizing traces is not an end in itself but rather a means to strengthen a business relationship or warn the public against the danger of such control, it becomes clear that tracing the links between people, the activation of traces and economic performance, is highly difficult This is the third challenge, which urges us to think about the performativity of the promise of technical devices On the one hand, QR codes are now wellrooted and common in the commercial landscape They facilitate the advent of a “self-marketing” regime in which business information is deliberately sought by consumers, in sharp contrast to the situation where advertising appears as pollution made up of unsolicited messages QR codes also offer Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 From the logs of QR code readers 243 companies a way to trace this new relationship between consumers and products On the other hand, the significance of this mediation is extremely fragile because it is based on a propensity for curiosity that is very weak (Cochoy, 2016) and because the data are incomplete, rarely able to say anything by themselves, except limited and sometimes risky clues once they have been properly reframed Finally, the QR code technology is fragile because it may be ephemeral It faces possible replacement by other solutions, like the direct recognition of images Nevertheless, the advent of the QR code technology, beyond its modest extension, limitations and uncertainty, contributes to paving the way for a new business relationship scheme centered on the development of an interactive and local exchange between consumers and products that is not a matter of political consumerism but of commercial citizenship in the simple sense of participation Notes The research this chapter rests upon was financed by the Digcon project (Digitalizing Consumer Culture) funded by the Swedish Research Council (grant number: 2012-5736), and the Omniscan project funded by the Région Midi-Pyrénées (France, Agile-IT program) We also had the latitude and longitude of the phone antenna used for the connection, but the French agency regulating the use of personal digital data denied us the possibility of using it We thus limited geographic information at the city level, by using the latitude and longitude of the city Our data are biased in the opposite direction: classic surveys miss technical agency; logs know everything about the technique but lack personal information A department is an administrative division of the French territory; France contains 96 departments Certainly, the Nice experiment involved payment via near-field communication (NFC) devices, so we expected that the use of smartphones for contactless operations also extended to the reading of QR codes … but it did not (www.investincotedazur com/fr/info/news/fr-nice-ville-du-sans-contact-mobile-lancement-le-21-mai-2010/) The calculation of moving averages helps to smooth the large daily variations and thus makes the graph more readable Our records start from the first reading operation of each QR code The QR codes were printed for at least a year, see our period of observation in Figure 12.2 In France, the average time allocated to provisioning is 23 minutes a day However, this activity is less and less done on a daily basis: the three thirds of the provisioning activity are performed in large supermarkets located in the suburbs and during the weekend (www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1533#figure3) See 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and big data 122, 127; and branded economy 203–24; and Gibson’s view 193–6, 199; and QR code readers 225, 227, 236, 242 Aegis 212 affordances 12, 65, 145, 148–53, 156–7, 161–3 agentivity 60–1 aggregation 21, 26–7, 29, 32–3, 43, 148, 170, 197, 199, 232, 234, 237 Airbnb 10, 41 Akrich, M 8, 62, 64–5, 80 Amazon 10, 22, 30, 44, 59, 88, 95 Anderson, C 29 animated GIFs 211 anomia 26 Appelblad, M 214 Apple 22 application programming interface (API) 21, 23, 32 Araujo, L 169 areas of interest (AOIs) 69–72 artificial intelligence 1, 85 Attali, J 42 attention deposits 59 Atwood, M 191, 199 augmented reality Austin, J.L 61 Avicii 205 awards/award shows 14, 126, 204–8, 210–12, 215–19 Axelsson, A.-S 14–15, 146, 203–24 back-pedalling 67 bandwidth 52, 208–9, 211, 214 banking 41, 43–4, 49, 55, 127, 139 bankruptcy 209 banner ads 209–11 Barad, K 124 Barber, E.G 60, 63, 82 barcodes 8–9, 111, 114, 117, 226 Baudrillard, J 199 Belk, R.W 2, 10 Bellcore 59 Berners-Lee, T 21 Berns, T 80 Bezos, J 59 big data 1, 5–6, 11, 15–16, 44–5; and branded economy 207; as challenge 20–40; and Gibson’s view 197, 199; and QR code readers 225–6, 230, 234, 242; and recommendation agents 80; and serendipitous effects 59–61; sex of 122–43 black boxes 25 Black, F 62–3, 80 blogs 1, 21, 28, 93, 98, 100, 122, 134, 144–5, 147–9, 156, 215 Bloomfield, B 190 Blue Ant Media 193 BlueAnt Wireless 193 Bluetooth 181 body-fit 172 bookmarks 96–7, 99 Booth, C.J 24 Boston Consulting Group 45 Boullier, D 4–5, 16, 20–41, 129, 207, 226, 231–2, 242 Bourdieu, P 206 bourgeoisie 206 Bowker, G 29 Boycott 104 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Index boyd, d 22–3, 129, 157, 159 brains 8, 10, 97, 100, 194 branded economy 14, 203–24 brands/branding 5, 14, 111, 133–4, 140; and advertising campaigns 203–9, 212, 215–16, 218–21; and big data 20, 23, 25–6, 30, 33, 35, 38, 126, 129; and ethics 152; and Gibson’s view 191–4, 196, 198–9; and QR code readers 230–1, 238 Brembeck, H 44 Broberg, O 14–15, 146, 203–24 Broniarczyk, S.M 109 Brown, A.B 190 Burberry 127 Burroughs, W 199 business history 208 Buy Nothing Day 152–3 buzz 127–8, 193–4, 196, 210 buzzadors 14, 194 buzzwords 134, 193, 216 Caillau, R 21 calculation 106, 108, 111, 114, 116–17, 124, 220 Callon, M 62–3, 106 calqulation 106 Camberwick Green 92 Camino 148 Canada 193 Cannes Lions Festival of Creativity 206, 208, 211–12, 217–18 Cap Gemini 45 capitalism 197, 203, 205, 210, 220 Carlzon, J 210 cassette tapes 173 Cayce Pollard Units (CPUs) 192, 199 Cedergren, M 214 celebrities 205, 210, 215, 217, 220–1 Census Bureau 27 certification 110 Chalmers, D 87, 96, 100 Chalmers University of Technology 208 Chaplin, C 42 China 196 choice engines 9, 11, 13–14 choice prescribers 103–21 choice types 114–17 choosing consumers 108–10, 116, 118, 140 circuits of reproduction 41 citizenship 243 Clark, A 87, 96, 100 class 199, 240 247 clickstreams 65, 69, 73, 76–7, 79, 81 Clio 206, 212 closed choices 114–16 co-agents 86 co-operative relations 182 Coca-Cola 216 Cochoy, F 1–19, 44, 62–3, 106, 124, 130, 132–3, 135–6, 140, 196, 205, 225–45 cognitive systems 63–7, 85–102 cognoscenti 196 collaborative filtering 67–8 collectivizing 161–3 colonialism 125–6 commercial rebound 60 commitment 8, 10, 77, 86, 88, 90–2, 94–5, 97–8, 118, 134 commodification 192–3, 195, 198 communities of interest 144 commutification 187 compact discs (CDs) 167–8, 170, 173, 179–81, 183, 186 companion species 86 competences 86, 88, 90, 98–9, 117, 169, 209–10 competitive relations 182 complementarity 68 complex choices 114, 116 computer sciences 20, 34, 44 configuring consumers 122–43 connected listening 168, 184–6 connectivity 172, 211 Connolly, J 117 conscious consumers 108–10, 150–1, 157, 162–3 Conscious Consumption group 12, 111, 146–8, 157 Consumentor 107, 109–11 Consumer Behaviour Odyssey 225, 242 consumption 1–19; and advertising campaigns 203–24; and big data 20–40; configuring 122–43; and consumer cultivation 10; and consumer hyperchoice 109; and consumer protection 6; and consumer roles 133–4; and consumer subjects/practices 4, 10–13; and consumer types 108, 122–43; and consumerist prescribers 116; and consumption studies 3; and ethics 103–21, 144–66; and extended minds 85–102; and Gibson’s view 190–202; and music 167–89; and QR codes/QR code readers 15, 63, 225–45; and reshaping consumers 4, 9, 12–13, 226; and rhythm sensitivity 41–58; and social/ Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 248 Index cultural consumers 108; transformation of 85–102 Converse, J 24–5 conversion rates/tunnels 68, 77, 79, 129, 136, 141 Le Corbusier 44 Cornucopia 148 corporations 103, 125, 127, 195, 204, 208, 226, 230–1 coupled systems 87–8 Cova, B 205 Crawford, K 22–3, 129 cross-case analysis 8, 89, 104, 108 Cruelty Free 104 cultural capital 206 cultural intermediaries 205–6, 208, 218–20 culture circuits 198–9 curating 98–9 curiosity 7, 10, 63, 196, 227, 229, 243 customer relationship management (CRM) systems 23, 35, 52 cyberpunks 191 cyberspace 14, 190–224 Czarniawska, B 14, 130, 190–224 D&AD 206 Dali, D 205 Dant, T 86 data/databases 8–9, 21, 29, 33, 52–3; and branded economy 209; data economy 5, 41–58; data flows 41; data management 6; data protection 6, 233, 240; data sciences 21; and ethics 110–12, 114–15, 118, 147; and QR code readers 225, 231–2, 234 DataCrawler 7, 59–84 De Certeau, M 169 Debord, G 199 Denegri-Knott, J 2, 7–9, 63, 85–102 Desrosières, A 27 devicification 10, 146, 163 devising consumers 3–4, 6–10 dial-up 211 Diesel 215–17 digital traces 5–6, 11, 14–16, 64, 103; and big data 20–40, 122–43; and branded economy 216, 219–20; and ethics 112; and Gibson’s view 197; and QR code readers 225–6, 229–32, 238, 242–3; traceability 31–5, 112 digitalization 1–19; and advertising campaigns 203–24; and big data 20–40, 122–43; definitions 2; and ethics 103–21, 144–66; and extended minds 7–8, 10, 85–102; and gender 122–43; and Gibson’s view 190–202; and music 167–89; and QR codes/QR code readers 15, 63, 225–45; and rhythm sensitivity 41–58; and serendipitous events 59–84 discrete listening 168, 183, 185–6 docking stations 177, 179 downsizing 118, 153 dramaturgy 125, 128–9 drivification 187 Dropbox 96 Dufresne, A 7, 15, 59–84 Dujarier, M.-A 194 Durkheim, É 26–7 e-commerce/e-trade 7, 10–11, 59, 61, 65, 69, 79, 82, 122–9, 137, 139, 210 earphones 169, 172–5, 179, 184 Earth Hour 152, 156 Easterbrook, N 200 eBay 88, 91–2, 94–5, 97–8, 196, 198 EcoDay 151, 157 ecological fallacy 233–4 ecological products 110–11 economicization 61, 80 Ekoleko 148 Ellison, N 159 Elster, J 192 Elysium 191 emerging economies 126 engagement rate 23 England 7, 88, 92 entanglements 10, 123, 167–89, 204–5 entrainment 42 entrepreneurship 122, 141, 208 environmentalism 104–7, 110–12, 114–16, 144, 148–52, 157, 162–3, 233 Erasmus University 195 ethical consumption 144–66 ethics 3, 6–13, 103–21, 144–66 Eurobest 206 Evernote 87–8 eversion 196 exclusivity 14 exercisification 187 exhaustiveness 31 expanding boundaries 132 experts 23, 26, 111–12, 140, 150, 193, 229 extended imagination 92–5, 98 extended knowledge 90–1, 98 extended memory 95–9 extended minds 7–8, 10, 85–102 Index Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 externalists 95 eye-movement analysis 64–5, 69, 79, 81 Facebook 5, 9–13, 21–2, 29, 44, 49, 127, 136, 139–40, 144–66, 205, 231–2 failed systems 99–100 fair trade 104, 106–7, 109–12, 114–17, 146, 148, 151–3, 156–7 Fairtrade 104, 106–7, 109–12, 114–17, 148, 152, 156 Fairtrade Challenge 152, 156 Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) 110 Fairtrade Sweden 107, 109–12 Farfar 208, 212, 215–19 fashion 1, 30, 46, 128, 138, 157, 191–2, 199, 206, 211, 216 feminists 124 field-configuring events 125 financial markets 24, 62–3 Finland 41, 43, 45–54 Flash 193, 214 Flickr 33, 215 Forsman & Bodenfors (F&B) 204, 208, 214–15, 219–20 Foucault, M 12, 145, 150, 204 frame rates 211 Framtidsfabriken 209 France 226, 228, 233–4, 236, 238 freemium schemes 226–7 Fuentes, C 10–12, 63, 105, 108, 124, 134, 144–66 Fukushima power station 148 future research 41, 45, 48, 53–5, 80, 99–100, 187, 199 futurism 42 Gabriel Hounds 14, 196–7 GAFA platforms 22 Gallup, G 24–6 game theory 34 gaming 193, 211 gender 2–3, 11–12, 122–43, 217, 229, 231 genres 172, 191, 211 geo-localization 133 geo-location 21 Gerke, P 214 Germany 196 Gibson, J 145 Gibson, W 14, 190–224 Global Giant Graph (GGG) 21 global trade item numbers (GTIN) 111 globalization 125, 128 Gnip PowerTrack 23 249 GoFair 104 Golfetto, F 193 GoodGuide 104 Google 9, 21–2, 28, 31–2, 44, 88, 93, 127, 130, 133, 207, 216 Google Books 33 Google Images 98 Google Maps 85, 111 Google Play 107 governance 146, 149–50 governmentality 145, 150, 162–3, 204 GPS 85, 111, 234, 240 Granovetter, M.S 62 GreenGuide 9, 104, 107, 109, 112, 115–17 gross domestic product (GDP) 45 Guldägget 210 Gunn Report 218 Hagberg, J 1–19, 146, 167–89, 228 Haider, J 144–5, 149 Haidt, J 109 Hansson, L 7–9, 103–21, 156, 162, 220, 228 harmony 43, 53, 55 Harvest tool 147 hashtags 34, 157–9 Hayek, F von 197 Hayles, K.N 190–1 headphones 176 The Heidies 215–16, 219–20 Helgesson, C.F 194 Hellström, H 175 Helsingin Sanomat 48 high-brow culture 206 high-frequency politics 24, 30, 35 Hilton, P 215 Hitchings, H 195 Holbrook, M 225 Hollerith, H 27 Hollinger, V 191 HTML 211 human-non-human systems 10, 34, 63, 85–102, 105, 228, 231 Hutchby, I 152 hybridization 3, 8–10, 85–6, 90, 93; and big data 30, 127; and digital devices 96, 100; and ethics 163; and QR code readers 228, 232, 242; and serendipitous effects 68 hyperlinks 147 IBM 27 Ibrahimovic, Z 203–5, 220 Iceland 197 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 250 Index Icon Medialab 209 identity 9, 11, 21, 139, 144, 186, 190, 204, 220, 231 ideologies 2, 8, 140, 195 Iglesias, E 205 Iltasanomat 48 imperialism 125 impulse buying 135 informatics 44 information and communication science 64–5 information and communications technology (ICT) 103 information fatigue 109 information technology (IT) 209–11, 229 information-seeking consumers 108 inscriptions 7–8, 10–11, 13–14, 16, 106, 108, 110, 112, 115–17, 198, 204 INSEE 238 inspiration 32, 43, 87–8, 92–5, 98, 127, 133–6, 140, 148, 195, 199, 217 Instagram 34, 136, 145, 152, 156–7, 192, 205 insurance 45, 49, 52 integrated listening 168, 173, 179, 185–7 integration 167–8, 207, 220 interactivity 206–7, 209, 211, 214–17, 219, 243 Interbrand 207 Intercolor 46 interdisciplinarity 208 internalization 149, 163 Internet World 126 intersections 13, 88, 150, 163, 167–8, 170–87 Interstellar 191 IP addresses 22 iRecycle 104 item-to-item correlation 67 iTunes 107 Jameson, F 191 Japan 126 Jelsma, J 105 Jenkins, R 7–9, 35, 63, 85–102 Jetshop 126, 137 Johnson, R 198 joint-stock companies 210 Kahneman, D 195 Kazaa 169 Keeping Together in Time 43 Kellner, D 191 Kerrigan, F 167, 169, 187 keywords 66, 79, 170 Kjellberg, H 10, 12–13, 146, 167–89, 194, 228 Klein, N 192, 194, 198 Kleinberg, J 31 Klout 29 Knorr Cetina, K.D 92 Konstantinou, L 194, 199 Kozinets, R.V 148–9 labelling 110–11, 114–16, 157, 198 Lammi, M 4–5, 41–58, 207, 238 Lampel, J 125 Landon, A 24 Larnaudie, L 7, 15, 59–84 Latour, B 6, 62–3, 80 Law, J Lazarsfeld, P 25–6 learning algorithms 67–8, 82 Lefebvre, H 43, 55 legal/illegal downloads 167 Leskovec, J 31 Levy, S.J 194 liberalism 140 Licoppe, C 60 lifestyle 12, 42, 115, 147–8, 151, 153, 155–6, 162, 241 linearity 14, 42 listening types 168–87 Llamas, R load times 76 logs 225–45 low-brow culture 206 McFall, L 6–7 MacKenzie, D 62 McNeill, W 43 Macromedia Shockwave 211 mail order 11, 137 Majchzrak, A 161 Mallard, A 106, 116 manga 33 Manovich, L 33 market devices 3, 7, 9, 11, 14; and big data 124, 127, 139, 141; and branded economy 203, 205, 208–9, 218–19, 221; and ethics 104–6, 108, 116–18; and QR code readers 242; and serendipitous effects 63, 65; study of 16 market research 20–40, 44, 53, 161, 225 marketing 2–6, 20, 22–3, 25, 107; and big data 124, 129–30, 132, 139–41; and ethics 148, 151–3, 156, 163; and Gibson’s view 190–224; ideologies 2, 8, Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Index 140, 195; liquid 216; and market agencing 3; and market framing 16–17; and market implications 4–6; and market shaping 16; and market share 49, 54–5, 133; and market studies 3, 24; and marketization 5; one-to-one 139; practices 13–17; and QR code readers 225, 229–30, 232 marketing research first generation (MR1G) 34–5 marketing research second generation (MR2G) 35 marketing research third generation (MR3G) 35 Marres, N 32, 146, 153, 156 material-discursive meanings 11, 124, 141 meaning making 11–12, 127–8, 153, 169, 194, 204, 242 media 6, 43–4, 47–8, 53, 92; and big data 23, 25–7, 29, 34, 38, 107, 126; and branded economy 205, 210, 212, 220; and ethics 148; and QR code readers 230 Mediearkivet 209 melody 43, 53, 55 meme trackers 31–2, 35 memetics 32 Merrick, H 144 Merton, R 42, 60, 62–3, 80, 82 metavoicing 159–61 Metz, D 190 Meyer, A.D 125 Mick, D.G 109 Microsoft 127 Milko Music Machine 211–12, 215, 217, 219–20 Miller, G.S Jr 195 Miller, P 43 Millo, Y 62 mind 7–8, 10, 25, 34, 48, 62, 85–102 MiniDiscs 173 Moats, D mobile devices/telephony 1–2, 15, 47–8, 87, 132; and big data 127–8, 135, 137, 139; and branded economy 207, 217–18, 220; and ethics 103–4, 115, 118, 149; and Gibson’s view 193; and music 167, 173, 175, 178, 183 Modern Times 42 modernism 42, 125 Moeran, B 125 Moisander, J 162 Molander, S 99 251 Molesworth, M monads monitoring 17, 20, 23, 25–8, 30, 33, 48, 52, 91, 97, 133, 234 Montreal University 64, 79 mood 174, 178, 180, 184 MP3s 167, 170, 172–3, 179–81, 186 Mumford, L 42 Muniesa, F 106 music 1, 10–13, 42–3, 48, 55; and big data 22, 122, 126, 138; and branded economy 211, 215, 219; and consumption practices 167–89; and ethics 146; and Gibson’s view 195; musicalization 187; and recommendation agents 59 MySpace 159, 215 n-grams 33 Nathan, L.P 144 natively-digital objects 157 navigation 65, 67–8, 73, 79–81, 98, 100, 111, 116, 217–19 neo-liberalism 140, 150–1, 163 Netflix 5, 9, 47, 130 netiquette 148 netnography 148 neuromarketing 14, 194–5, 199 Neyman, J 25 Nixon, S 205 No Logo 192 Noise: The Political Economy of Music 42 Nokia 212, 217–20 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 103, 107, 117–18 Nordic Nature Shop 105 nudges 81, 118 nVivo 148 Oakes, S 167, 187 Obama, B 31 object ethnography 104, 107–8 O’Hagen, J 20 omni-channels 132, 136 One Month with a Simpler Lifestyle 155–6 ontology 90 open choices 115–16 operating systems 229, 231, 233–4, 240 opinion-mining tools 23, 28, 31 O’Reilly Media 45 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 45 252 Index Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Organization 190 organization theory 41, 190 packaging 135 Palm-Jensen, M 216–17 Palmer, C 199 Pantzar, M 4–5, 41–58, 182, 207, 238 parallel listening 168, 170, 176, 184–6 Paris Saint-German (PSG) 203–5 Parker, M 190 Pattern Recognition 14, 191–5, 199–200 performativity 5, 63, 69, 79–80, 116; and big data 29, 124, 126, 130; and branded economy 220; of economics theory 61–2; and performative fragments 42; and performative turn 62–3; and QR code readers 227, 242 periodicities 42 personalization 66–8, 81, 85, 132–3, 207 Petersson McIntyre, M 1–19, 122–43 Piette, A 186 pinball effect 15, 216 Pinterest 85, 87, 95–6, 98–100 Pirate Bay 12, 169 pixelation 211 platform economies 41 platforms bias 30, 32 Plato 195 playlists 172, 174–5, 177, 181–2, 184 Pokémon Go political science 24–5 polling techniques pollsters 26 pop-up ads 136 popular culture 14, 190–1, 206, 212, 216–20 Posten webshop 209–11, 219–20 Postgirot 210 postirony 199 poverty 24, 110, 220–1 power 3, 6, 11, 24, 27, 30, 125, 129, 140, 145, 230 practice-based approaches 7, 16, 41–3, 53, 85, 89, 92, 98–9, 117, 167–89 praktik 169 praxis 169 Première Vision 193 prescription power 65, 106–8, 110, 114–18, 153 prey-predator relations 182 Pricing of Options Theory 62, 80 privacy 6, 11, 230, 240 private sphere 175–6, 180, 187 privatization producer stories 112 professionals of qualification 205 profiles 6, 12, 22, 126, 156–7, 161, 231, 236, 238 profit 82, 206, 208 prostheses 8, 13 Prothero, A 117 public opinion 5, 20, 24–8, 30–1, 33, 38, 231 public sphere 175 QR codes/QR code readers 15, 63, 225–45 qualculation 106, 108, 111, 114, 116 qualification 106, 108, 110–12, 114–17, 205, 209, 221 queuing 177–8 race 125 radical empiricism 30 radio 25, 173, 176, 179–82 rankings 23–4, 207 rational choice theory 34 re-purposing 32 re-targeting 22 reach 23 reactivity 20, 23–4, 33 Reckwitz, A 169 recommendation agents 7, 10, 59–84, 111, 117, 178 reflexivity 20, 23, 30, 206, 228–9 Reijonen, S 106 replications 5–6, 20–40 representativeness 24, 26, 28, 31 returned goods 135 reversed thunder 15, 227–8 Rhodes, C 190 rhythm 5, 32, 41–58, 172, 232, 236, 238 Rhythm Analysis 43 Rhythm Science 43 Rifkin, J 197 Rinello, D 193 Ringo 59 Robinson, W.S 233 robots 85 Rogers, R 22, 32, 157 Rokka, J 162 Romania 198 Romson 210–11 Roosevelt, E 123 Roosevelt, F.D 24 Røpke, I 117 Rose, N 150–1 Rouvroy, A 80 Rowntree, J 24 runnification 187 Index Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 Ruppert, E Rushkoff, D 194 Rydell, R 125 sampling techniques 4, 20, 24–6, 28, 31, 88, 137, 146–7, 233–4 Sanoma Media 48 Saren, M 169 Sauter, T 153, 163 Savage, M Scandinavian e-Business Camp 126 scanner functions 111, 114–18, 229, 234, 236 Scholes, M 62–3, 80 Schütz, A 27 science fiction 14, 139, 190–1, 198–9 science and technology studies 27, 63, 146 scientometrics 31, 34 screenshots 107–8 scripts 8, 62, 105–8, 110, 114, 116–18 Seafood Watch 104 seamlessness 132, 136, 157 Search API 23 search engines 21, 92, 135, 147, 207 search-engine optimization (SEO) 207 secrecy 14, 41, 195–7, 199 self-government 145, 149, 163 self-marketing 226–7, 242 self-service 130, 132, 134, 136, 140 self-writing 153, 163 semiotics 34, 191, 197 sentiment-analysis tools 23, 28 sequentiality 182–5 serendipitous effects 7, 59–84, 128 serendipity 7, 9, 59–84 sexuality 122 Shopgun 104, 107, 109, 111–12, 114–17 Shove, E 86, 182 showrooming 135 shuffle play 174–5 signs of use 59 simulacra 192 simultaneity 182 Sjöblom, 14–15, 146 Sjöblom, G 203–24 Skov, L 127–8 Slaveryfootprint 151 sleep deprivation 47 smartphones/smartphone apps 7–9, 85, 87–8, 90, 96–9; and big data 132, 135, 137; and branded economy 217; and ethics 103–21, 159; and Gibson’s view 192; and music 169, 173–4, 176, 179–81; 253 and object ethnography 107–8; and QR code readers 226, 228, 231, 233 Smidts, A 195 Smolinsky, J 15–16, 44, 124, 225–45 Snider, D 122 social construction 12, 24, 43, 106, 108, 124, 220 social justice 9, 147 social media 1, 4, 6, 12, 47–8; and big data 137–8; and branded economy 216–17, 219; and ethics 107–8, 144–5, 147, 149–50, 152, 159, 161–3 social merchandizing 134 social movements 103 social sciences 5, 20–40, 45, 63–4, 190, 199, 242 social theory 29 socializing/socialization 49, 138, 151, 219, 233–4 socially extended cognition 100 society 4, 20–1, 26, 28–31, 34, 38, 206, 231, 242 socio-technical dynamics 11, 20, 24, 27–8, 62, 64, 105, 148, 163, 205 sociology 15, 20, 24, 33, 42, 45, 61–3, 99, 208, 225–45 Sorokin, P 42 Sörum, N 1–19, 63, 108, 124, 134, 144–66 soundscapes 128 Spiff 208, 210–12 sponsors 204 Spook Country 14, 195–6 Spotify 9–13, 169, 172–4, 177–80, 185, 226 Spray 209 spreadability 35 start-ups 208–9, 226 state 5, 21, 26–7, 38, 46, 54, 210 statistics 5, 11, 51, 65, 89; and big data 26–7, 29–30, 139; and QR code readers 226–7, 234, 238; and serendipitous effects 69, 71, 73, 76–7 status 33, 66, 204, 206–7, 209, 212, 214, 217 Stephenson, N 191 Sterling, B 191 Stockholm Stock Exchange A-List 209 stop-motion animation 211 storytelling 214, 216 Strandgaard Pedersen, J 125 streaming 12, 167, 169–70, 173–4, 179, 181, 186–7, 216 Streaming API 23 subcontractors 209, 214 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 22:28 09 June 2017 254 Index subjectivities 11, 62, 124, 144, 150–1, 205 subtle marketing 14 Suicide 26 Sunstein, C 81 sustainability 107, 117, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152–3, 162 Sweden 12, 44, 104, 107, 126, 137, 146, 148, 167, 169–70, 203–4, 207–12 Sweden’s Consumers 111 Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC) 107, 109–12, 148, 152, 159 Swedish Television 148 Swedwatch 111 symbolic functions 11, 125, 137, 139, 194, 203, 206 synchronies 5–6, 42–3, 45, 47, 53, 55, 211 T-Mobile 226 Tabula Rasa 198 tag attractors 33 Taloussanomat 48 Tapestry 59 Tarde, G 25, 30, 33, 45 tattoos 203, 205, 220 Taylorism 41 technology of the self 12, 145, 149–50, 163 tele-operators 52 telemarketers 60 television 25, 46–8, 53, 59, 92, 130, 179, 212, 216 tempo 172, 176 temporality 14, 29, 41–9, 53–5, 238, 241 Thaler, R 81, 89 Third World 126 third-generation social sciences 5, 20, 24, 29–30, 32, 35 threading 161 time geography/use 41–2, 44–6, 48, 53–4, 232, 236–8, 240–1 Timehop 85 Tommy Hilfiger 191–2 Torget 210 traces see digital traces trade fairs 10–11, 123–5, 134–7, 139–41, 193 transparency 112 Tryggestad, K 106 Turkey 196 tweets-per-second 32, 128 Twitter 5, 22–4, 32–4, 122, 126–7; and big data 137, 140; and branded economy 205; and ethics 144–5, 149, 152, 156–7, 159, 161; and QR code readers 231 Uber 10, 41 ubiquity 3, 12, 103, 118, 167, 171, 187, 206 Unitag 226–7 United Nations (UN) 45, 203–4, 221 United States (US) 25, 27, 54, 92, 125, 197, 225 up-selling 69, 79, 82 urban studies 42 usage scenarios 61–2, 64–5, 77, 81 Usenet GroupLens 59 user-generated content 207, 211, 219–20 value creation 204 Valuemeter 45 variety 30–1 Vayre, J.-S 7, 9, 15, 59–84 Ve Interactive 127 Vegan Society 148 velocity 30–1 venture capital 209–10 video 10, 91, 93, 148, 184, 193–4, 207, 211, 215–16, 218, 228 vinyl 170, 178–9 volume 30–1 Volvo 212–15, 219–20, 226 Watson, M 86 wearable technology 85 webcams 218 Weber, M 17, 230 weibos 32 Wi-Fi 179 Wikipedia 194 Wired 29, 191 wish lists 88, 95–8 women 122, 137–9, 215, 217 World Food Programme 203–4 World Wide Fund for Nature 152 World Wide Web (WWW) 21–2, 26, 28, 31–2, 34; and branded economy 209–10, 212, 214–15, 217, 219; and Gibson’s view 199; and QR code readers 225–6, 229, 232; Web 2.0 103, 207, 215–16, 219; Web studies 28, 31 World’s Biggest Signpost 217–20 World’s Fairs 125 Xerox Research Center 59 YouTube 91, 93, 98, 100, 145, 148, 173, 179, 203, 207, 215 Zero History 14, 195–6, 198–9 Zokem Mobile Media Insights 47 ... Elizabeth Parsons Digitalizing Consumption How Devices Shape Consumer Culture Edited by Franck Cochoy, Johan Hagberg, Magdalena Petersson McIntyre and Niklas Sörum Digitalizing Consumption Downloaded... of digital devices, this volume explores the digitization of consumption and shows how consumer culture and consumption practices are fundamentally intertwined and mediated by digital devices Exploring... describe how various digital entities, together with consumers, pragmatically enact and format consumer actions, shape consumer culture and stage consumer dispositions In that sense, the consumer