The National Element in the Development of Fiscal Theory Orhan Kayaalp The National Element in the Development of Fiscal Theory The National Element in the Development of Fiscal Theory Orhan Kayaalp Lehman College The City University of New York USA © Orhan Kayaalp 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 978-1-4039-2077-5 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 4LP Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-51502-8 ISBN 978-1-4039-3897-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403938978 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kayaalp, Orhan, 1943– The national element in the development of fiscal theory/Orhan Kayaalp p.cm Includes bibliographical references and index Finance, Public – Europe – History Fiscal policy – Europe – History Taxation – Europe – History Economics – Europe – History I Title HJ1000.K39-2004 339.5Ј2Ј094—dc22 10 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 2003059621 For Emmy Contents List of Figures Acknowledgments ix x Introduction A National Taxonomy of Fiscal Doctrines 16 British Fiscal Doctrine: The Sacrifice View 26 The organic beginnings of British fiscal theory Bentham and the rise of utilitarianism The origin of the sacrifice view of taxation Mill and the proper bases of social policy Chadwick and economic efficiency of social policy Henry Sidgwick: the great synthesizer The first principles of British fiscal theory Edgeworth and the problem of vertical equity Marshall: the link between Sidgwick and Pigou Pigou: the welfare view of the public economy Italian Fiscal Doctrine: The Benefit View General characteristics of classical Italian fiscal theory Pantaleoni and the “Rational” fiscal authority De Viti de Marco and the “Sentient” fiscal authority De Viti’s model of the political market The fiscal decision-making process The coercive element in Italian fiscal doctrine More on De Viti’s view of the public economy De Viti de Marco: a precursor to the modern theory of public goods Ugo Mazzola and the “Efficient” public economy The Italian concept of ruling class Appendix 27 30 35 37 39 40 43 44 47 49 56 59 62 65 68 70 73 75 76 78 84 86 German Fiscal Doctrine: The Organic View 88 The French beginnings of German theory of State Internalization of the ideas of the Philosophes The German theory of the public sector 88 91 92 vii viii Contents Wagner and his theory of communal economy General characteristics of German fiscal doctrine Austrian Fiscal Doctrine: The Subjective Valuation Approach Menger: the father of Austrian theory of subjective valuation Wieser: a worthy disciple of Menger’s Emil Sax’s contribution to the Austrian theory of the public economy Swedish Fiscal Doctrine: The Collective Choice Approach Wicksell: towards a just theory of taxation The political parameters of Wicksell’s theory of the public economy Lindahl: the principle of unanimity revisited Is it indeed possible to attain justice in taxation? 94 98 100 101 102 110 117 118 121 125 131 Epilogue 134 A Synopsis of General Characteristics of National Fiscal Doctrines 138 British fiscal doctrine – sacrifice view Italian fiscal doctrine – benefit view German fiscal doctrine – organic view Austrian fiscal doctrine – subjective value approach Swedish fiscal doctrine – collective choice approach 139 140 142 144 146 Notes 148 References 168 Index of Authors 179 List of Figures 7.1 The two-party Lindahl solution 7.2 The multiple-party Lindahl solution ix 127 129 .. .The National Element in the Development of Fiscal Theory The National Element in the Development of Fiscal Theory Orhan Kayaalp Lehman College The City University of New York USA... 84 86 German Fiscal Doctrine: The Organic View 88 The French beginnings of German theory of State Internalization of the ideas of the Philosophes The German theory of the public sector 88 91 92... discernible in a later work of Musgrave’s, in which he traces the development of five central themes in the theory of public finance.5 Yet, nearly half a century since the appearance of the Classics