www.ebook3000.com Germany Today Politics and Policies in a Changing World Christiane Lemke Leibniz University Hannover Helga A Welsh Wake Forest University ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Executive Editor: Susan McEachern Assistant Editor: Rebeccah Shumaker Senior Marketing Manager: Kim Lyons Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources, and reproduced with permission, appear on the appropriate page within the text Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2018 by Rowman & Littlefield All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available ISBN 978-1-4422-2996-9 (cloth : alk paper) ISBN 978-1-4422-2997-6 (pbk : alk paper) ISBN 978-1-4422-2998-3 (electronic) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America www.ebook3000.com Brief Contents List of Tables and Figures xi Abbreviations xiii Authors’ Notes xv Preface xvii 1 The German Polity in Context 2 Power Distribution in a Complex Democracy 17 3 Political Actors, Parties, and Elections 49 4 Citizens and Politics 73 5 Migration, Immigration, Integration 103 6 Political Economy 129 7 Germany and the European Union 157 8 Germany in Global Politics 189 9 Looking Backward and Forward 209 References 219 Index 235 About the Authors 247 iii www.ebook3000.com Contents List of Tables and Figures xi Abbreviations xiii Authors’ Notes xv Preface xvii 1 The German Polity in Context A Fractured Historical Narrative Unique, Exceptional, or Just Different? Special Path and the German Question The Quest for Normality From Partition to Unity Beginning and End of the Cold War Unification Process Historical Legacies and Political Institutions Defining Key Terms Unification Europeanization Globalization Plan of the Book 5 8 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 2 Power Distribution in a Complex Democracy 17 Background The Constitution and Constitutional Design In Defense of Democracy 18 20 23 v vi Contents Parliamentary Systems Prime Minister vs President Typology of Parliamentary Systems The Federal President Election and Tenure Functions and Authority The Federal Chancellor Election and Tenure Powers of the Chancellor and Cabinet Government The Bundestag Election and Organization Functions and Authority Centrality of Coalition Governments Federalism Typology of Federal Systems History and Structure The Bundesrat The Federal Constitutional Court Evolution of Constitutional Courts Election and Tenure Structure and Proceedings Power Distribution Revisited 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 32 33 34 35 36 39 39 40 42 44 44 45 45 48 3 Political Actors, Parties, and Elections 49 Background Configuring Party Systems and Political Parties The German Party System Main Characteristics of the Party System Party Profiles Elections and Political Parties Political Elites East and West: Halting Integration Members of the German Bundestag Gender and Political Representation Common Trends and National Variations 50 53 54 54 56 64 66 67 68 69 71 4 Citizens and Politics 73 Background Interest and Advocacy Groups Function and Organization 74 76 76 www.ebook3000.com Contents vii The Changing Face of Labor Unions Social Movements and Contentious Politics West German New Social Movements The East German Civic Movement Contemporary Forms of Contentious Politics Political Culture Constitutional Patriotism Support for Democracy and Trust in Institutions Gender Roles and Family Policy Women in the Workforce and Education Modernizing Gender Relations Demographic Trends When Domestic Agents Find Support Elsewhere Religion and Religious Communities Christian Churches Jewish Communities Muslim Communities An Engaged Citizenry 77 79 79 80 82 85 86 87 89 90 91 93 96 97 98 100 100 101 5 Migration, Immigration, Integration 103 Background Partial Liberalization of Citizenship Rules Citizenship Conceptions Privileging Ethnic Ties and Economic Imperatives Updating Citizenship, Naturalization, and Residency The Right to Asylum and the Refugee Crisis Revision of the Asylum Law in 1993 European Immigration and Asylum Policies The Refugee Crisis Integrating Foreigners The Discourse Integration in Practice Muslims in Germany Immigration and Integration Revisited 104 107 107 108 111 112 113 114 116 119 119 121 123 126 6 Political Economy 129 Background Germany’s Market Economy The German Model Features of the Coordinated Market Economy 130 132 132 134 Contents viii From Economic Miracle to Unification Recovery of the West German Economy Economic Cycles and Reforms in the 1970s and 1980s Economic Opportunities and Costs of Unification Reforming the Model Labor Market Reform and Agenda 2010 The Financial Crisis of 2008–9 The Debt Brake Revisiting the German Model A Changing Labor Market Social Inequality and Poverty Minimum Wage Social Partnership and Neocorporatism Redefined Energy Policy in Germany Germany’s Energy Evolution Nuclear Power and the Energy Transition Energy Policy and the EU The German Economic Model in Motion 136 136 138 139 143 143 144 144 145 145 146 147 148 149 149 151 153 155 7 Germany and the European Union 157 Background Introduction to European Integration Drivers of Integration Explaining the EU Institutional Design and Decision Making Revisiting the Democratic Deficit European Economic Integration and the Euro Significance of the Euro The Eurozone in Crisis Germany and the Eurozone Crisis The Rise of Euroskepticism Germany and EU Enlargement Crossing the East-West Divide The Special Case of Turkey Brexit and Beyond Europe at a Turning Point? 158 159 161 162 165 167 168 168 170 174 176 178 178 181 182 185 8 Germany in Global Politics 189 Background The Imprint of History on Foreign and Security Policy 190 193 www.ebook3000.com Contents ix Factors Shaping Policies before Unification Continuity and Change after Unification Power Restraint and New Responsibilities Germany and the World Recasting German Interests on a Global Scale Germany and Russia Germany and the United States A Balance Sheet of Continuity and Change 193 194 197 200 200 202 205 207 9 Looking Backward and Forward 209 A New Germany The Comparative Perspective Revisiting Unification, Europeanization, Globalization Europeanization and Unification Europeanization and Globalization A World in Motion 209 211 212 213 216 217 References 219 Index 235 About the Authors 247 www.ebook3000.com Index abortion, 12, 34, 92 Adenauer, Konrad, 26, 30, 31t, 50, 159, 162 advocacy groups, 74–75 Africa, 103, 116, 192, 201–2 Agenda 2010, 143–45 Akin, Fatih, 125 Alliance 90/The Greens, 51, 52t, 55, 57t, 59, 72, 82; coalitions, participation in, 31t, 61–62, 72, 143– 44, 151, 192; party profile, 61–62; policies, 24, 93, 143, 151, 154, 181, 197 See also Greens Alliance for Germany, 10 Alliance for Progress and Renewal (ALFA), 63 Alternative for Germany (AfD), 24, 52t, 57t, 58, 72, 84, 178, 184; party profile, 62–64 See also populism Amsterdam Treaty, 115, 160t arms exports, 199, 200f asylum seekers, 83–84, 105–7, 110, 112–19, 121; and refugee crisis, 116– 19; revision of law on, 112–14, 118 Austria, 9, 25, 28, 39, 44–45, 85, 90, 116t, 124, 132, 134t, 149, 152, 154, 173, 178, 182, 215 Bachmann, Lutz, 84 Baden-Württemberg, 18, 40t, 41, 61, 82 ballot, electoral, 65f Basic Law (constitution), 18–23, 51, 75, 108, 110, 114, 158; amendment process, 22, 145; and defensive democracy, 23–25; and foreign and security policy, 193, 197; and religion, 98–99, 123; writing, 18, 21, 29, 32, 40, 51, 193 Bavaria, 18, 40, 40t, 41, 50, 58, 61, 95, 98 Berlin, 8, 18–20, 34, 40, 40t, 62, 84, 92, 100, 105, 117, 209 Berlin Wall, 8–9, 11, 14, 19, 30, 81, 86, 99, 104, 109, 138, 140, 180 birth rate, 91, 93–94 See also demographics Blair, Tony, 182 Bonn, 19, 34, 80, 229 Brandenburg, 24, 40t, 84 Brandt, Willy, 10, 32–33, 50–51, 59, 139, 180 Bremen, 18, 40, 40t, 42, 147 Brexit, 132, 182–85, 215, 217 Britain See United Kingdom Bundesbank, 136, 167, 170 235 Index 236 Bundesrat, 19, 28, 34–36, 37t, 42–45, 50, 145 Bundestag, 20, 22–23, 28–29, 33–36, 42–43, 45–46, 48, 68–69, 88t, 70t; elections and, 51, 52f, 64, 65f, 72 Bundeswehr, xv, 47, 198 See also military Bush, George H W., 9, 205 cabinet government, powers of, 32–33 Cameron, David, 183 capital, unification and, 19–20 catch-all party, 53 Catholics/Catholic Church, 56, 58, 68, 97–99, 102, 123, 202 CDU See Christian Democratic Union Central and Eastern Europe, 45, 83–84, 97, 140–42, 174, 193, 203, 211; collapse of communism and, 9, 11, 67, 80–81, 169; and EU enlargement, 52, 158, 161, 172, 177, 179–81, 214; and migration issues, 104, 106, 108–9, 113, 115–17, 184 chancellor, federal, xv, 3t, 20, 25–27, 29–33, 192 childcare, 79, 90–93, 95–96, 176, 214 China, 151, 200f, 201; as emerging world power, 130, 189, 216–17; trade with Germany, 132t, 132, 156 Christian churches See churches Christian Democratic Union (CDU): party profile, 56–58 See also Christian Democratic Union/ Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU), 31, 34, 45, 50–51, 55, 52t, 57t, 70t, 165, 212; coalition, participation in, 31t, 37–38, 55, 59, 60, 72, 139, 170, 178; policies, 51, 93, 98–99, 111, 113, 165, 170, 178, 199, 212 Christian Social Union (CSU), 50, 56, 61, 70, 95, 98; party profile, 58 See also Christian Democratic Union/ Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) churches, 81, 83, 93, 98–100, 201 See also Catholics/Catholic Church; Protestants/Protestant Churches; religion citizens and politics, 73–102 citizenship, 102–5, 107–8, 100, 106, 111–12, 120–121, 125, 160t; and immigration and asylum policy, 114–15 civic education, 23, 52, 120 civilian power, 16, 36, 196 civil service employees, 24, 68 civil society, 25, 74–75, 77, 83, 101, 162, 205 cleavages, parties and, 53, 56 Clinton, Bill, 205 coalition governments, 18, 27–28, 31t, 33, 36–38, 43, 211 coalition treaty, 32, 37, 93 codetermination, 78, 134t, 135 Cold War, 2–3, 8–10, 111, 137, 161, 169, 178; and global relations, 189– 90, 193, 202, 205, 210 collective bargaining, 78–79, 145, 147–49 Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER), 166 committees (Bundestag), 34–35 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 160t Common European Asylum System (CEAS), 115 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 163, 183, 191, 215 communism See East Germany (prior to unification) communism, collapse of, 9, 11, 59, 62, 67, 100, 102, 179; and economic issues, 140, 169; and migration, 84, 104, 106, 108–9, 113; and peaceful revolution, 3, 5, 22, 82, 99, 193 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 24, 50 complex democracy, 18, 17–48 www.ebook3000.com Index 237 Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), 216 constitution See Basic Law constitutional complaint, 45–46 constitutional courts, 44–45, 211 See also Federal Constitutional Court constitutional patriotism, 23, 86–87 coordinated market economy (CME), 133–35, 134t, 146, 156 Copenhagen Criteria, 179 Corbyn, Jeremy, 183 corporate governance, 134–35, 134t Council of Economic Advisors, 136 Council of Europe, 97, 161 Council of Ministers See Council of the European Union Council of the European Union, 163, 165–66 Court of Justice of the European Union, xiii, 36, 46–47, 96, 167 crime, immigrants and, 117, 122 critical junctures, 2, 3t, 48, 107, 175 Croatia, 84, 178, 191 CSU See Christian Social Union currency reform, 137–38, 140 Czech Republic (formerly part of Czechoslovakia), 90, 132t, 174, 178, 180 dealignment (term), 54 debt crisis, 144–45, 170–72, 175 defensive democracy, 8, 23–25, 211 de Gasperi, Alcide, 159 de Gaulle, Charles, 162 democracy, 2, 4, 16, 19, 21–26, 44–45, 54, 64 107, 123, 130t, 131; East Germany and, 4, 9, 11, 21, 87; modern German history, 3t, 5, 7, 12 See also complex democracy, defensive democracy, direct democracy, political culture Democratic Awakening, 67, 81 democratic deficit, EU and, 167–68, 186 demography, of Germany, 93–96, 94t See also birth rates d’Éstaing, Valéry Giscard, 162 direct democracy, 24–25, 75–76 See also referenda Draghi, Mario, 173 dual citizenship, 108, 111–12 Dublin Regulation, 115–17 Eastern Europe See Central and Eastern Europe East Germany (prior to unification), 3, 3t, 4, 9, 14, 18, 29, 48–50, 78, 80–82, 89–90, 92, 99, 104–5, 138–41, 150, 152, 142t, 200, 214; and unification, 3, 4, 9–12, 14, 19, 150, 158 See also collapse of communism, collapse of, Socialist Unity Party of Germany East-West differences, 4, 11, 17, 19, 21, 67–68, 84, 87, 92, 95–96, 99, 150, 178–81, 214–15; and economic issues, 141–42, 142t, 147; and parties, 51, 55, 56f, 62; and political culture, 87; and voting behavior, 213, 215 Ebert, Friedrich, 29 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 160t, 168–78 economic miracle, 136–38, 140 economic system/economy, 10, 126–56, 179, 211; reform of, 137–39, 141, 143–45 See also coordinated market economy (CMEs) education, 12, 20, 35, 43, 68, 99, 134t, 135, 163, 202; and immigrant integration, 121, 126–27; religious instruction and, 99, 101, 123–24; and women, 69, 90–92, 96 See also civic education elections, 29, 31t, 34, 35, 45; parties and, 64–66, 72; voter turnout, 38, 49, 50, 66, 68, 71, 72, 101, 168, 177 See also electoral systems electoral systems, 20, 34, 50, 53, 64, 66, 69–70, 211 elites See political elites 238 Index Élysée Treaty, 162 emigration, 81, 104, 107 employers’ associations, 27, 75 energy policy, 148–56; energy transition, 149, 151–53; and nuclear energy, 58, 79, 150, 152, 155 England See United Kingdom environment, 16, 22, 54, 61, 75, 141, 192; EU and, 153–54, 156, 160t, 163 environmental movement, 79–80, 82–83, 152 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 182 Erhard, Ludwig, 31t, 138 ethnic Germans, 104, 106, 108–11, 126 EU citizens, 105, 111, 114, 159, 160t, 168, 184 EU enlargement, 115, 158, 160t, 165, 168, 178–82 euro, 159, 167–76 See also eurozone European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), xv, 138, 154, 160t European Central Bank, 46, 136, 167, 172–73 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 137, 160t, 161, 163 European Commission, 36, 43, 77, 85, 87, 96, 166–69, 183, 185 European Council, 160t, 166–67 European Court of Human Rights, 46–47, 161 European Court of Justice See Court of Justice of the European Union European Defense Community, 161 European Economic Community (EEC), xv, 96, 137–38, 160t, 181 European External Action Service (EEAS), 191 European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), 172 European integration, xv, xvii, 6–8, 16, 22, 46, 52–53, 58, 63, 76, 154, 157–87, 215; challenges to, 157, 206, 216; deepening, of, 46, 72, 75, 193, 213–14; economic, 129, 137–38, 159, 168–78; politicization of, 164, 176–77; theories of, 163–65 See also European Union Europeanization, 14–15, 22, 33, 35–36, 52, 69–71, 87, 131, 212–17 European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), 203, 215 European Parliament, 36, 52, 77, 160t, 165; elections, 105, 165, 177 European Recovery Program, 137 European Single Act (SEA), 160t European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 172 European Union, xv, 6, 15, 43, 96–97, 157–87; institutional design of, 163, 165–67; leadership in EU affairs, 6, 167–68, 175, 187, 190, 204, 207; and migration issues, 106, 114–16 See also European integration Euroskepticism, 60, 63, 157, 164, 177–78, 182–85; rise of, 121, 157, 176–78, 184, 216; soft and hard, 62–63, 72, 177–78 eurozone, 63, 127, 157–8, 144–45, 156, 163, 167, 170, 177–78, 182, 215 eurozone crisis, 144, 157, 170–76; austerity policies, 139, 173–76, 157, 173–76; bailouts and institutional reforms, 172–74 EU treaties, xv, 46, 160t, 172, 178 executive, in presidential and parliamentary systems, 20, 25–27, 25t, 211 See also chancellor export surplus, 129, 131, 176 family policy, 89–96 FDP See Free Democratic Party federal (term), xv–xvi Federal Constitutional Court, 23, 44–48, 114, 197, 211; and EU, 36, 46–47, 178 Federal Employment Agency, 148–49 federal government, trust in, 88t federalism, 21, 28, 39–44 See also Bundesrat Fischer, Joschka, 61, 193, 197 www.ebook3000.com Index 239 foreign and security policy, 46–47, 158, 189–208, 214, 217; EU and, 160t, 163–64, 167; German leadership and, 157–58, 175, 214, 217 See also Common Foreign and Security Policy, European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) France, 5–6, 9, 91t, 94t; 108, 120, 124, 130t; 150t, 192, 193, 198, 199f, 200f, 202, 205, 215 Franco-German relations, 114, 162, 190 Free Democratic Party (FDP), 50–51, 55, 70, 70t; and coalition, participation in, 31t, 32, 38, 60, 72, 113, 139, 170, 178, 192, 197; party profile, 60–61; policies, 139, 170, 192 Free German Trade Union Federation (FDGB), 78 free speech, restrictions on, 23 Gauck, Joachim, 7, 29, 67, 190, 210 gender, 57t , 74, 93; equality, 39, 60, 69, 71, 89–92, 101, 123, 163; gender mainstreaming, 96–97; political representation, 69–71, 71t; political culture and, 89–93 See also women Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 192–93 geo-economic power, 6, 195 German Democratic Republic, xvi See also East Germany (prior to unification) German People’s Council, 21 German Question (term), 6–7 German Social Welfare Federations, 77 German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ), 202 Gini coefficient, 146–47 See also inequality global financial crisis, 144, 172 globalization, 2, 13–16, 59, 71, 73, 78–79, 84–85, 143, 161, 185, 212– 17; and economic issues, 129–31, 155–6; opposition to, 82, 84–85 GMOs, opposition to, 85 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 9–10, 202 governance, 16–48 government (term), xvi grand coalition governments, 37–38, 43, 59, 72, 139 grand coalition state, 28 grassroots initiatives, 66, 75–85 Great Britain See United Kingdom Greece and eurozone crisis, 171, 173, 175 Green Card program, 110, 115–16 Greens, 55, 80 See also Alliance 90/ The Greens guest workers, 100, 104–5, 110, 125– 126, 138 Hamburg, 18, 40, 40t Hartz, Peter, 143 Hartz IV, 79, 143–44 Havel, Václav, 9, 214 headscarf debate, 101, 124 hegemon, hegemony: Germany and, 175, 207–8; U.S and, 189, 205–6 Herzog, Roman, 30 Hesse, 18, 40t, 41, 61 High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, 167, 191 Hindenburg, Paul von, 29 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 4, 6, 50, 59, 136 See also National Socialism Holocaust, 2, 6–8, 12, 23, 30, 92, 100– 11, 197, 200 homosexuality (during National Socialism), 8, 92 See also LGBT rights Honecker, Erich, 9, 51, 81 Human Development Index, 130t, 131 human rights, 7, 16, 45, 81–82, 97, 106, 114, 117, 122, 161, 164, 201; EU policies and, 96–97, 161, 179; and foreign and security policy, 191, 193, 195–96 Hungary, 9, 22, 81, 90, 116t, 132t, 178–80 240 Index Iceland, 163, 179 identity, 4, 7, 58–59, 97, 136, 138, 181, 184–85; and foreign and security policy, 190, 195, 206; and Muslim populations, 124–27; national versus European, 76, 158, 161, 164, 170, 182, 212 ideology, parties and, 52–53, 61, 63 immigration, 43, 63, 73, 82–84, 103–27, 160, 210; and asylum, 113–16; of, 104–7; and citizenship, 107–112; demographics of, 93, 98, 105–6; and parties, 53, 58–59, 63; protests against, 83–84; violence against foreigners, 84, 113, 124 industrial relations, 77, 129–30, 133, 134t, 135, 148, 156 inflation, 131, 139, 167, 170, 172, 174–76 institutionalism, 12–13, 48, 189 integration, of immigrants, 103, 118–27 interest groups, 15, 47, 75–85 intergovernmentalism, 164 international affairs See foreign and security policy international comparisons, 6, 87, 88t, 91t, 94t, 130–31, 130t, 150t, 199f, 211 International Criminal Court (ICC), 192 International Labor Organization (ILO), 15 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 172–74 International Security Assistance Force, 198 Iran, 123, 191, 201, 204 Iraq, 83, 100, 118t, 122, 205–6 Ireland, 115, 163, 168, 171, 178, 215 Islam See Muslims Israel, 200–201 Italy, 7, 26, 44, 79–80, 83, 90, 93, 94t, 110, 116t, 117, 126, 132t, 138, 150t, 152, 159, 161, 166, 169, 178 Jamaica coalition, 72 Japan, 5–7, 26, 130, 132–33, 134t, 191, 196, 212, 216 Jewish communities, 100, 110–11 judicialization, of politics, 47 judicial review, 28, 44–47, 211 Juncker, Jean-Claude, 185 jus sanguinis, 106–8, 111–12 jus soli, 104, 106–8, 111–12 Justice and Development Party, Turkey, 182 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 31t Kohl, Helmut, 7, 30, 31t, 32–33, 67, 114–15, 139–40, 197, 202; and European integration, 162, 170, 214 Kosovo War, 197–98 labor, 117; and economy, 130, 132– 139, 134t, 142–49, 155–56; and migration, 104, 106, 109–112, 117, 119, 123, 126 138, 179–82; and women, 89–90, 91t, 92, 94 See also labor unions Labor and Social Justice–The Electoral Alternative (WASG), 62, 144 labor market, changes in, 143–46 labor unions, 59, 73, 75, 77–79, 88t, 133, 135, 145, 148, 211, 214 Lammert, Norbert, 22–23 Land, Länder, xvi, xixf, 18–19, 24, 39–44, 64, 75–76, 95, 99 See also specific Land Left Party (The Left), 51, 52t, 55, 57t, 62, 70t, 93, 210; coalition, participation in, 61–62; party profile, 62; policies, 147, 178, 192 See also Labor and Social Justice Party– The Electoral Alternative; Party of Democratic Socialism Leitkultur, 120 Le Pen, Marine, 162, 184 LGBT rights, 82, 96–97, 101 www.ebook3000.com Index 241 liberal market economy (LME), 133, 134t Liberal Party See Free Democratic Party Libya, 191, 202 Lisbon Treaty, xv, 42, 46, 77, 98, 154, 157, 160t, 162, 166, 168, 183, 213 Lower Saxony, 18, 40t, 99, 125 Maastricht Treaty, xv, 22, 46, 77, 111, 115, 160t, 162, 164, 172, 175–76, 213; European Monetary Union (EMU), 169–170; subsidiarity principle, 42–43, 164 Macron, Emmanuel, 162, 215 market economy, 132–36 marriage laws, 89, 92–93 Marshall Plan, 137 May, Theresa, 183 Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, 40t, 63, 84 media, 8, 27, 33, 63, 75, 68, 82–84, 116–17, 125, 162, 164, 184, 205 mediation committee, 43 members of European Parliament (MEPs), 165, 168 members of parliament (MPs), 19–20, 27, 31–34, 46, 72, 93, 125, 147; background of, 34–35, 61, 67–69 memory culture, 8, 195 Merkel, Angela, 30–31, 31t, 56–58, 72, 187, 190; background of, 67, 210; policies, 93, 117, 121, 151–52, 157–58, 162, 174, 178, 195, 199, 202, 204–5 migration, 10, 103–27, 138 military, 46–47, 88t, 191, 193–94, 198; missions abroad, 191, 197–98; restraint, 191, 195, 197–99; spending on, 198–99, 199f See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) minimum wage, 14749 Mitterrand, Franỗois, 9, 162, 170 Model Germany, 13234, 13839, 145–49 Monnet, Jean, 159, 163 multiculturalism, 119–21, 123 multilateralism, 191, 195–96, 206, 208 multilevel governance, 27, 43, 48, 164–65 multinational corporations, 134–35 Muslims, 83–84, 98, 118, 120, 123; attitudes toward, 83–4, 100–2, 118, 120, 122–26; Turkish community, 125–26 See also immigration National-Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), 24, 63 nationalism, 5, 63, 86–87, 120, 138, 180, 216 naturalization, 107–8, 110–12, 121 Navarro, Peter, 207 National Socialism (Nazis), 8, 23–25, 59, 62–63, 84, 89, 92, 95, 136 negotiation democracies, 28 neocorporatism, 77, 148–49 neofunctionalism, 163–64 neorealism, 194 Netherlands, 116, 132, 151, 154, 161, 174, 178, 199f New Forum, 81 new social movements, 54, 75, 79–82 Nice Treaty, 160t nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 74, 77, 85, 101, 192, 202 normality, Germany and, 5–8 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 10, 47, 59, 62, 80, 181, 190–99, 202–5, 215; and military spending, 197–99; and the United States, 205–6 North Rhine-Westphalia, 18, 40t, 42, 99 north-south differences: in the European Union, 171–72; Germany, 44, 76, 99, 143, 171, 214 Norway, 15, 51, 114–15, 163, 179, 203, 215 nuclear energy, 58, 79, 160t; and energy evolution, 150–53, 155 Index 242 Obama, Barack, 205–6 Özdemir, Cem, 125 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 150 Ostpolitik, 180, 193 Özil, Mesut, 196 Özkan, Aygül, 125 Özoğuz, Aydan, 125 Palestine, 200–201 parapublic institutions, 28, 135–36, 148–49, 211 parental allowance, 94–95 parliamentary groups, 34, 53, 55 parliamentary supremacy, principle of, 44 parliamentary systems, 25–28, 25t parties, political, 23, 32, 34, 36–38, 49–72, 88t, 111, 117, 121, 165, 178 party membership, 55, 57t, 66, 69, 87, 101 Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), 51, 55, 59, 62, 67, 144, 210 See also Left Party party state (term), 49 party system(s), 3t, 28–29, 36, 49–51, 53–64, 213; characteristics of, 53–55, 58 path dependence, 13, 15, 22, 48, 124 patriotism, constitutional, 23, 86–87 PDS See Party of Democratic Socialism peace movement, 79–80 Pegida, 73, 82–4, 124, 210 people’s party, 53, 56 See also catch-all party Poland, 9, 22, 81, 90, 94t, 97, 109, 132t, 149, 150t, 178–80, 193, 195 police, 88, 122 political culture, 2, 4, 12, 16, 23, 37–39, 69, 74, 76, 85–94, 101, 206 political economy, 129–56 See also coordinated market economy, economy/economic system political elites, 53, 66–71; and European integration, 164, 169, 176–77, 179– 80; and foreign and security policy, 193, 195, 206 political foundations, 52–53, 202 political participation, 39, 61, 73–102, 110–11 Politikverdrossenheit, 49 populism/populist parties, 25, 51, 53–54, 62–64, 84, 122, 177, 186, 207, 217 Portugal, 45, 126, 152, 178 post-functionalism, 164 postwar economic recovery, 132–34, 136–38 poverty, 127, 130, 146–47, 202, 217 power, soft and hard, 28, 189, 195–96, 204, 208, 211 power distribution, 17–48 president, federal, 26–30 presidential systems, versus parliamentary, 25–28, 25t, 32 prime minister, 26–27, 32, 167 privatization, 139, 141 proportional representation, 28, 50, 64, 70 Protestants/Protestant Churches, 56, 68, 81, 98–99, 102 protests, 79–85, 144, 173, 216 public debt, 144–45 public opinion, 76, 85–94, 169, 185, 186t, 196, 199, 204 pull/push factors, and migration, 106 Putin, Vladimir, 195, 203–4 qualified majority voting (QMV), 160t quotas: for gender representation in parties, 69–71, 71t, 89–90; and refugees in the European Union, 117–18 Rattle, Simon, 20 Reagan, Ronald, 139 realignment (term), 54 referenda: and direct democracy, 75–76; European Union and, 168; in national politics, 24–25 www.ebook3000.com Index 243 reform blockage, 143 refugee crisis, 63, 83, 106, 112–19, 127, 157, 177, 187, 195 refugees, protests against, 83–84, 105 religion, 56, 58, 68–69, 74, 83, 97–101 See also Catholics/Catholic Churches, Protestants/Protestant Churches renewable energy, 129, 135, 149–55, 201 representation, forms of, 67–68 resettlers, 104, 108–9 See also ethnic Germans residency law, 110–11, 121 reunification See unification Rhineland-Palatinate, 18, 40t right-wing parties, 24, 62–64, 51, 72, 127 Rome Declaration (2017), 185 Rome Statute (International Criminal Court), 192 Rome Treaty/Treaties, 160t, 161, 185 Russia, 153–54, 191, 195–97, 200f, 202–4 See also Soviet Union Saarland, 40t Samdereli, Yasemin and Nesrin, 125 same-sex partnerships, 47, 92–93 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 162 Sarrazin, Thilo, 120 Saxony, 18, 40t, 58, 83–84, 99, 125 Saxony-Anhalt, 40t, 63 Schengen area, 114, 160t Schäuble, Wolfgang, 174–5 Schiller, Karl, 139 Schleswig-Holstein, 18, 40t Schmidt, Helmut, 31t, 33, 139, 162 Schröder, Gerhard, 31t, 33, 59–60, 62, 180–81, 195, 198, 201–2, 204 Schulz, Martin, 60 Schumacher, Kurt, 50 Schuman, Robert, 159 second votes, 52t, 64, 65f secularization, 74, 97, 99–100 security policy See foreign and security policy SED See Socialist Unity Party of Germany semi-presidential systems, 25 semisovereign state, 18, 28, 135 separation of church and state, 98 separation of powers, 27, 44 Single European Act, 114–15, 170 Sinti and Roma, 2, Slovakia, 90, 178, 180 Slovenia, 90, 97, 178, 191 Snowden, Edward, 205 social capital, 74 social constructivism, 164 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 50–51, 52t, 55, 70t, 81, 138–39; coalition, participation in, 31t, 32, 37–8, 61, 93, 121, 139, 143, 151, 192, 198; party profile, 58–60; policies, 93, 111, 114, 121, 139, 143, 147–48, 151, 178, 180–81, 190, 197–98 social partnership, 135, 148–49 Socialist Reich Party of Germany, 23 Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), 3t, 21, 51, 62, 67, 78, 81, 99, 140, 200 See also East Germany (prior to unification) social market economy, 59, 136, 138 social movements, 75, 79–82 See also protests social partnership, 135, 148–49 soft power, 29, 195–96, 211 Solana, Javier, 191 solidarity surcharge, 142 Somalian pirates, 198 Sonderweg See special path sovereignty, 154, 117, 127, 140, 189; EU and, 159, 162–63, 176–77, 191, 211; Europeanization and, 36, 215–16 Soviet Union, 2, 4, 9, 51, 81, 100, 106, 108–10, 137, 140–41, 150–51, 180, 193–94, 202–3 See also communism Index 244 Spaak, Paul-Henri, 159 Spain, 39, 45, 94t, 97, 106, 110, 126, 130t, 131, 132t, 150t, 154, 171, 173–74, 200f SPD See Social Democratic Party of Germany special path, 5–6 Stalin, Joseph, Stasi (state security service of the GDR), 24, 29, 81, 204 state (term), xvi Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 29, 190, 204 Stiftungen See political foundations strikes, 75, 78–79 Stuttgart 21, 73, 82–83 subprime mortgage crisis, 144, 171 subsidiarity principle, 42–43 supranational institutions, 162–67, 177; 177t Sweden, 91t, 94, 116, 130t, 132t, 131, 144–45, 170, 178, 215 Switzerland, 15, 28, 39, 114–115, 124, 132, 145, 152, 163, 179, 215 Syrian war, 104–5, 118t, 182 See also refugee crisis terrorism, 114, 117–18, 185, 200; and foreign and security policy, 191, 201, 206, 217 Thatcher, Margaret, 10, 139 Third Reich See National Socialism Thuringia, 40t, 61–62, 84 totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt on, trade, 131–32, 132t, 145, 176, 184, 201–2, 207, 216; and export surplus, 129, 131, 176 transatlantic relations, 205–6 See also Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, United States Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 73, 84–85 Treuhand agency, 136, 141 Trump, Donald, 85, 158, 190, 199, 206, 217 trust in institutions, 87, 88t, 177t TTIP See Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Turkey, 116, 118, 132t, 157–158, 178– 79, 181–82, 197, 215 See also guest workers, Muslims Turkish community (in Germany), 125–6 Tusk, Donald, 167 Two-Plus-Four Treaty, 10, 193–94 two-thirds society (term), 146 Ukraine, 100, 151, 157, 190–91, 203–4, 215 Ulbricht, Walter, 51 UN Convention on the Status of Refugees, 105 unemployment, 127, 132–36, 141, 144, 142t, 145, 173–74 UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 114 unification (East and West Germany), 8–10, 14, 18–19, 22, 41–42, 51, 75, 76, 78, 106, 108, 150, 175, 193–94, 209–10, 212–17; and economic issues, 132, 139–43 unification crisis, 12, 49, 129, 141 unification process, 10–12, 14 Unification Treaty, 10, 19, 22, 92 United Kingdom, 5–6, 10, 14, 25, 28, 39, 75, 80, 85, 91t, 94t, 130t, 133, 137, 145, 150t, 154, 157, 163, 166, 169, 170, 178, 182–85, 193, 198, 199f, 200f See also Brexit United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), 182–83 United Nations, 15 , 191–94, 197, 202 United States, 5, 9–11, 21, 25, 28, 39, 44, 80, 85–87, 88t, 89, 91t, 130t, 133, 137, 144, 185, 190–91, 192, 199f, 200f, 205–7, 217 See also transatlantic relations Uzbekistan, 198 values, 74, 76, 111, 120, 180, 206 varieties of capitalism, 133–36 www.ebook3000.com Index 245 veto players (term), 27 Visegrád Group, 180 vocational training, 122–23, 134t, 135 von der Leyen, Ursula, 190, 199 vote distribution, in the European Union, 160t vote of no-confidence, constructive, 32 voter turnout, 38, 50, 52t, 66, 68, 71, 101, 168, 177, 182 wages, 146–48 Weimar Republic, 2, 3t, 5–6, 11–12, 23, 29, 37, 40, 44, 52, 64, 71, 86, 89, 175 Weizsäcker, Richard von, 30 welfare system, 89, 94, 143; classification of, 131–33; and women, 89–90, 94 West Germany (prior to unification), 3, 3t, 4, 8–12, 14, 44, 76, 79–80, 86, 89, 92, 95, 101, 108–9, 135–37, 41–43, 142t, 149, 155, 189, 193–94, 202, 205, 207 Wilders, Geert, 84 Wilson, Woodrow, 205 women, 57t, 89–93, 96–97, 124; representation in Bundestag, 69–71, 70t; and workforce, 89–91, 91f, 92 See also gender women’s movement, 80, 89 workforce: and integration of immigrants, 121–22, 124; women and, 90–91, 91f, 92 World Trade Organization (WTO), 15 Wulff, Christian, 123 Wutbürger, 83 Yanukovych, Viktor, 203 Yeltsin, Boris, 202 www.ebook3000.com About the Authors Christiane Lemke is professor of political science and director of international relations and European studies at Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany She received her PhD from the Free University Berlin, where she also earned her Habilitation venia legendi in political science She has served as Visiting Professor at Harvard University, DAAD Visiting Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and was the Max Weber Chair in German and European Studies at New York University She has published widely on European affairs and the politics of the European Union, including studies of democratic transitions in east central Europe, citizenship, human rights, the eurozone crisis, and Germany’s role in Europe Helga A Welsh is professor of politics and international affairs at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina She received her PhD in political science from Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich and began her academic career at the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich before moving to the United States Her publications have focused on the history and politics of the former East Germany, German unification, democratic transitions in Central and Eastern Europe, transitional justice, and German education policy She is one of the editors of “German History in Documents and Images,” a project administered by the German Historical Institute in Washington, DC, and coeditor of the journal German Politics 247 EUROPE TODAY Series Editor: Erik Jones Founding Editor: Ronald Tiersky Scandinavia in World Politics by Christine Ingebritsen The Politics of Economic and Monetary Union: Integration and Idiosyncrasy by Erik Jones NATO and the Future of European Security by Sean Kay Creating European Citizens by Willem Maas British Government and Politics: Balancing Europeanization and Independence by Michael L Mannin Towards an Imperfect Union: A Conservative Case for the EU by Dalibor Rohac Contemporary France: A Democratic Education by Anne Sa’adah Euro-skepticism: A Reader edited by Ronald Tiersky Europe Today: A Twenty-First Century Introduction, Fifth Edition edited by Ronald Tiersky and Erik Jones European Foreign Policies: Does Europe Still Matter? edited by Ronald Tiersky and John Van Oudenaren Uniting Europe: An Introduction to the European Union, Second Edition by John Van Oudenaren www.ebook3000.com ... decades; and • the overlapping and interlocking dynamics of unification, Europeanization, and globalization that have shaped German politics and policies since the 1990s Understanding Germany s... Looking Backward and Forward 209 A New Germany The Comparative Perspective Revisiting Unification, Europeanization, Globalization Europeanization and Unification Europeanization and Globalization... may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Available ISBN 978-1-4422-2996-9 (cloth : alk