Lecture Business management information system - Lecture 15: Managing telecommunications

Lecture Business management information system - Lecture 15: Managing telecommunications. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: OSI reference model, the wireless century begins, an internet of things, the role of the IS department.

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Managing

Telecommunications

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m _ "^^

Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality

= Digital convergence is the intertwining of various forms of

media — voice data

video

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TTS ằ-

Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality

= When all forms of media can be digitized, put into

packets and sent over an IP network, they can be

managed and manipulated digitally and integrated in highly imaginative ways

= IP telephony and video telephony have been the ‘last

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m _DÖD nh Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality IP Telephony

Few companies have given up their telephone

networks for a VoIP network, but as the cost differential continues, more will switch

Became ‘hot’ in 2004 Previously the voice quality wasn't there

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mẻ _Š — nh Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality IP Telephony

1 To another IP phone on the LAN

2 Through the company’s WAN to a distant IP

phone on another of the company’s LANs, or 3 Through an IP voice gateway to the PSTN toa

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TORONTO PEARSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Case study: Digital convergence via IP

#8 Canada’s busiest airport

= Network is common use because Its infrastructure Is

Shared by all the airport tenants

Each tenant has a private LAN for its own voice, data and video applications

= VPN = private and secure

# Yet = can be (authorised) accessed from anywhere

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TORONTO PEARSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Case study: Digital convergence via IP

Each gate can be used by any airline

Baggage tracking integrated with passenger reconciliation

= Numerous benefits:

Reduced network operations costs

Consolidated network support

Increased terminal operational efficiency

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m _DÖD nh

Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality The Battle Begins

= Setting up a collision among three massive industries

$1.1 trillion computer industry

=" Led by the U.S

$225 billion consumer electronics industry =" Asian roots and new aggressive Chinese

companies

$2.2 trillion telecommunications industry

=» Leading wireless players in Europe and Asia

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mẻ _- ts

Digital Convergence Has Become a Reality The Battle Begins

= The Internet and its protocols are taking over!!!

To understand the complexity of

telecommunications, we now look at the underlying

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ts

OSI Reference Model

= The worldwide telephone system has been so effective in connecting people because it has been based on

common standards worldwide

Today’s packet-switching networks are also following

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ts

OSI Reference Model

= The underpinning of these standards Is the OSI

Reference Model

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Sts

OSI Reference Model cont

# Analogy of mailing a letter: - see Figure 6-2

Control information (address and type of delivery) on

the envelope - determines the services provided by

the next lower layer and addressing information for

next lower layer

When a layer receives a “message” from the next higher layer, it performs the requested services and “wraps” the message in Its own layer of control

Information

lt passes the “bundle” to the layer directly below it On the receiving end, a layer receiving a bundle from a

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FIGURE 6-2 How Control Information Is Used to Route Messages

Layer 4

Executive writes letter and hands to secretary

ey

Layer 3 ey ˆ` (wns)

Secretary puts letter into

envelope, addresses it,

stamps it, and mails it

Letters are sorted

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Layer Name Job Protocol Examples

Ui Application Layer Interface to application HTTP, X.500, X.400, ODA, Internet key exchange (IKE), Postscript 6 Presentation Layer — Translates data to and from NetBIOS

language in Layer 7

3 Session Layer Controls dialog, acts as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) moderator for a session

4 Transport Layer Controls flow, ensures TCP reliable packet delivery

3 Network Layer Addresses and routes packets IP,X.25, Packet-level Protocol

2 Logical Link Layer © Makes sure no data are lost Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI,

or garbled ISDN, ATM, Frame relay

l Physical Layer Defines physical connection Ethernet 50 ohm coaxial cable, to network 10BaseT, twisted pair,

fiber-optic cable

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mã — nan

OSI Reference Model:

The Seven Layers

= 7 - Application Layer: contains the protocols embedded in the applications used, e.g., HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol), which anyone who has surfed the Web has used to locate a Web site

= The rest = read the text but many people are of the

opinion: “who cares”? — provided it works

But just in case it doesn't, the ‘techies’ need to know!!! = Major area of outsourcing and use of external

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TSS ltt

The Rate of Change Is Accelerating

M Although no one seems to know for sure, many people speculate that data traffic surpassed voice traffic either In 1999 or 2000

M in 1995, exactly 32 doublings of computer power had

occurred since the invention of the digital computer

after World War II

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JSS tts

The Rate of Change Is Accelerating

M E-mail outnumbered postal mail for the first time in

1995

Unfortunately now = many are Spam (junk)

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TTS nh

The Rate of Change Is Accelerating cont

= The number of PC sales overtook the number of TV sales in late 1995

= Such changes will only accelerate

Everyone in business must become comfortable

with technology to cope with this brand new world of

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mẻ _ an

The Optical Era Will Provide Bandwidth Abundance

M Decline in cost of key factors:

During the industrial era = horsepower

Since the 1960s = semiconductors Now = bandwidth

MWe are now approaching another “historic cliff of cost”

in a new factor of production: bandwidth

“If you thought the price of computing dropped

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mẻ _ an

The Optical Era Will Provide Bandwidth Abundance

= Fiber optic technology is just as important as microchip technology 40 million miles of fiber optic cable have

been laid around the world, in the USA at a rate of 4,000 miles per day

= Half of the cable is dark, that is, it is not used And the

other half is used to just one-millionth of its potential,

because every 25 miles it must be converted to

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TSS nh

The Optical Era Will Provide Bandwidth Abundance cont

M The capacity of each thread is 1,000 times the

switching speed of transistors

As a result, using all-optical amplifiers (recently

Invented), we could send all the telephone calls in

the United States on the peak moment of Mother’s

Day on one fiber thread

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TSS nh

The Optical Era Will Provide Bandwidth Abundance cont

HM Downloading a digital movie, such as The Matrix:

Takes 7 hours using a cable modem 1 hour over the Ethernet

Four seconds on an optical connection

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mẻ _ an

The Wireless Century Begins

M The goal of wireless is to do everything we can do on wired networks, but without the wire

M Wireless communications have been with us for some time

Mobile (cell) phones, pagers, VSATs, infrared

networks, wireless LANs etc

Mi We are just on the cusp of an up-tick in wireless use

for all types of networks

se The 20th century was the Wireline Century, the 21st

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mẻ ts

The Wireless Century Begins cont

Licensed Versus Unlicensed Frequencies

LÌ Some frequencies of the radio spectrum are licensed by governments for specific purposes; others are not M Devices that tap unlicensed frequencies are cheaper =

no big $ licensing fees

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TTS ltt

Wireless technologies for networks that cover different distances

M Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANSs)

Provide high-speed connections between devices that are up to 30 feet apart

M Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

Provide access to corporate computers in office

buildings, retail stores, or hospitals or access to

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Wireless technologies for networks that

1 WirelEsS1 Laut rent OI RA KẾ GRA ss)

Provide connections in cities and campuses at distances up to 30 miles

M Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANSs)

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\ f (Wireless Personal Area Network)

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TTS ằ- BMW

Case Example: Wireless LANs

8 Aplant in South Carolina has more than 30 suppliers

nearby

Real-time delivery of data to the suppliers is key to

efficiency

Suppliers especially needed accurate inventory data

of the components they supply to BMW, so they

know when to make just-in-time deliveries to the

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TTS nh BMW

Case Example: Wireless LANs cont

= To gather inventory data for SAP to track parts,

scanner terminals in the factory transmit the data from

the barcode readers (as parts move through the

assembly process) to SAP via a wireless network that

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m _ NHA BMW

Case Example: Wireless LANs cont

= The system uses REF technology

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m _DÖD nh

The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance

= The only two wireless technologies are infrared light and radio airwaves

Figure 6-5 shows the bandwidth spectrum, which

illustrates where the different technologies lie

Cell (mobile) phones use radio transmitters and receivers

" Call is passed from one cell to another — fades out of one and into another

Much of the bandwidths and radio waves are

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TTS ằ-

The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance

= Inthe main, GSM has become the mobile telephony Standard for all but the Americas

Unlike the computing industry, a number of leading global telecom manufacturers are outside the United

States NTT is in Japan, Ericsson and Nokia are in

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Extra high frequency Wireless Local Loop (71—95 GHz) 30 GHz Microwave ‘Terrestrial microwave

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mẻ _Š — nh

The Wireless Century Begins cont Wireless Long Distance cont

= The first cell phones used analog technology and circuit switching, now called first-generation (1G) wireless

# 2G cellular 2G, which predominates today, uses digital technology, though it Is still circuit switched

lt aims at digital telephony, not data transmission, but

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m _ "^^

2G can use a laptop with a wireless modem to communicate

" Not always the most ‘reliable’

2G can carry messages using short messaging

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JS nh

LOUISVILLE METRO SEWER DISTRICT

Case Example — 2G mobile telephony

= When Louisville encountered big storms, sewer repair

workers had to return to headquarters to get assignment

details and look up customer records — a process that slowed their response to the flooding

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TSS tts

LOUISVILLE METRO SEWER DISTRICT

Case Example — 2G mobile telephony

= As customers call in for emergency repairs, operators at the sewer district's headquarters enter the orders into a

database that work crews can immediately access from the field

They can view neighborhood maps, locate broken water mains and pipes, and check out the most likely

areas of damage, potentially saving entire

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m _DÖD nh

# 2.5G cellular is extending the life of 2G digital technologies

Essentially adds data capacity to a 2G network

The problem with adoption has been pricing

= The goals of 3G are to provide WANs for PCs and multimedia, allowing bandwidth on demand

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mẻ _Š — nh

lt faces the same pricing issues at 2.5G — perhaps

worse

" Court battles over the “leased” spectrum

" Costs to deploy not seen as tenable in many

circumstances

" Hutchinson (UK) making a play in this area in

Australia and elsewhere with ‘3’ (big brother of

‘Orange’)

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mẻ _Š — nh

= New entrants are looking for 3G alternatives

One is mobile broadband IP, which could actually

provide 4G services (the user paying for different kinds of services)

Wireless mesh networks

# Links are radio signals not wires

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m _DÖD nh

VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) technology Is taking off in some countries because It is seen as the

best technology for providing stationary wireless broadband

=" Provided by DSL, coaxial cable and T carriers

=™ Heaps to be made and lost Watch the battles

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AMERICAN GREETINGS

Case Example: Extending Internet to Cell

phones s

M American Greetings, a leader in exploiting the Internet,

is extending its Internet presence to cell phones using WAP to garner a wireless presence

W_ The company was one of the first with a Website — it

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AMERICAN GREETINGS Case Example: Extending Internet to Cell phones

And now, subscribers can order cards from their cell

phone The company reasons that when people have

idle time, besides checking e-mail or playing a game

using their cell phone, they also might want to send an