Lecture Business management information system - Lecture 13: Distributed systems

Lecture Business management information system - Lecture 13: Distributed systems. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: An aerospace company, chubb & son insurance company, the sabre group, the IT infrastructure.

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Distributed Systems

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Today Lecture UW AN AEROSPACE COMPANY

Case example: Client-Server Systems UW CHUBB & SON INSURANCE COMPANY

Case example: Internet-Based Computing UW THE SABRE GROUP

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AN AEROSPACE COMPANY

Case example: Client-Server Systems

* Systems group’s goal = never build monolithic applications again

* Builds client-server systems with:

- Application code on the clients

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'_ AN AEROSPACE COMPANY Case example: Client-Server Systems Cont ~ Communication middleware software shared ~ Object oriented technology, most from a library

° Data = at the heart of the architecture is a

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SSS Stee AN AEROSPACE COMPANY Case example: Client-Server Systems cont

* Network = integral part of the architecture Each company site has three components:

~ Desktop machines

- Servers

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_mNmẶŨD.ẺẺẺ ẻẻ — AN AEROSPACE COMPANY Case example: Client-Server Systems cont

* Architecture = ‘remote data management’ Data resides on servers and applications reside on clients

* Company uses the distribution function and

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Types of Distributed Systems: 5 Client-Server Systems cont

= Benefits of Client-Server Computing:

Better access to information:

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= |mproved customer service

Ability to communicate customer needs, and Anticipate customer needs

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Empowered employees:

=" Blend autonomy of PCs with system wide rules

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= Benefits of Client-Server Computing (cont.):

Increases organizational flexibility:

# allows new technology to be added more easily without affecting rest of system

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#2 Drawbacks:

Not lower in cost than mainframes because they entail so much coordination

Easier for users, far more complex for IS

(drawback?)

What looked like simple connections have turned

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Types of Distributed Systems:

6 Internet-Based Computing

M inthe late 1990s, the client-server trend was ‘interrupted’ (augmented?) by the ‘Internet’

M Model of a distributed system includes the Internet

(heart?)

Mi The tenets of client-server remain

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6 Internet-Based Computing cont

M Network computers have (had?) not taken off

(desktops) but the concept of utilizing programs off the Internet has

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Thin clients = logical for hand held but now = increasingly popular for the ‘desktop’

Updating new versions of software

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CHUBB & SON INSURANCE COMPANY

Case example: Internet-Based Computing

* The company took advantage of the

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CHUBB & SON INSURANCE COMPANY

Case example: Internet-Based Computing Cont

applications

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THE SABRE GROUP

Case example: Internet-Based Computing

* This airline reservation company Is working with

Nokia (the handheld phone manufacturer) to create a

real-time, interactive travel service delivered via

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THE SABRE GROUP

Case example: Internet-Based Computing Cont

* The service draws on SABRE’s online corporate

travel purchasing system and Nokia’s server (which transmits the travel information to a wireless network

and to its Internet-enabled phones)

* Qantas etc also have and doesn't need to be web-

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Types of Distributed Systems: 6 Internet-Based Computing cont

Server-Based Computing

= With more use of laptops which do not have strong

security features

Updating en masse is not easy

Even individual downloads can require helpdesk

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Types of Distributed Systems: 6 Internet-Based Computing cont

= Solution = server based computing

Applications reside on corporate servers rather

than on laptops

Applications can be securely accessed by any

device, they can be updated directly on the server, and they do not have to be tailored to run on

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Case example: Server-Based Computing (mobile)

* UK based venture capital firm

* Needed to give its investment professionals anytime-

anywhere access to its systems

* Remote employees dial in (secure modem)

* Using Windows terminal server software and Citrix

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m_ — _

Peer-to-Peer Computing

M This form of Internet computing distributes a task over a wide number of computers (peers) connected to the

Internet

M This grassroots movement, like the open source

movement, is now taken seriously by some

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Peer-to-Peer Computing

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Types of Distributed Systems: 7 Web Services

This second-generation Internet-based distributed

system gives software modules URLs (Internet

addresses) so they can be called upon to perform

their function as a service via the Internet

This development will permit widespread computer- to-computer use of the Internet One computer

program or Web Service makes a request of another

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7 Web Services cont

= Hot topic (the future’):

1 Next generation of distributed systems (big!)

2 Makes the Internet the hub of computing

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7 Web Services cont

4 Releases companies from ‘building’ and

maintaining systems ‘in house’ 5 Will draw on existing systems

Wrapping — encapsulate functionality from an

existing application in an XML envelope

= Exposing — for use by others

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7 Web Services cont

= Web Services Standards:

Three software standards:

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

WSDL (Web Services Definition Standard)

UDDI (Universal Discovery, Description, and

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7 Web Services cont

= Web Services Standards:

Three communication standards

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

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7 Web Services cont

2 Significance of Web Services

Viewing IS as proprietary has led to rigid

business processes, which are slow to change

and respond to market changes

Web Services offers an IT architecture based on the openness of the Internet Rather than build

proprietary systems, companies can obtain the functionality they need from the Internet

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7 Web Services cont

This modularity permits handling a huge variety of possibilities by mixing and

matching, and allows easier cross-company system linking

Companies thus only pay for the functionality

they use when they use it, which reduces the

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GENERAL MOTORS

Case Example: Web Services

Z One GM executive believes that the Web Services architecture could be used to move GM from its

Supply-driven, build-to-stock business model to a

demand-driven, build-to-order business model — an

otherwise impossible feat

= To begin, GM first enhanced its supply-driven model

by offering new functions via a Web Services architecture

= One Web Service Is a locate-to-order service that

dealers can use to easily find a specific car a

customer might want in the inventory of other GM

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GENERAL MOTORS

Case Example: Web Services cont

= Another Web Service is order-to-delivery which

shortens the time to deliver a custom-ordered vehicle

Paving the way to eventually convert to a make to order business model

= The ‘Rewards’?:

Cut its $25B inventory in half

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Defining the Overall IT Architecture

= The intent of an IT architecture is to bring order to the otherwise chaotic world of information systems by

defining a set of guidelines and standards, and then

adhering to them

= Because the architecture needs to support how the

company operates, it reflects the business strategy = Furthermore = as business changes, the architecture

needs to keep pace

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An Enterprise Architecture Framework

= To describe the IS architecture, look at the roles

people and components play (5th edition Fig.5-12):

Rows: Views must be taken Into account when

building complex products: # planner (Scope statement)

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An Enterprise Architecture Framework

Cont

# Designer (model of the information system)

# Builder (technology model)

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Data Function Network

(What) (How) (Where) Scope Planner Enterprise Model Owner Information System Model Designer Technology Model Builder Components Subcontractor Functioning System Consumer or User

FIGURE 5-12 An Architectural Framework

Source: Adapted from John Zachman, Zachman International, 2222 Foothill Blvd., Suite 337, LaCanada,

CA 91011

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mẻ _D_—- nh An Enterprise Architecture Framework cont Columns: IS components:

- Data models (what It is made of) - Functional models (how it works)

- Network models (where the components are located)

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An Enterprise Architecture Framework cont

Use of the framework: When IS users bring in a package that follows a data model inconsistent with the rules of the

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FIGURE 5-13 Enterprise Architecture—A Framework Objectives/ Scope (Contextual) Planner Enterprise Model (Conceptual) Owner System Model (Logical) Designer Technology Model (Physical) Builder Detailed Represen- tations (out- of-context) Sub- Contractor Functioning System Data What ist of things enpoctant Ent = Business entity Rew e.g., Data model c t e Er ‡ toàn 1 nt = Data entry Rein = Data retationsig g., Data design t = Segment/Row/etc PommerKey/e e.q., Data definition | L—— Ent = Field Rein = Address e.g., Data Business relabonsnip Function How Proc = Business process vO Business resources Proc = Application function VO = User views e.g Sys1em design ca L_]L] San œ Proc Computer funct VO =Screerv/Device formats eg Progran Proc = Language sim VO = Control block e.g., Function Network Where “ ` 7a Vode = Major business

Node = Business location

Link = Business linkage Link = Proto e.g., Network People Who $1 of Organizations/agents mportant to the business trí dc "xo L1 1 SN L1 C} 1 Agent = Organization Viork = Viork product @.9 Human interdace Agent < Role Work = Deliverable 6.9 Humarvtectw logy interface Work = “Transaction e.g., Organization Time When List Of overits segnifica ) the Dusiness Time = Major t nos ( ¿ 9 Master sx 1uk Cycle « Business cycle 6.9., Processing structuze “ —» + “ le ~~ 4 — + —— 5 Time = System event Cycle = Processaig cycle é.9., Control structure Time = Execute Cycie = Componem cycle @.9., Timing definition Time = interrupt Cycle = Mactine cycle e.g., Schedule Motivation Why List of business goals strategies cto 2 = Y [ 1 (i ¬ 5d6d6e ) CJ

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mẻ _ an FMC CORPORATION Case Example: IT Architecture Development = When FMC split in two, it designed two new IT architectures

= The architecture and technology director led five teams — for data, applications, integration, desktop, and platform

™ Each created a today architecture, a tomorrow

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FMC CORPORATION

Case Example: IT Architecture Development

= The companies have now split and the tomorrow

architecture has given FMC a standard that everyone

agrees with, making standard-setting far easier

= Now itt is working on a new tomorrow architecture, for

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THE SABRE SYSTEM

Case Example: IT Architecture

= When they looked at the underlying databases

Customer profiles, AAdvantage, NetSAAver = found heaps of data redundancy (common!)

leading to a huge redesign

American consolidated and linked these

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THE SABRE SYSTEM

Case Example: IT Architecture Cont

= The architecture underlying American Airline’s Website is now modular

The -existing SABRE computer reservation

system serves as “the reservation service” module

Other modules perform the functions related to the Web

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The Coming Architecture:

Service-Oriented Architecture

= Importance of an architecture Is that It spells out the relationships between the components of an airplane,

building, system etc

= In the past with IS these interactions have been

‘hard-coded’ point-to-point

Efficient but costly to maintain

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The Coming Architecture:

Service-Oriented Architecture Cont

# helatively new system architecture moves away from this = Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Emergence parallels Web Services — uses the

same architectural concept

Thinks about how to expose the dataand

functions in a way that other systems can easily

USE

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The IT Infrastructure - What ts an IT Infrastructure? IT infrastructure is the foundation of an enterprise’s IT portfolio: = Provides the capability for reliable services and sharing

=# Includes both the technical and managerial expertise

required to provide these services

= Is linked to external industry infrastructure

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The IT Infrastructure

- What Is an IT Infrastructure? cont

# Shared characteristics differentiate an infrastructure

from IT investments used by just one function ™ Elements can include:

Company-wide networks

Data warehouses

Large scale computing facilities

EDI capabilities

= Applications ‘sit on top’ and directly support the

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The Importance of IT Infrastructure

= Infrastructure investments are a vital part of corporate information systems portfolios

= Yet they are the most difficult to cost-justify initially

and to quantify benefits afterwards

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