A WORLD BANK STUDY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 58844 Science, Technology, and Innovation in Uganda R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S F O R P O L I C Y A N D A C T I O N Sukhdeep Brar Sara E Farley Robert Hawkins Caroline S Wagner W O R L D B A N K S T U D Y Science, Technology, and Innovation in Uganda Recommendations for Policy and Action Sukhdeep Brar, Sara E Farley, Robert Hawkins, Caroline S Wagner © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 13 12 11 10 World Bank Studies are published to communicate the results of the Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted Copying and/or transmi ing portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org ISBN: 978-0-8213-8672-9 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8675-0 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8672-9 Photo courtesy of Uganda National Council on Science and Technology Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations vii Acknowledgments ix Executive Summary xi This Report’s Purpose .xv Conceptual Framework: Analyzing the Knowledge Infrastructure xvi Analytical Methodology: The THICK Concept of Development in the National Innovation System xvii Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategies and Actors in Uganda Research Actors THICK Findings and Issues from the Case Studies 2 Policy Recommendations 20 Technology: Invest in Six Critical Science and Technology Areas to Support Growth 23 Human Resources: Train Paraprofessionals in Key Fields 27 Institutions and Infrastructure: Create Centers to Ensure Standards and Quality 28 Collaboration and Communication: Build Opportunities across Sectors, from Academia to Industry 29 Knowledge Base: Enhance Data Collection Capabilities and Enhance the Regulatory Framework 30 Annex Science and Technology in Uganda 33 Science Policy and Regulation 39 Annex Agroindustry: Oilseed Sector Case Study 40 Overview 40 Technology 41 Human Resources 46 Institutional and Infrastructure Resources 48 Collaboration and Communication Capacity 51 Knowledge Base 54 Annex Health: Ethnobotany Case Study 57 Overview 58 A Growing Sector for Investment 58 Technology 60 Human Resources 66 Institutions and Infrastructure 68 iii iv Contents Collaboration and Communication 72 Knowledge Base 75 Annex Energy Case Study 79 Technology 84 Human Resources 84 Institutions and Infrastructure 86 Collaboration and Communication 86 Knowledge Base 88 Annex Transport and Logistics Case Study 89 Technology 91 Human Resources 95 Institutions and Infrastructure 97 Collaboration and Communication 99 Knowledge Base 102 References 104 Tables Table Components of the THICK Methodology Used to Study Key Sectors in Uganda xx Table THICK Features 18 Table THICK Recommendations 20 Table Top Six Subfields of Science and Technology of the Six Profiled Sectors, in Order of Urgency .24 Table Eight Additional Critical Fields of Science and Technology over the Next Five Years 24 Table Areas of Science and Technology Relevant to Two or Three Industries in Uganda That Need A ention over the Longer Term 26 Table A1.1 Professional Workforce in East Africa, Early 2000s 34 Table A4.1 Sources of Ugandan Energy Consumption 79 Table A4.2 Load Growth Projections from the Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development .80 Table A4.3 Power Generation on Uganda’s Grid, 2006 (megawa s) 80 Table A4.4 Electricity Generation in Uganda, 2001–05 (megakilowa hours) 80 Table A4.5 Areas of Science and Technology Critical to Advancing Oil and Gas Exploration, Extraction, and Refining 82 Table A4.6 Oil and Gas Companies That Are FDI- or Ugandan-Owned 83 Table A4.7 Public Educational Institutions Offering Ordinary Diplomas in Electrical (ODE) and Electrical Installation (EI) Courses 85 Table A4.8 Private Institutions That Provide Courses in Energy-Related Subjects 87 Contents v Figures Figure A1.1 Uganda’s Global Network of Scientific Collaborations, 2006 35 Figure A1.2 Subject Areas in which Ugandan Scientists Published, 2004–06 36 Figure A1.3 Distribution of Uganda’s Foreign Coauthors, 2004–06 (inclusive) .37 Figure A1.4 Institutional Affiliations of Coauthors of Authors from Uganda’s Ministry of Health, 2004–06 (inclusive) 38 Figure A1.5 Institutional Affiliations of Coauthors of Authors from the Uganda Virus Research Institute, 2004–06 (inclusive) 38 Figure A3.1 Pharmaceutical Value Addition Chain Map 64 Boxes Box A2.1 Expanding Uganda’s Capacity to Produce Oilseed Products: The Case of Mukwano 42 Box A3.1 Expanding Uganda’s Capacity to Produce Pharmaceuticals: The Case of Quality Chemicals Limited 61 Box A3.2 Uganda Institutions Engaged in Standards, Testing, and Traceability 69 Box A5.1 Transport and Logistics as Keys to Competitiveness: The New Vision 92 Box A5.2 Using Science and Technology to Improve Product Management and Logistics: Mukwano’s Transition to an Electronic Fleet Management System 100 Acronyms and Abbreviations ICT IPR NARS NEPAD NGO OECD PMA PSF R&D SMEs STI TAF THETA THICK UIRI UNBS UNCST UIRI UNCTAD UNIDO UOSPA USAID information and communication technology intellectual property rights National Agricultural Research System New Partnership for Africa’s Development nongovernmental organization Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture Private Sector Foundation research and development Small, medium enterprises Science, Technology, and Innovation Technology Acquisition Fund Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together Against Aids and Other Diseases technology, human resources, institutions and infrastructure, collaboration and communication, and knowledge base Uganda Industrial Research Institute Uganda National Bureau of Standards Uganda National Council of Science and Technology Uganda Industrial Research Institute United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Industrial Development Organization Uganda Oil Seed Producers and Processors Association U.S Agency for International Development vii ... building and trucking logistics and on materials sciences for packaging and shipping Environmental science and engineering, focusing on minimizing pollution, land and water use and planning, extraction... U D Y Science, Technology, and Innovation in Uganda Recommendations for Policy and Action Sukhdeep Brar, Sara E Farley, Robert Hawkins, Caroline S Wagner © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction... communication, and knowledge base Uganda Industrial Research Institute Uganda National Bureau of Standards Uganda National Council of Science and Technology Uganda Industrial Research Institute United