Lecture Business management information system - Lecture 15: Managing telecommunications. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: OSI reference model, the wireless century begins, an internet of things, the role of the IS department.
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Telecommunications
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Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality
= Digital convergence is the intertwining of various forms of
media — voice data
video
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Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality
= When all forms of media can be digitized, put into
packets and sent over an IP network, they can be
managed and manipulated digitally and integrated in highly imaginative ways
= IP telephony and video telephony have been the ‘last
Trang 4m _DÖD nh Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality IP Telephony = The use of Internet to transmit voice to replace their telephone system
Few companies have given up their telephone
networks for a VoIP network, but as the cost differential continues, more will switch
Became ‘hot’ in 2004 Previously the voice quality wasn't there
Trang 5mẻ _Š — nh Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality IP Telephony = Rather than analog, the IP phone generates a digital signal Routed over the LAN like any other data in packets either:
1 To another IP phone on the LAN
2 Through the company’s WAN to a distant IP
phone on another of the company’s LANs, or 3 Through an IP voice gateway to the PSTN toa
Trang 6TORONTO PEARSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Case study: Digital convergence via IP
#8 Canada’s busiest airport
= Network is common use because Its infrastructure Is
Shared by all the airport tenants
Each tenant has a private LAN for its own voice, data and video applications
= VPN = private and secure
# Yet = can be (authorised) accessed from anywhere
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Case study: Digital convergence via IP
Each gate can be used by any airline
Baggage tracking integrated with passenger reconciliation
= Numerous benefits:
Reduced network operations costs
Consolidated network support
Increased terminal operational efficiency
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Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality The Battle Begins
= Setting up a collision among three massive industries
$1.1 trillion computer industry
=" Led by the U.S
$225 billion consumer electronics industry =" Asian roots and new aggressive Chinese
companies
$2.2 trillion telecommunications industry
=» Leading wireless players in Europe and Asia
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Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality The Battle Begins
= The Internet and its protocols are taking over!!!
To understand the complexity of
telecommunications, we now look at the underlying
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OSI Reference Model
= The worldwide telephone system has been so effective in connecting people because it has been based on
common standards worldwide
Today’s packet-switching networks are also following
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OSI Reference Model
= The underpinning of these standards Is the OSI
Reference Model
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OSI Reference Model cont
# Analogy of mailing a letter: - see Figure 6-2
Control information (address and type of delivery) on
the envelope - determines the services provided by
the next lower layer and addressing information for
next lower layer
When a layer receives a “message” from the next higher layer, it performs the requested services and “wraps” the message in Its own layer of control
Information
lt passes the “bundle” to the layer directly below it On the receiving end, a layer receiving a bundle from a
Trang 13FIGURE 6-2 How Control Information Is Used to Route Messages
Layer 4
Executive writes letter and hands to secretary
ey
Layer 3 ey ˆ` (wns)
Secretary puts letter into
envelope, addresses it,
stamps it, and mails it Layer 2 Layer 1 Postal service delivers mail bag to destination sorting office Boss reads letter Secretary opens mail and hands to boss
Letters are sorted
Trang 14FIGURE 6-3 The OSI Reference Model
Layer Name Job Protocol Examples
Ui Application Layer Interface to application HTTP, X.500, X.400, ODA, Internet key exchange (IKE), Postscript 6 Presentation Layer — Translates data to and from NetBIOS
language in Layer 7
3 Session Layer Controls dialog, acts as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) moderator for a session
4 Transport Layer Controls flow, ensures TCP reliable packet delivery
3 Network Layer Addresses and routes packets IP,X.25, Packet-level Protocol
2 Logical Link Layer © Makes sure no data are lost Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI,
or garbled ISDN, ATM, Frame relay
l Physical Layer Defines physical connection Ethernet 50 ohm coaxial cable, to network 10BaseT, twisted pair,
fiber-optic cable
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OSI Reference Model:
The Seven Layers
= 7 - Application Layer: contains the protocols embedded in the applications used, e.g., HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol), which anyone who has surfed the Web has used to locate a Web site
= The rest = read the text but many people are of the
opinion: “who cares”? — provided it works
But just in case it doesn't, the ‘techies’ need to know!!! = Major area of outsourcing and use of external
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The Rate of Change Is Accelerating
M Although no one seems to know for sure, many people speculate that data traffic surpassed voice traffic either In 1999 or 2000
M in 1995, exactly 32 doublings of computer power had
occurred since the invention of the digital computer
after World War II
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The Rate of Change Is Accelerating
M E-mail outnumbered postal mail for the first time in
1995
Unfortunately now = many are Spam (junk)
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The Rate of Change Is Accelerating cont
= The number of PC sales overtook the number of TV sales in late 1995
= Such changes will only accelerate
Everyone in business must become comfortable
with technology to cope with this brand new world of
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The Optical Era Will Provide Bandwidth Abundance
M Decline in cost of key factors:
During the industrial era = horsepower
Since the 1960s = semiconductors Now = bandwidth
MWe are now approaching another “historic cliff of cost”
in a new factor of production: bandwidth
“If you thought the price of computing dropped
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The Optical Era Will Provide Bandwidth Abundance
= Fiber optic technology is just as important as microchip technology 40 million miles of fiber optic cable have
been laid around the world, in the USA at a rate of 4,000 miles per day
= Half of the cable is dark, that is, it is not used And the
other half is used to just one-millionth of its potential,
because every 25 miles it must be converted to
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The Optical Era Will Provide Bandwidth Abundance cont
M The capacity of each thread is 1,000 times the
switching speed of transistors
As a result, using all-optical amplifiers (recently
Invented), we could send all the telephone calls in
the United States on the peak moment of Mother’s
Day on one fiber thread
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The Optical Era Will Provide Bandwidth Abundance cont
HM Downloading a digital movie, such as The Matrix:
Takes 7 hours using a cable modem 1 hour over the Ethernet
Four seconds on an optical connection
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The Wireless Century Begins
M The goal of wireless is to do everything we can do on wired networks, but without the wire
M Wireless communications have been with us for some time
Mobile (cell) phones, pagers, VSATs, infrared
networks, wireless LANs etc
Mi We are just on the cusp of an up-tick in wireless use
for all types of networks
se The 20th century was the Wireline Century, the 21st
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The Wireless Century Begins cont
Licensed Versus Unlicensed Frequencies
LÌ Some frequencies of the radio spectrum are licensed by governments for specific purposes; others are not M Devices that tap unlicensed frequencies are cheaper =
no big $ licensing fees
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The Wireless Century Begins cont
Wireless technologies for networks that cover different distances
M Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANSs)
Provide high-speed connections between devices that are up to 30 feet apart
M Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
Provide access to corporate computers in office
buildings, retail stores, or hospitals or access to
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Wireless technologies for networks that
1 WirelEsS1 Laut rent OI RA KẾ GRA ss)
Provide connections in cities and campuses at distances up to 30 miles
M Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANSs)
Trang 27WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network) WLL (Wireless Local Loop) L LÍ HỆ L LŨ WMAN (Wireless Metroploitan AG AG AaB Alla @ LLL Og fl — ff eof ff eof off ff ei by JAVA Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) (L Area Network) `" ISP (Internet Service Provider) WPAN Ỉ |
\ f (Wireless Personal Area Network)
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Case Example: Wireless LANs
8 Aplant in South Carolina has more than 30 suppliers
nearby
Real-time delivery of data to the suppliers is key to
efficiency
Suppliers especially needed accurate inventory data
of the components they supply to BMW, so they
know when to make just-in-time deliveries to the
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Case Example: Wireless LANs cont
= To gather inventory data for SAP to track parts,
scanner terminals in the factory transmit the data from
the barcode readers (as parts move through the
assembly process) to SAP via a wireless network that
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Case Example: Wireless LANs cont
= The system uses REF technology
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The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance
= The only two wireless technologies are infrared light and radio airwaves
Figure 6-5 shows the bandwidth spectrum, which
illustrates where the different technologies lie
Cell (mobile) phones use radio transmitters and receivers
" Call is passed from one cell to another — fades out of one and into another
Much of the bandwidths and radio waves are
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The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance
= Inthe main, GSM has become the mobile telephony Standard for all but the Americas
Unlike the computing industry, a number of leading global telecom manufacturers are outside the United
States NTT is in Japan, Ericsson and Nokia are in
Trang 33Frequency Frequency Name Technologies Spectrum Uses 3,000 EHz 300 EHz Gamma rays 30 EHz 3 12Iiz X-rays 300 PEH=z S30) PEt 3 PHz Ultraviolet radiation Visible light 300 THz ao EE Infrared radiation 3 THz 300 GHz
Extra high frequency Wireless Local Loop (71—95 GHz) 30 GHz Microwave ‘Terrestrial microwave
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The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance cont
= The first cell phones used analog technology and circuit switching, now called first-generation (1G) wireless
# 2G cellular 2G, which predominates today, uses digital technology, though it Is still circuit switched
lt aims at digital telephony, not data transmission, but
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The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance cont
2G can use a laptop with a wireless modem to communicate
" Not always the most ‘reliable’
2G can carry messages using short messaging
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LOUISVILLE METRO SEWER DISTRICT
Case Example — 2G mobile telephony
= When Louisville encountered big storms, sewer repair
workers had to return to headquarters to get assignment
details and look up customer records — a process that slowed their response to the flooding
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LOUISVILLE METRO SEWER DISTRICT
Case Example — 2G mobile telephony
= As customers call in for emergency repairs, operators at the sewer district's headquarters enter the orders into a
database that work crews can immediately access from the field
They can view neighborhood maps, locate broken water mains and pipes, and check out the most likely
areas of damage, potentially saving entire
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The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance cont
# 2.5G cellular is extending the life of 2G digital technologies
Essentially adds data capacity to a 2G network
The problem with adoption has been pricing
= The goals of 3G are to provide WANs for PCs and multimedia, allowing bandwidth on demand
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The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance cont
lt faces the same pricing issues at 2.5G — perhaps
worse
" Court battles over the “leased” spectrum
" Costs to deploy not seen as tenable in many
circumstances
" Hutchinson (UK) making a play in this area in
Australia and elsewhere with ‘3’ (big brother of
‘Orange’)
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The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance cont
= New entrants are looking for 3G alternatives
One is mobile broadband IP, which could actually
provide 4G services (the user paying for different kinds of services)
Wireless mesh networks
# Links are radio signals not wires
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The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance cont
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) technology Is taking off in some countries because It is seen as the
best technology for providing stationary wireless broadband
=" Provided by DSL, coaxial cable and T carriers
=™ Heaps to be made and lost Watch the battles
Trang 42AMERICAN GREETINGS
Case Example: Extending Internet to Cell
phones s
M American Greetings, a leader in exploiting the Internet,
is extending its Internet presence to cell phones using WAP to garner a wireless presence
W_ The company was one of the first with a Website — it
Trang 43AMERICAN GREETINGS Case Example: Extending Internet to Cell phones It also forms “side door” alllances with retailers’ Websites
And now, subscribers can order cards from their cell
phone The company reasons that when people have
idle time, besides checking e-mail or playing a game
using their cell phone, they also might want to send an