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HANDBOOK OF INNOVATION POLICY IMPACT Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 EU-SPRI FORUM ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION POLICY Series Editors: Susana Borrás, Department of Business and Politics, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, Jakob Edler, Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Manchester Business School, UK, Stefan Kuhlmann, Science, Technology and Policy Studies, University of Twente, the Netherlands and Ismael Rafols, INGENIO (CSIC-UPV), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain and SPRU, University of Sussex, UK The aim of this series is to present some of the best and most original research emanating from the Eu-SPRI Forum on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy The typical questions addressed by the books in the series will include, but not be limited to: ●● What is the role of science, technology and innovation policy in the 21st century? ●● How can policies cope with ‘grand social challenges’ in the areas of health, energy, security or the environment? ●● Are there better ways to link governments’ science and innovation policies to other public policies? ●● What are the innovation policy rationales and instruments for successfully fostering competitiveness and economic growth? ●● Which public policies help to proactively shape responsible and legitimate technological innovation? ●● How can public sector research be made more creative and effective? ●● How can more intelligent interactions be achieved between investments in research and higher education policies for universities? ●● How can the forces of globalisation and localisation be balanced? Titles in the series include: The Governance of Socio-Technical Systems Explaining Change Edited by Susana Borrás and Jakob Edler Public Procurement for Innovation Edited by Charles Edquist, Nicholas S Vonortas, Jon Mikel Zabala-Iturriagagoitia and Jakob Edler Handbook of Innovation Policy Impact Edited by Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 Handbook of Innovation Policy Impact Edited by Jakob Edler Professor, Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK Paul Cunningham Senior Research Fellow, Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK Abdullah Gök Lecturer, Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK Philip Shapira Professor, Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK, and Georgia Institute of Technology, USA EU-SPRI FORUM ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION POLICY Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 © Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gưk and Philip Shapira 2016 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932480 This book is available electronically in the Social and Political Science subject collection DOI 10.4337/9781784711856 ISBN 978 78471 184 (cased) ISBN 978 78471 185 (eBook) Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire 01 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 Contents List of contributorsvii Foreword by the Rt Hon Lord Willettsxi Acknowledgementsxii List of abbreviations and acronymsxiv Introduction: Making sense of innovation policy Jakob Edler, Abdullah Gök, Paul Cunningham and Philip Shapira The impact of fiscal incentives for R&D Philippe Larédo, Christian Köhler and Christian Rammer 18 The impact of direct support to R&D and innovation in firms Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philippe Larédo 54 The impact of skill formation policies on innovation Barbara Jones and Damian Grimshaw 108 The impact and effectiveness of entrepreneurship policy John Rigby and Ronnie Ramlogan 129 The impact of technology and innovation advisory services Philip Shapira and Jan Youtie 161 The impact of cluster policy on innovation Elvira Uyarra and Ronnie Ramlogan 196 The impact of innovation policy schemes for collaboration Paul Cunningham and Abdullah Gök 239 The impact of innovation networks Paul Cunningham and Ronnie Ramlogan 279 10 The impact of policy measures to stimulate private demand for innovation318 Jakob Edler 11 The impact of public procurement of innovation Elvira Uyarra 355 v Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 vi Handbook of innovation policy impact 12 The impact of pre-commercial procurement on innovation John Rigby 382 13 The impact of innovation inducement prizes Abdullah Gök 403 14 The impact of standardisation and standards on innovation Knut Blind 423 15 The impact of regulation on innovation Knut Blind 450 16 The impact of technology foresight on innovation and innovation policy483 Jennifer Cassingena Harper 17 The innovation policy mix Paul Cunningham, Jakob Edler, Kieron Flanagan and Philippe Larédo 505 18 Conclusions: Evidence on the effectiveness of innovation policy intervention543 Jakob Edler, Philip Shapira, Paul Cunningham and Abdullah Gök Index565 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 Contributors Knut Blind is Professor of Innovation Economics in the Faculty of Economics and Management at the Technische Universität Berlin, Germany He also holds the endowed Chair of Standardisation at the Rotterdam School of Management at Erasmus University He received a BA from Brock University, Canada, and his Diploma in Economics and doctorate from Freiburg University, Germany Between 1996 and 2010, he worked at the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany Since 2010, he has been associated with the Fraunhofer Institute of Open Communication Systems FOKUS in Berlin Paul Cunningham is Senior Research Fellow and Director of the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research at the Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK His research interests encompass a range of related fields in science, technology and innovation (STI) policy, including: innovation and R&D evaluation methodologies; STI policy governance; collaboration between higher education institutions and industry; quantitative measures of R&D performance and STI indicators; transnational scientific collaboration; and international STI policy He has undertaken numerous evaluations, reviews and studies for a wide range of bodies, and his work has been influential in the development and formulation of STI policy at a variety of levels, within and outside of the UK Jakob Edler is Professor of Innovation Policy and Strategy and Executive Director of the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research at the Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK His fields of expertise comprise the governance of science, technology and innovation systems, responsible research and innovation, and the analysis and conceptual development of research, technology, development and innovation policies and instruments, including demand-based innovation policy, the internationalisation of science, technology and innovation policy and corporate innovation strategies He has advised the European Union, OECD and a range of governments and has led projects for numerous international funding bodies He was elected into the German National Academy of Science and Engineering in 2013 Kieron Flanagan is Senior Lecturer in Science and Technology Policy at the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester, UK Over more than 15 years he has taught and researched a wide range of science policy issues He has special interests in the roles science and technology play in local and regional economic development and in the implications of an increasingly globalised scientific enterprise for national science policies He has also written on policy dynamics, including work on rationales for vii Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 viii Handbook of innovation policy impact science and technology policies and on the implications for innovation policy analysis of taking the ‘policy mix’ seriously He is an active commentator on science policy issues in the specialist press, on social media and as a contributor to the Guardian newspaper’s science policy blog Abdullah Gök is a Lecturer in Innovation, Strategy and Business Economics at the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research at the Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK His research focuses on the formulation, evaluation and impact of science and innovation policy as well as the management, economics and governance of emerging technologies He was a member of the leadership team of the project underpinning this Handbook He also teaches at undergraduate, post-graduate and executive levels, including directing the Executive Short Course on Evaluation of Science and Technology Policies He holds a PhD in Innovation Studies (Manchester), an MSc in Science and Technology Policy Studies and a BSc in Economics Prior to joining the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, he worked at the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Damian Grimshaw is Professor of Employment Studies and Director of the European Work and Employment Research Centre (EWERC) at the Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK His research interests include non- standard employment, minimum wages, low- wage service work and procurement practices Sponsors of his research projects include the European Commission (DG Employment), the International Labour Organization, the Equality and Human Rights Commission, and EuroFound Jennifer Cassingena Harper has been engaged with Malta Council for Science and Technology (MCST) since 1989 in various capacities Until 2011, she was Director of Policy, Strategy, FP7 and International with core responsibility for National Research and Innovation Strategy and Foresight She coordinated and participated in European Union Framework Programme projects on foresight and research and innovation policy She retains a part-time consultancy role with MCST on strategy, policy and foresight and an expert role on foresight with European Training Foundation She is active at European and international levels as adviser, reviewer and expert group member Barbara Jones is a member of the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research and the European Work and Employment Research Centre at the University of Manchester, UK, and is Visiting Research Fellow, Facultad de Educación, the University of Salamanca, Spain An economics graduate of the London School of Economics, she completed her master’s and doctoral studies at the University of Manchester Her research interests include the political economy of technological change and innovation and the relationship between work, learning, skills and training in new and emerging technology areas She is the author (with Bob Miller) of Innovation Diffusion in the New Economy: The Tacit Component (Routledge, 2008) Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 Contributors ix Christian Köhler is a researcher at the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany He works in the Department of Industrial Economics and International Management His research focuses on microeconometric analyses of innovation behaviour at the firm level, including determinants of R&D investment such as public funding, competition and vertical relationships He has contributed to numerous studies in the area of innovation policy for the European Union and national governments Philippe Larédo is Directeur de Recherche at Université de Paris-Est (Ecole des Ponts, IFRIS), France, and a Professor with the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research at the Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK His research interests are in emerging sciences and breakthrough innovation and in research and innovation policies Recent work on the former focuses on market construction, while policy-oriented work deals with new evaluation approaches for assessing the societal impacts of public research, and the development of ‘positioning indicators’ in a distributed European research infrastructure Ronnie Ramlogan is a Senior Lecturer at the Alliance Manchester Business School, and a member of the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester, UK He has broad research interests in the area of innovation studies, focusing on such issues as the economics of innovation, innovation management, growth of knowledge, health innovation and university–industry dynamics He has published numerous articles and book chapters and co-edited three books on issues related to innovation Christian Rammer is Senior Researcher at the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany, and Deputy Head of ZEW’s Department of Industrial Economics and International Management His main research interest is innovation economics, with a focus on innovation activities of firms and technology transfer between industry and academia He directs the German innovation survey as part of the European Union Community Innovation Survey Programme He has been involved in a large number of innovation policy studies at national and European levels, including evaluations of R&D support programmes John Rigby is a Senior Research Fellow with the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research at the Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK He read history at Cambridge and then completed a PhD at the University of Manchester on public policy design and evaluation His research interests extend around the whole policy cycle from design and development through implementation to evaluation and impact assessment His work is concerned mainly with innovation policy programme design and with science policy, where he uses bibliometric methods to examine the interaction between research performers and funding bodies He has led a number of high-profile studies, including the DG Enterprise study on the feasibility of European Union support to the procurement of innovation in 2010 and, more recently, the evaluation of the UK SBRI for Innovate UK in 2015 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 x Handbook of innovation policy impact Philip Shapira is Professor of Innovation, Management and Policy at the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research at the Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK, and Professor of Public Policy at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA His interests include science, technology and innovation management and policy, the analysis and governance of emerging technologies, regional innovation, and policy evaluation He co- edited The Theory and Practice of Innovation Policy: An International Research Handbook (Edward Elgar, 2010) and chaired the US National Academies Panel on 21st Century Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (2013) He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts Elvira Uyarra is Senior Lecturer at Alliance Manchester Business School and a member of the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester, UK Her research activities focus on: regional science and innovation policy; spatial dimensions of knowledge and innovation; evolutionary approaches to public policy, universities and regional development; and the innovation impact of public procurement She has published in leading journals in economic geography, innovation studies and management, including Research Policy, Technovation and Regional Studies Jan Youtie is Director of Policy Research Services and Principal Research Associate at Georgia Tech’s Enterprise Innovation Institute and an adjunct with the School of Public Policy at Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Her research focuses on technology- based economic development, emerging- technology assessment, manufacturing competitiveness, regional innovation clusters, and innovation and knowledge measurement and evaluation She is a founder of the Georgia Tech Program in Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy and serves as Co-Principal Investigator of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University, USA Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 10 27/06/2016 08:00 Index 575 pre-commercial procurement 397 regulation 450, 463, 464–5, 467–8, 469–70 standardisation and standards on innovation 423, 424, 426, 428, 430–32, 434, 441, 444, 445–6 see also patents IPP (Innovation Procurement Plan, UK) 367–8, 377 IRAP (Industrial Research Assistance Program) 68, 162, 168–9, 174, 176–7, 179, 180, 183, 190 Ireland direct support to R&D and innovation 78, 80, 82, 87, 94, 99, 100, 103, 106 innovation networks 293–4, 297, 299, 300, 302, 309, 311 Irish Photonics Association 299, 302 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 424, 436, 438–9 Italy cluster policy 196, 199 direct support to R&D and innovation 71, 77, 79, 80, 87, 97, 102–4 fiscal incentives for R&D 22, 24, 31, 38 innovation networks 279, 297 policy mix 514–15 ITMB (information technology management for business) degrees 122 Iturrioz, C 219–20 Iversen, T 465 IWT programme (Flanders) 256 Jacobsson, S 335 Jaffe, A B 324, 332, 334, 460 Jakobsen, E W 237 Japan cluster policy 200, 219, 235, 238 collaboration support policies 250, 264–5 direct support to R&D and innovation 62–3, 66, 70, 76, 80, 94, 102 fiscal incentives for R&D 23, 27, 40–41 innovation networks 295–6, 310 regulation 461, 469, 471 skill formation policies 118, 119 technology and innovation advisory services 163, 168, 169, 175 technology foresight 486, 494 Jarmin, R S 180, 192 Jensen, H H 463 Johnson, J 114 Johnson, L 458–9 Johnstone, N 335, 526 Jungmittag, A 436 Junior Achievement Young Enterprise programme (Netherlands) 137 Kalil, T 411, 412–13, 417–18 Kang, K N 251, 254 Katz, A 470 Katz, J S 253 Kauko, K 74–5, 96 Kay, L 403, 407–9, 410, 413, 418–19 Keenan, M 488 keiretsus industrial structures (Japan) 265 Kelley, M R 75–6, 77, 82, 98, 106, 182, 192 Kemp, R 334, 335, 338, 459 Keuffel, E L 471 KIBS (knowledge–intensive business services) 57 King, M 438 Kingsley, G 192 Klaassen, G 336 Klassen, K J 27 Klein, H 192 Kleinknecht, A 251, 253, 254 Klette, T J 75, 96 knowledge exchange projects 245 knowledge networks (network type) 286 knowledge spillovers 19, 32, 38, 44, 45, 47, 197, 198, 206, 221–2, 259, 290 knowledge transfer collaboration support policies 239, 240, 242, 243, 245, 248, 257–8, 270 innovation networks 279–80, 282, 283–4, 287–8, 295, 308–9 Kobayashi, Y 27, 40–41 Koch, K 455, 467 Kohsetsushi technology centres (Japan) 175 Kok report (2004) 356 Kompetenznetze (competence networks, Germany) 288 Konrad, A 437 Koornneef, E 473 Korea collaboration support policies 265 fiscal incentives for R&D 22 private demand for innovation 338 public procurement of innovation 359, 374, 375–6 skill formation policies 118 technology foresight 495 Koutroumpis, P 456 Kplus programme (Austria) 309 Kraljic, P 358 Kremer, M 405, 406 KTN (Knowledge Transfer Networks, UK) 284, 287–8 KTP (Knowledge Transfer Partnerships, UK) 120, 243, 247–8, 252, 257, 258–9 Kunn, S 143 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 575 27/06/2016 08:00 576 Handbook of innovation policy impact Laat, B de 63–4, 69–70, 93 labels/labelling 340–42, 346 Lach, S 77, 100 Lakhani, K R 409, 410–11, 415, 419 Lam, A 124 Lambert Review (2003) 242 Lambert, R 437–8 Lambrecht, J 144–5 Lange, I 460 Lanjouw, J O 461 Lankau, M J 148 Laplagne, P 115 Laranja, M Lave, L B 471 LEAD (Leading Enterprise and Development) programme 182, 191 lead markets policy mix 521, 523–5, 536 private demand for innovation 326, 330 public procurement of innovation 356, 360, 368, 370, 372–4, 378 regulation 450, 477 standardisation and standards on innovation 423, 445 lead users 326, 328, 330, 360 Lee, C Y 74, 77–8, 100 Lee, J 471–2 Leech, D P 436–7 Leiponen, A 115 Leitch Review (2006) 117 Lember, V 357, 359–60, 361 Lemola, T 59, 248, 285, 287 Lenihan, H 76, 77, 78, 100 Lerner, J 395–6, 398, 441, 468 lessons for analysts and policy-makers 554–5, 564 levered funding (in cluster policy) 214–15 Levinthal, D 303 levy schemes 108, 117–19, 546 Lhuillery, S 27, 37, 514, 515 liability law 463–4, 465 Licht, G 76, 79, 98, 103 Lievonen, J 59, 248, 285, 287 life cycles (business) 165–6 Linde, C van der 202 LINK programme (UK) 253, 257–8 Link, A N 395, 398 Lipsey, R G 183, 190 Lisbon Agenda 200 LMI (Lead Market Initiative) 356, 368, 370, 372–4, 378, 423, 445, 450, 477, 521, 523–5, 536 loan guarantees 60, 63, 72, 94 Local Production Systems (France) 211, 221, 234, 238 Lokshin, B 27, 32, 43, 46, 47 London Development Agency 213 Lorenz, O 442–3 LTIs (Leading Technology Institutes) 296 Luger, M I 226 Lundvall, B -A 284 Luria, D 179, 193 Luxembourg 20, 438–9 Lyon, T P 462 M&A (mergers and acquisitions) 454, 455, 458 McCann, P 197 Macartney, G 467 McCutchen, W M 27 McKenzie, K J 27, 41, 43, 45 Mairesse, J 27, 37–8, 514, 517 Malta 118 Mamuneas, T P 71, 75, 80, 81, 101, 105, 107 management additionality 82 management support technology space 152 Mangelsdorf, A 437, 439 Mangiarotto, G 438–9 Manne, G A 455 Mannheim Innovation Panel 76 Manso, G 466 Marcus, A A 462 Marie Curie Action programme 121 market entry regulations 456–7, 458 market failure collaboration support policies 243–4 direct support to R&D and innovation 55, 71, 72–3 entrepreneurship policy 134, 135, 136, 140, 144, 148, 154, 155, 156 innovation inducement prizes 404 pre-commercial procurement 386–7, 397, 400 private demand for innovation 318, 327, 328–30, 334, 335, 345 public procurement of innovation 360 rationales for intervention 4–5 skill formation policies 108, 109, 117 supply-side policies 544, 545 technology and innovation advisory services 163, 167 technology foresight 485 market introduction market transformation 319, 330–31, 333, 343–4, 348, 532 marketing-oriented networks 285 Markusen, A 197 Marshall, A 198, 323 Martin, P 222 Martin, R 197, 199 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 576 27/06/2016 08:00 Index 577 Martin, T 293–4, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 309, 311 Martínez-Ros, E 39, 514 Marxt, C 148 MAS (Manufacturing Advisory Service) 167, 168, 176–7, 178, 179, 180–81, 183 Masters, W A 412, 419–20 matched pair analysis 142, 150, 154 Mazzoleni, R 55 Medicon Valley cluster (Denmark/ Sweden) 204 Meerveld, H 375 Meissner, D 501 mentoring /coaching 134, 136, 143–8, 149, 154, 156 MEP (Manufacturing Extension Partnership) 167, 168, 176–7, 179, 180–82, 183, 184, 192–5 Mercer, D 251 meta-analysis 2, 130, 192, 202 Meuleman, M 77, 101 Meurer, M J 468 Michel, C 439 Miles, I 331 Miller, R 116–17 minimum quality and safety (type of standard) 427 Miotti, L 251, 254, 266 Mises, Ludwig von 131 ‘mission paradigm’ 55–6 ‘mission-oriented’ policy 5–6, 346 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 120 moderating uncertainty effect 411 Mody, A 461 Møen, J 26, 31, 35–6, 46 Mohnen, P 24, 27, 29, 32, 43, 46, 47, 71, 79, 102, 252, 254, 266, 514, 515 Mole, K 141, 179, 191 Montoro-Sanchez, C A 79, 105 Montyon Fund 403 Moore, M J 464, 465 Moretto, M 340 Mothe, C 251, 262–3 Mowery, D 319 Mulkay, B 27, 37–8, 514, 517 Mundell, Robert 506 Murray, F 408, 410, 420–21 Murtinu, S 71, 80, 104, 514–15 Nadiri, M I 71, 75, 81, 101, 107 NAECA (National Appliance Energy Conservation Act, 1987) 462 Nameroff, T J 461 NANO Initiative (Austria) 298, 301 National Academies review (2013) 174 National Academy of Engineering (US) 405, 412 National Advanced Technology Foundation (Denmark) 58 National Network for Manufacturing Innovation Institutes (US) 161 nature of policy instruments 7–9 Nauwelaers, C 196, 205 NCE programme (Canada) 294–5, 297, 298–9, 300–301, 304, 305–6, 307–8, 309–10, 311 NCE programme (Norway) 213, 216, 218–19, 223 NCPs (national coordination points) 262, 263 NEDO scheme (Japan) 80 negative incentive effect 411 Nelson, R 4, 55 Nemet, G 338 Nesta (UK) 1, 145–7, 152, 326, 357, 403, 405–6, 409–10, 416, 451, 554 Netherlands cluster policy 200 entrepreneurship policy 137–8, 149 fiscal incentives for R&D 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 36–7, 43, 46, 48 innovation networks 285, 296 pre-commercial procurement 389, 395 private demand for innovation 335 public procurement of innovation 368–70, 375, 377 skill formation policies 119 standardisation and standards on innovation 439–40 network additionality 82, 255 network clusters (network type) 286 New Technology Products programme (Korea) 359, 375–6 New Zealand 138 Newell, R G 324, 340, 341, 462 Nielsen, K 302 NIH (National Institutes of Health) 396 Nill, J 338 Niosi, J 180, 190 NIS (national innovation system) 241 Nishimura, J 219, 238, 295–6, 310 NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) 436–7, 440 NISTEP (National Institute of Science and Technology Policy) 494 ‘no policy’ policy 359, 360 non-parametric matching approach 516 Norberg-Bohm, V 462 Norrman, C 142–3 North East Entrepreneurs Forum (UK) 149–50 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 577 27/06/2016 08:00 578 Handbook of innovation policy impact North Jutland Entrepreneurial Network (Denmark) 141–2 Northern Ireland 82, 87 Norway cluster policy 212–13, 216, 218–19, 223, 232, 233, 237 direct support to R&D and innovation 77, 93, 97 fiscal incentives for R&D 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 35–6, 46–7 innovation networks 285 policy mix 525–6 public procurement of innovation 363 NRC (National Research Council, Canada) 204, 214, 215, 224, 233, 235, 238 NRDPMWA (National Research & Development Programme for Medical & Welfare Apparatus, Japan) 62–3, 66, 70, 76, 94 NSI (national systems of innovation) 148 NTBFs (new technology-based firms) 71, 514–15 NUTEK/STEM (Swedish energy agency) 527, 529–30, 531–2, 536, 538 Oakey, R P 70 Oberschachtsiek, D 143–4 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co– operation and Development) cluster policy 200, 201, 206 collaboration support policies 266, 267–8 direct support to R&D and innovation 56, 57, 76, 82, 85–6 entrepreneurship policy 132, 155 fiscal incentives for R&D 18, 19, 21–2, 34, 41, 42, 44–5 innovation networks 280, 284–5 policy mix 506, 507, 508, 510, 511, 517, 518–19, 520–21, 535 private demand for innovation 318, 319, 333 public procurement of innovation 356–7, 361, 362, 363 regulation 452–3, 459, 467 skill formation policies 108, 109 Okamuro, H 219, 238, 295–6, 310 O’Kane, M 241, 244, 255, 269 Oldsman, E 193, 194 Ollinger, M 469 OLS (ordinary least squares) data 37, 138, 139, 141 One North East Programme (UK) 149–50 Oosterbeek, H 137–8, 139 operation and management (collaborative support evaluation metric) 247 operational complementarity 513 OPREX initiative (Canada) 139–40 organisational competencies 111, 112 Orphan drug regulation 471 Oslo Manual (OECD) 21, 42, 76, 266, 361 OSullivan, E 440 OToole, L J 5067, 509 ệzỗelik, E 78, 101, 107 ‘packaged’ solutions 279 Palmer, K 460 Palriwala, A 412, 413, 422 Park, H 251, 254 Parsons, M 35 Partnership for Regional Innovation Services to Manufacturers (US) 180 Pasteur, Louis 403 Patent Boxes 20 patents cluster policy 217, 219 collaboration support policies 248, 249, 251–2, 254, 266, 270 direct support to R&D and innovation 76, 77, 79, 87 fiscal incentives for R&D 20, 21, 29–30, 36, 39, 41 innovation inducement prizes 403, 404, 405–6, 407–8, 412 innovation networks 289, 308, 315 policy mix 526–7 private demand for innovation 324, 333, 335–6, 338, 348 public procurement of innovation 372–3, 397, 399 regulation 450, 453, 455, 456, 459, 460–61, 464, 468, 469–72 standardisation and standards on innovation 424, 425, 426, 428–9, 430–32, 434, 437, 441–2, 446 see also IP/IPRs path dependencies 112, 201, 203, 225, 328, 491, 508, 520, 532, 535 Paunov, C 78, 101 PAVE (Programme for the Development of Industrial Research, Greece) 259 Pavel, C A 473 Pazó, C 74, 99 PCP (pre-commercial procurement) alternatives to 385–6 data availability and collection 393–4 defining 383–6 economic impacts 396–8 evaluation lessons 392–5 firm impacts 395–6 government benefits 398–9 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 578 27/06/2016 08:00 Index 579 implementation of 388–91 lessons learned 399–40 market failure 386–7, 397, 400 policy goals 11, 547, 560 private demand for innovation 322–3, 331, 345 public procurement of innovation 356, 359, 365, 370, 377, 383–4 R&D 382, 382, 384, 386–7, 389, 393, 395, 397 rationales for 382, 386–8 summary of findings 392–9 supply- and demand-side policies 11, 383, 385 technical and design issues 394–5 PennTAP (Pennsylvania Technical Assistance Program) 169 Pentikäinen, T 237 performance (collaborative support evaluation metric) 247 Peris-Ortiz, M 65–6 ‘perlocation model’ 339 Peters, M 336, 337 PFIs (Private Finance Initiatives) 371 pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry regulation 470–71 Phillips, N 35 PIANOo initiative (Netherlands) 368–70, 377 Piekkola, A 148 Pilkington, A 472 Pirnay, F 144–5 Pittaway, L 285–7, 294, 303, 304, 309 Poblenou cluster (Spain) 217–18 Poland 150 Pôles de compétitivité initiative (France) 200, 204, 205, 211, 220–21, 234, 238 policy goals access to expertise 11, 544, 546, 557–8 classification of policy instruments 10–12 cluster policy 11, 546, 558 collaboration support policies 11, 546–7, 558 direct support to R&D and innovation 11, 54, 545, 556 effectiveness of policy instruments 544, 545–9, 556–63 enhancing innovation demand 11, 12, 544, 547, 559–61 entrepreneurship policy 11, 557 facilitating innovation-oriented dialogue 11, 544, 548, 562–3 fiscal incentives for R&D 11, 545, 556 improving frameworks for innovation 11, 544, 547–8, 561–2 increasing R&D and innovation investment 11, 544, 545, 556 innovation inducement prizes 11, 560–61 innovation networks 11, 546, 558–9 policy mix 505, 507–10, 512, 521, 522, 536, 538, 548–9 pre-commercial procurement 11, 547, 560 private demand for innovation 11, 547, 559 public procurement of innovation 11, 547, 559 regulation 11, 547, 561–2 skill formation policies 11, 546, 556–7 skills augmentation 11, 12, 544, 546, 556–7 standardisation and standards on innovation 547–8, 561 strengthening systemic capabilities and complementarities 11, 544, 546–7, 558–9 technology and innovation advisory services 11, 546, 557–8 technology foresight 11, 548, 562–3 policy instruments/interventions/measures 1–2 ‘classical’ approach classification of 9–12, 544 collective governance defining innovation policy 3–4, 544, 551 effectiveness of 543–55, 564 increase in nature of 7–9 rationales for see rationales for policy instruments sociological view 7–8 ‘traditional functionalist’ perspectives 7, see also under specific policy instruments policy mix business support measures 513–14 classes of interaction 506–7 coherence and coordination of 509–10 complementarities 505, 506, 508, 509, 510–11, 512–13, 520, 531, 533–4 conceptual emergence 506 conclusions 532–9 country and system level reviews 518–21, 534–5 deliberate mixes and agency portfolios 520, 521–30, 535–7 designed versus emergent mixes 508–9 development of concept 506–11 diffusion 524, 525, 527, 529–30, 531 dimensions 509 direct support to R&D and innovation 513–15, 516, 517, 533–4 energy policy 525–30, 531–2, 534, 536, 538 EU Lead Market Initiative 521, 523–5, 536 evaluation of policy interaction 505 evaluation practice and challenges 530–32 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 579 27/06/2016 08:00 580 Handbook of innovation policy impact fiscal incentives for R&D 514–15, 516, 517, 520, 533–4 framework 510–11 geographical space 509–10, 533, 538–9 German HighTech Strategy 521, 522–3, 535, 537, 538 governance space 509–10, 538–9 impact evidence production 549–50 input additionality 514, 516–18 instrument selection 508–9 interplay of individual instruments 12, 511, 512–18, 530–32, 533–4, 537 multi-dimensional nature of mixes 532–3 output additionality 514, 515, 516–18 policy domains and sub–systems 507–8, 510, 513, 519, 532, 537 policy goals and objectives 505, 507–10, 512, 521, 522, 536, 538, 548–9 policy space 508, 509–10, 538–9 public procurement of innovation 516, 518, 523–5 R&D 506, 511, 512–13, 514–15, 516–18, 519, 522–3, 526, 529, 531, 533–4, 538 rationales for policy instruments 505, 507–10, 512, 520, 532, 537 scope and method of review 511 SMEs 513, 514, 522 supply- and demand-side policies 515, 516, 518, 520, 524–7, 529–30, 533, 534 target groups 512, 524, 530, 535–6, 538 time 508–10, 525–7, 531–2, 534–6, 538, 539 trade-offs 506, 508, 538–9 ‘policy problems’ in innovation systems policy space (in policy mix) 508, 509–10, 538–9 Pontoglio, S 334 Poot, T 28 Popp, D 460, 461 Porter, M 197, 202–3, 210, 281, 450, 459, 460, 469, 470, 474 Portugal 22 positive parallel paths effect 411 Potì, B 77, 79, 97, 102 Powell, B C 258, 270 PPI (public procurement of innovation) classification of interventions 363–4, 365–6 competitive dialogue procedure 370–72 context 356–7 evaluation of 376–8 forward commitment procurement 374–5 framework conditions 364, 365, 378 identification, specification and signalling of needs 365, 370 incentivising innovative solutions 366, 374–6 justifications for 360 lead markets 356, 360, 368, 370, 372–4, 378 lessons and conclusions 378 limitations of existing evaluations 360–63 patents 372–3, 397, 399 policy delineation and definitions 358–60 policy goals 11, 547, 559 policy mix 516, 518, 523–5 pre–commercial procurement 356, 359, 365, 370, 377, 383–4 procurement types 358–9 R&D 357, 358, 359–60, 361, 362–3, 370 rationales for 355, 356, 358–60, 363, 366, 377, 378 renewed interest in 355, 356–7, 358, 360 return of demand-side policies 355, 356–7, 360 scope of 360–63 SMEs 364–7, 374, 375–6, 377 specific policies and strategies 367–70 standardisation and standards on innovation 432–5, 442–4, 445–6 study findings 363–76 supply- and demand-side policies 11, 355, 356–7, 360, 361–2, 377 PPPs (public private partnerships) 267, 313, 371 PQQs (pre-qualification questionnaires) 367 price regulation 457, 458, 471 Prieger, J E 454–5, 472 Primo, D M 467 private demand for innovation conceptual framework 323–31 co-producing innovation 318, 320, 326–7, 345 defining/delineating demand–side policies 319–20 demand as barrier to eco–innovation 325 demand pull 324, 326, 327, 336, 337 demand-side intervention logics 327–31 diffusion 318, 319–20, 324, 326–7, 328–9, 330, 331–4, 336–41, 343–4, 346–7 economic growth 327, 330 energy-efficient technologies 334, 335, 336, 338–9, 340, 343, 345–6 evaluation challenges 331–3, 346–7 importance of demand for innovation 323–5 influence on supply of innovation 320, 325–7, 345 information asymmetries 320, 329, 339–40, 341 labels 340–42, 346 lessons and conclusions 344–8 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 580 27/06/2016 08:00 Index 581 market and system failures 318, 327, 328–30, 334, 335, 345, 348 market transformation 319, 330–31, 333, 343–4, 348 methodology of study 331–3 patents 324, 333, 335–6, 338, 348 policy goals 11, 547, 559 R&D 323, 324, 331, 335–7, 343 rationales for 319, 320, 324, 327–31, 339, 340, 345 return of demand-side policies 318–19, 345 scope of study 333 societal goals 327, 328, 330–31, 332, 335, 342, 343–4, 345, 347 subsidies and taxes 321, 333–9, 346 summary of finding 333–44 taxation 321, 333–9, 346 timing of measures 336, 346–7 typology of demand-side policies 320–23, 345 user–producer interaction 322, 326–7, 329, 342, 347–8 product and consumer safety 460, 462–3 ‘programmatisation’ 361 programme logic model (technology and innovation advisory services) 170–72, 173, 178–82 project additionality 82 property-led initiatives (collaboration support policies) 241 Public Industrial Technology Research Institutes (Japan) 168, 169 public utility regulation 457–9 ‘public’ goods 56 purchasing portfolio models 358 PV (photovoltaic) technologies 336, 337, 338 Quelin, B V 251, 262–3 R&D (research and development) cluster policy 199, 200, 201, 205–6, 208, 211, 213, 216, 217–20, 222 collaboration support policies 240, 243–4, 245–6, 250–52, 253–7, 260–62, 264–5, 266–8, 270 direct support see direct support to R&D and innovation entrepreneurship policy 134, 135 fiscal incentives see fiscal incentives for R&D impact evidence production 549, 551 increasing R&D and innovation investment (policy goal) 11, 544, 545, 556 innovation inducement prizes 408, 410 innovation networks 281, 283, 290, 296, 300, 306–7, 310 policy mix 506, 511, 512–13, 514–15, 516–18, 519, 522–3, 526, 529, 531, 533–4, 538 pre-commercial procurement 382, 382, 384, 386–7, 389, 393, 395, 397 private demand for innovation 323, 324, 331, 335–7, 343 public procurement of innovation 357, 358, 359–60, 361, 362–3, 370 regulation 450, 453, 455, 456–8, 460–61, 465–72, 475, 476 skill formation policies 108, 109, 111, 120, 123 standardisation and standards on innovation 428–30, 431, 436, 439, 441 technology and innovation advisory services 166, 169, 179, 180 technology foresight 490, 495, 498, 499 Raco, M 148 Radic, D 80, 105 RAE (Research Assessment Exercise) 521 Raiteri, E 362–3, 516, 531 Raivio, T 62, 69, 95 Rammer, C 461, 522, 523 RASE (Royal Agricultural Society of England) 407, 416 Raskind, L J 464 rate-of-return regulation 457, 472 rationales for policy instruments 4–6 cluster policy 196, 201–3, 210, 216–17, 223, 224–6 collaboration support policies 239–40, 241–4, 271, 273 direct support to R&D and innovation 55–8, 59, 62–4, 87–8 entrepreneurship policy 132, 134–5, 140 fiscal incentives for R&D 18, 19, 42, 47 innovation inducement prizes 404–7 innovation networks 280, 282–4, 289, 292, 293–5 policy mix 505, 507–10, 512, 520, 532, 537 pre-commercial procurement 382, 386–8 private demand for innovation 319, 320, 324, 327–31, 339, 340, 345 public procurement of innovation 355, 356, 358–60, 363, 366, 377, 378 technology and innovation advisory services 162, 163, 166–7 technology foresight 486–8, 489, 492 RDAs (Regional Development Agencies) 145, 150 RDI (research, development and innovation) funding 287 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 581 27/06/2016 08:00 582 Handbook of innovation policy impact Reale, E Reaves, N D 471 Recotillet, I 122 regional and national networks (network type) 286 regulation antitrust regulation 454, 455, 458 bankruptcy laws 463, 464, 467, 468 chemical industry regulation 468–70 command and control regulations 334–5, 346, 460, 463, 547 competition policies 454–6, 458 competition regulation 454–6, 458 compliance costs 453, 457, 458, 460–61, 463, 466, 468, 470 defining 452–3 economic regulation impacts 454–9, 474 employment protection legislation 463, 464, 465–6, 467, 468 environmental regulations 450, 459, 460–62, 463, 469, 471–2 factors affecting impacts 451 immigration laws 463, 467, 468 incentive effect 453, 458, 463, 468 information asymmetries 455, 456, 457, 463, 470, 474 institutional regulation impacts 463–8 IPR 450, 463, 464–5, 467–8, 469–70 lessons learned 474–7 liability law 463–4, 465 market entry regulations 456–7, 458 mergers and acquisitions 454, 455, 458 patent 450, 453, 455, 456, 459, 460–61, 464, 468, 469–72 policy goals 11, 547, 561–2 price regulations 457, 458, 471 product and consumer safety 460, 462–3 proposals for innovation-friendly policies 475–7 public utility regulation 457–9 R&D 450, 453, 455, 456–8, 460–61, 465–72, 475, 476 rate-of-return regulation 457, 472 research gaps 475 sector-specific regulations 468–74 ‘smart’ regulation 453 social regulation impacts 459–63, 474 supply- and demand-side policies 11 theoretical model 453–4 types of 450, 451, 452, 474 uncertainty 460, 462, 469, 470–71, 472, 473, 474 workers’ health and safety protection 460, 462–3 Reijnen, J O N 251, 253, 254 relabelling of expenditure (methodological challenge to evaluation of R&D tax incentives) 32 Rennings, K 341, 461 Rephann, T 179–80, 194 Requate, T 334 RES (Regional Economic Strategy) 149 responsive demand 326, 327 RIEPs (regional improvement and efficiency partnerships) 368 Rigby, J 129 Riillo, C A F 438–9 Roberts, E B 470 Robinson, C 79–80, 104 Roeland, T 202 Roessner, D 257 Rolfstam, M 358 Romijn, H 114 Rongping, M 493 Roper, S 74, 82, 87, 106, 141, 180 Rosenberg, N 319 Rossi, M 462 Rotger, G P 141–2 Rothwell, R 324 Røtnes, R 237 Royal Academy of Science (Paris) 403 Rubenstein, A H 82, 107 Rubim de Pinho Accioli Doria, M 469–70 Ruegg, R 251, 252–3, 254, 257, 259, 260 Rychen, F 294 Rysman, M 441 S&T Basic Plans (Japan) 494 S&T Framework Plan (Korea) 495 Sachwald, F 251, 254, 266 Sáez, C B 251, 254 Saint-Paul, G 466 Sakakibara, D 251, 254, 264–5 Salamon, L M Sanyal, P 459 Sapra, H 456 SBA (Small Business Administration) 144 SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research programme, US) 166, 359, 383, 384, 386–8, 389–400 SBRI (Small Business Research Initiative, UK) 388, 389, 391, 398–9 scale and scope additionality 82 Schmidt, T 76, 96 Schmiedeberg, C 209–10 Schneider, C 79, 105 Schrank, A 183, 194 Schumpeter, J 129, 131 Schwartz, M 153–4 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 582 27/06/2016 08:00 Index 583 science–industry networks (network type) 286–7 Scioch, P 143–4 Scotland 148, 180, 191 Scott, J T 398, 436–7 secondary analyses Segarra-Blasco, A 251, 254, 266 Sekkat, K 96 ‘selectivity of entrepreneurship’ 129–30 Sershun, N 27, 41, 43, 45 SFLG (Small Firms Loan Guarantee) scheme 63, 70, 80, 512 Shane, S 131 Shapira, P 179–80, 183, 194, 195, 256, 266 Shapiro, C 441 Shortell, S M 473 SIC (Swedish Innovation Centre) 142–3, 156 Sickles, R C 462 Siegel, D S 75, 96 Silber, W L 473 Silicon Valley 196, 202, 303–4 Silverberg, G 338–9 Simcoe, T S 441 Sinclair, D 506 Singapore 119 SkatteFUNN (Norwegian tax incentive scheme) 31, 35, 36 skill formation policies access to knowledge 110–11 conceptual links between skill formation and innovation 110–12 empirical evidence on impacts 113–15 forms of training 110, 111–12 impact evidence production 550 lessons for policy design 124–5 levy schemes 108, 117–19, 546 markets 116–19 organisational competencies 111, 112 policy goals 11, 546, 556–7 policy issues 109–10 R&D 108, 109, 111, 120, 123 SMEs 113, 115, 118, 119, 123 supply- and demand-side policies 11 university/higher education links 108, 120–23, 124 valuation of innovative potential of skills 116–17 skills augmentation (policy goal) 11, 12, 544, 546, 556–7 Slavtchev, V 138 Sloth, M 389 Small Business Act (1978) 364 Smart scheme (UK) 63, 65, 66, 69, 76, 79–80, 83, 93, 95, 104, 514 ‘smart’ regulation 453 SMBA (Small and Medium Business Administration, Korea) 375–6 SMC (Student Mini-company) scheme 137–8 SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) cluster policy 200, 201, 203, 206, 219, 220, 221, 225 collaboration support policies 245, 259, 262 direct support to R&D and innovation 54, 58, 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 71, 76, 77, 78, 84 entrepreneurship policy 129, 130–31, 133, 139, 140–41, 144, 149–50, 152 fiscal incentives for R&D 23–4, 39, 40–41, 45–6 innovation networks 281, 284, 288, 294, 299, 309 policy mix 513, 514, 522 private demand for innovation 339 public procurement of innovation 364–7, 374, 375–6, 377 skill formation policies 113, 115, 118, 119, 123 technology and innovation advisory services 161–3, 165, 166–70, 174–5, 176–7, 180, 182, 183–4, 185–6 Smith, Adam 323 Smith, J E 496, 501 Smith, M 472 SNA (social network analysis) 210, 301–2 social regulation impacts 459–63, 474 societal missions 5–6 sociological view of policy instruments 7–8 Sofka, W 362, 518 soft loans 60, 69–70 Solomon, B D 340 Solow growth model 453 Sölvell, O 206–7 Soriano, D R 65–6 Soskice, D 453, 465, 466 South Korea see Korea Spain cluster policy 205, 211, 217–18, 219–20, 232, 237 collaboration support policies 256, 266 direct support to R&D and innovation 65–6, 74, 76–7, 79, 82, 86, 97, 98, 99, 102–6 entrepreneurship policy 153 fiscal incentives for R&D 20, 22, 29, 38–9 policy mix 514 technology and innovation advisory services 175 special R&D allowances/exemptions 20 Spencer, G M 198 Spithoven, A 256 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 583 27/06/2016 08:00 584 Handbook of innovation policy impact SPUR (Support for Projects under Review) 65, 69, 79–80, 104 SR&ED tax credit programme (Canada) 34–5 Staehler, R 237 Stahl-Rolf, S 281–2, 289, 290–91 standardisation and standards on innovation defining 424 diffusion 423, 426, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 435, 441, 444, 445–6 economies of scale 426, 427, 430, 432 empirical evidence 435–44 functions of 427–35 general economic impacts 435–7 impact of standards on innovation 437–40, 444 IPR 423, 424, 426, 428, 430–32, 434, 441, 444, 445–6 patents 424, 425, 426, 428–9, 430–32, 434, 437, 441–2, 446 policy goals 547–8, 561 public procurement 432–5, 442–4, 445–6 R&D 428, 431, 436, 439, 441 research and standardisation 428–30, 440, 444 summary and outlook 444–6 technology transfer 423, 428–9 transaction costs 426, 427, 431, 435 types of standards 425–7, 446 start-up subsidy programme (Germany) 143 State/Industry–University Cooperative Research Centers Program (US) 257 STEPPIN project (EU) 442 Sternberg, R 203, 209 Steurs, G 93 Stewart, L A 453, 473 STI (science, technology and innovation) policies 232–6, 330–31, 487, 495, 511, 523, 548 Stø, E 341 Stocker, J 251 Stoneman, P 331 Storey, D J 140–41, 155 Strandbakken, P 341 strategic complementarity 513 strategic networks (network type) 287 Streitwieser, M L 462 strengthening systemic capabilities and complementarities (policy goal) 11, 544, 546–7, 558–9 Strobl, E 78, 99 Subramanian, V 464 Sunley, P 197, 199 supply- and demand-side policies classification of policy instruments 10–11, 544 cluster policy 11 collaboration support policies 11 direct support to R&D and innovation 11, 54 effectiveness of policy instruments 544–5 entrepreneurship policy 11 fiscal incentives for R&D 11 innovation inducement prizes 11, 411–12 innovation networks 11 policy mix 515, 516, 518, 520, 524–7, 529–30, 533, 534 pre-commercial procurement 11, 383, 385 public procurement of innovation 11, 355, 356–7, 360, 361–2, 377 regulation 11 skill formation policies 11 technology and innovation advisory services 11 technology foresight 11 supply chain networks (network type) 287 sustainable construction 524–5 Svensson, R 105 Swann, G M P 425–6, 437–8 Swann, P 198–9, 454 Sweden cluster policy 204, 213, 214, 215, 218, 236, 238 direct support to R&D and innovation 79, 94, 105 entrepreneurship policy 142–3, 150, 156 innovation networks 285 policy mix 527, 529–30, 531–2, 536, 538 private demand for innovation 344 public procurement of innovation 359 technology foresight 499 Switzerland 22, 148–9, 363 system failures fiscal incentives for R&D 46 innovation networks 282–3 private demand for innovation 318, 327, 328–30, 335, 345, 348 public procurement of innovation 360 supply-side policies 544 technology foresight 485, 486, 492, 496, 501 Taiwan 76, 80, 81, 99, 104, 107, 174 Tamasy, C 153 target groups classification of policy instruments 10 effectiveness of policy instruments 545, 549, 552, 555 generating innovation innovation networks 288 policy mix 512, 524, 530, 535–6, 538 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 584 27/06/2016 08:00 Index 585 public procurement of innovation 361–2 sociological view of policy instruments 7–8 Tavoletti, E 153 tax competition (methodological challenge to evaluation of R&D tax incentives) 33 tax incentives/credits see fiscal incentives for R&D Taylor, M.R 460–61 Taylor, M.Z 466 Taymaz, E 78, 101, 107 Tazelaar, K 370 technological procurement 358 technology and innovation advisory services anticipated impacts 170–72 applied technology centre services 168, 169, 174 business life cycles 165–6 dedicated field staff services 167, 168 defining 163–6 evaluations of 174–84 lessons and conclusions 184–6 measurement challenges 172–3 overview 162–7 performance measurement 172–3 policy goals 11, 546, 557–8 private consultants 164, 166–9, 177, 178, 181, 184–5 programme-level findings 182–3 programme logic model 170–72, 173, 178–82 rationales for 162, 163, 166–7 scope of literature 174–5 SMEs 161–3, 165, 166–70, 174–5, 176–7, 180, 182, 183–4, 185–6 supply- and demand-side policies 11 system-level findings 183–4 technology-oriented business services 167–9, 174 technology transfer 164, 167, 169 types of programmes 167–70 Technology Delphi foresight (Austria) 497 technology foresight changing evaluation criteria 488–9 conceptual background 483–91 embedded foresight 488–9, 492, 498 follow-up activity 500 ‘foresight as a policy instrument’ 484–5, 490 foresight definitions and motivations 483–6 ‘foresight for/in policy’ 484–5, 490 generations framework 486–8 immediate, intermediate and ultimate impacts 501, 502 impact expectations 490–91 impacts on innovation policy 500–501 instrumental role of foresight 500 learning curve of 500 main findings and conclusion 501–3 national experiences and evaluations 491–500 policy goals 11, 548, 562–3 R&D 490, 495, 498, 499 rationales for 486–8, 489, 492 supply- and demand-side policies 11 systemic failure 485, 486, 492, 496, 501 ‘Technology Foresight towards 2020’ (China) 493 technology lock-in 328–9 technology push 326, 327, 433, 525 Technology Strategy Board (UK) 389 technology transfer collaboration support policies 240 innovation networks 281, 299, 301, 308, 314 standardisation and standards on innovation 423, 428–9 technology and innovation advisory services 164, 167, 169 technology-oriented business services 167–9, 174 Teirlinck, P 256 Tekes (Finnish innovation agency) 62, 68, 80, 103, 498–9 telecommunications regulation 472 TEP (Hungarian Technology Foresight Programme) 499–500 TFP (total factor productivity) 38, 80, 87, 221 Thompson, C 195 Thune, T 121 Thuriaux, B 201 Tian, X 455, 456 time (in policy mix) 508–10, 525–7, 531–2, 534–6, 538, 539 Tirole, J 441 TLOs (technology licensing offices) 166 Toivanen, O 78, 100, 105 TopCoder software contest 411, 415–16 trade-offs (in policy mix) 506, 508, 538–9 ‘traditional functionalist’ perspectives on policy instruments 7, transaction costs 240, 265, 426, 427, 431, 435 TRLs (technology readiness levels) 21–2 trust 163, 216, 242, 258, 261, 265, 272, 299, 302, 308–9, 312, 313, 314 Tsagdis, D 202, 203 TTGV Loan Programme (Turkey) 78, 82, 107 Tuerpitz, K 341 Turkey 78, 82, 101, 107 Turok, I 148 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 585 27/06/2016 08:00 586 Handbook of innovation policy impact UI (university–industry) collaborations 120–23, 124 UK (United Kingdom) cluster policy 198–9, 200, 213, 214, 215–16, 222, 223, 233, 236, 238 collaboration support policies 240, 242, 243–4, 246–8, 250, 252–3, 257–9, 260–61, 266 direct support to R&D and innovation 63, 65, 66–7, 69, 70, 76, 79–80, 82–3, 93, 94, 95, 104 entrepreneurship policy 129–30, 140–41, 145–8, 149–50, 152, 154, 156 fiscal incentives for R&D 23, 26, 40 innovation inducement prizes 403, 405, 407, 409–10 innovation networks 284, 285, 286–8, 295, 304–5, 309 policy mix 512–13, 514, 520, 521, 533, 535 pre-commercial procurement 388, 389, 391, 398–9 public procurement of innovation 357, 359, 363, 366–8, 371, 372, 374–5, 377–8 regulation 454, 455, 465 skill formation policies 114, 115, 119, 120, 122 standardisation and standards on innovation 424, 435–6, 437–8, 439 technology and innovation advisory services 161, 162, 167, 168, 169–70, 174, 176–7, 178, 179–82, 183, 191–2 technology foresight 492–3 umbrellas (EUREKA instrument) 262 Un, A 79, 105 UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) 403 United Nations 200 universities/higher education cluster policy 207, 216, 219 collaboration support policies 239, 241, 242, 245, 249, 252–3, 257, 266, 267, 268, 270–71 entrepreneurship policy 129, 137–9, 152–3, 155 innovation networks 280, 284–5, 294, 296, 304, 308, 314 policy mix 521 private demand for innovation 340 skill formation policies 108, 120–23, 124, 124 technology and innovation advisory services 165, 166–7, 170, 180, 184 Unnevehr, L J 463 Urashima, K 494 USA (United States of America) cluster policy 198, 203, 204 collaboration support policies 239, 240, 251, 252–3, 257, 258, 259, 260, 264–5 direct support to R&D and innovation 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 87, 98, 101, 102, 105–7 entrepreneurship policy 129, 144, 154, 156 fiscal incentives for R&D 26, 27, 33–4, 42, 44–5, 50 innovation inducement prizes 403, 405, 407–10, 412 ‘mission-oriented’ policy 5–6 pre-commercial procurement 383, 384, 386–8, 389–400 private demand for innovation 337, 338, 340 public procurement of innovation 359, 364 regulation 454–6, 457–9, 461, 464, 465–8, 469–70, 471–2 standardisation and standards on innovation 440 technology and innovation advisory services 161, 162, 163, 165–6, 167, 168–70, 175, 176–7, 179, 180–82, 183, 184, 192–5 technology foresight 495–6 user characteristics (direct support to R&D and innovation) 59 user–producer interaction 322, 326–7, 329, 342, 347–8 Uyarra, E 358 van der Linde, C 460, 469 van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B 75, 86, 99 van Reenen, J 42 variety reduction (type of standard) 427 VC (venture capital) support 392, 395–6 Veen, G.van der 296 Venkataraman, S 131 ‘venture companies for tomorrow’ initiative (Switzerland) 148–9 Vermeulen, W 335 Vernon, J A 470, 471 Vernon, J M 470 vertical joint ventures 258 vertical networking 281 Veugelers, R 79, 105 Viladecans-Marsal, E 217–18, 237 Vinnväxt programme (Sweden) 204, 213, 214, 215, 218, 236, 238 Viscusi, K W 464, 465 VLSI (very large-scale integrated circuit) project 264–5 Vollebergh, H 334 volume-based R&D incentives 20–21, 33–4, 35, 36–9, 41, 42–3, 46, 47, 48, 50 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 586 27/06/2016 08:00 Index 587 wage effect (methodological challenge to evaluation of R&D tax incentives) 32 Wallsten, S J 397–8 Walshe, K 473 Walz, R 324, 462 Warren, E 473 Watanabe, C 251 WBSO (Dutch tax incentive scheme) 20, 29, 36, 46, 48 Weber, M 131 Wei, M 412, 421 Well-being cluster (Finland) 214 West Midlands clusters (UK) 215–16, 222, 236, 238 Westmore, B 28, 29, 30, 41, 514 ‘What Works?’ centres (UK) Whitford, J 183, 194 Wial, H 180, 192 Wilkinson report (2005) 356 Williams, H 404–5, 406, 412, 421 Wilson, D J 33, 44 Wilson, P 412, 413, 422 Wilson, T 242, 258–9 Wintjes, R 196, 205 Wood Wisdom cluster (Finland) 214 workers’ health and safety protection 460, 462–3 World Bank 200 World Business Environment Survey 118 Wren, C 140–41 Wright, B D 406 Wright, J D 455 Wrubel, R P 470 WTO (World Trade Organization) 389 Yorkshire clusters (UK) 214, 215, 216, 222, 223, 236, 238 Youtie, J 179, 183, 194, 195 Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J M 383 Zhu, P 71, 75, 101, 514 Zi, A 429 Zients, J D 406 ZIM Programme (Germany) 67, 70, 95 Zimmerman, J 409, 412, 415 Zimmermann, J –B 294 Zloczysti, P 437 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 587 27/06/2016 08:00 Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 588 27/06/2016 08:00 ‘This is a highly important and timely Handbook Innovation is of growing importance for future growth and wellbeing, as the foundation for new businesses, jobs and productivity growth, to help address climate change and other global challenges, and as a way to improving public services But we still know too little about what drives innovation, and which policies can make innovation work This Handbook is an important effort to fill this gap It provides a systematic analysis of the evidence on a wide range of innovation policy instruments, ranging from fiscal incentives to R&D, to cluster policies, to pre-commercial procurement It also explores the various policy rationales that underpin innovation policies and provides practical examples of a wide range of policies The Handbook will be a highly valuable reference for academics and policy makers alike, in OECD countries and beyond It will certainly be a key source for the work of the OECD on innovation and innovation policy, and will hopefully be the start of further work to strengthen the evidence base for innovation policies.’ Dirk Pilat, OECD Directorate for Science, Technology & Industry ‘Much more than a “handbook”, this volume reviews what we have learned over 30 years of innovation policy and synthesizes the lessons into action The timing could not be more crucial: academics, policy makers, politicians, stakeholders and evaluators increasingly ask the question of “what works?” when it comes to innovation policy The demand for innovation policy to deliver more growth, better competitiveness, and improved public services is growing This Handbook sets the standard for learning in innovation policy, as it brings together and analyses the existing evidence on the full range of innovation policy measures Analysis is at the core of the approach taken by the authors and editors, reporting on the breadth and quality of the underlying evidence Its major merit lies in conceptualizing innovation policy in ways that appeal to many stakeholders The Handbook is not just cheerleading for innovation – it takes a critical stance on the meaning of context, the shortcomings of some existing evidence and methods, and the conditions and limits of policy interventions It is a breakthrough in the literature on impact of innovation policy, of highest possible value to academics, evaluators, and policy makers who are making the tough decisions about the future of competitiveness and innovation.’ Caroline S Wagner, The Ohio State University, USA and Editor of Science and Public Policy ‘Business, media and policy makers all increasingly emphasise innovation as a source of economic development and as a mean to tackle social challenges that arise As a consequence the question of how public policy can stimulate innovation has received more attention, and a number of different policy instruments – and combinations of these – have emerged and also tried out in practice This book, written by a highly qualified team of experts from the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research and a number of leading scholars from other organisations, addresses the question of what is known about the effects of innovation policy, i.e., what works under which circumstances and why For this purpose fifteen different types of innovation policy, ranging from, for example, R&D subsidies via public procurement to regulation and technology foresight, are distinguished and almost 600 previous evaluations of various aspects of innovation policy consulted The interaction of different policies, e.g., the policy mix, is also considered The highly authoritative volume offers a unique overview and synthesis of the available knowledge on innovation policy impacts It will be indispensable reading for scholars as well as policy makers interested in this relatively new and rapidly growing field of public policy.’ Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo, Norway Jakob Edler, Paul Cunningham, Abdullah Gök and Philip Shapira - 9781784711849 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 04:32:21PM via Sydney University M3957 - EDLER 9781784711849 PRINT.indd 589 27/06/2016 08:00 ... vi Handbook of innovation policy impact 12 The impact of pre-commercial procurement on innovation John Rigby 382 13 The impact of innovation inducement prizes Abdullah Gök 403 14 The impact of. .. formulation of STI policy at a variety of levels, within and outside of the UK Jakob Edler is Professor of Innovation Policy and Strategy and Executive Director of the Manchester Institute of Innovation. .. PRINT.indd 27/06/2016 08:00 x Handbook of innovation policy impact Philip Shapira is Professor of Innovation, Management and Policy at the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research at the Alliance
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