Individual RIght and the making of the internationalsystems

www.ebook3000.com Individual Rights and the Making of the International System We live today in the first global system of sovereign states in history, encompassing all of the world’s polities, peoples, religions and civilizations Christian Reus-Smit presents a new account of how this system came to be, one in which struggles for individual rights play a central role The international system expanded from its original European core in five great waves, each involving the fragmentation of one or more empires into a host of successor sovereign states In the most important, associated with the Westphalian settlement, the independence of Latin America, and post-1945 decolonization, the mobilization of new ideas about individual rights challenged imperial legitimacy, and when empires failed to recognize these new rights, subject peoples sought sovereign independence Combining theoretical innovation with detailed historical case-studies, this book advances a new understanding of human rights and world politics, with individual rights deeply implicated in the making of the global sovereign order christian reus-smit is a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland Among his previous books, he is author of American Power and World Order (2004) and The Moral Purpose of the State (1999); coauthor of Special Responsibilities: Global Problems and American Power (2012); and editor of The Politics of International Law (2004) www.ebook3000.com Individual Rights and the Making of the International System christian reus-smit University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521674485 C Christian Reus-Smit 2013 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2013 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd Padstow, Cornwall A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Reus-Smit, Christian, 1961– Individual rights and the making of the international system / Christian Reus-Smit pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-521-85777-2 (hardback) Civil rights – History Human rights – History Sovereignty – History I Title K3240.R485 2013 341.4′ 809 – dc23 2013012166 ISBN 978-0-521-85777-2 Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-67448-5 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate www.ebook3000.com For Lili Beautiful and bright by name, beautiful and bright by nature www.ebook3000.com Contents Preface Introduction page ix 1 The expansion of the international system 15 Struggles for individual rights 35 The Westphalian settlement 68 The independence of Spanish America 106 Post-1945 decolonization 151 Conclusion 193 Bibliography 212 Index 227 vii www.ebook3000.com Preface This book is the product of two converging interests The first is my longstanding interest in the nature and development of international systems, particularly our present global system Indeed, it is the global nature of this system that I have recently found especially intriguing How did such an utterly unique political order come to be? The second is my interest in the politics of human rights and my frustration with how this politics is conventionally narrated The overwhelming tendency is to tell a twentieth-century story, as though the rights of individuals had little impact on world politics prior to this At the very least, events such as the American and French revolutions render these narrations curious Either the revolutions had nothing to with world politics, or they had nothing to with individual rights, both of which seem odd propositions It was in pursuit of these interests that I happened upon the historical convergences that occupy center stage in the following chapters; namely, the relationship between struggles over individual rights, the fragmentation of empires, and the expansion of the international system Understanding these convergences has not been an easy task, and it may well be that this book is but another step in my own reflections on the subject But to the extent that it is a culmination of my struggles, however temporary it might be, I must declare my thanks to the many individuals and institutions who have helped me along the way My first debt is to my friends and intellectual companions who through our many conversations have helped me wrestle with the issue and fine-tune the argument I am especially indebted here to Emanuel Adler, Mlada Bukovansky, Peter Christoff, Ian Clark, Tim Dunne, Richard Devetak, Robyn Eckersley, Greg Fry, Paul Keal, Jacinta O’Hagan, Andrew Phillips, Richard Price, Heather Rae, Henry Shue, and Nicholas Wheeler From its earliest incarnations I have taken this project on the road, airing its evolving arguments and gathering feedback from all ix Bibliography 222 Philpott, Daniel, Revolutions in Sovereignty (Princeton University Press, 2001) Pitts, Jennifer, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton University Press, 2005) Poggi, Gianfranco, The Development of the Modern State (Stanford University Press, 1978) ‘Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy: promulgated in Cadiz, ´ the nineteenth day of March 1812’ At www.cervantesvirtual.com/ FichaObra.html?Ref=10794&portal=56 (accessed Feb 2008) Pollis, Adamantia and Schwab, Peter, ‘Human rights: a Western construct with limited applicability’, in Koggel (ed.), Moral and Political Theory, pp 60–71 Pope Alexander VI, ‘Inter caetera’, May 1493 Papal bull reprinted in Blair and Robertson (eds.), The Philippine Islands 1493–1803, vol I, pp 97–111 English translation by Thomas Cooke Middleton At www.gutenberg.org/files/13255/13255.txt (accessed 10 Oct 2012) Rae, Heather, State Identities and the Homogenization of Peoples (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Raz, Joseph, ‘On the nature of rights’, Mind, 93.370 (1984), 194–214 Reus-Smit, Christian, ‘Human rights in a global ecumene’, International Affairs, 87.5 (2011), 1205–18 Reus-Smit, Christian, ‘Human rights and the social construction of sovereignty’, Review of International Studies, 27.4 (2001), 519–38 Reus-Smit, Christian, ‘International crises of legitimacy’, International Politics, 44.2–3 (2007), 157–74 Reus-Smit, Christian, ‘The liberal international order reconsidered’, in Friedman, Oskanian, and Pacheco-Pardo (eds.), After Liberalism (London: Palgrave, 2013) Reus-Smit, Christian, The Moral Purpose of the State (Princeton University Press, 1999) Reus-Smit, Christian, ‘On rights and institutions’, in Beitz and Goodin (eds.), Global Basic Rights, pp 25–48 Reus-Smit, Christian, ‘Struggles of individual rights and the expansion of the international system’, International Organization, 65.2 (2011), 207– 42 Ringmar, Eric, Identity, Interests and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden’s Intervention in the Thirty Years War (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Risse, Thomas, Ropp, Stephen, and Sikkink, Kathryn (eds.), The Persistent Power of Human Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Risse, Thomas, Ropp, Stephen, and Sikkink, Kathryn (eds.), The Power of Human Rights (Cambridge University Press, 1999) www.ebook3000.com Bibliography 223 Roeder, Philip G., Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism (Princeton University Press, 2007) Ruggie, John Gerard, ‘Continuity and transformation in the world polity: toward a neorealist synthesis’, World Politics, 35.2 (1983), 261–85 Ruggie, John Gerard, ‘Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations’, International Organization, 47.1 (1993), 150–1 Sabato, Hilda, ‘On political citizenship in nineteenth century Latin America’, American Historical Review, 106.4 (2001), 1290–315 Sassen, Saskia, Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton University Press, 2006) Schwab, Peter and Pollis, Adamantia (eds.), Toward a Human Rights Framework (New York: Praeger, 1982) Schwarzenberger, George, International Law, vol II: The Law of Armed Conflict (London: Stevens & Sons, 1968) Seton-Watson, Hugh, Nations and States: An Inquiry into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism (London: Methuen, 1977) Shue, Henry, Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and US Foreign Policy, 2nd edn (Princeton University Press, 1996) Sikkink, Kathryn, The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics (New York: Norton, 2011) Sikkink, Kathryn, Mixed Signals: US Human Rights Policy in Latin America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004) Simmons, Beth A., Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009) Simpson, A W Brian, Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford University Press, 2001) Skinner, Quentin, Liberty before Liberalism (Cambridge University Press, 1997) Skinner, Quentin, Visions of Politics, vol I: Regarding Method (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Spruyt, Hendrik, Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005) Spruyt, Hendrik, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton University Press, 1994) Sripati, Vijayyashri, ‘Human rights in India – fifty years after independence’, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 26.1 (1997–8), 93– 136 Stoetzer, Carlos O., The Scholastic Roots of the Spanish American Revolution (New York: Fordham University Press, 1979) Bibliography 224 Strang, David, ‘From dependency to sovereignty: an event history analysis of decolonization, 1870–1987’, American Sociological Review, 55.6 (1990), 846–60 Strang, David, ‘Global patterns of decolonization, 1500–1987’, International Studies Quarterly, 35.4 (1991), 429–54 Strayer, Joseph, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton University Press, 1970) ´ Suarez, Francisco, Selections from Three Works of Francisco Suarez, S.J ´ (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1944) Suarez, Francisco, ‘A treatise on laws and God the Lawgiver’ (1612), in ´ Suarez, Selections from Three Works ´ Suchman, Mark C., ‘Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches’, Academy of Management Review, 20.3 (1995), 571–610 Tarling, Nicholas, The Fall of Imperial Britain in South-East Asia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1993) Thomas, George M., Meyer, John W., Ramirez, Francesco, and Boli, John (eds.), Institutional Structure: Constraining State, Society, and the Individual (London: Sage, 1987) Tilly, Charles, Coercion, Capital, and European States: AD 990–1992 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992) Tilly, Charles, ‘War-making and state-making as organized crime’, in Evans, Rueschemeyer, and Skocpol (eds.), Bringing the State Back In, pp 169– 91 Tilly, Charles and Tarrow, Sidney, Contentious Politics (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2006) ‘Treaty of Munster of 24 October 1648’ (Instrumentum Pacis Monasterienă sis, IPM), reprinted in Parry (ed.), Consolidated Treaty Series, vol I, pp 31956 Treaty of Osnabruck ă of 24 October 1648’ (Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis, IPO), reprinted in Parry (ed.), Consolidated Treaty Series, vol I, pp 198–269 Trevelyan, George O., George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution (New York: Longmans Green, 1912) United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations 1948–49 (New York: UN Office of Public Information, 1949) United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations 1950 (New York: UN Office of Public Information, 1950) United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations 1951 (New York: UN Office of Public Information, 1951) United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations 1952 (New York: UN Office of Public Information, 1952) www.ebook3000.com Bibliography 225 United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations 1953 (New York: UN Office of Public Information, 1953) United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations 1954 (New York: UN Office of Public Information, 1954) United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations 1957 (New York: UN Office of Public Information, 1957) United Nations, Yearbook of the United Nations 1958 (New York: UN Office of Public Information, 1958) ‘United States Constitution’ At www.usconstitution.net/const.html (accessed 10 Oct 2012) Uribe, Victor M., ‘The enigma of Latin American independence’, Latin American Research Review, 32.1 (1997), 236–55 ‘Venezuelan Declaration of Independence of July 1811’, reprinted in Armitage, The Declaration of Independence, pp 199–207 Vincent, R John, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge University Press, 1986) Waddell, David A G., ‘British neutrality and Spanish-American independence: the problem of foreign enlistment 1’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 19.1 (1987), 1–18 Waldron, Jeremy, The Right to Private Property (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988) Waldron, Jeremy (ed.), Theories of Rights (Oxford University Press, 1984) Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Modern World-System, vol II (New York: Academic Press, 1980) Waltz, Kenneth, ‘The emerging structure of international politics’, International Security, 18.2 (1993), 44–79 Waltz, Susan, ‘Universalizing human rights: the role of small states in the construction of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, 23.1 (2001), 44–72 Watson, Adam, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992) Watson, Adam, ‘New states in the Americas’, in Bull and Watson (eds.), The Expansion of International Society, pp 127–42 Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947) Webster, Charles K., Britain and the Independence of Latin America 1812– 1830 (London: Octagon Books, 1970) Weeks, Gregory, ‘Almost Jeffersonian: US recognition policy toward Latin America’, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 31.3 (2001), 490– 504 Wendt, Alexander, ‘Collective identity formation and the international state’, American Political Science Review, 88.2 (1992), 384–95 Bibliography 226 Wheeler, Nicholas J., Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford University Press, 2003) Whitaker, Arthur P., ‘The dual role of Latin America in the Enlightenment’, in Whitaker (ed.), Latin America and the Enlightenment, pp 3–22 Whitaker, Arthur P (ed.), Latin America and the Enlightenment, 2nd edn (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961) Wight, Martin, Systems of States (Leicester University Press, 1977) Wilson, Woodrow, ‘Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace’, January 1918 At wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/President Wilson%27s Fourteen Points (accessed Oct 2012) www.ebook3000.com Index Adelman, Jeremy, 145, 147 Afghanistan, 188 Afshari, Reza, 165 agency, change and, 198–201 Alexander VI, Pope, 117–18, 119, 133 Algeria, 157 Anabaptists, 96 ancient Greece, 13, 15, 76 Aquinas, Thomas, 119, 122 Archibugi, Daniele, 187 Arendt, Hannah, 173 Argentina, 110, 148 Arguelles, Agustin de, 139 ă Armitage, David, atheists, Atlantic Charter (1941), 153, 174, 180–1 Augsburg, Peace of (1555) on church unity, 82 cuis regio, eius religio, 7–8, 69, 93, 94, 98, 101 failure, 78, 90 flaws, 98 overview, 93–5 pluralism, 10 Australia, 156, 183, 184, 185, 191 Austria, 110 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 161, 171 Barbados, 157 Belgium, 185, 191 Berlin Conference (1885), 154, 155, 156 Bohemia, 96–7 Bolivar, Simon, ´ 110, 115 Bolivia, 20, 110, 148 Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Spain, 107, 114, 122, 130–1, 132 Brazil, 110, 185, 205 Britain See also United Kingdom Atlantic Charter (1941), 153, 174, 180 empire, 26 American colonies, 33 Canadian colonies, 110 collapse, 161, 162–3, 164 Nigerian independence struggle, 179–81, 197 response to anti-colonial movements, 197 hegemony, 204 Latin American independence and, 26, 29, 149 United Nations and human rights covenants, 185–6 self-determination, 190 UN General Assembly Resolution 637, 191 Brown, Chris, 206 Bull, Hedley, 16, 17, 18, 31, 66, 67, 197, 202 Burkina Faso (Upper Volta), 157, 159 Burma, 188 Bushnell, David, 117 Buzan, Barry, 211 Byzantium, 79, 81 Calhoun, Craig, 52 Calvin, John, 84, 85, 88, 89, 92 Campillo y Cossio, Jos´e del, 126 Canada, 110, 183, 184, 185 Catholic Church See also Papacy Counter-Reformation, 8, 95–6 crisis of Latin Christendom, 77 heteronomy and special rights, 78–81 Diets of Regensburg and, 227 228 Index Catholic Church (cont.) ecclesiastical institutions, 79–80 Spanish America, 127 Charlemagne, 81 Charles II, King of Spain, 118, 124 Charles III, King of Spain, 109, 122, 124, 125–8, 129–30 Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 82 Charles IV, King of Spain, 129–30 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Augsburg Confession and, 82, 96 Diets of Regensburg, 7, 92, 93 Holy Roman Empire highpoint, 27 Peace of Passau (1552), 93 resort to war, 197 Chase-Dunn, Christopher, 28 Chiaramonte, Jos´e Carlos, 53, 133, 172 Chile, 110, 148, 185, 186 China, 15, 19, 30, 185, 205 Churchill, Winston, 153, 174, 180 Cold War, 160, 161, 166 Colombia, 110, 148 Columbus, Christopher, 133 Comunero Revolution (1781), 27, 122 constructivism, 25, 59, 61–2, 201 Costa Rica, 110, 148 Counter-Reformation, 8, 95–6 Crawford, Neta, 163–5, 173 Creoles, 6, 9, 38, 42, 51, 107, 128–9, 143 critical theory, 25 Cuba, 112 Czechoslovakia, 21, 24 Darwin, John, 159, 160, 161 Darwinism, 164 de Gaulle, Charles, 157 decolonization (post-1945) See also United Nations competitive decolonization, 26 crises of legitimacy and, 5, 43, 44, 65, 156 human rights and, 9–10, 151–3 European hypocrisy, 50 irrelevance argument, 165–71 local struggles, 177–82 post-colonial states, 182–7, 210–11 UN norms, 11 nationalism and, 52 overview, 154–7 sovereignty, 20, 23, 161–3 demand for, 49 theories, 157–65 economy, 3, 29 imperial incapacity, 27–8, 159–61 incorporation into international society, 30–2 international normative change, 161–5 nationalism, 158–9 UN human rights norms, 11 tipping point, 48 Versailles settlement and, 22, 171–4 Denmark, 97, 186 Descartes, Ren´e, 115 Dessau, League of, 92 Domat, Jean, 108 Dominguez, Jorge, 116–17 Dominican Republic, 184 Donnelly, Jack, 192, 195, 206 Doyle, Michael, 39 Du Bois, W E B., 167 Duignan, Peter, 26, 159 Dworkin, Ronald, 36 Eckel, Jan, 175 Eckert, Andreas, 175 economic change, imperial collapse and, 3, 28–30 Ecuador, 110, 148 Egypt, 177, 184, 188 Eisenstadt, S N., 208 El Salvador, 110, 148 Elliott, John H., 123 Emerson, Rupert, 172 empires See also specific empires collapse demand for sovereignty, 4–11, 33–4, 46–50 geopolitical incapacity, 25–8, 159–61 global structural economic change, 28–30 incorporation into international society, 30–2 nationalism, 51–4 www.ebook3000.com Index revolutions in recognition of rights, 59–66 rights by other means, 54–9 rights struggles and, 50–1 socialization into world culture, 32–3 sociological institutionalism, 32–3, 49 tipping points, 35, 43, 48 definition, 39 Europe See European empires hierarchies, 40, 65, 67 historical prevalence, 15 institution of, 155–7 legitimacy, 38–59, 67 crises, 117 crises and individual rights, 42–6 post-1945 delegitimation, 11, 152 traditional entitlements and, 40–2 systems of imperative control, 4–6, 39–40 English School, 3, 17, 18, 30–2, 59, 112, 198 Enlightenment, 111, 113, 115–17, 136, 209 Erasmus, Desiderius, 96 Erastians, 83 Esquilache, Marqu´es de, 127 European Convention on Human Rights (1950), 166 European empires Americas, 106, 109–11 Berlin Conference (1885), 154, 155, 156 collapse See decolonization (post-1945) crises of legitimacy, 5, 43, 44, 65, 156 individual rights, hypocrisy, 50 institution of empire, 4, 155–7 institution of sovereignty and, 155 post-1945 weakness, 27–8, 159–61 standard of civilization, 30, 161 expansion See international system expansion Fazal, Tanisha, 24 Feinberg, Joel, 36 229 Ferdinand and Isabella, 133–4 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, 96 Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, 96–7 Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, 97 Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 113, 122, 130, 147, 197 feudalism, 42, 70, 80 Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1807), 129 France absolutism, 124 Algerian war, 157 Congress of Vienna, 61 Danish alliance (1625), 97 empire, 26 collapse, 162–3, 164 Enlightenment, 111, 136, 209 international human rights covenants and, 185 invasion of Spain, 8, 11, 27, 107, 112–13, 115, 129–31 Nazi occupation, 24 revocation of Edict of Nantes, 102 Revolution, 111, 113, 136 Thirty Years’ War, 97 Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807), 129 UN General Assembly Resolution 637 and, 191 Westphalian settlement, 72 Frederick III, Elector Palatine, 100 Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, 100 Fuentes, Carlos, 129 Gann, L H., 26, 159 Gellner, Ernest, 51 General Cortes of Cadiz, 8–9, 130–44 ´ George III, King of Britain, 109 Germany See also Holy Roman Empire; Thirty Years War 1918 defeat, 171 genocide, 174 incorporation process, 24 Nazis, 10, 24, 169, 187 Reformation, 90–4 Gilpin, Robert, Gong, Gerrit, 30 Green, V H H, 95 230 Index Greengrass, Mark, 24 Gregory VII, Pope, 81 Grimaldi, Marqu´es de, 127 Grotius, Hugo, 45, 76, 85, 86 Guatemala, 110, 148 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 97 Habsburgs, 103–4, 123, 125, 128 Hager, Robert, 26–7 Hall, Rodney Bruce, 111 Heer, Friedrich, 81 Heeren, A H L., 27 Heller, Agnes, 170 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 81 heretics, 6, 38, 94, 95, 195 Hinsley, F H., 102 Hirschman, Albert, 48 Hitler, Adolf, 174 Hobbes, Thomas, 45, 47, 76, 85, 86 Hobsbawm, Eric, 174 Holland, R F., 159 Holocaust, 10, 187 Holsti, Kalevi, 69, 111 Holy Alliance, 26, 110 Holy Roman Empire See also Westphalian settlement crisis of Latin Christendom, 77 ideas in movement, 88–97 Protestant individual morality, 81–8 crisis of legitimacy, 5, 43 feudalism, 42, 70, 80 fragmentation, 17, 27, 49, 67 free and imperial cities, 91 heteronomy and special rights, 78–81 highpoint, 27 institutional structures, pre-Westphalia, 69–70 Protestant theology and, 69 quasi-state institutions, 79 religious freedom and, 6, 7, 10–11, 50 Honduras, 110, 148 Honneth, Axel, 62–5 human rights See also European Convention; individual rights; international covenants; Universal Declaration consensus on, 206 decolonization (post-1945) and irrelevance argument, 165–71 local struggles, 177–82 post-colonial states, 182–7 rhetoric, 175–7 hypocrisy, 50, 176 individual rights and, 6–7, 13, 36–8 international codification, 151–2, 205 international cultural politics, 205–10 self-determination, 153, 187–91 Ibhawoh, Bonny, 179–81 Ikenberry, John, 202–3 India 1918 tipping point, 48 ancient empire, 15 anticolonial struggle British response, 197 human rights, 177–9 nationalism, 52 Constitution of, 179, 183 independence of, 154 international human rights covenants and, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188 Karachi Resolutions (1931), 178 National Congress, 158, 177–8 Nehru Report, 178 Indian Civil Liberties Union, 179 Indian National Congress, 158, 177–8 Indians (Spanish Empire), 9, 38, 42, 107, 143, 196 indigenous peoples, 38, 109, 196 individual rights See also human rights contentious politics and, 195–8 general rights, 37–8, 63 human rights and, 6–7, 13, 36–8 imperial collapse and causal role, 50–1 crises of legitimacy, 42–6 demand for sovereignty, 46–50 rights by other means, 54–9 inequality, 37–8 www.ebook3000.com Index liberal international order, 202–5 meaning, 36–8 recognition revolutions, 59–66 revenue for rights, 54–6, 57 Spanish-American independence, 106–7, 128–50 special rights, 36–7, 63 pre-Westphalian heteronomy, 78–81 state system development and, 56–7 Westphalian settlement, 10–11, 61, 68–9, 72, 99–101, 103 Indo-China, 157 Indonesia, 157, 188 Indonesian National Party, 158 international covenants on human rights (1966), 10, 151, 153, 168, 179, 182–7, 188, 201 International Criminal Court, 66 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 66 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 66 International Labor Organization, 205 international society international system and, 15–19 meaning, 30 international system definitions, 15–19 expansion See international systemic expansion incorporation and aggregation, 23–5 institutions of sovereignty, 22–3 international society and, 15–19 liberal international order, 202–5 state death, 23–5 international systemic expansion agency and change, 198–201 decolonization (post-1945) See decolonization individual rights and, 56–7 Latin America See Spanish-American independence meaning, 71–2 origins, 15 theories, 15–34 demand for sovereignty, 4–11, 33–4 231 geopolitcs and imperial incapacity, 25–8 global structural economic change, 28–30 incorporation into international society, 30–2 incrementalism, 23 socialization into world culture, 32–3 Versailles See Versailles settlement waves of, 2–11, 19–22 Westphalian settlement See Westphalian settlement Iran, 19, 188 Iraq, 184, 186, 188 Islamic world, 79, 81 Italy, Renaissance, 15 Jackson, Robert, 22, 31, 111, 157, 161–2, 165, 192 Jesuits, 95, 127–8 Jews, 6, 38, 195 Joseph I, King of Portugal, 109, 130–1, 132 Joseph I, King of Spain, 107, 114, 122, 130–1, 132 Jovellanos, Gaspar de, 136 Julius III, Pope, 95 Keene, Edward, 21, 109, 155 King, James, 145 Krasner, Stephen, 69, 73–4, 99 Kupchan, Charles, 111 Lake, David, 26–7, 40 Latin America See Spanish-American independence League of Nations Mandate creation, 20 Mandate system, 156, 163–4, 173–4 race, 172 Lebanon, 183, 188 Lenin, Vladimir Illitch, 160, 173 Leo III, Pope, 81 liberal international order, 202–5 Locke, John, 38, 45, 47, 76, 85, 115 Louis VI, Elector Palatine, 100 Louis XIV, King of France, 102, 124 232 Index Louis XV, King of France, 109 Louis, William R., 159 Low, Anthony, 158 Luther, Martin, 84–8, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 Lutzen, Battle of (1632), 97 ă Lynch, John, 112, 124 Magritte, Ren´e, 210 Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, 96 Maurice of Saxony, Prince Elector, 93 Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, 96 Mexico, 110, 146, 148, 184, 185, 186 Mill, John Stuart, 155 Moeller, Bernd, 91 Monroe Doctrine, 149 Montesquieu, Charles de, 115, 136 Morillo, Pablo, 147–8 Moyn, Samuel, 152, 153, 166–70, 179 Muhlberg, Battle of (1547), 93 Munster, Treaty of (1648), 72, 101 ă Muslims, 6, 38, 195 Nantes, Edict of, 102 Napoleon I, Emperor, 8, 11, 27, 110, 112–13, 115, 129–31 National Congress of British West Africa, 158 National Council for Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), 180 nationalism decolonization and, 51–4, 158–9 definition, 51 natural law, 47, 206 Nazis, 10, 24, 169, 187 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 52, 179 Nehru, Motilal, 178 Netherlands, 21, 24, 72, 97, 101 New Zealand, 185 Newton, Isaac, 115 Nexon, Daniel, 41, 83–4 Nicaragua, 110, 148 Nigeria, 52, 179–81, 187–91, 197 North, Douglass, 55, 57, 58 Olivia, Peace of (1660), 102 Osiander, Andreas, 27 Osnabruck, Treaty of (1648), 72, ă 98101 Ottoman Empire, 19, 30, 102, 161, 171 Pakistan, 184, 186, 188 Panama, 110, 148 Papacy 14th century schism, 82 Council of Trent (1545), 93, 95 Holy Roman Empire and, 69–70, 79–80, 81, 82 Regensburg Diets and, 93 Spain and, 127 territorial grant to Spain, 8, 117–18, 119, 133, 134, 156 Westphalian settlement and, 72 Paraguay, 20, 110, 146, 148 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 109 Passau, Peace of (1552), 93, 98 Paul III, Pope, 95 Peru, 110, 118, 147, 148 Philippines, 185, 188 Philpott, Daniel, 70, 75–6, 82, 162–3, 164 Pius IV, Pope, 95 Poland, 95, 102 Pollis, Adamantia, 182 Portugal emergence of empire, 21 imperial collapse, 20, 106, 111 Napoleonic wars, 129 Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807), 129 UN General Assembly Resolution 637 and, 191 property rights development of concept, 56–9 revenue for rights, 55, 57 Protestant Reformation See Reformation crisis of Latin Christendom, 77 ideas in movement, 88–97 ideology, 75–6 individual rights and, 6, 7–8, 77 legitimate political authority, 81–8 moral individualism, 69, 81–8, 91, 208 religious freedom, 46 Puerto Rico, 112 www.ebook3000.com Index race decolonization and, 162 human rights and, 196 scientific racism, 164 self-determination and, 172–4 Spanish Empire and, 9, 107 Raz, Joseph, 11, 45 realism, systemic change and, Reformation See Protestant Reformation Regensburg, Diets of (1541 and 1546), 7, 10, 48, 78, 90, 92–3, 197 responsibility to protect, 66 Reus-Smit, Christian, Moral Purpose of the State, 13, 22, 70, 71, 199, 200, 204 revenue for rights, 54–6, 57 Richelieu, Cardinal, 97 Robinson, Ronald., 159 Roeder, Philip, 49 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 115, 136 Rubinson, Richard, 28 Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, 96 Ruggie, John, 56–9, 203, 211 San Francisco Conference (1945), 182 San Martin, Jos´e de, 115, 147 Saudi Arabia, 188 Schmalkalden League, 92 Schwab, Peter, 182 Schwarzenberger, George, 192 self-determination, right of See also United Nations human rights forums, 31, 51, 153, 187–91, 209–10 international covenants on human rights, 188, 209–10 negotiating, 187–91 post-1945 decolonization, 209–10 Seven Years’ War, 109, 125, 127 United Nations, 156, 188 Versailles settlement (1919), 153, 169 Shue, Henry, 36, 38 Sikkink, Kathryn, 201 Simmons, Beth, 151 Simpson, Brian, 165 Skinner, Quentin, 176 slavery, 163 233 slaves individual rights and, 38, 196 Spanish Empire, 9, 42, 107, 141–2, 143 social Darwinism, 164 sociological institutionalism, 32–3, 49 South African Native National Congress, 158 sovereignty absolutism and Spanish-American independence, 108–11, 119–23 de jure or de facto, 20 Latin America, 148–9 decolonization (post-1945), 20, 23, 161–3 demand for, 4–11, 33–4, 46–50 European empires and institution of, 155 institutions, 22–3 international criminal courts and, 66 international criminal tribunals and, 66 negative and positive, 31 responsibility to protect and, 66 settled norms, 197–8 Spanish Empire, 49, 119–23 sovereign rights of peoples, 131–5 Westphalian settlement, 23, 49, 68–77 Soviet Union collapse, 2, 21, 22 post-1945 imperialism, 160 support for nationalism, 161 UN human rights and, 153, 183, 185, 186 Spain–Netherlands Treaty (1648), 72, 101 Spanish-American independence See also Spanish Empire 1812 General Cortes debate, 135–44 absolutism and, 108–11, 119–23 British support, 26, 29 catalytic factors, 128–31 Creoles See Creoles impact on international system, 108–11 individual rights and causal role, 50, 149–50 old and new ideas, 209 recognition, 61 234 Index Spanish-American independence (cont.) sovereign rights of peoples, 131–5 nationalism and, 51, 52, 53, 172 revolutions, 144–9 sovereignty, 20 de jure or de facto, 148–9 institutions, 23 Spanish Empire 1492 capitulacion, 133–4 1812 Constitution Bourbon restoration, 147 constitutional monarchy, 132–3 discrimination, 9, 107 effect, 144–5 liberalism, 130, 138 political representation, 8, 11 1812 General Cortes of Cadiz alienation, 135–44 divisions, 8, 107 focus of insurgency, 130 nature of empire, 134 political representation, 50, 150 tipping point, 48 1814 Bourbon restoration, 29, 147, 197 absolutism, 108–11, 119–23, 124, 125 Bourbon reforms, 117–28 Napoleonic invasion, 8, 11, 27, 107, 112–13, 115, 129–31 Reconquista, 123, 147 Seven Years’ War, 125, 127 Spain–Netherlands Treaty (1648), 72, 101 Thirty Years’ War, 97 UN General Assembly Resolution 637 and, 191 Spanish Succession, War of (1701–13), 70, 108 Spruyt, Hendrik, 29, 74–5, 76 Strang, David, 29 Suarez, Francisco, 120–2 ´ Sweden, 72, 97, 102, 129 Syria, 185, 186, 188 systemic change, Tarling, Nicholas, 160 Thirty Years’ War, 27, 68, 69, 74, 78, 96–7 See also Westphalian settlement Tilly, Charles, 54–5, 57, 58 Torrero, Diego Munoz, 139 ˜ Trent, Council of (1545), 93, 95 UNESCO, 205 United Kingdom See also Britain Atlantic Charter (1941), 153, 174, 180 Danish alliance (1625), 97 empire, 26 American colonies, 33 Canadian colonies, 110 collapse, 161, 162–3, 164 differential entitlements, 42 India See India Nigerian independence struggle, 179–81, 197 response to colonial movements, 197 hegemony, 204 Latin American independence and, 26, 29, 149 United Nations and human rights covenants, 185–6 self-determination, 190 UN General Assembly Resolution 637, 191 United Nations Charter, 188–9 Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories, 153 decolonization and 1960 Declaration, 20, 154, 157, 190–1 debates, 26 delegitimation of empire, 11 early pro-empire stance, 168 General Assembly Resolution 422 (1950), 185 General Assembly Resolution 637 (1952), 188–9, 190 General Assembly Resolution 2621 (1970), 156, 191 human rights and, 197 See also international covenants (1966); self determination, right of; Universal Declaration of Human Rights www.ebook3000.com Index Bandung Communiqu´e, 167 international covenants (1966), 10, 151, 153, 168, 179, 182–7, 188, 201 negotiation process, 10 priorities, 204 rhetoric, 176 self-determination, see self-determination, rights of, 31, 51, 153, 187–91, 209–10 number of members, 19 original Western domination, 182 San Francisco Conference (1945), 182 Trusteeship human rights forums, 31, 51, 153, 187–91, 209–10 international covenants, 188, 209–10 post-1945 decolonization, 209–10 trusteeship system, 156, 164 United States Atlantic Charter (1941), 174 Declaration of Independence (1776), 106 decolonization, 30, 33 hegemony, 28–9, 203, 204–5 independence, 109 Latin America, recognition, 148–9 liberal hegemony, 203, 204–5 Monroe Doctrine, 149 post-1945 imperialism, 160, 161 Revolution, 111, 113 support for decolonization, 26, 28–9 United Nations and human rights covenants, 183–4, 185, 188 self-determination, 156, 188 UN General Assembly Resolution 637, 191 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 10, 151, 153, 166, 182–3, 186, 195 Uribe, Victor, 112 235 Uruguay, 110 Utrecht, Peace of (1713), 70, 106, 108, 124 Valiente, Juan Pablo, 139 Venezuela, 110, 145, 146, 147, 148 Versailles settlement (1919) See also self-determination, right of decolonization and, 22, 171–4 nationalism and, 51 significance, 22 Vienna, Congress of (1815), 61, 110 Vincent, John, 38, 76, 196, 207 Voltaire, 115 Waldron, Jeremy, 11, 45 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 28 Waltz, Kenneth, 18, 23, 198, 203 Watson, Adam, 25, 26, 112 Weber, Max, 4, 39–40 Wendt, Alexander, 61 Westphalian settlement (1648) See also Munster, Treaty of; ă Osnabruck, Treaty of ă confessional communities, 53 crisis of Latin Christendom and, 77 crisis of legitimacy, 44 Habsburg hegemony, 103–4 impact, 69–72 individual rights and, 10–11, 68–9, 99–101, 103 de jure recognition, 61, 72 lasting settlement, national identities, 172 origins, 68–97 overview, 97–102 religious freedom, 37, 38, 50, 99–101 scholarly debate, 7, 72–7 significance, 68, 98, 102–5 sovereignty, 23, 49, 68–77 states without rights, rights without states, 72–7 tipping point, 48 treaties, 72 White Mountain, Battle of (1620), 96 236 Index Wight, Martin, 16 Wilhelm of Hesse, 93 Willink Commission, 181 Wilson, Woodrow, 160, 172–3 world culture, socialization into, 32–3 Wright, Thomas, 41 Yugoslavian collapse, 2, 21, 22 Zwingli, Ulrich, 89 www.ebook3000.com ... decolonization; and the fifth was a consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the former Yugoslav Federation Of these, the Westphalian, Latin American, and post-1945 waves had the greatest... stage in the following chapters; namely, the relationship between struggles over individual rights, the fragmentation of empires, and the expansion of the international system Understanding these... making of the global sovereign order christian reus-smit is a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland Among