A democratic audit of the european union (one europe or several)

A Democratic Audit of the European Union One Europe or Several? Series Editor: Helen Wallace The One Europe or Several? series examines contemporary processes of political, security, economic, social and cultural change across the European continent, as well as issues of convergence/divergence and prospects for integration and fragmentation Many of the books in the series are cross-country comparisons; others evaluate the European institutions, in particular the European Union and NATO, in the context of eastern enlargement Titles include: Sarah Birch ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE Sarah Birch, Frances Millard, Marina Popescu and Kieran Williams EMBODYING DEMOCRACY Electoral System Design in Post-Communist Europe Andrew Cottey, Timothy Edmunds and Anthony Forster (editors) DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF THE MILITARY IN POSTCOMMUNIST EUROPE Guarding the Guards Anthony Forster, Timothy Edmunds and Andrew Cottey (editors) THE CHALLENGE OF MILITARY REFORM IN POSTCOMMUNIST EUROPE Building Professional Armed Forces Anthony Forster, Timothy Edmunds and Andrew Cottey (editors) SOLDIERS AND SOCIETIES IN POSTCOMMUNIST EUROPE Legitimacy and Change Andrew Jordan THE EUROPEANIZATION OF BRITISH ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY A Departmental Perspective Christopher Lord A DEMOCRACTIC AUDIT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Valsamis Mitsilegas, Jorg Monar and Wyn Rees THE EUROPEAN UNION AND INTERNAL SECURITY Guardian of the People? Helen Wallace (editor) INTERLOCKING DIMENSIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION One Europe or Several? Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–94630–8 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England A Democratic Audit of the European Union Christopher Lord Jean Monnet Professor of European Politics, University of Leeds, UK © Christopher Lord 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-43173-1 ISBN 978-1-4039-4816-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403948168 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lord, Christopher A Democratic Audit of the European Union / Christopher Lord p cm – (One Europe or Several?) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978- 0–333–99282–2 (cloth) European Union Democracy I Title II Series JN40.L67 2004 341.242Ј2—dc22 10 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 2003062316 Contents List of Tables and Figures viii List of Abbreviations ix What is a Democratic Audit? Introduction Why undertake a Democratic Audit of the EU? Evaluation in political science Democratic Auditing explained Conclusion Auditing Democracy in the European Union Introduction Justifications for a democratic EU Difficulties in making the EU democratic Tests of a democratic EU Units of assessment Sources of evidence Conclusion Citizenship 15 16 16 16 20 23 29 36 39 40 Introduction Identity Trust Rights Knowledge and understanding Participation Conclusion: the ‘no demos’ thesis revisited v 40 43 47 50 53 64 71 vi Contents Consent Introduction The EU, democracy beyond the state and the problem of institutional choice Intergovernmental conferences Treaty ratification Towards the convention method Conclusion Representation Introduction National territorial representation Regional representation Interest representation Ideological representation Conclusion: the EU as compounded representation? Accountability (The Commission) Introduction to chapters on accountability Three models of Commission accountability Control by elected governments of Member States Control by the European Parliament Control by stakeholders, the role of consultation and transparency Conclusion to the assessment of the Commission Accountability (The Council) Introduction National elections National parliaments Checks and balances? The European Parliament and the Council Conclusion to chapters on accountability Constitutionalism, Democracy and the European Union Introduction The European Central Bank 74 74 75 77 82 86 94 96 96 98 108 111 115 127 130 130 132 136 139 155 160 162 162 164 165 182 195 197 197 198 Contents vii The European Court of Justice A well-divided system of government? Conclusion Conclusion The ‘no democratic deficit thesis’ Democratic Auditing: the ‘third way’? What is to be done? 209 214 217 219 219 221 226 Notes 229 Bibliography 231 Index 248 List of Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 European Union Democratic Audit (EUDA) tests The three pillars of the EU and their policy content The institutions of the EU Policy instruments of the EU Satisfaction with democracy in the EU Public identification with the EU Trust in Union institutions and in other EU nationals Measures of media freedom in EU Member States Public Knowledge of the EU Turn-out to European elections Differential participation in 1999 European elections according to sociological characteristics Composition of the Conventions Representation of Member States on the Council and EP, and its proportionality to population size The party politics of the EU MEP role conceptions Ex ante accountability MEPs’ assessment of their influence under the investiture procedure Ex post accountability MEPs’ assessments of their powers to censure the Commission MEPs’ overall assessment of their powers to control the Commission and Council The salience of EU issues in National General Elections National parliaments and the EU Legislative inclusion/exclusion of the EP under Amsterdam 28 30 32 34 37 45 48 51 55 64 68 88 100 116 127 142 145 154 164 170 185 Figures 3.1 Percentage of those who have recently heard about the EP through the media 5.1 Trade-off between representation of states and populations on the Council How far does the practice deviate from the ideal? viii 61 103 List of Abbreviations AEM AEBR AFSJ ARUP CALRE CAP CEMR CFSP CoR COREPER COSAC Association of Mountainous Regions Assembly of European Border Regions Area of Freedom, Security and Justice Assembly of the Outermost Regions Conference of European Legislative Assemblies Common Agricultural Policy Conference of Peripheral Mountainous Regions of Europe Common Foreign and Security Policy Committee of the Regions Committee of Permanent Representatives Conference of the Parliaments of the EU (European and national) CPRM Conference of Peripheral Coastal Regions DG Directorates-General of the European Commission EAC European Affairs Committees (of National Parliaments) ECB European Central Bank ECHR European Convention on Human Rights (Council of Europe) ECJ European Court of Justice EDD Europe of Democracies and Diversities EFA European Free Alliance (Regionalist Parties) EFGP European Federation of Green Parties ELDR European Liberal Democratic and Reform Party EMU Economic and Monetary Union EP European Parliament EPP European People’s Party ESDP European Security and Defence Policy EUL European United Left Eurojust European Authority for Criminal Justice Adjudication Europol European Police Office IGC Intergovernmental Conference INTEREG Inter-regional Agreements JHA Justice and Home Affairs MEPs Members of European Parliament OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OJ Official Journal of the European Union ix 242 Bibliography Magnette, P (2000a) L’Europe L’État et la Démocratie, Bruxelles, Editions Complexes Magnette, P (2000b) ‘Le principe démocratique au-delà de la représentation’ in P Magnette (ed.) 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Arnull, A 211–12 Arter, D 172, 174 Assembly of European Border Regions (AEMBR) 108 Assembly of the Outermost Regions (ARUP) 108 Assent procedure see legislative procedures Association of Mountainous Regions (AEM) 108 Austria 37, 42, 45–6, 48, 51, 54–7, 64, 83–4, 100, 105, 109, 168–70, 176 Authorisation 10, 13, 28, 78, 173, 223 Bangladesh Bank of England 202, 208 Bardi, L 117 Barro, R 200 Bauman, Z 112 Beetham, D 1, 10, 18, 26, 148 Belgium 37, 45–6, 48, 51, 55–6, 64–5, 84, 94, 100, 104–5, 109, 111, 141, 170–1, 173 Bellamy, R 5, 7, 16, 28 Benz, A 127 Bergman, T 171 Berlusconi, S 50 Blair, T 149 Blondel, J 54, 57–9, 61, 65–7, 69–70, 119, 171, 175 Boer Den, M 194 Bogaards, M 26 Bogdanor, V 23 Böge, R 147 Bollen, K Bonchek, M 8, 13 Bostock, D 107, 162 Bréchon, P 68, 123 Briault, C 207 Brunell, T 212 BSE (Mad Cow Disase) 62–3, 147–9 Buchanan, J 204 Budget (of the EU) 32–3, 136, 149, 151–2, 186–7, 189, 192 Buiter, W 200, 204–5, 208 Buintenweg, K 187 Bundesbank 205 Búrca de, G 213, 216 Burke, E 99, 181 Busquin, P 141 Canada 199 Caporaso, J 209, 211 Castiglione, D 5, 7, 16, 28 Catalonia 110 Centre for Democratic Governance (Munich) 14 Christian Democrat Political Family 117 Christiansen, T 74, 134 Chryssochoou, D 26, 43 Citizenship 2, 3, 10, 28, 39–73, 223, 226 Capabilities 54, 73, 112, 120 Relationship to national citizenship 40 Treaty provisions on 40–1 Clergerie, J.-L 145 Co-decision procedure see legislative procedures Cohesion Policy 30, 56, 108 248 Index 249 Comitology controls 39, 49, 98, 107, 137–9, 154, 157, 180, 188–9, 215, 217 Commission (see European Commission) Committee of Independent Experts 146, 148–50, 226 Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) 107, 162–3, 169, 178, 182, 215 Committee of the Regions (COR) 31, 55, 109–10 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 30, 56, 59, 80, 107, 185, 189 Common Arrest Warrant 178, 192 Common Commercial Policy 30, 56, 80 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 18, 30–2, 34–5, 39, 56, 101, 105, 151, 155, 162–3, 166–7, 184, 189–95, 220 Common Positions 34–5 Common Strategies 34, 190 Constructive Abstention 35 Joint Actions 34–5 Common Transport Policy 30, 56 Communitarianism 44 Community Method 31, 134, 163, 215 Competence Catalogue of 214, 217 Demarcation of 87, 214–18 Competition Policy 30 Conciliation Committees 143, 173, 178–9, 186 Conference of European Legislative Assemblies (CALRE) 108 Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions of Europe (CEMBR) 108 Consent 2, 67, 74–95 Conservative Political Family 117 Constitutional Court (proposal for) 216–17 Constitutionalism 2, 29, 132, 197–220 Consultation 31, 156–8 Consultative committees 137–8, 157, 177 Consultation procedure see legislative procedures Consumer Policy 30, 56 Conventions 74, 86–95 on the future of Europe 3, 23, 36, 38, 55, 82, 87–95, 105, 121, 134, 165, 169, 171, 178–80, 191, 215–16 on European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights 39, 53, 86–95 Co-operation procedure see legislative procedures Co-ordination of Regions with Legislative Power (REGLEG) 108 Copenhagen criteria (for states to accede to EU membership) 18 Coppedge, M Corbett, R 6, 101, 120, 146, 152–3, 193 COSAC 84, 110, 167–8, 174, 177, 180 Cosmopolitanism 44 Costa, O 210 Costa Neves, C 187 Costa vs Enel case (1964) 41, 209 Council of Ministers 3, 4, 23, 25, 30–2, 34–5, 38–9, 42, 49, 55–8, 67, 74, 78, 80–1, 87, 89, 99–100, 102–7, 109–11, 117–18, 124, 128–9, 132, 134–5, 138–9, 143, 149, 153–6, 160–96, 201, 203–5, 210–11, 214–15, 218–27 Council of Economic and Finance Ministers (EcoFin) 163, 204–5 General Affairs Council(GAC) 163 Justice and Home Affairs Council 191 Presidency 32, 52, 56, 62, 87, 93, 98–9, 102, 111, 133, 153–4, 178, 185–6, 201, 204–5 Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) 31, 34, 47, 80–2, 87, 99–100, 102–7, 128, 138, 176–7, 187–8 Secretary-General 163 Sectoral Councils 32, 162, 179 Working Groups 32, 107, 138, 162–3, 178–9, 182, 215 250 Index Court of Auditors 30, 152, 160 Cowen, B 92 Cox, P 153 Cram, L 133 Crawford, G Crepaz, M 26 Crombez, C 5, 183–4, 219, 220–1, 226 Curtin, D 78 Customs Union 185 Czech Republic 81 Dahl, R 9, 20, 43 Decisions (legislative) 34 Dehaene, J.-L 88 Dehousse, R 179 Deliberative opinion polling 37 Della Salla, V 77, 78 Delors, J 58 Delwit, P 69 Democracy Assessment of 1, 9–16 Concurrent Consent 25–9, 40, 43, 97–8, 129, 164, 198, 217, 221–3 Consensus 2, 23–4, 29, 47, 73, 76, 79, 195, 221–3, 226 Consequential justifications 7, 19, 27 Consociational 3, 25–9, 40, 43, 72, 79, 97–9, 101–2, 105, 128, 164, 198, 217, 221–3 Definition of 10 Deliberative 24–5, 27–9, 47, 49–50, 53, 76, 81, 90–5, 113 Direct 3, 23, 25, 96, 135 Indirect 3, 23, 25, 96, 135 Intrinsic justifications 7, 18–19, 28 Majoritarian 3, 17, 23–4, 44–5, 47, 79, 132–3, 195, 198, 227 Parliamentary 23 Participatory (see Direct) Presidential 23 Representative (see Indirect) Strategic 24–5 Democratic Audit 1, 9–16, 28–9, 31, 35–41, 72–3, 76–7, 80, 94–5, 97–8, 102, 106, 128–29, 132–3, 161, 164–5, 172, 196, 198, 217, 219, 221, 223 Democratic Deficit 1, 4–7, 78, 166 Denmark 37, 45–6, 48, 51, 55–7, 64–5, 82, 100–3, 105, 109, 168–78, 194 Dewey, J 24 Development Policy 30 Diamond, L Dimitrakopoulos, D 166, 168 Directives 34, 180 Döring, H 174 Drewry, A 174 Duff, A 194 Duisenberg, W 206 Dworkin, R 197 Earnshaw, D 184–5 Easton, D 75 Economic and Finance Committee 162 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 30, 32, 35, 56, 59, 62–3, 117, 162, 164–5, 167, 189, 198–209 Broad Economic Policy Guidelines 189 Stability and Growth Pact 167, 189 Economic and Social Committee (ESC) 31, 113 Eijffinger, S 199, 202, 208 Eleftheriadis, P 41 Elkins, Z 13 El Salvador Elster, J 47, 78, 91 Employment Policy 30, 56, 117 Enlargement (of the EU) 4, 61–2, 65, 81, 87–8, 108, 168, 176, 193 Environmental Policy 56 Eriksen, E 25 Esslinger, T 127 ETA (Basque Terrorist Group) 52 Eurobarometer 17, 36–7, 43–6, 48–9, 54–61, 68–9, 71, 91–2 EUROCITIES 108 European Authority for Criminal Justice Adjudication (Eurojust) 31, 163, 190–1 Index 251 European Central Bank (ECB) 31, 33, 38–9, 55, 57, 132, 191, 198–209, 217–18, 225 Executive Council 33, 198–201, 203–4, 206–8 Governing Council 33, 198–9, 201, 204–5, 207–8 President 33, 198–9, 201, 206–7 European Charter on Human Rights (ECHR) 52 European Commission 3, 17–18, 23, 25, 30–5, 38–9, 44–6, 49, 54, 57–9, 65, 67, 74, 78, 80, 82, 87–8, 98–9, 105, 109–11, 114–15, 124, 128–62, 167, 169, 177–80, 182–7, 191,193, 195–6, 201–3, 205, 211, 215–17, 219, 221–2, 224–7 Annual Legislative Programme 134, 153 Censure by European Parliament 39, 65, 144–51, 154 College of Commissioners 32, 80, 87, 99, 136, 139–45, 147, 149–51 Directorates General (DG) 32, 147, 150, 152–4, 158, 186 Executive Functions 32, 98–9, 133, 136–8 Forward Studies Unit (FSU) 114–15, 136 As international negotiator 32, 133 Investiture by European Parliament 39, 45–6, 87, 139–43, 147 Legal guardian role 133 Legislative proposals by 32, 133–4, 137–8, 153, 156–7, 177–8, 217 President 23, 25, 44–5, 58, 87, 99, 136, 139–43, 150 White Paper on Governance 37, 110–11, 115, 134–5, 215 European Council 23, 30, 32, 34, 44–5, 53, 57–8, 62–3, 78, 83, 85, 87–9, 93, 98, 101, 117, 124, 134–5, 156, 163, 178, 182, 199, 201, 205, 209, 212–13, 215 Amsterdam (1997) 82, 117, 214 Cologne (1999) 53, 86–8, 92, 94 Copenhagen (1993) 13, 18 Edinburgh (1993) 83 Laeken (2001) 3, 23, 86–7, 94, 121 Maastricht (1991) 3, 117, 140 Nice (2000) 3, 37, 39, 80–1, 84–5 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 30–1, 33, 35, 41, 52–3, 55, 57, 72, 74, 78, 133, 135, 160, 180, 190, 198–9, 209–13, 216–17, 219, 225 Appointments of Judges and Advocates-General 209, 212–13 Court of the First Instance 209 Preliminary Rulings 209 European Elections see under European Parliament European Federation of Green Parties (EFGP) 116 European Free Alliance (EFA) of Regionalist Parties 116 Europeanisation 44, 176, 215 European Liberal Democratic and Reform Party (ELDR) 251 Federation 116 Group in the European Parliament 101, 116, 120, 144 European Parliament 3, 4, 6, 17, 23, 25, 30–5, 38, 42, 44–5, 48, 52–3, 55, 57, 59–62, 65–9, 74, 78, 80–2, 87–91, 97, 99, 101–5, 109–11, 115–24, 126, 128–9, 133–5, 139–56, 160–1, 165–8, 170, 173–4, 178–96, 199–201, 203–11, 215, 217–19, 222–6 Alignments in 118–20, 123–5 Budgetary Powers 33, 139, 151–3, 192–3 Censure of Commission 33, 39, 65, 139, 144–51, 154 Committees 33, 67, 101, 123–4, 140–1, 143, 153–4, 193 Conference of Presidents 148 Constitutional Affairs Committee 6, 97, 167 Discharge Procedure 39, 139, 149, 152–3 252 Index European Parliament – continued Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee (EMAC) 201, 205–6, 208 Elections 3, 33, 38, 40–1, 53, 55, 59, 61–73, 82, 87, 100, 105, 111–12, 119–25, 129, 139, 141, 196, 218, 224–8 Investiture of Commission 33, 39, 87, 139–43, 147 Legislative powers (see also Legislative procedures of the EU) 33, 139, 192–3, 196 Monetary Dialogue with ECB 39, 201, 204–9 National Party Delegations 33, 101, 117–18, 122, 127, 141 Parliamentary Questions 33, 139 Party Groups 33, 67, 101, 116–27, 141–6, 148, 207 Petitions Committee 153 Special Committees of Enquiry 33, 139, 147–9, 183 European Parliament Research Group (EPRG) 127 European Patents Office 31 European People’s Party (EPP) Federation 116–17, 124 Group in the European Parliament 91, 101, 116, 120, 124, 141, 144 European Police Office (Europol) 31, 163, 190–1 European Police Training College 190 European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) 162, 194 European Union Law of 27, 41, 72, 209–13 Pillars of 29–36, 39, 155, 167, 190–4, 215 Treaties of 30–2, 34–6, 40, 52–3, 67, 74–86, 99, 133, 135–7, 156, 163, 185, 198, 201–2, 204–5, 209–12, 215–16 European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights 53, 72, 81, 84–7, 135 European United Left (EUL) 116 Europe of Democratic Diversities (EDD) 116 Eurosceptics 117, 172, 175 Everson, M 133 Expert Committees 137–8 External borders 108 Fabius, L 204 Far Left 117 Far Right 117 Farrell, D 126 Federal Political Systems, 6, 80, 109–11, 126 Ferry, J.-M 28 Flexible Integration 35–6 Finland 37, 45–6, 48, 51, 55–6, 64, 84, 100, 103, 105, 109–10, 168–70, 172–3, 178, 187 Fischer, J 37 Fishkin, J 37 Fitzmaurice, J 176 Føllesdal, A 47 Forster, A 85 Fortescue, J 190 Fossum, J.-E 125 Franchino, F 49 Franklin, M 65–6, 69, 82 France 37, 45–6, 48, 51–2, 55–9, 62–4, 70, 81, 100, 104–5, 109, 146, 164, 168, 170, 172, 213 Freedom House 50–2 Freedom Party (Austria) 42 Free Movement 30, 210 Fukuyama, F 18 Garcia, G 62–3 Garrett, G 183, 213 Germany 37, 41, 45–6, 48, 51, 55–7, 59, 62–5, 82–4, 100, 102–5, 109, 111, 169–171, 173, 205, 213 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 41, 111 Länder 111, 169–71, 173 Gerstlé, J 69 Giddens, A 11 Giddings, P 174 Giscard D’Estaing, V 88, 90–4 Gordon, D 200 Gray, M 81 Greece 37, 45–6, 48, 51–2, 55–6, 64–5, 100, 104–5, 110, 153, 170–1, 173 Index 253 Greens (European Parliament Group) 101, 116, 120, 144, 147 Green Movement 117 Greenwood, J 112 Grogan case (1991) 210 Haan, J de 199, 202, 208 Habermas, J 18–19, 24–5, 47, 76, 86, 96, 197, 220 Hadenius, A Haider, J 42 Hain 90–1 Hallstein, W 163 Hayes-Renshaw, F 163 Hegeland, H 168, 171 Held, D 2, 60, 120 Héritier, A 155, 158 Hibbs, D 199 Hitzel-Cassagnes, T 49 Hix, S 2, 98, 101, 103, 117–18, 121, 127, 140–1, 179, 212 Holmberg, S 164 Hungary 81 Iceland 22 Identity 2–3, 18, 21–2, 39, 41, 43–7, 52, 68–9, 72–3, 75, 77, 126, 166, 223 Immigration and asyslum 30 Industrial Policy 30 (INTEREG) Inter-regional Agreements 108 Interest Representation 4, 86, 111–15, 128–9, 157–8, 223 Intergovernmental Conferences 3, 35–6, 39, 74, 77–82, 84–6, 88–91, 93–5 Inter-institutional Agreements 74, 149 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft case (1970) 41 Ireland 22, 37, 45–6, 48, 51, 55–6, 64–5, 83–4, 100, 103–5, 110, 170–1, 176–7, 194 Isoglucose case (1980) 210 Italy 1, 37, 45–6, 48, 50–1, 55–6, 62–5, 84, 105, 109, 111, 170, 175 Jacobs, F 146 Jansen, T 101 Japan 199 Joerges, C 113 Johansson, K.-M 101, 117, 175 Judge, D 184–5 Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) 30–2, 35, 39, 56, 101–2, 105, 151, 155, 162, 166–7, 177, 184, 189–95, 212–13, 220 K.4 Committee 162, 215 Kahnemann, D 75 Kalandrakis, A 185 Karl, T 12–13 Karlsson, C Kassim, H 136 Katz, R 5, 25, 165, 197 Kenya Keohane, R 130 Kohl, H 140 Kohler-Koch, B 150 Korea, South Krehbiel, K 181 Kreppel, A 124, 184 Kux, J 22 Kydland, F 200 Laffan, B 186 Lane, J.-E 106, 176 Laver, M 140 Legislative Procedures of the EU Assent 34, 42, 104, 185, 203 Co-decision 31, 34, 39, 80, 87, 99, 104, 110, 128, 173, 178–9, 183–8, 192, 196, 216 Consultation 34, 185 Co-operation 34, 184–5 Legitimacy 1, 3, 8, 17, 43, 76, 132, 207–8 Lequesne, C 149 Le Torrec, V 62–3 Levitt, M 204 Lewis, J 107 Liberal Intergovernmentalism 79, 213, 222 Liberal Political Family 117 Lijphart, A 24, 26 Lipset, S.M Lohmann, S 202, 204, 207 254 Index Lord, C 5, 18, 26, 77, 101, 117, 121, 140–1, 148, 158, 204 Lucas, R 200 Lukes, S 20 Luxembourg 37, 45–6, 48, 51, 54–7, 64–5, 84, 94, 100, 105, 110, 170 MacIntyre, A 130 Magnette, P 77, 90–1, 160, 187, 222 Mair, P 165 Majone, G 112, 126, 132–3, 137, 197, 201, 208 Major, J 85 Malawi Management Committees 138 Manin, B 77 March, J 22, 60, 75, 107, 120, 132, 160, 202, 208 Matilla, M 70, 106, 176 Maurer, A 89, 171, 184–5 Mazey, S 86 McKelvey, R 13, 75 Media 10, 50–1, 60–4, 69, 84, 119, 123, 166 Menon, A 136 Mény, Y 197–8, 219–20 Military Committee 162 Mill, J.S 24, 96, 133 Miller, D 24, 107 Moberg, A 81, 103, 105 Money Laundering Directive 192 Moore, M Moravcsik, A 74, 77, 79, 219 Moser, P National Elections 64–71, 164–5, 220 National Parliaments 3, 21, 27, 38, 41, 48, 53, 74, 78, 82–90, 94–5, 99, 132, 135, 154, 164–82, 188, 191, 196, 198, 207, 210–11, 216, 218, 220–1, 225–7 Assemblée Nationale/Sénat (France) 167–8, 170, 172 Assembleia da Republica (Portugal) 170–1 Bundestag/Bundesrat (Austria) 168–70, 176 Bundestag/Bundesrat (Germany) 85, 111, 169–70, 173 Chambre/Sénat (Belgium) 170–1, 173 Chambre des Deputés (Luxembourg) 170 Camera dei Deputati (Italy) 170, 175 Congreso de los Diputados/Senado (Spain) 170–1, 180 Dail/Seanad (Ireland) 84, 170–1, 176–7 Eduskunta (Finland) 84, 168–73, 178, 187 Eerste/Tweede Kamer (Netherlands) 170 Folketing (Denmark) 83, 168–78 House of Commons/Lords (UK) 84, 170, 174, 177 Riksdag (Sweden) 84, 168–73 Subsidiarity and 216, 218 Vouli ton Ellinon (Greece) 170–1, 173 Netherlands, The 37, 45–6, 48, 51, 55–6, 63–5, 94, 100, 102, 104–5, 109, 169, 170, 205 Network Governance 112–15, 150–1, 155–6, 195, 215 Neuhold, C 124, 168, 171 New Zealand Neyer, J 27, 113 Niedermayer, O 49 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) 114 Nordhaus, W 199 Norway 22 Nugent, N 133, 137 Offe, C 47, 49 Office for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products 31 Olsen, J 22, 60, 75, 107, 120, 132, 160, 202, 208 Olson, M 114 Ombudsman 39, 135, 160 Open method of Co-ordination 167, 189 Optem Survey 54–8 (OECD) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 199 Ostrom, E Index 255 Page, E 150 Participation, 2, 10, 13, 43, 64–71, 78, 218 Party Federations 116–19, 121–2 Party of European Socialists Federation 116–17, 124 Group in the European Parliament 91, 101, 116, 120, 124, 144–6 Pennings, P 174 Permissive Consensus 3, 172 Peters, B.G 18 Peterson, J 113, 151, 158–9 Pettit, P 19–20 Pierson, P 19, 75, 118 Plamenatz, J 13, 130 Political Committee 162, 215 Political Equality 10, 12, 17, 19, 76, 95, 222 Pollack, M 77, 114, 136–7 Portugal 37, 45–6, 48, 51, 55–6, 64, 84, 100, 105, 110, 170–1 Popper, K 15 Powell, G Bingham 19, 24 Prescott, E 200 Prodi, R 39, 140–1, 147 Lex Prodi 150 Proportionality 214–15 Public Control 10, 12, 17, 19, 28, 131, 134, 136, 152, 160–1, 167, 179, 182–3, 195–6, 199, 201, 210, 213–15, 225 Public Health issues 30 Public Sphere 3, 86, 91, 95, 166, 224, 226 Putnam, R Quermonne, J.-L 21 Radaelli, C 138 Randzio-Plath, C 206 Ranney, A 116 Raunio, T 122, 172, 175, 179 Rawls, J 47, 75–6 Referendums 23, 25, 50, 61, 74, 78, 82–6, 95, 227–8 Regions 42, 72, 83, 108–11, 128–9 Regional legislatures 41, 108–9 Regulations (legislative instrument) 34, 180 Regulatory Committees 138 Reif, K 119 Reinicke, W Representation 2, 3, 22, 28, 31, 39, 67–8, 96–131, 223 Research and Technology Policy 30 Responsiveness 31, 83, 109 Richardson, J 86 Rights 2, 7, 10, 18–19, 22, 27–8, 39–41, 50–3, 77, 79, 90, 94, 126, 160, 197–8, 210, 212, 225–6 Rinsche, G 120 Rivaud, P 149 Rogoff, K 202 Romania 81 Rozenberg, O 170–1, 175 Ruben, D Rule of Law 10, 197, 210–11 Ryan, A 18 Santer, J 39, 140–1, 144–50, 152, 226 Scharpf, F 6, 79–80, 138, 166 Schattsneider, E 97 Schengen Accord 22, 35, 190, 194 Schmitt, H 119, 125–6 Schmitter, P 12–13, 16–17, 21, 105, 111 Schönlau, J 53, 91, 94 Schreyer, M 147 Schumpeter, J 130 Scully, R 126 Shackleton, M 146–7 Shaw, J 27 Shepsle, K 8, 13, 140 Simmenthal II case (1978) 41 Single European Act (SEA) 31, 75 Single Market 59 Sinnott, R 54 Social Policy 30, 56 Socialist/Social Democratic Political Family 117 Sousa, P de 203 Spain 37, 44–6, 48–9, 51–2, 55–6, 64–5, 70, 100, 105, 109–11, 146, 170–1, 180 Spinelli, A Spiro, H 131 256 Index Stone Sweet, A 41, 209, 211–12 Stuart, G 180 Stubb, A 81 Subsidiarity 28, 180, 214–16 Sverdrup, U 84, 86 Sweden 37, 44–6, 48, 51, 55–7, 64–5, 84, 100, 105, 109, 164, 168–72 Thomassen, J 125–6 Torreblanco, J 105 Trans European Networks 30 Transparency 10, 31, 154–6, 158–60, 182–3, 188, 202, 208, 212, 220, 225 Transport Policy 30 Treaty Formation 30–1, 35–6, 74, 77–82, 86–95, 99, 101, 126, 137, 166–7, 176, 184, 204–5, 207, 211–13, 216, 218, 222–3, 226 Treaty Ratification 30, 41, 74, 78, 82–6, 89, 95, 167, 211 Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) 30–1, 36, 75, 84, 89, 106, 141, 158–9, 167, 177, 185, 194, 214 Treaty of Nice (2001) 31, 36, 75, 80–2, 84–5, 98, 100–2, 104–5, 176 Treaty on European Union (TEU) (1992) 18, 30–1, 40–1, 75, 82–6, 104, 109, 140, 147, 149, 167, 203, 205 Trondal, J 138–9 Trust in the EU 43, 47–50, 72 Tsebelis, G 81, 183–5 Tullock, G 204 Union for a Europe of Nations (UEN) 116 United Kingdom 22, 37, 45–6, 48, 51, 54–7, 62–5, 70, 84–5, 90–1, 100, 105, 109–11, 134, 147, 149, 164–5, 170, 174, 177, 194, 199, 202, 211, 219 United States 199 Congress 11 Van Gend en Loos case (1963) 209 Verba, S 112 Visas, Asylum, Immigration 30 Von Colson case (1984) 209 Vreese, C de 62–3 Wachauf case (1989) 210 Wallace, H 163 Walsh, C 203 Warleigh, A 112, 114 Weale, A 6–7, 10, 19, 75, 97 Weiler, J 18, 20–1, 23, 27, 42, 53, 71, 77, 195, 215–16 Weir, S Welle, K 120 Wessels, B 60 Wessels, W 138, 171, 176, 215 Westendorp Report 214 Westlake, M 147 Wiberg, M 172, 175 Wiener, A 77–8 Witte de, B 216 Woulters, L 150 Wynn, T 187 Yataganas, X Zanger, S Zweifel, T 80 ... for appraising the democratic performance of the Union Whatever the combination of a quickening pace and A Democratic Audit of the European Union a broken consensus did to raise democratisation... Parliaments of the EU (European and national) CPRM Conference of Peripheral Coastal Regions DG Directorates-General of the European Commission EAC European Affairs Committees (of National Parliaments)... Change Andrew Jordan THE EUROPEANIZATION OF BRITISH ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY A Departmental Perspective Christopher Lord A DEMOCRACTIC AUDIT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Valsamis Mitsilegas, Jorg Monar and