e services toward a new model of

Alfredo M Ronchi e-Services Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Community e-Services Alfredo M Ronchi e-Services Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Community Alfredo M Ronchi Politecnico di Milano Milano, Italy ISBN 978-3-030-01841-2 ISBN 978-3-030-01842-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01842-9 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961013 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover Photograph: Pëtr Il’ič Čajkovskij Statue in Moscow / Pantheon Dome Rome, © 2018 The Author This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The editorial series “e-Citizens: Being Human in the Digital Age” aims to explore the rich set of technologies and applications that characterise the living environment of citizens in the digital age and is intended to call attention to fundamental transformations in social organisation and structure The main technologies and issues have been carefully described in volume one; applications devoted to e-Democracy are the core of volume two; the present volume is devoted to e-Services, encompassing Health, Learning, Culture, Media and News In order to introduce this volume, let us review a little bit of the history of information technology One of the most significant changes to occur in the field of information technology over the last few decades was the implementation of real-time communication and information exchange between computers—in one word: networking A computer was originally considered to be like Leibniz’s1 “monad”, an ultimate atom without windows and doors: a sealed entity Intercommunication processes enabled external access to these monads, allowing information and data exchange between them and thus multiplying their added value; networks of computers possess expanded functionalities and services A number of different stand-alone proprietary networks were gradually merged into the network of networks: the Internet The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology.2 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (also Leibnitz or von Leibniz) was born on July 1646 (Leipzig, Germany) and died on 14 November 1716 (Hanover, Germany) School tradition: rationalism Main interests: metaphysics, epistemology, science, mathematics and theodicy Notable ideas: calculus, innate knowledge, optimism and monad See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz, last accessed February 2019 B M Leiner et al (2003) A brief history of the Internet Internet Society, Reston, VA (see http:// www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml, last accessed February 2019) v vi Preface Of course, one of the main drivers for Internet usage was the introduction of the hypertext transfer protocol (http), which led to the birth of the World Wide Web, thanks to the contributions of Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau at CERN3 in 1990 and the success of Mosaic at NCSA4 in 1992, the first web browser Conceived and developed by “end-users”, one of the most important characteristics of the Web community, in the first two or three years of its life, was the bottomup decision mechanism it employed Enhancements and extensions were proposed, discussed and implemented mainly by active members of the community of researchers and experts involved in the process The Web community at that time was a mixture of ICT experts and scientific content managers The double role of these prosumers was probably one of the key innovative aspects of that community during that period The subsequent gradual drift from technology developers to general users is a natural process that often occurs with mature technologies It happened, for instance, in the field of computer graphics, where computer graphics pioneers worked side by side with creative people and special effects (fx) designers The development of Internet technology unleashed creative energies, the first generations of Websites, mainly due to volunteers often not belonging to the IT sector; don’t forget that the cradle of the Web was CERN, the temple of physics and subatomic particles Web technology was for sure an enabling technology, offering to almost everyone the opportunity to contribute to the creation of the textual and, later on, visual cyberspace The Internet has incredibly facilitated access to mass communication This influenced even news and journalism as we will describe later It combines a worldwide broadcasting capability with a mechanism for information dissemination, which offers us the opportunity to reach a wide audience with minimal effort Before the Internet, the only way to reach wide audiences was radio and television broadcasting, and before these were invented, mainly printed materials or heralds In addition, it is a medium that encourages collaborations and interactions between individuals and their computers almost without regard for geographic location After the “publishing” hangover, it was the time to manage and structure and index this blob of content and upgrade from information provision to service provision ICT-based innovation “is not only a matter of technology” The main aim of this work is to bridge the gap between technological solutions and successful implementation and fruitful utilisation of the main set of e-Services Different parameters are actively influencing the success or failure of e-Services: cultural The name CERN is derived from the acronym for the French “Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire”, or European Council for Nuclear Research, a provisional body founded in 1952 with the mandate of establishing a world-class fundamental physics research organization in Europe At that time, pure physics research concentrated on understanding the inside of the atom, hence the word “nuclear” https://home.cern, last accessed February 2019 National Center for Supercomputing Applications, http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu, last accessed February 2019 Preface vii aspects, organisational issues, bureaucracy and workflow, infrastructure and technology in general, users’ habits, literacy, capacity or merely interaction design This requires having a significant population of citizens willing and able to adopt and use online services and developing the managerial and technical capability to implement applications to meet the needs of citizens A selection of success stories and failures, duly commented on, will help the reader in identifying the right approach to innovation in governmental and private e-Services This volume is part of a collection of books; the first three volumes are e-Citizens: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Citizenry, e-Democracy: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Society and e-Services: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Community, all of them published by Springer International 2019 Target Audience Public authorities, decision-makers, stakeholders, solution developers, university students Prerequisite Knowledge of Audience Informed on e-Content and e-Services, basics on technology side Milano, Italy Alfredo M Ronchi Being Human in the Digital Age Interior laboratory—Scene 53 “The two enter a cylindrical laboratory There is a huge glass turbine in the middle with the metal glove inside A DNA chain scrolls on the computer screen Mactilburgh starts the operation rolling as Munro puts his hand on the self-destruct button, ready to use it Thousands of cells form in the heart of the generator, an assemblage of DNA elements Then the cells move down a tube, like a fluid, and gather in an imprint of a HUMAN body Step by step bones are reconstructed, then the nervous and muscular systems Whole veins wrap around the muscles An entire body is reconstructing before our very eyes ASSISTANT End of reconstruction, beginning of reanimation.” [LE CINQUIÈME ÉLÉMENT (THE FIFTH ELEMENT) IS A 1997 FRENCH SCIENCE FICTION FILM DIRECTED BY LUC BESSON AND STARRING BRUCE WILLIS, GARY OLDMAN AND MILLA JOVOVICH.] This scene shows the way to reconstruct human bodies starting from a minimum portion of DNA; the science fiction machinery performs a “3D print” of an entire body, decoding the instructions encapsulated in the DNA; the scene looks very close to addictive 3D printing This technology enjoyed great popularity in different fields from dentists to hobbyists; a very special 3D printer was on display on the occasion of the WSIS Forum 2018 in Geneva; this 3D printer used chocolate instead of monomers, printing chocolate blocks instead of bones Does science fiction anticipate our near future even in the field of e-Health? Some experiments carried out in the field of biomaterials and biotechnologies have already tested the use of 3D printers with nanoparticles, so we never know Anyhow 3D graphics and printing are already in use to create different prostheses The field of education and learning was till now the one that didn’t benefit too much from digital technologies, but at the same time suffered more than many other sectors from the shift of paradigm due to cyber technologies The young are significantly influenced by digital technology; as we will see later in the chapter devoted to e-Learning, the huge number of hours spent playing videogames and watching television has trained their brains to behave in a very different way enabling parallel processing and immediate interaction These completely new ix x Being Human in the Digital Age abilities, together with the digitally empowered direct access to information, have created an increasing gap in information transmission between “digital immigrant” teachers and “digital native” pupils They are used to processing parallel input from audio, video and chats, incredibly improving their ability to absorb information and rather complex concepts They take advantage of virtual and enhanced reality to activate the most powerful and phylogenetic learning system, the perceptive-motor system They learn by directly experiencing the specific subject by being virtually immersed in that environment, by being “hands-on”, trying and trying again; in other words, “learning by doing” Following the same fil rouge, we approach “Culture” as a wide territory encompassing different humanities such as heritage in the UNESCO vision, as described in detail in e-Culture5, but even issues and drawbacks due to the combined action of information communication technologies and globalisation The global trend tends to homogenise and flatten diversities in many fields; diversities have to be considered richness not barriers As a consequence, a relevant number of cultural models and languages risk being jeopardised and disappearing; they refer to “minorities”, or as better expressed by UNESCO IFAP they refer to “minoritised” languages and cultural models under the pressure of the dominant ones After learning and culture, the last chapter is devoted to media and news, one of the sectors that on one side deeply took advantage of ICTs and on the other side significantly contributed to forging the brains of young generations This phenomenon is termed neuroplasticity by experts; social psychology offers compelling proof that thinking patterns change depending on an individual’s experiences It is a common understanding that people who grow up in different cultures not just think about different things; they actually think differently The environment and culture in which people are raised affects and even determines many of their thought processes A major part of the population has already started the journey from Citizens to e-Citizens: already books medical services and downloads the reports through the Internet or receives customised press reviews thanks to news aggregators collecting breaking news concerning their preferred topics on the fly Let’s now start this journey from Health to Media Milano, Italy Alfredo M Ronchi Ronchi A.M (2009), e-Culture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age, ISBN 978-3-540-75273-8, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg Contents e-Health: Background, Today’s Implementation and Future Trends 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Recent Background 1.3 e-Health in Europe 1.4 A Global Vision 1.5 From Medical Systems to e-Health 1.6 From e-Health to m-Health 1.7 Archiving Electronic Patient’s Folders 1.8 In the Clouds 1.8.1 Health in the Clouds 1.9 Ethical Dimensions of the Information Society 1.9.1 Ethics 1.9.2 Information Ethics (Infoethics) 1.9.3 Ethical Issues 1.9.4 Bioethical Aspects in e-Health and “m-Health” 1.10 e-Health and Privacy Issues 1.10.1 The RFID Radio Technology, Ethics and Privacy 1.10.2 Medical Device or Fitness Tool? 1.10.3 The Use of Data and Privacy 1.10.4 Informed Consent and the Warsaw Declaration 1.10.5 EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 1.11 A Galaxy of Health Services 1.11.1 Services in the Field of Drugs 1.11.2 How to Report on Patient’s Satisfaction 1.11.3 Education and Awareness 1.11.4 Mobile Virtual Laboratories and Mobile Medical Facilities 1.11.5 “Makers” in the Field of Health 2 12 16 18 22 26 28 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 38 40 43 44 46 46 48 54 55 xi 4.28 Case Studies 249 employment, politics, illegal trading in tobacco and drugs, illegal drugs and documents, and financial fraud CIN was started in 2004 with a USAID grant and technical assistance and support from the New York University School of Journalism and the Journalism Development Group Today, CIN is an independent media agency; its investigative pieces are regularly published by local and regional media in printed and electronic formats CIN stories are published on major web portals in BiH and in the region, and the number of individual visitors on www.cin.ba is increasing CIN work is available for free to all partner organizations that credit CIN as their source The centre cooperates with a number of distinguished media outlets worldwide and its stories have appeared in print form in the Guardian, Time, Der Spiegel, and Washington Post, and on radio and TV stations including ZDF, BBC, and Deutsche Welle CIN work is regularly published by the most prominent media outlets of Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro In addition, they are distributed through Radio Free Europe/TV Liberty CIN has done much work with one of the leading associations of investigative journalists in the world—the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists The centre also is a founding member of the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) which brings together independent investigative reporters and organizations throughout South East Europe and Central Asia on journalistic investigations CIN produces documentaries and video materials in support of its investigative articles These are broadcasted through public and independent TV stations in BiH The CIN team is composed of 18 people who come from parts of BiH with experience in different media Two international editors serve as advisors to local editors who are charged with maintaining international standards in work and continuous staff training CIN is funded through grants from international donors The intention is to develop a sustainable news product that attracts revenues to cover a part of organizational expenses ABC iPhone Application (2010 Australia)112 In Australia, fast-growing audience demand for content on the go, together with the development of the ABC iPhone app, led to the recognition of the (continued) 112 ABC iPhone Application (2010 Australia), Producer: Australian Broadcasting Corporation | 2ergo, URL: https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/australian-broadcasting-corporation/id306583229? mt=8, last accessed February 2019 250 e-Journalism and Media mobile as the national public broadcaster’s fourth platform of media distribution, alongside TV, radio and online-media Unlike most applications which have a single purpose, the ABC iPhone app caters to a broad ABC audience base, with content coming from ABC radio, ABC TV and regularly updated ABC News stories To date, the application has been downloaded more than one million times from the Australian iTunes App Store Users perceive the ABC iPhone app as an ABC aggregation tool connecting them to most of their ABC services—whether that is reading the latest news, checking the weather, watching video news in 90 seconds, watching ABC News 24, the latest At The Movies episode and other TV podcasts, or listening to live and on-demand radio shows FIVE (2014 Latvia)113 Latvian Radio is the national radio in Latvia To fulfil its mission LR needs to reach our society as a whole but it has very few listeners in younger audiences Teens don’t relate to the conservative brand of LR and FM radio in general To reach the younger listeners LR decided to introduce a new product—FIVE—a digital radio which at first was available only as a mobile app One might call this just another radio app, but the content, details & context make this app stand out—hip design, exclusive interviews and music, various genre sub-stations are just the basic elements of FIVE which make the app highly appealing to the listeners FIVE also collects listener behaviour data and can send personalised notifications approaching each listener personally FIVE also is special for supporting young talents—recording and promoting Latvian up and coming bands and providing a unique platform for young journalists and DJs to start their careers under the in guidance of industry experts Hyperboloid News Reporter (2014 Russian Federation)114 Hyperboloid produced an application for TV stations which allows normal people to report about events which are happening around them People (continued) 113 Five (2014 Latvia), Producer: Mr Martins Dambis, URL: http://ej.uz/iPieci, last accessed February 2019 114 Hyperboloid News Reporter (2014 Russian Federation), Producer: Mr Roman Igorevich Garin, URL: http://boloid.com, last accessed February 2019 4.28 Case Studies 251 witness different disasters, accidents and even fun moments all the time With Hyperboloid NEWS Reporter they record these events and send their reports to broadcasting stations and thus can earn real money The Hyperboloid NEWS Reporter turns mobile phones into a reporting tool and allows users to send videos and photo reports to TV stations such as Lifenews in just a few seconds NewsHunt (2014 India)115 NewsHunt is an online all-languages newspaper mobile app It has a monthly active user-base of 25 million, who consume more than half a billion pageviews, each month The product works on all mobile platforms and currently works with 85+ newspapers in 11 languages NewsHunt helps users get their local language news on their mobile devices NewsHunt provides a mobile publishing product and platform that gives regional language publishers the capability to display their language content on mobile phones—from low-end feature phones to high-end smartphones and tablets It does encoding, packaging and publishing of their content for various mobile devices To end users, it provides regional language newspapers with full text and image stories on mobile devices The newspapers are mobile-formatted with ability to be presented even on devices that not have those regional fonts installed The lack of Indian regional language support on phones and the strong news consumption culture in India that has been growing with her mobile and online revolution were the catalysts in building a platform to render regional language news on phones NewsHunt has also helped the migrant population get closer to their communities by reading their hometown news in their local language Observatory of Parliament Members Actions (2013 Tunisia)116 Marsad reports parliament members’ presence, discussion, voting, actions, resolutions, and electronic media coverage and people’s feedback Marsad is delivering all data about people’s representatives in innovative and attractive manner Drafts, budgets, laws and all discussed material and resolutions of the parliament are free for access and downloading Parliament member assiduity, (continued) 115 Newshunt (2014 India), Producer: Mr Vishal Anand, URL: http://newshunt.com/index.html, last accessed February 2019 116 Observatory of Parliament Members Actions (2013 Tunisia), Producer: Amira Yahyaoui, Organisation: Al-Bawsala, URL: http://www.albawsala.com/, last accessed February 2019 252 e-Journalism and Media voting, participation and media coverage is present in a high-quality manner using high-resolution and dynamic graphics and charts Through Marsad, Citizens, political parties and civil society can easily access open data and follow up and judge people’s representatives and motivate their voting and support Marsad is delivering high-quality content, taking advantage of ICT to promote political journalism and serve democracy practicing in Tunisia Marsad is compatible with common and the newest web and multimedia standards “Marsad Majles” is the Observatory of the Tunisian Constituent Assembly Designed as a directory of elected officials, it integrates their biographies— political affiliation, proposals, votes in the Constituent Assembly, interventions—and monitors their presence The objective of Marsad Majles is to offer citizens, via the online platform, free and easy access to information related to the political exercise of their elected officials and the drafting of the new constitution through: A directory of politicians including their biographies; contact information; political affiliation; riding; defended positions; e-mail addresses etc.; Updated information on their political activities; proposals; votes in the parliament (traceability of votes); interventions and monitoring of their presence in the assembly; Free and unrestricted access to all documents, reports and minutes issued by the Constituent, Legislative, Special and Mixed Committees To date (2014), more than 170 documents are available on the website majles.marsad.tn; The project “Marsad Baladia” was launched in January 2014 in order to observe the activity of the municipalities through access to information and its communication in a clear and updated way The project also aims to shorten the distance between the municipality and the citizen, whether in understanding the local reality or in participating in decision-making The team of “Marsad Baladia” has adopted a uniform method for the collection of information from the municipalities; it has requested the procuration of information relating to the municipal budget, human resources, movable and immovable property, and the municipal council, as well as its activities and municipal investment projects We have adopted a criterion for transparency based on the information provided by each municipality The project works to observe the activity of the municipalities on the whole territory of the Tunisian republic “Marsad Budget” is a continuation of the work of Al Bawsala, which is based on the monitoring of the different institutions in charge of the management of the affairs of the State and the consecration of the principle of transparency, thus making available to the citizen, simplified and accessible information on the budget of the State in an “open” format, allowing access to the budgetary resources of the State, the expenses of the ministries, the Presidency of the Republic and the legislative power (continued) 4.28 Case Studies 253 The idea behind this project, which began in January 2014, came in an economic context during a crisis at the international level, and the difficulties that this brought to the internal economic situation, especially since tackling these economic difficulties is considered by all actors as one of the main priorities for the post-election period And it is within this framework that the project team decided to make a contribution in this direction, by monitoring the state budget Because of its technical nature, it represents a real obstacle to citizen participation and awareness of the demands of the current economic situation The main motivation behind this project was to provide and simplify budget information by monitoring and controlling the budget process, the budget law, its vote and its implementation The goal was to gather all this information on a single channel and in a usable format, to facilitate access and understanding by the citizen It should be noted that the elements contained in this site are partly available data previously published by the Administration Thus, for the legislative assembly, the Presidency of the Republic and particularly the ministries, a page has been dedicated to allow the citizens to know their budget, their human resources and their various programs (for ministries opting for the reform of “budget management by objectives”) The ministries were also classified according to the share that was allocated to them in the state budget For example, the Ministry of Education is at the top of the ranking with 19.2% of the state budget (excluding debt and off-set) while the Ministry of Land Affairs and State Domains has for its part 0.2% of the budget (excluding debt and offsetting) In addition, the team found it useful to extract the main figures and indicators for each ministry on the pages specifically dedicated to them In addition, a “Focus” page has been devoted to various issues related to public finances, in order to eliminate any confusion about these topics and to allow users to have accurate and complete information As a result, the public debt and the Caisse Générale de Compensations have been discussed in order to simplify them Remember that the latter has 7.3% of the total budget of the state (without accounting for debt and compensation), which is equivalent to the entire budget of the Ministry of Equipment and Environment, which is ranked in seventh place according to the share of the total budget of the State And as part of the strengthening of the right of access strategy, the Marsad Budget team has submitted a unified request to all departments to access the organization charts and the names of the directors general, based on Legislative Decree No 2011-41 of 26 May 2011 on access to administrative documents of public bodies and Article 32 of the Constitution of 26 January 2014 Despite the relevance and usefulness of the information requested, the main objective was to evaluate the effective application of the access to information procedures, based on the following objective criteria: reception and orientation, respect of the procedures for filing applications, availability and quality (continued) 254 e-Journalism and Media of information and timeliness As a result of this experience, we noted the differences between the different ministries, and on the basis of these criteria, the following ministries obtained the highest marks in view of the criteria previously stated: the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Youth and Sports The Ministry of Human Rights and Transitional Justice and the Ministry of the Interior have the lowest scores The project team aims to ensure that Marsad Budget is a common benchmark for budget transparency It is also important to note that the Marsad Budget site represents a first version of a similar service that will be made available to citizens for use and evaluation The project team will work in the next step to follow the process of drafting and adopting the budget law for the 2015 budget year as well as its implementation The team will also provide detailed monitoring of development spending by focusing on the realization of major public projects at the regional and national levels Scoopshot (2012 Finland)117 Home page Scoopshot Website (continued) 117 Scoopshot (2012 Finland), Producer: Petri Rahja, Jussi Markula and Timo Rinne, URL: https:// www.scoopshot.com, last accessed February 2019 4.28 Case Studies 255 Scoopshot is a service allowing smartphone owners to become photographers for media companies Users can take newsworthy photos or videos and send them via the mobile app, offering their shots at a set price Journalists can purchase the image at the price set by the photographer or buy exclusive rights for ten times as much Conversely, editors can send location-based tasks to mobile users via the interface, at a price determined by the media In this way, media can incentivize scoopshooters in the field or assign a freelance photographer anywhere via the Scoopshot PRO interface Scoopshot has over 110,000 mobile photographers in 160 countries Scoopshooters submitted over 250,000 photos last year, of which over 110,000 were purchased and published Forty-six media corporations use Scoopshot daily, accessing a low cost, unique and steady flow of digital content Besides media, companies can use the Scoopshot application for marketing, listing and promotion As Scoopshots community is highly engaged, brands can obtain extensive content for enlivening online activity Scoopshot products are all based on the same mobile app Assignments and photo streams are managed from the same web store, making it easy to use for both contributors and buyers Your Story (2015 United Kingdom)118 Your Story is an online storytelling tool that creates a personalised experience for each user, mixing life events with BBC archive content and visualised data Audiences get the chance to see their own lifespan and personal landmarks interwoven with the unique assets of the BBC archive, letting them appreciate their place in the world alongside the events that helped shape it Peter Rippon, Editor of the BBC Online Archive described the making of Your Story as follows: “BBC Your Story is a personalised story of your life, generated using your Facebook data in combination with BBC News archived content There are 24m Facebook users in the UK of which 69% not consume BBC News content BBC wants to allow that under-served audience to leverage the data that Facebook holds about them to create a compelling, personal news experience in a way that appeals to them.” It’s a new way of telling stories ‘Your Story’ intertwines personal and news events with your timeline For example, it would tell you what happened the day you were born, or how old you were when significant moments in history occurred (continued) 118 Your Story (2015 United Kingdom), Producer: BBC News Archive/NixonMcInnes, URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster/pilots/yourstory, last accessed February 2019 256 e-Journalism and Media This project makes world news more relevant to the users; it also explores more complex data and can tell you things like how many new countries had been founded by the time you were 21 When it tells you these things it also lets you watch or listen to some of the relevant content from the BBC archive This sounds simple but was it easy to make? It depends on how into tech you are Your Story has a browser-based, ‘parallax’-scrolling style (like old computer games like Sonic or Super Mario) for an interactive storytelling experience It has been crafted by a team of User Experience designers and developers in Brighton, Dublin and Belfast It was also built through remote collaboration with support from the Belfast-based News Archive team to prepare the large body of archive content It’s then plugged into Facebook in order to generate Your Story Let’s recap how the idea came about; the BBS team was exploring how they could open up the online archive so people could explore it and even perhaps have a serendipitous journey down memory lane What will happen next if people like it, is that BBC will look to increase the amount of data and the archive within the pilot This would make the stories richer and also be more relevant to a broader range of people References Pratellesi M (2008) New journalism Bruno Mondadori Campus The future 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http://www.pravda.ru Salon: http://www.salon.com Slate: http://www.slate.com Der Spiegel: http://www.spiegel.de Daily Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk Televisione Svizzera Italiana: https://www.rsi.ch The Boston Globe: http://www.bostonglobe.com The Economist: http://www.economist.com The Independent: http://www.independent.co.uk The Times: http://www.timesonline.co.uk Reporters sans frontiers: http://www.rsf.fr American Journalism Review: http://www.ajr.org British Journalism Review: http://www.bjr.org.uk Columbia Journalism Review: http://www.cjr.org Cyber Journalist: http://www.cyberjournalist.net European Journalism Center: https://www.ejc.net Journalism.org: http://www.journalism.org On line Journalism Review: http://www.ojr.org Poynter online: http://poynteronline.org Affari Italiani: http://www.affaritaliani.it ASKA: http://www.askanews.it 258 Corriere della Sera: http://www.corriere.it Il Giornale: http://www.ilgiornale.it Il Sole 24 Ore: http://www.ilsole24ore.com La Repubblica: http://www.repubblica.it La Stampa: http://lastampa.it Milano Finanza: http://www.milanofinanza.it Quotidiano.net: http://www.quotidiano.net La Gazzetta dello Sport: http://www.gazzetta.it Press Agencies CNN : http://www.cnn.com RIA Novosti: http://www.rian.ru BBC: https://www.bbc.com ANSA: http://www.ansa.it ADNKRONOS: https://www.adnkronos.com Agi Online: http://www.agi.it Agr: http://agr.corriere.it XINHUANET: http://www.news.cn/english/ Datasport: http://www.datasport.it AvioNews: http://www.avionews.it Reuters: http://it.reuters.com Television Stations BBC: https://www.bbc.com CNN: https://edition.cnn.com Al Jazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com Al Arabia: https://www.alarabiya.net Russia Today: https://www.rt.com/ RAI: http://www.rai.it SkyTG24: http://www.sky.it TgCOM: http://www.tgcom.mediaset.it Branded Newspapers Bild (Germany) Komsomolskaya Pravda (Russia) Mail Online (UK) O Globo (Brazil) Telegraph Media Group (UK) The Asahi Shimbun (Japan) The Financial Times (UK) e-Journalism and Media References The Guardian (UK) The New York Times (USA) The People’s Daily (China) The Sun (UK) The Times (UK) The Wall Street Journal (USA) Times of India (India) Washington Post (USA) Emerging ‘Digital-Only’ News Sites Business Insider BuzzFeed Huffington Post News Corp/Storyful Pierre Omidyar, Glenn Greenwald (First Look Media) Quartz RANSquawk Re/code The Information/Jessica Lessin Vox/Ezra Klein Washington Post/Jeff Bezos Yahoo: News Digest and Yahoo! Tech (David Pogue) 259 Index A African Declaration, 243, 244 Aging, 19, 27, 59–63, 145, 160 Apple, 31, 37, 58, 75, 77, 82, 211 APPs, 16, 17, 28, 32, 35, 37, 39–42, 57, 60, 82, 85, 141 Artificial Intelligence (AI), 30, 77, 127, 233– 236 Asynchronous mode, 197, 208, 236 Augmented reality, 77, 127, 129, 131, 132, 179 Awareness, 32, 39, 41, 48, 49, 58, 99, 100, 176, 180, 183, 253 B Bangemann report, 132 Bioethical aspects, 32 Biometrics, 38, 57 Bio-piracy, 216 Bureaucracy, 97, 119 C Calm technology, 96, 97 Chinese medicine, 9, 10 Chronic diseases, 16, 28, 45, 61–63 Citizens, x, 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15, 25, 33, 43, 45, 46, 48, 55, 57–59, 61, 62, 65, 71, 83, 90, 96, 120, 159, 160, 180, 188, 201, 207, 209, 215, 217, 228, 233, 237, 243, 247, 248, 252–254 Clouds, 22–28 Cloud service providers (CSPs), 26–28 Clusters, 57, 181, 183 Cognitive psychology, 92 Cold War, 233, 234 Community, 8, 11–13, 21, 22, 26, 27, 54, 55, 62, 86, 103, 106, 126, 136, 142, 155, 159, 161, 166, 169, 170, 172, 173, 191, 200, 211, 212, 215, 222, 231, 237, 238, 243, 255 Computed tomography (CT), 3, 13, 16, 19, 20, 28 Computer-based patient record (CPR), 4, 6, 18, 28 Consumer model, 237, 238 Copy left, 219, 220, 222 Council of Europe (CoE), 70, 78, 79, 86, 117, 118, 133, 144, 161, 239, 241, 243–246 Creative commons, 75, 134, 217, 219 Crowd, 59, 74, 78, 184, 215 Crowdsourcing, 74, 84, 184, 207, 215 Cultural content, 124, 132, 135–142, 162, 190, 191, 214, 238 Cultural diversity, 70, 117, 210–213, 216 Cultural heritage, 22, 70, 116–120, 125–128, 133, 135–137, 141, 143, 148, 149, 151– 154, 157–166, 171, 172, 174, 175, 179– 182, 184, 185, 187–191, 196 Cultural mediators, 187–189 Cultural value, 153, 154, 157, 162, 188 Culture cycle, 123, 124 Culture value chain, 181, 182 Customer relationship management (CRM), 13 Cybersecurity, 17 Cyberspace, 74, 213 Cyber technology, ix, 233–236 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 A M Ronchi, e-Services, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01842-9 261 262 D Data, 3, 15–19, 25, 28, 32–35, 38–45, 54, 135, 165, 180, 184, 234, 255 Data protection, 31, 35, 40, 44 Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 33, 34 Development values, 167, 174, 175 Digital communication, 82, 96, 98, 117, 125, 190 Digital immigrants, x, 80, 83 Digital museum, 9, 10, 64, 119, 125, 137, 163, 191 Digital native, 78, 79, 81–84, 86–88, 96, 98, 102, 188, 229, 230 Digital revolution, 74–76, 78, 97, 186 Drugs, 18, 35, 46, 57, 58, 60, 249 3D scans, 56, 158 E Economics, 133, 157, 158, 166, 181, 205 Economic value, 152, 158–160, 166, 182, 207, 209 e-Culture, x, 116–191 Education, ix, 2, 10, 29, 30, 38, 42, 48, 49, 51– 53, 55, 58, 70–73, 75, 78, 79, 81–83, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 116, 123, 133, 137, 141, 185, 189–191, 196, 248 Educational institutions, 89, 90, 120 e-Health, 2–66, 140 Elderly, 16, 30, 45, 59–62, 140, 211 e-Learning, 5, 48, 51, 70–111 Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG), 17, 18 Electronic health records (EHRs), 3, 5, 13 Electronic patient folder, 2, 18–22, 28 Endoscopy, 3, 55 e-Services, 16, 59, 76, 97, 183 Ethics, 28–31, 34, 35, 232, 236, 247 European Commission, 7, 8, 63, 70, 73, 132, 133, 158, 181 European Environment Agency (EEA), 152–154 European regulations, 36, 148, 149, 151–155, 157, 158 Experiential training, 52, 53 F Facebook, 31, 84, 86, 215, 228, 231, 247, 255, 256 Fake news, 30, 201, 231, 234, 236 Fitness tool, 35–38 5G, 75, 117 Index Free model, 224, 225 Freedom of expression, 29, 196, 197, 238, 241–243, 245 Freemium, 225, 226 Fruition, 53, 118, 161, 175, 236 G Gamification, 50, 88 General data protection regulation (GDPR), 43, 44 Globalisation, x, 189, 209–211, 213 Grey Papers, 75 H Hackers, 226 Hardware as a Service (Haas), 75 Health, 1–13, 15–18, 25–28, 30–39, 41, 42, 44–64, 95, 152, 238, 248 Health Insurance and Portability Act (HIPAA), 27, 33, 34 Health strategy, 7, Home computing, 77 Human capital, 76 Hybrid cloud, 26 I ICT bottelnecks, 77, 78 Identity, 31, 32, 34, 56, 131, 144, 148, 160, 169, 170, 178, 190, 216, 229, 241 Information communication technology (ICT), x, 9, 29, 31, 116, 174, 197, 208, 210, 213, 217 Information ethics (Infoethics), 29, 30 Information for All Program-UNESCO (IFAP), 29, 30 Information society, 28–32, 62, 76, 116, 117, 132–134, 143, 196, 197, 212 Informed consent, 32, 40–42 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 22, 24, 75 Intangible heritage, 118, 119, 144, 145, 212 Intellectual property, 31, 75, 198, 217, 219 Intellectual property rights (IPR), 20, 75, 163, 164, 190, 209, 216, 220 Interaction design, 2, 97 International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), 118, 152 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 196, 241 Internet, 5, 10, 12–15, 17, 24, 32, 45, 49, 60, 63, 74, 76, 79, 80, 82, 85, 86, 90, 95, 105, Index 128, 143, 183, 185, 206, 207, 209–211, 213, 214, 216, 222, 224–226, 228–230, 238, 239 Internet Governance Forum (IGF), 30 Internet news, 225, 226 Internet Service Providers (ISP), 225 iPad, 66, 75, 105, 132, 145, 240, 248 iPhone, 31, 145, 151, 249, 250 iPod, 145 J Journalism, 30, 134, 196, 205, 225–227, 229–231, 252 K Knight Commission, 237 L Language, x, 12, 13, 15, 24, 42, 43, 48, 50, 70, 80, 83, 93, 103, 104, 106, 107, 117, 127, 129, 135, 141, 144, 150, 151, 184, 198, 199, 210–215, 217, 229, 251 Learning by doing, x, 78, 82, 87, 93, 128 Lifelong learning, 51, 70, 71 M Machine learning, 18, 235, 236 Makers, 55, 56, 109, 110, 146, 166, 179, 183, 184 Market models, 97, 159, 162, 163, 205, 209, 222–226 Measured Service, 22, 23 Media, x, 76, 85, 103, 116, 133, 135, 143, 167, 196–256 Medical device, 6, 8, 35–38, 42 Medical systems, 3, 4, 12–16 MEDICI Framework of Cooperation, 133 Medicine at distance, Memetics, 230 Mental maps, 89, 141, 234 Metadata Interoperability Services (MINT), 237 m-Health, 16–18, 32, 45, 59 Mobile medical facilities, 54, 55 Mobile virtual laboratories, 55 Multilingualism, 60, 71, 177 263 Multimedia, 5, 6, 50, 82, 86, 93, 99, 105, 106, 133, 137, 138, 145, 164, 173, 185, 190, 191, 223, 225, 247, 252 Museum, 10, 64, 65, 99, 122, 133, 134, 137, 140, 146, 148, 163, 191, 200 Museum of history of medicine, 64–66 N Nano-devices, Narrow AI, 235 Netizens, 96 Network Access Servers (NAS), 25 Neuroplasticity, x, 82 News, 209, 231, 232, 237, 240, 248, 250, 255, 256 Newspapers, 117, 145, 202, 204–206, 209, 210, 222–224, 226, 229, 234, 251 O On culture in the digital age, 116–191 On-line lectures, 91, 92 On-line newspapers, 145, 227 P Pandemia, 84–86 Peer-to-peer, 5, 6, 12, 106, 216 Perceptive–motor method, 93 Perishability, 208 Personal computer, 3, 77, 89, 145 Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), 3, 20 Platform as a Service (PaaS), 22, 24, 75 Policies, 6, 7, 9, 21, 25, 27, 31, 43, 57, 61, 70, 75, 89, 90, 143, 222 Privacy, 2, 13, 15–18, 25, 27–29, 31–34, 38–41, 43, 44, 92, 186, 202 Private cloud, 25, 26 Product lifecycle, 207, 208 Professional profiles, 27, 117, 180, 188–190 Profile (profiling), 27, 31, 32, 35, 38, 39, 43, 57, 86, 89, 101, 117, 123, 163, 165, 174, 180, 188, 190, 223, 224, 237 Propaganda, 233, 234 Protected Health Information (PHI), 27, 33 Public cloud, 25, 26 Public domain, 29, 220–222 Public opinion, 233–236, 243 Public service broadcasting, 239–246 Index 264 Publishing, 25, 77, 117, 200, 205, 206, 209, 222, 230, 251 Q Quantified self, 56 R Radio frequency ID (RFID), 19, 34, 35, 77, 94 Regulatory framework, 143, 151, 152 Remote Medical Services (RMS), 42 Right to be forgotten, 44 Right to disconnect (Myriam El Khomri Law), 44 S Safety, 2, 8, 28, 30, 35, 37, 38, 52, 87, 92, 152, 154, 197 Science and technology museums, 122, 123 Security, 15, 25–37, 40, 59, 70, 196, 236 Self-management, 32, 57–59 Seniors, 59–63 Service providers (SP), 12, 23, 34, 95, 97 Short messages service (SMS), 13, 17, 39, 46, 85, 92, 204, 217, 237 Social media, 59, 82, 174, 184, 215, 230, 231, 233, 234, 243 Social psychology, x, 82 Social weakness, 60 Social web, 78, 86, 209, 215, 228 Software as a Service (SaaS), 22, 24, 75 Sources, 20, 45, 48, 71–73, 76, 89, 119, 180, 211, 223, 226–228, 230, 245, 249 Spam, 236 Spinmeisters, 233 Strong AI, 235 Subscription, 75, 86, 213, 223, 225, 246 Super information highways, 132–134 Symbolic-reconstructive method, 93 T Tablet, 23, 28, 60, 75, 84, 85, 97, 108, 109, 124, 132, 140, 145, 197, 207, 209, 211, 216, 251 Tangible heritage, 118, 145 Taxonomy, 6, 143, 164, 165, 168, 187, 235, 236 Technological vulnerabilities, 32, 56–59 Thinking patterns, x, 82 Timeliness of delivery, 206, 207 Training, 7, 10, 12, 38, 53, 55, 70–73, 78, 80, 82, 83, 87, 90, 92, 94–96, 152, 175, 189, 190, 216, 235, 238, 249 Twitter, 86, 204, 209, 215, 228, 247 U Ubiquitous computing, 75, 208 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), x, 29, 30, 116, 118, 123, 124, 129, 142–144, 152, 161, 182, 211, 244, 245 Unprotected works, 221 User-centred design, User generated content (UGC), 183 V Valuable good, 217, 219 Values, 109, 119, 143, 146, 154, 158–162, 164, 166, 168, 169, 173, 179–181, 183, 189, 233 Virtual laboratories, 2, 53–55, 90, 91, 109 Virtual reality, 3, 6, 78, 82, 87, 91, 93, 94, 126, 128, 129, 191 Virtual universes, 126–129, 131 Vocational training, 70, 71 W Warsaw declaration, 40–42 Weak AI, 235 Web 2.0, 6, 45 Wellbeing, 2, 30, 180, 183 WhatsApp, 84, 86, 204 Who, what, when, where, why (5 Ws), 135, 196 World Summit Award, 10, 12, 52, 217 World Wide Web (WWW), 6, 12, 22, 77, 133, 135 X Xerox PARC, 103 Y YouTube, 84, 86, 138, 158, 209, 215, 228 ... volumes are e- Citizens: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Citizenry, e- Democracy: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Society and e- Services: Toward a New Model of (Inter)active Community, all of. .. performance indicator we can probably agree on a positive trend Performance measuring in the healthcare sector may be related to a set of parameters having as the main one the effect on the patient Apart... the Internet technology the overall architecture of distance services has been reshaped and a limited set of peer-to-peer services have become, at the end, a full set of bidirectional multimedia