A Sociological Analysis ALAN WARDE Consumption and Public Life The series will be a channel and focus for some of the most interesting recent work on consumption, establishing innovative approaches and a new research agenda New approaches and public debates around consumption in modern societies will be pursued within media, politics, ethics, sociology, economics, management and cultural studies More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14914 Alan Warde Consumption A Sociological Analysis Alan Warde University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom Consumption and Public Life ISBN 978-1-137-55681-3 ISBN 978-1-137-55682-0 DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55682-0 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016957709 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Cover illustration: © JIPEN / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd The registered company address is: The Campus, Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom Acknowledgements This book represents work conducted over more than 25 years Consequently, I am indebted to very many friends and colleagues who have contributed ideas, careful criticism and practical advice, as well as sympathy and encouragement Many of them I have worked with closely on material that is reflected in this book, including writing formative articles and chapters Early in the period I worked in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University where collaboration with Lydia Martens on a research project on eating out was a crucial step in developing an understanding of consumption But I also had the benefit of cooperation with Celia Lury, Andrew Sayer, Elizabeth Shove and John Urry and a band of graduate students who attended a regular seminar on consumption The European Sociological Association’s Research Network (RN05) endured early versions of sections of many of the chapters and stalwarts of that group have been fine companions and critics, among them Isabel Cruz, Jukka Gronow, Bente Halkier, Kai Ilmonen, Tally Katz-Gerro, Margit Keller, Keijo Rahkonen, Pekka Sulkunen, Monica Truninger and Terhi-Anna Wilska That network also involved colleagues working specifically on food consumption, including Unni Kjaernes, Lotte Holm and Roberta Sassatelli, with whom I have had many constructive discussions Two ESRC programmes, The Nation’s Diet and Cultures of Consumption, provided contexts for developing ideas of consumption and practice in an interdisciplinary context facilitated by their directors, Anne Murcott and v vi Acknowledgements Frank Trentmann, who provided me with critical encouragement So did the Centre for Research on Innovation and Competition at the University of Manchester where I had the benefit of sustained working on themes of consumption with Mark Harvey, Andy McMeekin, Sally Randles, Dale Southerton, Bruce Tether and Mark Tomlinson The Centre for Research on Socio-Cultural Change (CRESC) provided an interdisciplinary context and the opportunity to work on ‘Cultural Capital and Social Exclusion’ with Tony Bennett, Mike Savage, Elizabeth Silva, David Wright and Modesto Gayo, from whom I learned much about cultural consumption The Sociology Department and School of Social Sciences at Manchester provided the opportunity to work with Fiona Devine, Yaojun Li, Wendy Olsen, Bev Skeggs, Gindo Tampubolon and another fine group of PhD students In the last few years, at the Sustainable Consumption Institute, also in Manchester, ongoing discussions with its current director, Dale Southerton, and postdoctoral researchers and research fellows Isabelle Darmon, Jo Mylan, Jessica Paddock, Dan Welch and Luke Yates, who share interests in food, consumption and theories of practice, have been pivotal in developing some of the key ideas in the later part of the book Luke Yates read the complete manuscript in scrupulous detail and I thank him especially for that I also want to thank the Collegium of Advanced Studies at the University of Helsinki where a two-year tenure of the Jane and Aatos Erkko Research Professor in Studies on Contemporary Society allowed me time to marshal both plans and material for this book Many others have helped me along the way, including graduate students, research associates and seminar audiences who I have no space to list but who have engaged with me in argument and drawn important points to my attention I have been fortunate to have very extensive stimulation and support for over 20 years from Jukka Gronow, Sue Scott and Dale Southerton, and I thank them greatly since many of their excellent ideas have been incorporated into the text I am also grateful for permission to reuse some material from previously published work Chapter is a slightly modified and slightly extended version of A Warde (2005) ‘Consumption and the theory of practice’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 5(2): 131–54 It is published here with permission from Sage Publishers Chapter includes short passages from A Warde (2015) ‘The Sociology of Consumption: Its Recent Acknowledgements vii Development’, Annual Review of Sociology, 41: 117–34 and A Warde (2014) ‘After Taste: Culture, Consumption and Theories of Practice’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(3): 279–303 Reuse is with the permission of Annual Reviews and Sage respectively A short passage from A Warde (ed.) (2010) ‘Editor’s Introduction’ to Consumption (Volumes I–IV) (London: Sage, Benchmarks in Culture and Society Series) is reproduced in Chapter with permission from Sage An earlier version of Chapter was contained in A Warde (2004) ‘Practice and Field: Revising Bourdieusian Concepts’, CRIC Discussion Paper No 65, April, CRIC: University of Manchester Also, a short passage has been used in Chapter 9, with permission from Abstrakt Forlag AS: A Warde (2015) ‘Social Science, Political Economy and Sustainable Consumption’, in P Strandbackken and J Gronow (eds.) The Consumer in Society: A tribute to EivindStø (Oslo: Abstrakt Forlag AS) (2015), pp 85–102 University of Manchester June 2016 Alan Warde Contents Introduction Part I The Development of the Sociology of Consumption 13 Sociology and Consumption 15 The Development of the Sociology of Consumption 33 Part II 57 Consumption as Appropriation: On the Use of ‘Consumption’ and Consumption as Use 59 Consumption and Theories of Practice 79 Part III Consumption and Practice Consumption, Taste and Power Practice and Field: Revising Bourdieu’s Concepts 103 105 ix x Contents Reassessing Cultural Capital Part IV 127 Consumption, Critique and Politics 155 Consumption and the Critique of Society 157 Sustainable Consumption: Practices, Habits and Politics 181 10 Illusions of Sovereignty and Choice 205 References 225 Index 253 References 247 Slater, D (1997) Consumer culture and modernity Cambridge: Polity de Solier, I (2013) Food and the self: Consumption, production and material culture London: Bloomsbury Southerton, D (2003) Squeezing time?: Allocating practices, co-ordinating networks and scheduling society? 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micropolitics and goals in social movements Social Movement Studies, 14(1), 1–21 Yates, L., & Warde, A (2015) The evolving content of meals in Great Britain: Results of a survey in 2012 in comparison with the 1950s Appetite, 84(1), 299–308 Zelizer, V (2005a) Culture and consumption In N J Smelser & R Swedberg (Eds.), The handbook of economic sociology (2nd ed., pp 331–354) Princeton: Princeton University Press Zelizer, V (2005b) The purchase of intimacy Princeton: Princeton University Press Zukin, S (1991) Landscapes of power: From Detroit to Disney World Berkeley, CA: University of California Press Zukin, S (2004) Point of purchase: How shopping changed American culture London: Routledge Zukin, S., & Smith, M J (2004) Consumers and consumption Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 173–197 Index A Abbott, Andrew, 6, 20n2, 26–32, 48, 50, 52, 86, 106 acquisition, 2, 5, 9, 17–20, 31, 34, 50, 52–5, 60, 64, 66–70, 72, 78, 206, 210, 216–18, 223 action collective political, 198, 199 instrumental, 50, 119, 124 models of, 6, 12, 115 portfolio model of, 115 rational, 25, 198, 209 strategic, 119, 124 voluntaristic, 22, 24, 25, 51 advertising, 2, 36, 63, 71, 79, 186, 201 industry, 63 aesthetic justification, 44, 60, 93, 95, 211 affluence, 16, 173–4 affluent society, 18, 37 anthropology, 18, 19, 25, 36, 38, 39, 160 appreciation, 5, 19–20, 34, 36, 44, 50, 52–5, 60, 71, 78, 81, 86, 99, 99n12, 130, 140, 152, 161, 215, 216, 218, 223 appropriation, 5, 8, 19, 33, 34, 52–5, 59–78, 86, 90, 144, 216, 217, 223 attitudes, 2, 24, 46, 52, 98, 146n20, 151, 197 automobiles See cars B Bauman, Zygmunt, 2, 18, 23, 45, 64, 80, 161, 169, 177, 208, 211 behavioural economics, 12, 21, 163, 173, 187, 195, 197, 198, 203 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 A Warde, Consumption, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55682-0 253 254 Index behaviour change strategies conversion, 175 incentives, 184, 189–92 information, 185–9 regulation, 202, 204 Bourdieu, Pierre, 9, 10, 29, 40, 43, 48, 50, 50n4, 80, 81, 85, 85n6, 88, 90, 94, 95, 99, 105–26, 127–30–141, 147, 149, 151–2, 164, 197, 203, 215 C Calhoun, Craig, 112, 113 Campbell, Colin, 2, 42, 49, 53, 59, 96, 98, 209 capital(s) accumulation, 40, 44, 91, 108, 125 conversion of, 108 transmission of, 152 capital, forms of cultural embodied, 137, 138 emerging, 138–49, 146n20 institutional, 132, 133, 141 objective, 50n4 economic, 40, 50n4, 132, 133, 137n8, 145n18, 146, 149, 151 social, 99, 106, 122n11, 133, 137, 137n8, 144, 149, 150, 152, 153, 209 symbolic, 108, 137n8, 138, 147 capitalism, 16–18, 30, 36, 39, 76, 159, 202, 208 careers, 10, 29, 96, 96n11, 106, 110, 111, 119, 123n15, 124, 144, 213, 216, 217 caring, 122 cars, 70, 86, 89–92, 96, 100, 182, 183, 194 China, 182 choice consumer, 6, 45, 148, 206–11, 212, 213, 224 individual, 6, 15, 24, 51, 85, 97, 174, 185, 196, 212, 219 restricted, 210–12 class, 7, 9, 37, 39–40, 47, 49, 50, 88–90, 95, 107, 108, 110, 115–18, 126, 130, 131, 134, 135, 138–45, 145n18, 148–53, 168, 212 climate change, 11, 16, 49, 171, 181, 183, 190, 191, 199 coercion, 24 cognitive (neuro) science, 12, 114, 187, 197, 214, 221 collective consumption, 4, 40 commercial persuasion, 2, 24 commodities commodification, 21, 70 commodity culture, 205 complaining, 166–8 consumer attitude, 23, 63, 170, 205, 208 behaviour, 2, 18, 19, 23, 36–8, 42, 52, 63, 94, 183, 185, 187, 211 choice, 6, 45, 148, 206–10, 212, 213, 224 citizen-consumer, 17 consumer-citizen, 17 culture, 38, 42–5, 52, 65, 158–60, 162, 165, 166, 169, 170, 172, 182, 205, 210 Index demand, 30, 205 research, 37, 38 society, 11, 17, 35, 45, 65, 98, 170, 177, 205 ‘the consumer,’ 2, 5, 6, 11, 16, 17, 22, 23, 37, 42, 43, 45, 46, 60, 61, 63–5, 79, 80, 86, 97, 162, 163, 167, 170, 174, 177, 185, 201, 205–8 consumption conspicuous, 17, 35, 49, 52n5, 161, 182 critique of, 5, 163, 165, 170, 176, 178 cultural, vi, 5, 50, 74, 92, 133, 142, 143, 152, 223 definition of, 7, 37, 66–9 diversification of, 76 final, 8, 66, 74, 76 moments of, 71, 74, 76–8, 93–5, 97, 98, 172 multiple, 92 ordinary, 106, 197, 203 patterns of, 5, 7, 20, 39, 40, 44, 51, 94, 105, 165, 174, 184, 199, 212, 216 simultaneous, 74, 75, 92 subsidiary, 74 control, 3, 64, 65, 68, 69, 99, 152, 170, 174, 177, 184, 188, 197, 202, 211 convention(s), 24, 65, 72, 73, 82, 84, 87, 89, 91, 92, 97, 100, 122, 129, 138, 161, 164, 167, 178, 194, 196–9, 216, 219, 220, 223 conventions theory, 122, 178, 223 255 conversion, 10, 11, 67, 73, 108, 146, 147, 175, 192, 196, 197, 219 cooking, 82, 83, 122 critique, 5, 11–12, 35, 40, 47, 51, 84n3, 98, 111, 113, 120n8, 129, 130, 136, 157–79, 185, 192, 202, 203, 223 Crossley, Nick, 107, 114, 115, 120, 123n15, 215 cultural analysis, 43 capital, 10, 40, 50n4, 68, 73, 74, 106, 110, 116, 127–53, 224 hostility, 129, 131, 135, 141, 143 omnivore, 140, 146–8 patterns of taste, 153 popular, 140, 144 sociology, 9, 43, 197 studies, 7, 19, 20, 22, 36, 41–3, 47, 48, 62, 64, 159, 160, 206, 223 ‘the cultural turn,’ theory, 6, 7, 47, 50, 222 culture industries, 10, 128, 134 culture, production of, 52, 153 inequality, 153 curriculum school, 140 university, 149 D Daloz, Jean-Pascal, 35, 46 decision(s), 5, 7, 23, 24, 51, 60, 64, 87, 184, 185, 187, 190, 201, 204, 206–8, 211, 213, 217 256 Index disciplines boundaries, 19, 26, 40, 42, 48, 61, 97, 101, 120, 133, 148, 220, 221 interdisciplinarity, v, vi, 15, 17, 19, 19n1, 21n3, 26n5, 37, 41 discretion, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72–4, 86, 157, 211 dispositions, 74, 88, 90, 95, 109, 112, 115–18, 120, 121, 121n10, 133, 136, 137, 203, 213, 215 distinction, 5, 9, 10, 33, 40, 48–50, 75, 81, 83, 85, 88–9, 105–16, 130, 130n4, 136, 137, 137n8, 138, 141, 145n18, 148, 153, 218, 224 domination, 21, 108, 120, 132, 164 doxa, 108 emulation, 48, 52, 182, 186 engagement (in practices), 3, 50, 54, 67–71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 86–9, 92, 94, 95n10, 133, 144–5, 152, 158, 196, 213 enjoyment, 72, 73, 75, 209 enthusiasms, 44, 92, 159, 222 entitlement, 65, 72 equipment, 65, 86, 91, 171, 213, 216, 218 everyday life, 5, 8, 18, 23, 34, 41, 44, 49, 53, 54, 61, 65, 75, 78, 89, 97, 109, 158, 176, 197, 199, 205, 222 exchange market, value, 21, 62, 63 expressive individual (ism), 9, 11, 46, 53, 222 E eating, v, 68, 75, 76, 86n7, 186, 196, 218–20, 222 eating out, v, 10, 75 economic growth, 21, 39, 91, 183 economics, 1–4, 7, 11, 12, 17, 20–4, 30, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 60–2, 65, 86, 162, 163, 173, 187, 195, 197–8, 203, 206, 223 economism, 33, 40, 41, 222, 224 economistic accounts, 17, 33 education, 4, 10, 73, 76, 128–31, 135–7, 141, 141n13, 147, 151–2, 171, 175, 188, 192, 196, 197, 199 elites, 135, 142, 147, 151, 183, 201 embodiment, 54, 85, 108, 213, 216 F fashion, 2, 11, 21, 28, 45, 52, 79, 85n5, 123n15, 128, 177, 183, 200, 210, 215, 218, 220 Featherstone, Mike, 42 field, 9–10, 15, 18–19, 22, 29, 37–8, 40, 42, 60, 61, 70, 85, 85n6, 94, 99, 105–26, 128, 131, 141, 176, 184, 190, 218, 222 final consumption, 8, 66, 74, 76 flow, 2, 93 food, v, vi, 34, 42, 44, 49, 63, 65–8, 110, 162, 166, 181–2, 193–5, 211, 218, 218n3, 220, 222 fractal divisions, 6, 29, 48 fragmentation of the self, 95 Index France, 40, 107, 112–13, 117, 130, 134, 139, 141 Frankfurt School, 33, 43, 147 G geography, 18, 43 Giddens, Anthony, 45, 80, 81, 84n3, 85, 90, 211 gifts, 72, 112 globalisation, 7, 41, 43–6, 117 good taste, 95, 130, 131, 139 greenhouse gases, 193 group solidarity, 23, 50 grumbling, 166–8 H habit(s), 12, 24, 118, 197–9, 202, 203, 224 habituation, 24, 84n3, 90, 118, 197, 213 habitus, 40, 73, 85, 88, 90, 107–10, 113–18, 120, 121, 121n10, 122n11, 123, 134, 137–9, 151, 215 happiness, 99, 161, 163, 169, 185, 207–8 high culture, 9, 41, 131, 134, 138, 144–8, 151–3, 164, 172 system of, 10, 139–42 history, 15, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 33, 39, 48, 89, 106, 110, 119, 171, 205 I ideal type of consumer choice, 213 identity, 41, 44–46, 49–51, 85, 93–6 257 ideology of consumer choice, 148 Illusio, 114n5, 120, 121, 165, 171, 177 incentives, 3, 16, 184, 189–92, 196, 200 individual autonomous choice, 6, 15, 24, 51, 85, 97, 174, 185, 196, 212, 219 individualisation, 21, 24, 41, 44, 45, 47, 133, 189, 211, 212 individualism, 24, 46, 174 institutionalisation, 124, 125, 137 interior design, 54 internal goods, 10, 78, 93, 99, 100, 122, 124, 125, 174, 213 intersubjective understanding, 23 J judgment of taste, 105, 129, 130 justification of taste, 130 ‘just-in-case,’ 16, 194 K Kaufman, Jason, 47, 48 Keynesian macro-economic theory, 39 know-how, 68, 81, 86n7, 94, 97, 99, 125 L Lahire, Bernard, 121, 122 learning collective, 90, 91, 198 personal, 69, 76, 144, 150 legitimate culture, 127, 138–49 258 Index leisure, 3, 18, 42, 47 libertarian paternalism, 188, 189 life-style, 22, 43–5, 50, 51, 85, 89, 95, 95n10, 107, 108, 110, 116, 135, 181, 183, 184, 189, 189n4, 199, 202, 205, 207, 211, 219 Lizardo, Omar, 46, 52, 115, 133, 142, 145, 146, 152, 196, 214, 215, 221 luxury, 62, 110, 158, 163 M MacIntyre, Aladair, 81, 84n2, 99, 122, 172, 177, 178n3, 178n4 market(s) competition, 23, 123 marketization, 3, 21, 182 marketing, 2, 17, 30, 36, 63, 95, 186 mass consumption, 11, 33, 36, 39, 44, 159, 164, 174 mass production, 1, 11, 45, 53, 63, 91 mass society, material culture, 53, 87n8 meaning, 17, 19, 24, 27, 31, 41, 43–5, 48, 53, 61–4, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 88, 93, 96, 98, 99, 109, 164, 170, 211, 223 means and ends, 172 Miller, Daniel, 9, 18, 42, 53, 67, 79, 92, 93, 160 mobilisation, 149, 167, 196, 224 modes of exchange, 72 modes of provision, 72 moral panic, 16 motoring, 85–7, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96 movements consumer, 63, 200 cooperative, 168 political, 161, 196, 200 social, 167, 168, 184, 192, 193 music, 44, 47, 49, 61, 68, 74, 93, 110, 131, 140, 140n11, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 151 N natural resources, 182–3, 210 necessity, 110 needs, 3, 17, 21, 30, 34, 39, 44, 63, 64, 68, 69, 71, 82, 91, 96n11, 101, 106, 114, 116, 124, 133, 150, 152, 174, 178, 183, 189, 194, 201, 202, 204, 215, 217, 224 neo-classical economics, 7, 17, 30 neo-liberal doctrine, 167, 201 politics, 204 neo-Marxism, 7, 39–41, 130 norm(s), 24, 31, 37, 46, 52, 60, 65, 81, 94, 95, 117, 167, 184, 187, 203, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219 normal science, 28 nudge, 185, 189, 198–200, 202, 203 O objectivity, 41, 164–5 obsolescence, 35, 92 Index omnivorousness, cultural, 92, 134, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148 opera, 144, 150 ordinary consumption, 106, 197, 203 P performances, 49, 54, 65, 66, 70, 82–4, 84n2, 86–93, 96, 97, 99, 109, 110, 116, 118, 121, 126, 140, 143, 144, 151n22, 169, 170, 170n2, 171, 173–8, 187, 190, 194, 196, 197, 200, 205, 207, 213, 216–21, 223 standards of, 54, 91, 217 political economy, 17, 18, 30, 39, 130, 224 classical, 17, 30 possessions, 16, 45, 47, 50, 50n4, 53, 87, 94, 167, 186, 217 postmodernism postmodern theory, 159 postmodern thought, 159 poverty, 16, 31, 168, 174, 187 power, 4, 9–10, 19, 39, 40, 48–50, 84n3, 88, 90, 94, 114, 119n7, 121, 122, 122n11, 124, 126, 130, 132, 135, 148, 153, 176, 178n3, 188, 189n4, 191, 201, 202, 211, 212 practical sense, 107, 109, 126, 198, 214, 215 practical understanding, 25 practice 259 as a coordinated entity, 82 of critique, 175–6 dispersed, 83, 86 emergence of, 46 engagement in, 213 of everyday life, fragmentation of, 95, 116, 118 integrative, 83, 85, 86 as performance, 82 recruitment to, theory of, vi, 8, 10, 55, 80–5, 90, 95n10, 96, 97, 106–9, 113–15, 121, 174 pragmatism, 12, 24 preferences, 2, 9, 17, 22, 25, 44, 45, 48, 50, 62, 65, 67, 95, 96, 124, 133, 135, 139, 146n20, 184, 192, 207, 209, 211, 213, 216, 218 Prieur, Annick, 145, 146n20 privatisation, 63, 133, 158 privatism, 11, 171, 173 privilege intergenerational, 11, 127, 146, 149 transmission of, 10, 127, 149–52 procedural memory, 214 procedures (of practice), 28, 54, 82, 84, 86, 88–91, 164, 167, 169, 171, 175, 177, 219 production and consumption, 17, 18, 30, 63, 64, 71, 75, 88n9, 163, 204, 222, 224 mass, 1, 11, 45, 53, 63, 91 processes of, 88n9, 223 prohibition, 185–9, 200–2 provision of welfare, 260 Index psychology, 1–2, 4, 17–20, 22, 24, 25, 36, 38, 43, 52, 93, 118, 173, 208, 214 public sector, 3, 200 public services, 4, 72 purchase, 2, 5, 17, 18, 19n1, 22, 49, 59–63, 65, 66, 71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 86, 112, 125, 138, 162, 167, 173, 178n4, 182, 186, 193, 194, 201, 205, 206, 216 R rational action, 25, 85, 198, 209 reciprocal obligation, 72 Reckwitz, Andreas, 49n3, 51, 80–3, 94, 99n12 recreation, 2, 79, 82, 96, 159, 211 recycling, 16, 195, 221 refrigerators, 193, 194 regulation, 39, 90, 188, 191, 198, 200–4 of markets, 191, 201 relative deprivation, 174 repetition, 5, 12, 118, 197, 220 reproduction economic, 30 social, 30, 31, 35, 40 reputation, 9, 19, 35, 110, 116, 129, 139, 177, 187, 190, 195, 210 restaurants, 71, 76, 144, 148 routine(s), 5, 8, 11, 12, 49, 84n2, 85, 90, 94, 97, 98, 118, 126, 142, 166, 172, 194–7, 203, 216, 220 S Savage, Mike, vi, 9, 128, 137, 138, 145, 146n20, 212, 223 Sayer, Andrew, v, 122, 162, 174 Schatzki, Theodore, 80–3, 84n2, 84n3, 85, 87n8, 89, 221 scholastic reason, 107, 109, 111 Schudson, Michael, 11, 37n2, 158–61, 164, 170, 186 scientific object, 5, 7, 60, 60n1, 105, 219, 221 sector(s), 3, 4, 16, 72, 83, 190, 200, 202 self-identity, 6, 22, 45, 79, 205 sequential performances, 220 shopping, 2, 18, 31, 36, 44, 46, 47, 60, 61, 67, 75, 77, 78, 86n7, 160, 166 situational entailment, 211 social divisions, 41, 47, 48, 116, 134, 163 social inequality, 31, 40, 135, 135n6, 153, 168 social organisation, 8, 11, 23, 40, 44, 54, 85, 95, 114, 170, 172, 197 social pathology, 33 social power, 9, 94, 122 social relations, 30, 44, 47, 54, 65, 72, 113, 206, 224 social reproduction, 30, 31, 35, 40 social stratification, 10 sociologism, 40, 41 sociology of consumption, vi, 7–8, 20–2, 33–55, 81, 83, 97, 173, 212, 224 Index of culture (cultural sociology), 12, 133, 203 sovereign consumer, 11, 22–4, 51, 72, 184, 187 sport, 87, 93, 110, 143, 144 standards of living, 3, 159, 186 status, 2, 17, 35, 49, 78, 130, 131, 134, 139, 140, 144, 152, 158, 161, 163, 174, 220 Strasser, Susan, 16 strategies for changing behaviour, 174, 185 style, 45, 54, 117, 161, 193 Sulkunen, Pekka, v, 189, 189n4 Sunstein, Cass, 185, 187–92, 192n6, 197, 208 sustainability, environmental, 5, 63, 222 T tacit knowledge, 90, 214 taste culture, 133, 139 formation, 130 judgment of, 211 justification of, 130 taxation, 39, 201 Thaler, Richard, 185, 187–92, 192n6, 197, 208 theatre, 74, 144 theories of practice, vi, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 54, 55, 75, 79–101, 105, 117, 124, 165, 169–77, 185, 196–9, 204, 212, 213, 216–18, 221, 222 theory of planned behaviour, 24 261 Trentmann, Frank, vi, 1, 2, 35, 46, 62, 208 U UK (United Kingdom), 3, 34, 39, 42, 129n3, 141, 149, 183, 188, 193, 195, 199, 220 understandings practical, 25 shared, 84, 175, 214 United Kingdom See UK USA, 1, 9, 16, 27, 35–9, 45, 46, 48, 89, 183, 188, 201, 208 USSR, 16 V value–action gap, 173, 195, 197 value change, 192–6 values exchange-, 21, 62, 63 sign-, 53, 98 use-, 34, 49, 53, 63, 98, 99, 217 vested interests, 191 voluntaristic model of action, 24 W waste, 2, 11, 16, 61, 158, 171, 172, 182, 183n1, 188, 190, 193–5, 221 food, 193 welfare services, 3, 35, 39 well-being, 31, 99, 161, 173, 177, 179 ... was a crucial step in developing an understanding of consumption But I also had the benefit of cooperation with Celia Lury, Andrew Sayer, Elizabeth Shove and John Urry and a band of graduate students... general argument about how best to analyse consumption sociologically A couple of other chapters have been available as long, and provisional, working papers which are not necessarily easy to access... Southerton, and postdoctoral researchers and research fellows Isabelle Darmon, Jo Mylan, Jessica Paddock, Dan Welch and Luke Yates, who share interests in food, consumption and theories of practice, have