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From the farm to the table what all americans need to know about agriculture (culture of the land)

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from the farm to the table Publication of this volume was made possible in part by funding from the Experiment in Rural Cooperation, the University of Minnesota Southeast Regional Sustainable Development Partnership Culture of the Land A Series in the New Agrarianism This series is devoted to the exploration and articulation of a new agrarianism that considers the health of habitats and human communities together It demonstrates how agrarian insights and responsibilities can be worked out in diverse fields of learning and living: history, science, art, politics, economics, literature, philosophy, religion, urban planning, education, and public policy Agrarianism is a comprehensive worldview that appreciates the intimate and practical connections that exist between humans and the earth It stands as our most promising alternative to the unsustainable and destructive ways of current global, industrial, and consumer culture Series Editor Norman Wirzba, Duke University, North Carolina Advisory Board Wendell Berry, Port Royal, Kentucky Ellen Davis, Duke University, North Carolina Patrick Holden, Soil Association, United Kingdom Wes Jackson, Land Institute, Kansas Gene Logsdon, Upper Sandusky, Ohio Bill McKibben, Middlebury College, Vermont David Orr, Oberlin College, Ohio Michael Pollan, University of California at Berkeley, California Jennifer Sahn, Orion Magazine, Massachusetts Vandana Shiva, Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, India William Vitek, Clarkson University, New York from the farm to the table WHAT ALL AMERICANS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AGRICULTURE GARY HOLTHAUS Paperback edition 2009 Copyright © 2006 by Regents of the University of Minnesota Published 2006 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University All rights reserved Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com 13 12 11 10 09 All images courtesy of Gary Holthaus The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows: Holthaus, Gary H., 1932– From the farm to the table : what all Americans need to know about agriculture / Gary Holthaus p cm — (Culture of the land: a series in the new agrarianism) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-8131-2419-3 (hardcover : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-8131-2419-0 (hardcover : alk paper) Agriculture—United States Farmers—United States—Anecdotes Sustainable agriculture I Title II Series S441.H65 2006 630.973—dc22 2006025092 ISBN 978-0-8131-9226-0 (pbk : alk paper) This book is printed on acid-free recycled paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials Manufactured in the United States of America Member of the Association of American University Presses For Dick Broeker (1942–2004) entrepreneur of ideas, realizer of dreams Farmers who not steward their plants, animals, and nutrients lack the longheadedness, the sense of the future, required to build a republican nation —Steven Stoll, Larding the Lean Earth That’s How We Came to Have This Place I came out of that door right there, a Sunday morning in 1974, and I looked across at that field way over and I thought, That tractor looks kinda funny, but I got the car, and the wife came, and we went on in to church When I got there, the neighbor came right up and he said, “Elton, your son-inlaw’s tractor’s turned over, and it’s laying on him.” I said, “Is he dead?” and he said, “Yes We’ve got to tell the pastor we can’t stay.” So we talked to the pastor and got the sheriff and the coroner and we went back and got the tractor hoisted up It broke his neck Boy I’ll tell you That was tough Months later, my daughter decided she didn’t want to stay, she couldn’t handle it all on her own, even with all of us trying to help, and talked to me about selling the place She felt she ought to offer it to the neighbors first, ’cause that was the neighborly thing, so I said, “OK, you offer it to them and if they aren’t interested or won’t pay enough, you come back to me.” So she did, and the neighbors weren’t interested We made a deal She needed income every year for a while, so I bought the place on a ten-year note, so much a year till it was paid off That’s how we came to have this place —Elton Redalen, Fountain, Minnesota Contents Acknowledgments Introduction PART I IN THE BEGINNING Chapter Fundamentals Chapter Histories PART II FARMERS TALKING ABOUT FARMING Chapter Two Views, One Farm: Vance and Bonnie Haugen Chapter Farming Is a Spiritual Responsibility: Mike Rupprecht Chapter Timelines: Ron Scherbring Chapter The Absolute Last Thing I Ever Dreamed I’d Be Doing: Lonny and Sandy Dietz Chapter I Felt It Was Just the Right Thing to Do: Dennis Rabe PART III FARMING IN AMERICA: WHO CARES? Chapter They Say Eating Is a Moral Issue: Bill McMillin Chapter Farming Connects Us All PART IV IT ALL WORKS TOGETHER, OR IT DOESN’T WORK AT ALL Chapter 10 Agriculture and Community Culture Chapter 11 Farming in Developing Countries Chapter 12 The WTO, NAFTA, CAFTA, and the FTAA PART V ALTERNATIVE VISIONS, HOPEFUL FUTURES Chapter 13 Healthy Food, Healthy Economics Chapter 14 Alternatives for Agriculture and the Whole Culture PART VI AN ECOLOGY OF HOPE Chapter 15 Ours for a Short Time: Peggy Thomas Chapter 16 An Ecology of Hope Notes Sources and Resources Index Photo gallery biomass birth defects Black Hawk War blue silos bluff lands Bonnie Rae’s “Boss Hog.” See Raleigh (N.C.) News and Observer Boulding, Kenneth Brazil Brazilians economy farmers Bread for the World Bt corn CAFTA (Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement) and Agreement on Agriculture IATP website non-tariff trade barriers other ideas precedence over local, state, and federal law sovereignty, loss of as “stalking horse” for FTAA as “win-win” worse than WTO Calgene California Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Molecular and Cell Biology Calpulalpan, Mexico See also genetically modified organisms: corn Canada Bureau of Veterinary Drugs (BVD) Health Canada Monsanto Canada and Nutrilac National Farmers Union rBST Internal Review Team and U.S trade deficit Cancún, Mexico carbon carbonate aquifer carbon/nitrogen sequestration Cargill Carlson, Dean Case A6 combine Case Against Immigration (Beck) Catholic Charities USA Catholic Institute for International Relations Catholicism Catholic Rural Life Conference Cato Caulder, Jerry Census Bureau, U.S Center for Rural Affairs Center for Rural Policy and Development Central America Centre for Development Studies Centre for Rural Studies and Enrichment Centro Campesino Club Latino See also Contreras, Victor; Gilje, Kathryn; Latino; migrants; Reyes, Consuelo Chapter 27 See Mexico: amended constitution and NAFTA Chavez, Cesar Cheney, Dick Chicago, Ill Chamber of Commerce, U.S China/Chinese concentrate imports government language sage Chiquita Foods Chomsky, Noam chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) See disease(s) linked to herbicides Churchill, Manitoba CIA Cicero Coalinga, Calif Cobb, John B Coburn, Theo Cochrane, Willard W Colombia Combs, Susan Coming into Being (Thompson) Committee on Economic Development (CED) Community Design Center Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) Compare the Share Revisited (Centre for Rural Studies and Enrichment) ConAgra Foods, Inc CONASUPO conditionalities Conference of Mayors, U.S Confucius Congress, U.S Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Constitution, Mexico See Mexico: amended constitution and NAFTA constitutions, undermined by FTAA Constitution, U.S article 1, section article 1, section contracts: between corporations and universities farmers technologies Contreras, Victor See also Centro Campesino; Latino; migrants conventional farmers Cook, Peggy, J Cornell University Coronado Corporate Predators (Mokhiber and Weissman) Countryside Can’t Take It Anymore, The Crossroads Resource Center Cummins, Joe Cunningham, William and Ann Dallas Morning News Deal, Nathan Decorah shale deep-straw See also Swedish deep-straw Deere, John See also John Deere Corporation Delaware County, Iowa Delta and Pine Land See also Monsanto Department of Natural Resources (Minnesota) disease(s) linked to herbicides District of Columbia District Court DNA Dodge County, Minn driftless area Dumanoski, Dianne DuPont Company Earth Be Glad Farm ecosystem: as context and Dietz, Lonny hope as as keystone language as marginal lands as native savannah social sustainability Empedocles encephalitis English, Jane Enshayan, Kamyar Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQUIP) Estimating the Economic Impact of the Latino Workforce in Central Minnesota (Kielkopf) ethanol European Union Experiment in Rural Cooperation factory farming Fairbanks, Alaska Fargo, N.Dak “Farm Aid: A Declaration for a New Direction for American Agriculture and Agricultural Trade” (National Family Farm Coalition) farm block Farm Bureau See also American Farm Bureau Farm Economics Facts and Opinions (Lattz) Farm Equipment Association of Minnesota and South Dakota Farmer Summit Farmers Union See also National Farmers Union farmers’ values and sustainable life Farm Labor Organizing Committee Farm Security Administration (FSA) Farm Service office Fast Food Nation (Schlosser) Featherstone Township, Minn Feng, Gia-Fu Flavr-Savr tomatoes See also Calgene Florence, Minn Florida Food First food insecurity Food Network food processors, working conditions in Food Research and Action Center (FRAC) Fortey, Richard Fountain, Minn Frantzen, Tom Freyfogle, Eric T Friends Committee on Unity with Nature FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americas) Article general article specified declarations Quito, Ecuador See also CAFTA; NAFTA; WTO Gamez, Emilio Lopez “gaps analysis” report Gates, Larry genetically modified organism (GMO) and Centers for Disease Control contaminated corn in Mexico contaminated cotton contaminated milk genetically modified corn GM corn banned L-tryptophan Geographical and Statistical Sketch of the Past and Present of Goodhue County (Mitchell) Germany Gilje, Kathryn See also Centro Campesino; Contreras, Victor; migrants; Latino; Reyes, Consuelo Globalization and Its Discontents (Stiglitz) Goldschmidt, Walter Goodhue County, Minn Gorfine, Jeff Government Accounting Office (U.S) Glaize, Philip Grange, the, (fraternal organization) GRAS designation grazing See also overgrazing; rotational grazing; winter grazing Great Depression Great Plains great river See also Mississippi River Greece Greek cotton growers Green Giant Company green revolution Grand Detour, Ill Ground Squirrel See Tlingit culture Guardian, the (U.K.) Guatemala, Mexico Guernsey Gulf of Mexico See also toxic bloom Gustavus Adolphus College Halweil, Brian Hammond, Austin Hancock, J.W Happy Farmer tractor Harmony, Minn Harrington, Dean Haugen, Bonnie friends Judy and Gary Haugen, Vance “Harvest of Risk” Harveststores See also blue silos Henry, David Heraclitus Hiawatha Broadband Communications Hiawatha Sustainable Woods Co-op Hightower, Jim Hinrichs, H C See also Minhybrid seed corn Hiroshima, Japan Hodgkin’s disease See disease(s) linked to herbicides Hoffbeck, Larry Hoffbeck, Steven R Holle, Miguel Holstein See also Jersey Honduras Hormel Foods Houston County, Minn Hudson, Darren Hui of Liang hundred monkey story Huron, S.Dak Huxley, Aldous Ikerd, John Illinois improvement movement improvers Independent, the (U.K.) India Indiana inorganic intellectual property, trade related (TRIPS) intensive rotational grazer IATP (Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy) International Harvester H International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionalities and Friends Committee on Unity with Nature and poor countries subsidies See also CAFTA; FTAA; NAFTA; World Bank Iowa food processing in food transport costs Lao refugees in meat packing migrant workers in Niman Ranch and Willis, Paul organizing farm workers in owner-operated farms supermarket chickens Iowa Beef Producers (IBP) Israelites Jackson, Wes monocultures and polycultures perennial grains problem of agriculture Japan Jefferies, Robert Jefferson, Thomas Jeffreys, George W Jersey John Deere Corporation Johne’s disease Kansas Kansas River karst, limestone topography Kazakhstan Kazembe, Eunice Kellogg, Minn Kellogg’s Company Kennedy, Minn Kennedy, Robert Kentucky Kenya keystone, cultural keystone species Kielkopf, James J Kirschenmann, Frederick Kluane National Park Kraemer, Mike Krueger, Jerry and Ginny Kysor, Oliver Perry Lacey, Richard La Cross Manufacturing Company La Perouse Bay Lancaster County, Pa land-grant universities Land O’Lakes, Inc Land Stewardship Project Lanesboro, Minn language pollution Lake City, Minn Lao refugees Lao Tzu Larding the Lean Earth (Stoll) Latin America Latino: children farmworkers workforce See also Centro Campesino; migrants Leahy, Patrick Lentz, Ralph on animal science unconventional wisdom vet bills Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture (Iowa State University) Levins, Richard Life: A Natural History (Fortey) Lincoln, Abraham Living Downstream: A Scientist’s Personal Investigation of Cancer and the Environment (Steingraber) loess Loss of Our Family Farms (Ritchie) Lucretius Ludwig, Dean C Malawi, Africa Manufacturing News Marcus, Steve marginal lands markets: farmers of Rochester of Wabasha of Winona Marsh, George Perkins Marthaler, Gilbert mastitis Mazeppa, Minn McCormick, Model M McDeering 15-30 tractor McNally’s Hybrid Seed Mello, Fatima V Mencius Mennonites Meter, Ken Mexico: amended constitution and NAFTA Cancún City dumping corn GMO contamination of corn (see also Calpulalpan) immigrants from and NAFTA intra-firm exchange Mennonites from Mexican people migrant workers from and GM corn Peoples’ Summit produce from small farm productivity trade balances trade deficit with Miami microorganic Middle Mind: Why Americans Don’t Think for Themselves (White) migrants See also Centro Campesino; Latino Minar, Dave Minhybrid seed corn Minnesota: Catholic Rural Life Center for Urban and Regional Affairs collective bargaining consumer awareness Department of Agriculture Department of Natural Resources economic history equipment sales as economic indicators farmers markets field workers’ conditions Food Network Institute for Sustainable Agriculture lesser snow goose loss of farm income migrant contributions Netherlands, the Pollution Control Agency primary questions Public Radio settlement of soils Southern Research and Outreach Center Sustainable Farming Association (SFA) Mississippian culture Mississippi River Mississippi State University Missouri Mitchell, W H Mitchell (S.D.) Daily Republic Mokhiber, Russell Mollisol soil monocrops monocultures Monsanto Company: in Argentina in Brazil Bt corn and healthy future rBGH Roundup Ready soybeans and scientists’ criticism and seeds, control of Star-Link corn Montana Montgomery, Minn Muller, Mark Murphy Family Farms Murphy, Sophia musk thistle Myers, John Peterson N (nitrogen) Nadal, Alejandro NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) decreased farmgate income impact on Mexico increased consumer costs intra-firm exchange loss of farms prophetic voices results thus far role of IMF theory and practice, disparity in trade balances See also CAFTA; IMF; World Bank; WTO Napoleon Narnia NASDAQ National Academy of Sciences’ Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources National Agricultural Workers Survey National Center for Farmworker Health National Family Farm Coalition National Farmers Organization (NFO) National Farmers Union See also Farmers Union National Hog Farmer National Labor Relations Board Natural History Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Navajos Nebraska neural tube defects New Agrarianism, The (Freyfogle) New England New Hampshire New Mexico Nicaragua Nielson, Poul Nikkei Index Niman Ranch Nome, Alaska nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) exclusion from WTO new visions and National Family Farm Coalition See also CAFTA; FTAA; IMF; NAFTA; World Bank non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma See disease(s) linked to herbicides Nonpartisan League non-tariff trade barriers North Africa North American Equipment Dealers Association North American Free Trade Agreement See NAFTA North Carolina Northern Iowa University Northern Plains Sustainable Agriculture Society See also Tyson Foods, Inc Norway Novartis Corporation O (organic) matter oak savannah Oberlin College Oberlin College Center for Sustainability Ohio Old Testament Oliver, Melvin Olsen Implement Inc Olson, Dennis Omega Cooperative orchard grass organic: certification regulations contamination in Mexico and conventional and CSA fertilizers foods, locally produced generational labels milk pork vegetables Orr, David W Oslo, Minn Otter Tail County, Minn Our Stolen Future (Colborn et al.) overgrazing Overseas Development Institute Palast, Greg Patzek, Tad polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Pennsylvania Peoples’ Summit of the Americas Peterson, Andrew Peterson, Willis L Philistines phytosanitary standards Pimentel, David Pinkus, Stephen Pioneer Seed Company Plainview, Minn Point Counter Point (Huxley) Polhad, Carl Polk County, Minn Polk, George Populist movement Post-Cancún Debate, The (Falk) Poughkeepsie, N.Y Practical Farmers of Iowa Preston, Minn Principi, Anthony J Principles of Environmental Science (Cunningham) PROCAMPO Prometheus Ptacek, Mel Public Citizen Global Trade Watch and trade data Pusztai, Arpad Quaker Oats Company Rabe, Dennis Rabe, Sue Raleigh (N.C.) News and Observer Randall, Gyles recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) Red River valley Red Wing, Minn reed canary Rees, Martin religion Reyes, Consuelo See also Centro Campesino; Club Latino; Contreras, Victor; Gilje, Kathryn; Latino; migrants Rice County, Kans Ritchie, Mark Rochester, Minn plateau Rockwell, Robert Rollingstone, Minn Rongen family Roosevelt, Franklin D Rosales, Jon Rosset, Peter rotational grazer rotational grazing Roundup Roundup Ready Royal College of Pathologists (UK) Rupprecht, Mike Rupprecht, Wilhelm Rural Conditions and Trends (USDA) Rural Electric Association Safe Food News 2000 (Mothers for Natural Law) Salado, Tex Salina, Kans Sanders, Scott Russell San Francisco, Calif sanitary standards San Joaquin Valley Saudi Arabia Scherbring Heifer Hotels Scherbring, Ron Schlosser, Eric Schuth, Mike Scott, Robert E second crop “Sell the Lexus, Burn the Olive Tree” (Palast) Seneca Seneca Foods Corp servitude, indentured Sierra Club Silurian Simon, Marvin Sisyphus Smithfield Foods Inc Smith, Jeffrey M See also PCBs snow goose, lesser sub-Arctic southern Gulf Coast Snyder, Gary Snyder, Philip soft-tissue sarcoma See disease(s) linked to herbicides Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Soils and Men (USDA) Soul of a Citizen (Loeb) South America South Dakota Southeast Minnesota Ag Alliance Southeast Minnesota Food Network See also Food Network Southern Experiment Station southern oak plains Southern Research and Outreach Center Soybean Producers of America Speltz, Gene spina bifida St Mary’s University St Paul Pioneer Press St Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer Star, Jonathon StarLink See Monsanto: StarLink Steingraber, Sandra Stewardship Farming Project Stiglitz, Joseph E Stoll, Steven Storey, Shannon Storm Lake, Iowa Strohman, Richard structural adjustment programs (SAPs) subsistence Sustainable Farming Association Sustaining the Common Good (Cobb) Swedish deep-straw See also deep-straw Swiss Valley Farms Syngenta Company Taiwan Tanzania Taylor, C J See also Centro Campesino Taylor, C Robert Teller, Alaska terminator gene Texas Thailand Thicke, Art Thicke, Jean Thief River Falls, Minn Things Fall Apart (Achebe) Thomas, Peggy Thompson, William Irwin Tlingit culture: Bear and Ground Squirrel Tolkien, J R R Toronto, Ontario toxic bloom Toxicology Symposium Trade and Hunger (Madeley) traditional farmers Trans-Alaska oil pipeline transnational corporation(s): control of seeds farm bills foreign policy freedom of and free trade influence of profits of Truman, Harry Tucker, Mary Evelyn Twin Cities, Minn Tyson Foods, Inc chickens monopoly litigation “Tysonization” of agriculture Udalfs United Kingdom United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) United States agrarianism in agriculture, history and standards agriculture as keystone and Alternatives for the Americas bad meat deaths consumer prices and free trade context for farm stories contracting depression cushion equipment dealers farm efficiency in farm exodus food production in U.S and world free trade ties with third world countries GMO contamination in hunger in NAFTA and CAFTA (see also CAFTA; NAFTA; WTO) and NAFTA effects on Mexico production agriculture religion in agriculture systems thinking trade deficits trade interests transnational corporations U.S Apple Association USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Conservation Reserve Program National Organic Program Natural Resources Conservation Service U.S Department of Commerce U.S Food and Drug Administration University of California University of Guelph University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign University of Kansas University of Minnesota University of Missouri University of Western Ontario Utah Utne Reader value-added Van De Werff, Dennis Vasa, Minn Velasquez, Baldemar Vessey, Jon Vietnam volume farming Wabasha, Minn Wall Street Wall Street Journal Wallstrom, Margot Wal-Mart Stores, Inc Wardwell, Dave and Bonnie Warren, Minn Warsaw, Minn Waseca County, Minn Washington, D.C Washington, George water tables Weissman, Robert Welch, Lew Wendland, Barbara and Erroll Western Producer, the (newspaper) White, Curtis Whitewater River Wilkinson, Charles Willis, Paul Wing of Scarlet (Banks) Winona, Minn winter grazing Wisconsin glaciation of Wisconsin State Agricultural Society Women, Infants, and Children program (WIC) World Bank and “conditionalities” and poverty-stricken countries subsidy reduction theory and practice, disparity in See also CAFTA; FTAA; IMF; NAFTA World Trade Organization (WTO) alternatives to and Committee on Economic Development and exports FTAA negotiations impacts of only thing worse than Seattle meeting Worldwatch Institute farmers markets food security world grain stocks Yoder, Jake Young, Jora Yukon Territory, Canada Zimbabwe Zoellic, Robert Zumbrota, Minn ... University, New York from the farm to the table WHAT ALL AMERICANS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AGRICULTURE GARY HOLTHAUS Paperback edition 2009 Copyright © 2006 by Regents of the University of Minnesota Published... All images courtesy of Gary Holthaus The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows: Holthaus, Gary H., 1932– From the farm to the table : what all Americans need to know. .. include the kind of crops and their rotation, the use of livestock on the farm, and possibly other practices.” The farmer thus assures the lender of his ability to repay the loan and of his intention

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