Human rights and the food sovereignty movement reclaiming control

Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Human Rights and the Food Sovereignty Movement Our global food system is undergoing rapid change Since the global food crisis of 2007–2008, a range of new issues have come to public attention, such as land grabbing, food-price volatility, agrofuels and climate change Peasant social movements are trying to respond to these challenges by organizing from the local to the global to demand food sovereignty As the transnational agrarian movement La Via Campesina celebrates its twentieth anniversary, this book takes stock of the movement’s achievements and reflects on challenges for the future It provides an in-depth analysis of the movement’s vision and strategies, and shows how it has contributed not only to the emergence of an alternative development paradigm but also of an alternative conception of human rights The book assesses efforts to achieve the international recognition of new human rights for peasants at the international level, namely the ‘right to food sovereignty’ and ‘peasants’ rights’ It explores why La Via Campesina was successful in mobilizing a human rights discourse in its struggle against neoliberalism, and also the limitations and potential pitfalls of using the human rights framework The book shows that, to inject subversive potential in their rights-based claims rural social activists developed an alternative conception of rights, one that is more plural, less statist, less individualistic and more multicultural than dominant conceptions of human rights Further, they deployed a combination of institutional (from above) and extra-institutional (from below) strategies to demand new rights and reinforce grassroots mobilization through rights Priscilla Claeys received her PhD in Political and Social Sciences from the University of Louvain (UCL) in 2013 and is now a postdoctoral researcher Priscilla worked as an adviser to the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food from 2008 to 2014 She previously worked for a number of human rights organizations and development NGOs Her research interests include transnational agrarian movements, human rights, alternative food economies and the ecological transition Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Routledge Studies in Food, Society and Environment Street Food Culture, economy, health and governance Edited by Ryzia De Cássia Vieira Cardoso, Michèle Companion and Stefano Roberto Marras Savoring Alternative Food School gardens, healthy eating and visceral difference Jessica Hayes-Conroy Human Rights and the Food Sovereignty Movement Reclaiming control Priscilla Claeys Food Utopias Reimagining citizenship, ethics and community Edited by Paul Stock, Michael Carolan and Christopher Rosin Food Sovereignty in International Context Discourse, politics and practice of place Edited by Amy Trauger For further details please visit the series page on the Routledge website: http://www.routledge.com/books/series/RSFSE/ Human Rights and the Food Sovereignty Movement Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Reclaiming control Priscilla Claeys First published 2015 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 © 2015 Priscilla Claeys The right of Priscilla Claeys to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Claeys, Priscilla Human rights and the food sovereignty movement : reclaiming control / Priscilla Claeys pages cm – (Routledge studies in food, society and environment) Includes bibliographical references and index Food supply Right to food I Title HD9000.6.C53 2015 363.8–dc23 2014029463 ISBN: 978-1-138-79301-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-79302-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-76163-3 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by HWA Text and Data Management, London Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 ‘This is the first and most systematic theoretical and empirical study of (trans)national agrarian movements from the perspective of human rights Brilliant It changes the boundary of how we understand and study (trans)national agrarian movements.’ – Jun Borras, International Institute of Social Studies, Netherlands ‘This is a uniquely well informed and lucid discussion of how one of the most innovative social movements of this century has been gradually transforming our understanding of human rights in general, and of the right to food in particular Priscilla Claeys provides a contribution both to the sociology of social movements and to the history of ideas, and she offers a rich discussion of how peasants’ rights are emerging in human rights law This book is three books at once: a significant achievement.’ – Olivier De Schutter, University of Louvain (UCL), Belgium, and former UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food (2008-2014) ‘The book is groundbreaking, interesting, impressive, original and solid academic work It is a significant contribution to our understanding of the politically relevant human rights dimensions of current agrarian movement struggles It will, no doubt, prompt some lively debate particularly around the concept of the “right to food sovereignty” and La Via Campesina’s broader social and political transformational framework of “food sovereignty”.’ – Annette Aurélie Desmarais, Canada Research Chair in Human Rights, Social Justice and Food Sovereignty, University of Manitoba, Canada ‘Claeys brings a unique experience and legal eye to the food sovereignty movement’s development of a politics of human rights for the food question of our times In recounting the movement’s philosophical and political trajectory, she critically evaluates how a small-producer based movement can make its presence and claims felt in raising the possibility of alternative, sustainable paths to the future As such it is a singularly consequential contribution.’ – Philip McMichael, Cornell University, USA ‘This intriguing study of the creation of food sovereignty as a human right provides valuable insight into how social movements are translated into human rights terms and the complicated social and cultural interactions between local and global understandings inherent in the translation process.’ – Sally Engle Merry, New York University, USA ‘On a methodological level, Priscilla Claeys’ book shows that conducting a global, multi-site and multi-scale research is not only possible but indispensable to understand actors, claims, debates and tensions that articulate global, national and local dimensions On an analytical level, it shows how the use of global rights may contribute to new paths of emancipation that are emerging in less statist, less individualist and more plural ways.’ – Geoffrey Pleyers, University of Louvain/EHESS, Belgium and Research Committee 47 ‘Social movements’ of the International Sociological Association Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction viii x The right to food sovereignty 12 The rights of peasants 42 The right to food 62 The challenges of using rights 82 Transforming the right to food 109 Appendix I: Interviews 131 Appendix II: Participant observation sites 135 Notes References Index 141 168 193 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Acknowledgements I thank all the food sovereignty activists and right to food defenders who have shared their ideas and convictions with me over the last ten years Many of them have become great friends and will no doubt recognize themselves in this book It was an immense pleasure to exchange views and impressions I am indebted to Olivier De Schutter who gave me the opportunity to undertake the research necessary for this book His academic work, colossal knowledge and his commitment and dedication as UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food, have been a great source of inspiration Working as his special adviser between 2008 and 2014 was a privilege Doing my PhD at the University of Louvain (UCL), I benefited greatly from an inspiring group of scholars I thank all the members of my PhD supervising committee, Olivier De Schutter at the Centre for Philosophy of Law (CPDR), Isabelle Ferreras, Jean De Munck and Geoffrey Pleyers, at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Democracy, Institutions, Subjectivity (CRIDIS), and Jean-Philippe Peemans at the Center for Development Studies (IED) I am particularly indebted to Geoffrey Pleyers who encouraged me but also positively challenged me throughout my writing process Geoffrey helped me refine my use of concepts from social movements’ studies and gave me very constructive guidance on how to conduct research on a transnational social movement I also thank Cristoph Eberhard for initiating me into the field of legal anthropology I took great pleasure in attending the various conferences and seminars he organized at the Université Saint-Louis in Brussels I had the great fortune of having Annette Desmarais, of the University of Manitoba (Canada), and Jun Borras, of the International Institute of Social Studies (Netherlands), sit on my PhD jury Their encouragement, enthusiasm and challenging feedback have meant a lot Both of them have all the rare qualities I personally value in academics They are intellectually and emotionally smart, and manage to articulate their academic life with a deep and critical commitment to social struggles I also benefited greatly, throughout the course of this research, from intellectual exchanges with various people, colleagues and friends I am grateful in particular to Carole Samdup, Sofía Monsalve, Antonio Onorati, Isabelle Delforge and Michel Buisson for the many discussions we had Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Acknowledgements ix My academic colleagues have been a source of great support, understanding and intellectual stimulation Thank you Audrey, Nadia, Mathias, Christine, Elise, Gaëtan, Nick, Julie, Bernard, Laurence, Alain, Anne, Emeline, Deborah, Samuel, Christian, Grégoire, Carlos, Julien, Etienne, Laura and Ingeborg My recognition also goes to the UCL-based team of the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food (and all those who have visited us through the years) and to my colleagues at the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, for the shared experiences and great teamwork For their specific support on parts of this book, I thank Natalie Rulloda who conducted research on public policies for food sovereignty, Sara Bailey who gave me insightful comments on the whole manuscript, Monica Rawlinson, Nick Jacobs and Nadia Lambek for their edits and corrections All the mistakes are mine Some of the arguments in this book as well as earlier versions of various sections were previously published in Sociology and Globalizations, as well as in the book Rethinking Food Systems: Structural Challenges, New Strategies and the Law published by Springer (2014) I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for those publications for their useful comments The works of Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Balakrishnan Rajagopal and Neil Stammers have been a tremendous source of inspiration, and I owe a special debt to their research on the ways in which social movements can bring about a cosmopolitan, multicultural and anti-hegemonic conception of human rights This book was finalized during my post-doctoral research stay at the Collège d’Etudes Mondiales in Paris, which was funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013 – MSCA-COFUND) under grant agreement no 245743 – Post-doctoral programme Braudel-IFER-FMSH I also wish to thank Ashley Wright at Routledge for her support and sound advice I thank my family and friends for their patience, love and support My sons Raoul and Isaac were 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Campesina condena enérgicamente la Declaracion de Doha’, 16 Nov Vía Campesina 2003a ‘It is urgent to re-orient the debate on agriculture and initiate a policy of food sovereignty’, post Cancún press release, Sept Vía Campesina 2003b ‘Position Via Campesina Cancun’, Sept Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 190 References Vía Campesina 2004a ‘Declaration of the Fourth International Conference of Via Campesina’, Itaici, Sao Paulo, Brazil Vía Campesina 2004b ‘Jose Bove meets Kofi Annan: Civil society raises food sovereignty issue’, on the occasion of the UNCTAD meeting, 14–18 June, in São Paulo Vía Campesina 2006a Annual Report: Violations of Peasants’ Human Rights, Heidelberg: Vía Campesina Vía Campesina 2006b ‘Farmers and fisherfolk meet Pascal Lamy’, 26 July Vía Campesina 2007a ‘Small scale sustainable farmers are cooling down the Earth’, 10 Nov Vía Campesina 2007b ‘Women’s declaration on food sovereignty’, 28 Feb Vía Campesina 2008a ‘An answer to the global food crisis: Peasants and small farmers can feed the world!’, press statement, Jakarta, 24 April Vía Campesina 2008b ‘Declaration of Maputo’, declaration of the 5th international conference of Via Campesina, Maputo, Mozambique Vía Campesina 2008c ‘Declaration of Rights of Peasants, Women and Men’, http:// viacampesina.net/downloads/PDF/EN-3.pdf Vía Campesina 2008d ‘Final Declaration of International Conference on Peasants’ Rights.’ Vía Campesina 2008e ‘Ideas for discussion: Public policies for food sovereignty: The historical moment and strategies for La Vía Campesina’, internal working document prepared for the 5th international conference in Maputo Vía Campesina 2008f ‘In the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we peasants demand our own convention’: Final Declaration of International Conference on Peasants’ Rights, Jakarta, 25 June Vía Campesina 2008g ‘Provisional schedule of the annual meeting of the La Vía Campesina International Working Committee on Human Rights, to be held in Bilbao in December 2008’, internal document Vía Campesina 2008h ‘The global campaign on the international convention on the rights of the peasants’, internal document Vía Campesina 2008i ‘We, peasants of the world demand our own convention! Call to action on the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 2008’, 12 Nov Vía Campesina 2009 ‘Les paysannes et les paysans refroidissent la planète!’, open letter, Jakarta, Nov Vía Campesina 2012a ‘Bukit Tinggi Declaration on agrarian reform in the 21st century’, 14 July http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/main-issues-mainmenu-27/agrarianreform-mainmenu-36/1281-bukit-tinggi-declaration-on-agrarian-reform-in-the-21stcentury Vía Campesina 2012b ‘Peasants of the world mobilize against green capitalism in Rio’, press release, 15 June Vía Campesina 2012c ‘Preliminary report: International internal seminar on public policy for food sovereignty.’ Vía Campesina 2012d ‘Une victoire de haute lutte pour la défense des droits des paysannes et des paysans’, Oct Vía Campesina 2013a ‘La Via Campesina will be in Bali to call for an end to the WTO and the free trade regime’, 29 Nov Vía Campesina 2013b ‘Gaining support for the peasant’s way: La Via Campesina at UN’s leading food security institutions’, 11 Oct Vía Campesina 2013c ‘Letter announcing the withdrawal of La Via Campesina from the OWINFS network’, Dec Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 References 191 Vía Campesina 2014a ‘Bolivia: Conclusiones Cumbre nacional de tierra y territorio, ley agraria fundamental y soberanía alimentaria’, May Vía Campesina 2014b ‘Une victoire sur notre route vers une déclaration internationale sur les droits des paysannes et des paysans!’, press release, 27 June Vía Campesina and FIAN International 2004 Violations of Peasants’ Human Rights: A Report on Cases and Patterns of Violation 2004, Heidelberg: FIAN International and Vía Campesina Vía Campesina and GRAIN 2009 ‘Les paysans et les mouvements sociaux disent non l’accaparement des terres’, invitation to a press conference and symbolic action, Rome Vía Campesina Regional South East Asia and East Asia 2002 Peasant Rights; Droits Paysans; Derechos Campesinos, Heidelberg: Vía Campesina Vincent, R J 1986 Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Waghmore, Suryakant 2012 ‘Beyond depoliticization? Caste, NGOs and Dalit land rights in Maharashtra, India’, Development and Change, 43(6): 1313–36 Walker, Simon 2009 The Future of Human Rights Impact Assessments of Trade Agreements, Cambridge: Intersentia Watkins, Kevin, and Penny Fowler 2004 Rigged Rules and Double Standards: Trade, Globalisation, and the Fight Against Poverty, Oxford: Oxfam Publishing Whelan, Daniel J., and Jack Donnelly 2007 ‘The West, economic and social rights, and the global human rights regime: Setting the record straight’, Human Rights Quarterly, 29: 908–49 Windfuhr, Michael 2003 ‘Trade and human rights: The agreement on agriculture of the WTO and the right to food: Context, conflicts and human rights violations’, FIAN International, http://www.fian.org/resources/documents/others/agreementon-agriculture-of-the-wto-and-the-right-to-food/pdf Windfuhr, Michael, and Jennie Jonsén 2005 Food Sovereignty: Towards Democracy in Localized Food Systems, Rugby: FIAN International, ITDG Publishing Wise, Tim, and Sophia Murphy 2013 Resolving the Food Crisis: Assessing Global Policy Reforms since 2007, Minneapolis, MN: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP) and Global Development and Environment Institute (GDAE) Wolford, Wendy 2010 This Land is Ours Now: Social Mobilization and the Meanings of Land in Brazil, Durham, NC: Duke University Press World Food Summit 1996 ‘Rome Declaration and plan of action’, http://www.fao.org/ docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm WTO 2010 ‘Preliminary Study of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee on Discrimination in the Context of the Right to Food: Comments Submitted to OHCHR Following HRC Resolution 13/4 of 24 March 2010’, Geneva: WTO Zald, Mayer N 1996 ‘Culture, ideology, and strategic framing’, in D McAdam, J D McCarthy and M N Zald (eds) Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 261–75 Ziegler, Jean 2002 Rapport présenté par le rapporteur spécial sur le droit l’alimentation (E/ CN.4/2002/58), conformément la Résolution 2001/25 de la Commission des Droits de l’Homme, New York: Human Rights Commission, United Nations Ziegler, Jean 2004 Rapport présenté par le rapporteur spécial sur le droit l’alimentation (E/ CN.4/2004/10) conformément la résolution 2003/25 de la Commission des Droits de l’Homme, New York: Human Rights Commission, United Nations Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 192 References Ziegler, Jean 2005 Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, (E/CN.4/2005/47), New York: Commission on Human Rights, United Nations Ziegler, Jean 2006 Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food (E/CN.4/2006/44), New York: Commission on Human Rights, United Nations Ziegler, Jean 2008 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, New York: Human Rights Council, United Nations Ziegler, Jean 2009 Requests Addressed to the Advisory Committee Stemming from Human Rights Council Resolutions: Right to Food ‘Peasant Farmers and the Right to Food: A History of Discrimination and Exploitation’ (A/HRC/AC/3/CRP.5), New York: Human Rights Council, United Nations Ziegler, Jean, Sally-Anne Way, and Cristophe Golay 2005 ‘Le droit l’alimentation: Une exigence face la loi du plus fort’, in ONU: Droits pour tous ou loi du plus fort?, Geneva: Centre Europe Tiers-Monde (CETIM), 332–48 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Index accountability 38, 67, 73, 77–80, 84, 127, 129 ActionAid 7, 20, 73 agrarian populism 47, 53, 69, 85, 86 agrarian question 4, 150–1 agrarian reform 13, 32, 43, 49, 50, 53, 55, 57, 68, 78, 102, 124; Global Campaign on Agrarian Reform (GCAR) 48, 56, 124 agrarian transformations 42, 44 agrarian transition to capitalism 10, 44–5, 150–1 agreement on agriculture 25, 27, 99; see also World Trade Organization agribusiness 17–18, 32, 35, 39, 45, 50, 73, 78, 81–2, 88, 128 agricultural entrepreneur 45, 47, 53, 82, 89 agricultural workers 4, 6, 104, 113, 123, 129 Agrikolianski, E 1, 25, 83, 102–4 agroecology 17, 32, 35, 46–7, 53–4, 77, 89, 91, 121 Amnesty International 6, 7, 26, 60, 63, 107, 117, 125–6 appropriation of resources 48, 51, 57, 82, 86–7, 93 Asia 5, 9, 51, 55, 61, 68, 96, 127 autonomy 10, 20, 23, 40, 44, 46, 51–4, 68, 77, 82, 86–7, 92, 100, 103, 105, 110, 112, 114, 123 basic needs 53, 73–4, 110, 151 Benford, R 82, 83, 85–6, 88, 94, 96, 98 below (from): food standards 50; legitimacy 117, 128; master frame 86, 87, 91–2, 98; social change 91, 97–8, 108 biofuels (or agrofuels) 77, 100–2, 112, 123 Bob, C 3, 26, 60–1, 98, 108, 125 Bolivia 8, 29–32, 34, 39–41, 58–9 Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas (ALBA) 29, 30 Borras, J 2, 4–6, 8, 15, 44, 49, 124 Bové, J 28, 50 capitalism 1, 3–4, 11, 24, 29, 42, 44–8, 63, 77, 91, 111 ; anti-capitalism 43, 86, 107, 110, 117 Centre Europe-Tiers Monde (CETIM) 56–9, 105, 107, 125 civil rights movement 83, 95 civil society mechanism (CSM) 101, 161 climate change 16, 32, 38, 49, 51, 59, 89, 93, 94, 101 codification (of human rights) 77, 104, 125; codified human rights 11, 26, 62, 95, 117 collective action: frames 82, 84, 109; repertoires 124 collective identity 61, 86, 87, 96–8, 102–3; strategic deployment of identity 103 collective rights 21, 22, 33, 34, 59, 61, 68, 77, 107, 116, 123, 130; see also peoples’ rights colonization (decolonization) 21, 23 commodification 10, 45, 123; of subsistence 53, 112 community 17–9, 23, 40, 43, 50, 53, 103, 110, 123, 130 ; community control 18; community-supported agriculture 94 customary rights 25, 123 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 194 Index Declaration on the Rights of Peasants; see United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants democracy: democratic control 127; local democracy 100, 119; rural democracy 42; social democracy 14, 86; see also human rights depeasantization 44–6, 52, 68, 151 De Schutter, O 7, 15, 21, 23, 54, 60, 71–3, 77–80, 122–4, 129 Desmarais, A 5, 12, 15, 27, 50, 52, 103 development: model 5, 16, 45, 97; rights-based 113–15, 129; rightsbased development NGOs 2, 87; rural development 31, 32, 42, 57; theories 73; see also right to Dominican Republic 29 Douzinas, C 1, 3, 83 dumping 2, 13–15, 17, 19, 24, 28 economic, social and cultural rights 4, 53, 57, 63, 66–7, 73, 78, 109, 118; see also International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Ecuador 29–30, 32, 35, 40–1, 58–9, 71 Edelman, M 2, 9, 12, 41, 59, 85 El Salvador 29, 71–2 emancipation 1, 2, 79, 84, 105, 107, 129 empowerment 55, 64, 78, 114–15; market-based empowerment 78, 110 entitlement 64, 73–7, 110–15 Europe 5, 12, 14, 47, 50, 54, 105 export-oriented agricultural production 14–15, 25, 32, 38, 45 extra-territorial obligations 78 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 7–8, 28, 43, 49, 63–4, 70–3, 93, 101, 114, 124; FAO Right to Food Team 7, 71, 73, 78, 124 FoodFirst Information and Action Network (FIAN) 6, 7, 48–9, 56–60, 68, 73, 77–9, 101, 105, 108, 114–16, 118, 121–4, 126–7 food prices 14–16, 45, 54, 101, 106; see also Global food crisis food security 7, 15, 17–18, 26, 30–1, 35, 39, 45, 49, 59, 73, 85, 101, 111, 117; food security frame 85–90; see also United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS) food self-sufficiency 17–19, 26, 39, 92 food sovereignty: concept of 9–12, 20, 26–8, 30, 32, 34, 58, 88, 98, 111, 122; constitutional provisions on 29–34; dimensions of 3, 13, 30, 34, 37, 89, 108, 113; internal and external 22, 96, 99–100; international convention on 27–8, 41; laws and public policies on 29, 41, 96, 98, 108, 111 food system 4, 17, 40, 45, 47, 49, 97, 116 framing: food security frame 85–6, 88, 89, 90; food sovereignty frame 85–6, 88–9, 90, 92, 94, 96, 103, 116, 125; organizational frame 85, 94, 96, 158; peasants’ rights frame 85–6, 94–6, 124; reclaiming control frame 90–4, 96, 98; right to food frame 89–90, 112–15, 117–19, 121, 126, 128, 129; rights master frame 82–92, 96 free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) 163; see also indigenous peoples Gauchet, M 1, 84 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 14, 141; see also World Trade Organization General Comment no 12 on the right to food 69–70, 120 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 50 Glendon, M.A 1, 3, 84 Golay, C 3, 22, 23, 57–8, 72, 105, 125 global food crisis 3, 28, 30, 45, 53, 58, 60, 82, 89, 93, 113, 118, 121 global food movement 4, 5, 87, 88, 89, 92 global food system; see food system global governance 3, 26, 41, 73, 81, 108, 114, 128 globalization 4, 9, 16, 17, 29, 48, 78 global justice movement 4, 15, 141 Global Strategic Framework for food security and nutrition (GSF) 29 grassroots mobilization and perspectives 3, 40, 60, 68, 91, 94, 97, 110, 127 green revolution 16, 43, 77 High-Level Conference on World Food Security 16 Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Index 195 Holt-Giménez, E 4, 49, 54 human rights: advantages of 2, 11, 83; alternative conception of 2, 10, 50–1, 53, 61, 117, 119; constraints of 2, 11, 84, 121; framing 48, 83; impact assessments 79, 119, 120, 127, 128; intermediaries/ translators 105–6, 108; new human rights (creation of) 48, 57, 98, 102, 104, 125; principles 75, 78, 112; social-democratic approach to 80, 106, 110–11, 115, 128; structural approach to 67, 77, 128; see also violations Human Rights Watch 7, 26, 60, 63, 125 ideologies 1, 83, 85 imperialism 22–4, 110–11 incorporation of farmers into markets 10, 45–6, 87, 110 indigenous peoples 3, 8, 19, 25–6, 48–50, 95, 106; indigenous peoples’ rights 26, 33–4, 83, 100, 104; see also United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples individualism 1, 2; individual entitlement 76–7; individual vs collective rights 21, 51, 107, 116, 147 Indonesia 7, 8, 10, 42–3, 49, 55–6, 61, 91, 94–5, 102, 105, 106 industrial agriculture 107, 121 institutionalization of new rights 8, 10–1, 27–9, 39, 42, 55–6, 90, 97–100, 104, 107–8, 124; extra-institutional processes and strategies 2, 3, 98; paradox of institutionalization 2, 11, 84, 105 intellectual property 53, 73, 107, 121 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 21, 64 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 21, 57, 64, 67, 72, 120, 124 international financial institutions 68, 82, 101; International Monetary Fund (IMF) 17, 79 International Planning Committee on food sovereignty (IPC) 6, 28, 45, 82, 104, 112, 117 international trade 15, 25, 28, 37, 58, 78, 122 investment in agriculture 16, 17, 25, 36, 38, 45–6, 52, 70, 79, 81,93, 101, 123, 127, 128 justiciability of the right to food 64, 71–2, 115 land grabs and large-scale land acquisitions 23, 46, 77, 107; see also right to land Latin America 6, 28, 30, 45, 54, 57, 64, 72, 91, 94–6, 127 La Via Campesina; see Vía Campesina legal experts 4, legal frameworks 3, 40, 66, 71 legal opportunities 60, 98; see also political opportunities legitimacy 5, 11, 82, 84, 90, 98, 109, 112, 116–18, 125, 127–9 liberalism 1, 64, 83, 86; see also neoliberalism localism 87, 93; localization 94, 122; see also relocalization Maine 29, 39 Mali 6, 19, 23, 29, 36, 37 markets 10, 14–20, 25, 32–7, 40, 43–8, 51–4, 58, 74, 77, 79, 83, 87, 91, 97, 99, 110, 122, 129; market dependency 53 Marx, K 3, 45, 63; Marxism 3, 64, 85, 86, 91, 95 McKeon, N 26–8, 36, 99–101, 109 McMichael, P 6, 47, 89 means of production; see right to Merry, S E 1, 8, 83, 95, 105 Mexico 7, 8, 13, 40, 52, 57, 71–2, 91–2, 111 mobilization 3, 4, 29, 37, 42, 50, 85, 93, 97, 100, 103, 105, 110; demobilization 80, 100, 104 Monsalve Suárez, S 61, 101, 123 mother earth 8, 51, 54 multicultural conception of human rights 107 neoliberalism 4, 11, 14, 17, 18, 23, 28, 29, 33, 42, 48, 82, 84, 86, 92, 93, 99, 110, 111 Nepal 6, 8, 29 New International Economic Order (NIEO) 23, 24, 67 Nicaragua 6, 14, 29, 72 196 Index Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 5, 7, 8–9, 26, 73, 76, 86–90, 114–15; gatekeeper NGOs 26, 60, 98 Nyéléni Food Sovereignty Forum 13–14, 18–19, 23–4, 28, 31, 33, 38, 48, 52, 91, 101, 118 obligation to fulfill 70 obligation to protect 51, 70 obligation to respect 69 Oxfam 6–7, 18, 20, 25, 66, 94, 112 participation 16, 22, 28, 29, 31, 40, 48, 54, 70, 74–8, 97, 114–15; internal and external participation 126–8; see also right to Patel, R 2, 6, 83, 101 peasant: definition of 48, 107; peasantness and peasant essentialism 103–4; peasant farming/agriculture 46–7, 53, 122; peasant identity (see collective identity); see also smallholder farmers peoples (right of) 18–23, 42, 104, 110; see also collective rights permanent sovereignty over natural resources (PNSR) 21–3 Peru 29, 153 Pleyers, G 19, 91–2, 141 policy coherence 79 political opportunities 93, 96, 98–9, 108 power 2–3, 15, 44–7, 52, 76, 80, 84, 91, 93, 97, 111–14, 123, 128 privatization of resources 14, 37, 46, 48–50, 123 procedural rights 70, 79, 114, 127 protest 5, 9, 16, 42, 50, 52, 93, 100, 117 public good 1, 84 Rajagopal, B 1, 21, 63, 83, 91 reformism 60, 80, 86, 89, 110, 158 relocalization 14, 17, 24, 48, 82, 86, 94, 99, 122; relocalized food systems 17, 97, 121–2, 128 repeasantization 10, 44, 46–7, 52, 82, 86 resistance 45, 47–9, 87, 91–2, 94 respect, protect and fulfill (obligation to) 66 responsibilities (of private actors) 69, 76–80, 84; balancing rights and responsibilities 44, 51, 84, 110 rights discourse 2, 9, 20, 52, 61, 83, 94 rights holders 20, 23, 48, 116 rights of peasants; see United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants right to autonomy 23; see also autonomy right to determine prices (right to remunerative prices) 45, 48, 51–3, 106 right to development 19, 21–4, 26, 67 right to feed oneself 68–9, 78, 113–16, 120, 121, 125, 126 right to food; code of conduct on 27, 69, 70, 112, 119, 120 (see also Voluntary Guidelines on the right to food); defenders 4–8, 60, 62, 90, 109, 112–28; progressive realization of 28, 70; see also framing; justiciability; right to feed oneself right to food sovereignty 7, 18–24; see also food sovereignty; framing right to land 2, 28, 57, 59, 61, 83, 92, 106, 120–1, 123, 128; see also right to resources right to means of production 42–3, 54, 58, 111 right to participation 26, 120 right to produce 2, 13, 15, 19, 28, 52, 83, 106, 116, 125 right to resources 28, 31, 50–1, 53, 78, 104, 114–15, 120, 123; see also permanent sovereignty over natural resources right to seeds 48, 83 right to self-determination 21–3 Rosset, P 12, 15, 18, 44, 47, 49–50, 54, 94, 97, 124 Santos, Boaventura de Sousa 1, 91 seeds 16, 34, 37, 39, 48, 50, 57, 92; see also right to self-determination Sen, A 7, 63, 74–7, 109, 110 Senegal 29, 26, 37, 39 Shue, H 7, 63, 66 smallholder farmers 16, 28, 31, 35, 45, 60, 73, 88–9, 101,123; prosmallholder farmers development models 3, 121; see also peasant; incorporation of peasants into markets; investment in agriculture Snow, D 82, 83, 85–6, 88, 94, 96, 98 social movements: leaders 4–5, 8, 35, 56, 95, 100; strategies of 2, 9, 25, 35, 40, 55, 91, 93, 97–9, 108; Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 Index 197 transnational 3–8, 12–14, 61, 83, 85, 93, 95, 109, 113, 126; see also collective identity; framing; political opportunities; Vía Campesina Stammers, N 2, 24, 63, 79–80, 84, 96, 100, 104–5, 110, 111 State: social-democratic 51; state obligations 59, 70, 80; state sovereignty 22, 67; statist framework 2, 24, 79–80, 84 structural adjustment 12, 15 structural changes 1, 3, 12, 23, 40, 76, 77, 91 subversive use of human rights 2, 11, 80, 84, 90, 106–7, 110, 115 sustainable agriculture 27, 122; see also agroecology Tarrow, S 93 territory 17, 31, 48–50, 59, 92, 106, 110, 112; see also right to land trade liberalization 4, 10, 13–17, 24, 27, 73, 115, 123; international trade 15, 25, 28, 37, 58, 78, 122; trade agreements 16, 30, 79, 120, 128; see also World Trade Organization transition (ecological) 17, 35, 121 transnational corporations (TNCs) 46, 68, 93, 123 United Nations Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 66, 69, 72–3 United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS) 8, 28–9, 73, 101–2, 105, 107–8, 117, 128 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 35, 102 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 43, 48, 50–1, 56, 59, 60–1, 94–6, 102–3, 107, 124 United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) 8, 28, 43, 49, 63, 70, 71, 73, 93, 101–2, 114 United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) 2–3, 8, 10, 42, 56–60, 73, 95, 102, 105–8 United Nations Secretary General 28, 73 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food 7, 56–8, 60, 71–3, 77, 79, 105, 114, 119, 122–5, 128 universal right 11, 25, 61, 68, 110, 125, 126, 128, 129 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 21, 26, 42, 63–4 Venezuela 29, 71 Vía Campesina: origins, structure and organizations 4–10; see also food sovereignty victims of human rights abuses 1, 6, 72, 83, 86, 104, 116, 127 violations (of human rights) 6, 52, 57, 60, 62, 72, 76, 80, 86, 100, 114–6, 122, 127, 129 Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests 93, 101, 117 Voluntary Guidelines on the Right to Food 28, 69–71 West Africa 20, 35–7 Western conception of human rights 1, 52, 83, 122; Western states 64 World Bank 48–9, 75, 93, 101 World Food Summit (WFS) 13, 27, 28, 108, 119 World Summit on Food Security (WSFS) 49, 113, 119 World Trade Organization (WTO) 5, 13, 15–20, 25, 27–8, 30, 40, 41, 58, 86, 93, 96, 98–9, 106–8, 112, 120, 122–3, 129; see also international trade Ziegler, J 7, 56–9, 105, 121–2, 125 eBooks Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 23:29 07 April 2017 from Taylor & Francis Helping you to choose the right eBooks for your Library Add to your library's digital collection today with Taylor & Francis eBooks We have over 50,0 00 eBooks in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Built Environm ent and Law, from leading imprints, including Routledge, Focal Press and Psychology Press Free Trials Available We offer free trials to qualifying academic, corporate and government customers Choose from a range of subject packages or create your own! 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