SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION AND IMPACT Following the Brexit and Trump election cycles, consistent, long-term policy solutions to environmental and other societal challenges are becoming increasingly difficult to achieve Stepping into this breach is a clear opportunity for innovation by public and privately held companies, as well as the increasingly significant role of investment and consumption Sustainable Innovation and Impact provides a roadmap of the many critical pathways of positive change emerging to achieve modern day societal success, including rapidly evolving corporate and investment innovation and impact strategy considerations Exploring innovation around the future of energy, electricity and related technologies, as well as transportation and buildings efficiency, Krosinsky and Cort consider ideas framed around the circular economy, operational and supply chain strategies and the global economy Drawing together a diverse range of contributors and case studies, this book will be of great relevance to students, scholars and professionals with an interest in innovation, economics and sustainability more broadly Cary Krosinsky is a leading educator, author, advisor and social entrepreneur seeking to solve sustainability challenges through corporate and investment strategy He teaches at Yale University, USA; Concordia University, Canada; the University of Maryland, USA; and Brown University, USA; and is the Co-founder of the Carbon Tracker Initiative and Real Impact Tracker Todd Cort is Lecturer in Sustainability at the Yale School of Management and Faculty Co-director of Yale’s Center for Business and the Environment, USA “From his first book a decade ago, Cary Krosinsky has consistently proven his keen ability to foresee the evolution of sustainable investing Now in this latest work with Todd Cort, he again proves he has his fingers on the pulse, making a convincing case for innovation and impact solutions as catalysts of the ongoing evolution of investing Their work offers an informative and actionable overview on how to navigate this critical stage of a dynamic and rapidly evolving field.” Amr Addas, Lecturer, Sustainable Investing, Concordia University, and Vice President, External Relations for the Finance and Sustainability Initiative (FSI) in Montreal, Canada “This book informs, educates, and inspires, with proposed solutions highlighting the necessity for individuals everywhere to discover their own paths for creating impact in their own lives and for the world including through collaborations To meet our biggest social and environmental challenges today and in the future, we must support and encourage just this type of innovation.” Jenny Chan, Senior Investment Officer, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, USA “Sustainable Innovation and Impact is a terrific read for anyone interested in breakthrough thinking and solutions for the 21st century You’ll be drawn in by the topics and quality writing—and emerge with a renewed sense of optimism about where we are and where we can go in an age of sustainability, sustainable finance and investing Innovation and impact, together, allows us to deliver socio-environmental and economic growth, and justice, in our own backyard and across the nations of the earth A ‘must read’ for all practitioners, funders and policymakers, investors, faculty, students and citizens.” Nancy Degnan, Senior Advisor, Education, Columbia Water Center, Columbia University, USA “Sustainable Innovation and Impact by Krosinsky and Cort has arrived just when it was needed most Sustainability has been on a twenty-plus year journey, and has reached the point where concepts once regarded as on the fringe of financial markets are becoming mainstream But for sustainability to truly transform society we need to unlock new ideas Krosinsky and Cort have brought together a collection of writers that challenge us to think differently The ideas in this book are powerful and have the capacity to deliver meaningful benefits, but perhaps the most important thing this book does is to encourage us all to look for solutions in new ways.” Gordon Noble, Principal Adviser, John Grill Centre for Project Leadership, University of Sydney, Australia SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION AND IMPACT Edited by Cary Krosinsky and Todd Cort First published 2018 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Cary Krosinsky and Todd Cort; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Cary Krosinsky and Todd Cort to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Krosinsky, Cary, editor | Cort, Todd, editor Title: Sustainable innovation and impact / edited by Cary Krosinsky and Todd Cort Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018 | Includes bibliographical references Identifiers: LCCN 2017061125 | ISBN 9780815386742 (hbk) | ISBN 9780815386773 (pbk) | ISBN 9781351174824 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable development—Economic aspects | Business enterprises | Technological innovations Classification: LCC HC79.E5 S864935 2018 | DDC 658.4/08—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017061125 ISBN: 978-0-8153-8674-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-8153-8677-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-17482-4 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Taylor & Francis Books CONTENTS List of contributors Acknowledgments viii xv Introduction Cary Krosinsky and Todd Cort What is innovation? Arthur Matuszewski PART I Corporate perspectives Searching for sustainability in human capital Alex Kappes The potential of multi-stakeholder engagement: Argentina’s Ledesma as a case study Nora Moraga-Lewy 16 Up in smoke: A study of palm oil-related deforestation in Indonesia Pek Shibao 29 Sustainability frameworks: Green chemistry and sustainable engineering in pharmaceuticals Susan Wang 45 vi Contents PART II Investment perspectives 55 To divest or not to divest Laila Gamaleldin 57 Shareholder activism 2.0 Melanie Condon 66 Financing mechanisms for sustainable infrastructure Ella Warshauer 74 10 Carbon market solutions Jeff Schwartz 87 11 Investing in the context of China’s green transition Lillian Childress 100 12 Sustainable private equity and venture capital Matt Dittrich 107 13 Islamic systems finance Alizeh Maqbool 116 14 Forest resilience bonds: a case for investing in forest health Zach Knight and Chad Reed 128 15 Financing the future: Free market solutions for an energy transition Eric Esposito 139 PART III Regional innovations 153 16 New England’s winter chills Steven Castano 155 17 Innovation and impact from a Brazilian perspective Andreia Marin Martins, Courtnay Guimaraes and Mauricio Neves dos Santos 165 18 An exploration of landfill tax as a waste management strategy Jason Mazzella 19 Germany’s simple solution to complex waste challenges Reilly Witheford 171 182 Contents vii 20 Infrastructure and the future of New York City Marvin Krosinsky 186 21 African impact investing Masengo Kapanga 189 PART IV Technological innovation and the future 197 22 Smart microgrids Sarah Brandt 199 23 Effective disruption: How blockchain technology can transform the energy sector Pascale Bronder 208 24 Artificial intelligence as a solution to sustainability challenges Tiffany Chen 213 25 The potential for high-speed rail in the US Cayley Geffen 220 26 Shared solar Gabe Rissman 231 27 Renewable energy technologies Kristina Krasteva 237 28 The future of the electric car Reilly Witheford 251 29 Aquaponics in Canada’s north: Food supply for remote communities Christopher Codina-Lucia and Richard Frazao 264 30 Innovation in materials and energy Pascale Bronder 278 31 Geoengineering Peter Mahony 283 Index 291 CONTRIBUTORS Sarah Brandt is a 2017 graduate of Yale University with a degree in Environmental Studies and a certificate in Energy Studies Sarah is now an Associate Consultant in the Chicago office of management consulting firm Bain & Company and has done freelance reporting for the Twin Cities cultural newsmagazine City Pages and the online Minnesota newspaper MinnPost Pascale Bronder is pursuing a B.S in Environmental Studies as well as a certificate in Energy Studies at Yale University Originally from Washington D.C, she’s always had an interest in systems that can improve lives and ameliorate the planet She interned at Abt Associates, where she became well versed in blockchain and grew to understand the deep potential the technology holds for social innovation Outside of her studies, Pascale is also financial director of a student-run solar panel engineering club Steven Castano grew up in a Colombian household on the Jersey Shore He graduated recently from Yale University where he majored in History and wrote his thesis on Cuban Shipbuilding and Forest Conservation in the 18th century Tiffany Chen is a senior at Taipei American School in Taipei, Taiwan As a high school student, Tiffany loves to explore business and economics, and she enrolled in classes at Brown University during summer 2017 to further these interests Lillian Childress is an environmentally-minded author, researcher, and engineer She currently works in R&D at an Israeli renewable energy startup In her spare time she researches and writes about the environment, focusing on industrial waste and Chinese environmental policy Lillian graduated in 2017 from Yale University with a degree in environmental engineering List of contributors ix Christopher Codina-Lucia has a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from McGill University and an M.B.A from the John Molson School of Business (JMSB) at Concordia University Spending most of his career in the construction industry both in urban and remote northern communities, Mr CodinaLucia currently works in project management on infrastructure projects in Montreal, Canada Melanie Condon works in External Affairs for the Sustainable Business and Communications function at Unilever She handles issues and risk management for the corporate brand She also works to ensure Unilever’s Sustainable Living Plan is being embedded in the business as well as being communicated externally Melanie has her M.B.A from the University of Maryland, Robert H Smith School of Business and her B.A in Political Science and International Affairs from the University of New Hampshire She currently resides in Washington D.C Todd Cort is Lecturer in Sustainability at the Yale School of Management, and Faculty Co-director of Yale’s Center for Business and the Environment, teaching classes on a variety of subjects including Natural Capital, Wicked Problems and Sustainable Finance He also works at the intersection of corporate responsibility and sustainable finance, with a main objective of reducing barriers to capital flowing into sustainable investments In addition, he educates and collaborates with investors and fund managers to effectively integrate sustainability into investment strategies, ranging from fixed income to venture capital strategies, and he is Principal of NPV Associates with a long history of consulting with major corporations on strategy, assurance, risk and reporting Matt Dittrich, Yale M.B.A ’18, is a startup investor, operator and community organizer Between years of business school, Matt joined the investing team at Trilogy Partnership, a venture capital and private equity firm based in greater Seattle, Washington Previously Matt served as the Market Development Manager for nLIGHT, a laser company based in greater Portland, Oregon and Shanghai, China Matt began his career on the Bain & Company team in London, UK, advising technology and private equity firms across four continents Additionally, Matt is involved with his family wheat and wind farm and serves on a variety of boards and working groups, including the Whitman College Alumni Board, Opportunity for All, Yale University student government and a range of ESG-related initiatives – from access to higher education, to LGBTQ and women in business, to alternative energy and urban development Eric Esposito holds a B.A in Environmental Studies and Economics and a Certificate in Energy Studies from Yale University, where he was a four-year varsity member of the Yale lightweight rowing team He currently works in investment banking at Citigroup’s Global Energy Group in Houston, Texas He is interested in the role financial institutions can play in facilitating clean energy 288 Peter Mahony aerosol from sea-spray or indirectly via the oxidation of the biological waste product dimethyl sulfide or DMS (Smil 1985) Sea-spray constitutes a large, consistent flux but it has been suggested that further increasing sea-spray flux could increase cloud formation (Salter et al 2006) It is also possible to promote marine cloud formation by increasing DMS production or augmenting the oxidation of DMS to sulfate Nutrient fertilization has been proposed to increase DMS production but as we’ve seen, this is not a feasible option because it is not possible to predict all future environmental feedbacks The second method is to augment the oxidation of DMS to sulfate by removing trace compounds from the atmosphere When the atmosphere contains trace bromine oxide radicals, a significantly higher portion of the atmospheric DMS is converted to the non-cloud-forming dimethyl sulfoxide series instead of the cloud-forming sulfate (Glasow and Crutzen 2003) Accordingly, if the atmosphere is scrubbed of bromine oxide compounds, the amount of DMS that follows the DMSO pathway will decrease, and cloud formation should increase Nonetheless, this is a purely theoretical method and there is a dearth of methods to scrub bromine at atmospheric scales Over terrestrial environments there has been a long history of cloud seeding to increase precipitation over arid regions The methods for terrestrial cloud seeding involve emitting cloud condensing nuclei and cooling the atmosphere to promote ice crystals to form Since the 1970s at least, 15 states have used cloud seeding programs where airplanes release silver iodide or potassium iodide as cloud condensing nuclei and liquid propane or dry ice as cooling agents, ultimately kickstarting cloud formation (Dennis 1980) Surface albedo alteration Surface albedo strategies include forest fire prevention, white-painting structures and roads, and releasing metal particles on deserts Surface albedo alterations are potentially the most expensive and least effective geoengineering methods; however, they may offer other benefits that could justify their consideration Fire prevention has been treated as a human health, or an ecological issue, but it also helps to limit climate change by increasing global albedo The green foliage absorbs more light than ash would, and if the forest were to burn, the previously photosynthesized carbon would be released Since fire prevention is already economic for its ecological and immediate health benefits, it will probably continue indefinitely with or without pressure to manage climate change That isn’t to say that fire prevention isn’t without its controversies or potential improvements, but it would be redundant to argue for its application when it is already enforced The second method of increasing surface albedo is to increase the albedo of man-made structures This would have almost no immediate effect on the planetary albedo, but could reduce energy usage Buildings and homes cover far too little of the planet’s surface to change albedo appreciably, but during the summer months lighter colored roofs retain less heat and could lower air conditioning expenditures (Royal Society 2009) If only new structures were built with lighter colored roofs, Geoengineering 289 the increased roof albedo would cut energy costs without appreciably changing global albedo One of the more radical methods of increasing surface albedo is to release metal particles on deserts (Gaskill 2004) This should only be considered as a last resort because sandy deserts are already relatively reflective and the additional stress of metal contamination could force endemic species into extinction Conclusion The list of geoengineering methods described here is not exhaustive, but is intended to show some of the potential consequences of the most popular methods The historical lack of regulation regarding carbon dioxide emissions has shortened our time to decarbonize the economy before the severe consequences of climate change are realized Consequently, geoengineering must be considered as a feasible approach to augmenting the decarbonization efforts, but it mustn’t diminish our motivation to decarbonize the economy The principle of geoengineering is for humans to change particular inputs in the environment to facilitate planetary modification Any such modification is a radical approach to reining in climate change because we often have incomplete information and not fully understand the implications of changing the environment Nonetheless, some methods are safer than others The first geoengineering method to be utilized should be direct air carbon capture, in which the carbon dioxide is used as a fertilizer or disposed of in geologic structures If climate change is not mitigated by this technique, more drastic methods may have to be be considered References Berdik, C (2014) “The unsung inventor of the carbon tax” Boston Globe Accessed electronically at 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Zhu, W and Wen-Lu, L (2014) Integrated Experimental and Modeling Studies of Mineral Carbonation as a Mechansim for Permanent Carbon Sequestration in Mafic/Ultramafic Rocks Technical Report New Haven, CT: Yale University INDEX Note: Page numbers in bold type refer to tables Page numbers in italic type refer to figures Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes Aboriginal Diabetes Initiative 276 Aboriginal populations 265–269, 272–273 Accenture 11, 216–217 accountability 69 active waste 174, 178 activism 66–68; shareholder 66–73, 121 actors 25, 38–41, 104, 114; culpable 35; individual 39; industry 24; internal company 24; non-state 193 Adidas 278, 280 Adobe 11 advanced battery technology (Tesla) 255–256 advisement 66–68; shareholder 70, 73 afforestation 285 Afghanistan 211 Africa 16, 30, 69, 153, 189–198; East 109; impact investing 189–198; social entrepreneurship 189–191; sub-Saharan 69, 189–190 African Mining Vision (AMV) 192 Agenda 2030 (UN) 215–216 agriculture, climate-smart 287 agrochemicals 18 air pollution 100, 179, 224, 260 air quality, improved 224 AirBnB 204 airborne wind energy 243–244 airplane transportations 266 Akon 191 Akon Lighting Africa (ALA) 190–193 Alaska 58 albedo 287; planetary 287; surface alteration 288–289 Alexander McQueen 46 algae-based biofuel 245–246 Algonquin pipeline (Spectra Energy) 156 All Aboard Florida (AAF) 222–223 All Coal utility example 89–93 All Renewable utility example 89–91, 97 Alphabet alternative solutions 63–64 Amazon Amazon Forest 165 American Business Act on Climate Pledge 48 American Chemical Society’s Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable (ACSGCIPR) 50 Amtrak 223 Anastas, P.T 50 anthropogenic climate change 283 APG Asset Management 146 Apple 3, 71, 141, 256–257, 261 aquaculture 274 aquaponics 264–277 aquatic life 270 Arab oil embargo (1973) 252 292 Index Arctic Co-Operatives Limited (ACL) 267 Argentina 16, 254; CEADS 19; FUNDESNOA 19; Jujuy 19, 25; Ledesma 16, 19–22 Armstrong, H 81 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 166, 197, 213–219; Asilomar Principles 218; responsible 218 Asia 8, 16, 221, 282; Southeast 110 assets: classes 76, 76–85, 77, 107; real 82–83 Asta Network 168 Austin (Texas) 235 Australia 16, 202, 239–240, 254; Perth 244 authoritarian state 193 Autodesk 218 automation, intelligent 216–217 automobile industry 261 Brazil 165–170, 245, 254, 280; Institute for Technology and Society of Rio de Janeiro (ITS Rio) 166; Rio de Janeiro 279 Brevoort 199–200, 204 Brightline Rail 223 Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) 49 British Petroleum (BP) 58, 146–147 Bronder, P 197, 208–212, 278–282 Brooklyn 210 Brown, A 23 Brown, H 75 Brown University 63 Bumitama Agri 33–40; Ladang Sawit Mas 33–34 Bureau of Labor Statistics (USA) 163n1 bureaucracy 165–166 Bain Capital 111; Double Impact Fund 111 Baker, C 158–159 Bangladesh 210–211; bKash 211 Bassi, L., and McMurrer, D 13 battery: investment opportunities 254–255; lithium-ion 253–254; new technology 253; rechargeable 251; super 253–254; technology Beijing 102 Berlin Festival of Lights (2017) 280 Big Data 213 biochar 287 biodiversity 1, 19, 29–31 bioenergy 245–246 biofuel 30, 245; algae-based 245–246 biomass 245 Bitcoin 211n1 bKash 211 blackouts 199 BlackRock 142 bladeless wind turbines 243 Blockchain 168–169 blockchain technology 208–212 Bloomberg New Energy Finance 143, 237 Blue Forest Conservation 131, 133–134 Blue Wolf 109, 113 Blumenthal, A 109 bonds: climate-aligned 78, 83; green 78, 80; Islamic (sukuk) 122–124; social impact 104 Borneo 30–32, 35; Kalimantan 30 Boston 223 bottle collection laws, Germany 182–185 Boulder (Colorado) 205 Brandt, S 197, 199–207 Brayton Point (New England) 155 California 92–96, 135, 222, 233; high-speed rail 222, 225–226; High-Speed Rail Authority 222, 225 Canada 158, 171, 197, 245, 264–277; Aboriginal populations 265–269, 272–273; Arctic Co-Operatives Limited (ACL) 267; Hydro-Quebec 158; James Bay 268, 273; Montreal 266, 273; National Grid 160–161; North Nutrition 268, 275; North West Company (NWC) 267; northern communities 265–268, 274–276; northern grocery store operations logistical costs 266–267; Nunavut 265–267; Ottawa 265–266; Quebec 158, 268, 272–273; remote communities 264–277 cap and trade 88–92, 146, 174, 177 capacity building 103 capital 82, 107–108, 136, 143, 192; cultural 6; human 7, 9–15; intellectual 6; investment 107; markets 144–146; natural 83; private 82; venture (VC) 7, 56, 101–104, 107–115 capitalism 169 car junking 224 carbon: negativity 118–119; pollution 87, 283; price 94–95; sequestration (forest planting) 285; tax 92–93, 96–97; world’s health per ton 94, 95 carbon dioxide removal (CDR) 284–287; and solar radiation methods 284, 284 carbon emissions 87–88, 92, 95, 129, 174, 198, 237–238, 284, 289; reduction 87, 88, 224 carbon footprint 184, 259 carbon market 97; solutions 87–99 Carbon Principles, The 144 Index 293 Carbon Tracker Initiative 140 cardiovascular disease 267 cars: electric 197, 251–263; gasoline-powered 251–253, 257–261 Cascadia 228 Castano, S 153, 155–164 CEADS (Argentine chapter of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development) 19 Central America 16 Central Kalimantan Natural Resources Conservation Agency 38 CEOs (Chief Executive Officers) 69–70, 141 CETO Wave Energy System 244 CFOs (Chief Financial Officers) 141 charging stations 259–260 Chen, T 197, 213–219 Chertow, M 84, 116–117 Chevrolet: Bolt 257; Volt 257–258 Chevron 146–147 Childress, L 56, 100–106 Chile 254 China 2, 56, 96–98, 100–106, 189, 237–245, 253–254, 282; Beijing 102; Circular Economy Development Strategies Action Plan (2013) 101; Circular Economy Promotion Law (2008) 100–104; Cleaner Production Promotion Law (2002) 101; Energy Conservation Law (2007) 100; Environmental Protection Law (1979) 101; Foundation for Youth Social Entrepreneurship (FYSE) 102; green transition 100–106; National Bureau of Statistics 101; New Ventures China (NVC) 101–102; Renewable Energy Law (2005) 100–101; Shanghai 102; SMEs 102–105; Solid Waste Prevention Law (2004) 101 China Impact Fund (CIF) 101–102 chronic kidney disease (CKD) 19 Circular Economy Development Strategies Action Plan (China, 2013) 101 Circular Economy Promotion Law (China, 2008) 100–104 Cisco 11 CitiBike 222 Citigroup 140, 144 civil society 165, 168 Clean Air Act (1990) 252 clean energy 238 Cleaner Production Promotion Law (China, 2002) 101 clear funding process 227 climate 210 Climate Bonds Initiative (CBI) 78 climate change 29–32, 58–59, 75, 139–142, 186–187, 221, 283–289; anthropogenic 283 climate-aligned bonds 78, 83 climate-smart agriculture 287 clinical trials Clinton, W (Bill) 109 cloud seeding 287–288 cloud-condensing nuclei 287–288 Coalition for Community Solar Access 233 Coca Cola 280 Codina-Lucia, C., and Frazao, R 197, 264–277 colonization 190 Colorado 233 Columbia University 61 combined heat and power (CHP) generation system (FuelCell) 52, 199 Commodity Crimes 33 communities, remote (Canada) 264–277 Complaints Panel (RSPO) 37 complex waste challenges 182–185 compost 274–275 concentrating solar power (CSP) 238–240 Condon, M 55, 66–73 ConEdison 199 Congress 143 conservation finance 83 consumption Corbat, M 144 corporate commitments 48–50 corporate management 69 corporate strategy influences 216–218 corporate sustainability 49 corruption 165–166 Cort, T., and Krosinsky, C 1–3 Crane, D 141 creativity 75 credibility 23 culpable actors 35 cultural capital Currie, J 141 cyber-attacks 199, 203, 206 Dao Ventures 102 Dayak people 29–31, 34 DBL (Double Bottom Line) 110 debts 165–166 decentralization 169 decolonization 190 Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion (2010) 58 294 Index deforestation 1, 8, 18, 31–33, 38–40; illegal 35; irresponsible 29; palm-oil related in Indonesia 29–44; zero 35 Dell 217 Deloitte 9–12; Global Human Capital Trends (2017) 9–12 Deng Xiaoping 101 Denmark 185, 239 Department of Energy 237 design, sustainable 74 Deutsche Bank 40 Deutsche Pfandsystem GmbH (DPG, German Deposit System) 183–184 developed countries 260 developing countries 139, 169, 251, 260–261, 279 developing economy 94 developing nations Digital Crust 214 digital identity 209 digital technology 213 direct air capture (DAC) 286–287 Dittrich, M 56, 107–115 diversity 10–14, 83, 112, 193; bio- 19, 29–31 divestment 57–64; partial 57 DMS 288 DOE National Community Solar Partnership program 233 Domini Social Investments 63 Double Impact Fund (Bain Capital) 111 Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) 46–47 Dreamcatcher 218 duration infrastructure 82 Dutch Institute for Environmental Studies 173 EarthCube 214 East Africa 109 eBird 214–215 ecoenergy 117–118 ecological restoration 128 economic development 75, 139–140, 192 economic efficiency 203–204 economic feasibility 23–24 economic growth 100, 103, 139–142, 171, 177, 190, 225; global economic recession 165 Economist 141 ecosystem 21, 40, 165 ecosystem services 128–137; benefits 131–133 Edison, T 200 Eisenhower, D.D 220–221 electric car 197, 251–263 electric distribution companies (EDCs) 156–157 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research Development and Demonstration Act (1976) 252 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 203 electric vehicles (EVs) 202, 251–254, 257–261; modern 252; sale trends 252–253 electricity 200–206, 231–234, 238–246, 251–254; Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) 91 electronic lab notebooks (ELNs) 49 Elementum 217 Elevar Equity 110 Ellensburg (Washington) 231–235 emissions 90–91, 97, 139–140; carbon dioxide (CO2) 87–88, 92, 129, 174, 198, 237–238, 284; reduced CO2 87, 88, 224; zero 251 empowerment, social 125 endowments 63 Eneñapor Argentina Foundation 22 energy 278–282; airborne wind 243–244; bio- 245–246; clean 238; eco- 117–118; geothermal 246; heat-derived 239; human-powered 282; hydropower 158, 244–245; inequality 232; ISO-NE 161–162; kinetic 242–244; nuclear 238; ocean 244; peer-to-peer trading 210; poverty 2; property-assessed clean (PACE) 79–81; sector 208–212; stored 202; transition 139–151; wind 242–244, see also renewable energy; solar power (energy) Energy Conservation Law (China, 2007) 100 Energy Floors (Holland) 280–281 Energy Information Administration 91; Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) 91 Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) 81 energy-generating floor tiles 281–282 engineering, sustainable 45–53; in pharmaceuticals 45–53 Entergy Corp 158 enterprise, social 103, 194 entrepreneurs see social entrepreneurs; social entrepreneurship environmental challenges 2–3, 23, 135, 214; influences 213–215 environmental change 7, 213–215 environmental degradation 4, 24 environmental efficiency 203–204 Index 295 environmental impacts of oil palm-related deforestation 31–33 environmental pollution 76 Environmental Profit & Loss framework 46 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 172 Environmental Protection Law (China, 1979) 101 environmental risks and challenges in sugarcane industry 18–19 environmental social and governance (ESG) issues 9, 55–56, 68–73, 73n1, 107–108, 111–114, 118–119, 198; private equity and venture capital 109–112 environmental sustainability 104, 117–118, 214 EOR (enhanced oil recovery) 286 equity 144; public 45, 81–82, see also private equity Esposito, E 56, 139–151 ethnic identity 190 Europe 30, 48, 61, 102, 189, 221, 240–241 European Union (EU) 30, 89, 176–178, 184, 189, 245 Eversource Energy 158 Evolutions in Sustainable Investing 109 exchange traded funds (ETFs) 81, 84 ”experialism” 171 Exxon Mobil 146–147 Exxon Valdez oil spill (1989) 58 farming 264, 272 FazGame 168 FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 47, 51, 184–185 Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) 227 filtrations 274–275 finance 209; conservation 83; Islamic 116–127; sustainable 118–119, see also systems finance financial inclusion 124–125 financial innovation 56 financial markets 198 financial stability 122–123, 126 financial sustainability 192 financial technology (FinTech) world 208 financing gap, closing 83–84 financing mechanisms 74–86 Fink, L 142 fire borrowing 129–130 fish stocks 274 fixed income 76–78 floating beds 270 floating solar farms 241–242 floor tiles 281–282 Florida 222, 225; Miami 222, 225; West Palm Beach 222, 225 food: education 267–268, 275; insecurity 264–265; prices 265; spoilage costs 267; supply 264–277 Food and Agricultural Business (FAB) Principles 167 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 16 Ford 258 forest: health 128–138; High Conservation Value 37–39 Forest Resilience Bond (FRB) 129–136; Blue Forest Conservation 56 forest restoration 129–135; benefits 130, 130 Forest Service (USFS) 128–130, 133–136 fossil fuels 57–59, 117, 140, 146, 199–202, 231, 238, 278–281; -based generation 201; investment financial and social implications 57–58 Foundation of Youth Social Entrepreneurship (FYSE, China) 102 France 237; Paris Climate Accord 143; Paris climate agreement 98; Paris Marathon (2013) 280 Frankfurt School, FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate and Sustainable Energy Finance 237 Frazao, R., and Codina-Lucia, C 197, 264–277 free market solutions 139–151 Friends of the Earth 33–35 fuel see electricity; fossil fuels; natural gas FUJIDES (Jujuy Foundation for Sustainable Development) 19–21, 25 fund managers 66 Fundación Ingenio 19 Fundación Vida Silvestre 19 FUNDESNOA (Foundation for the Development of Northern Argentina) 19 funding, clear 227, see also finance funds, institutional 76, 77 Gamaleldin, L 55, 57–65 gas see natural gas gasoline-powered cars 251–253, 257–261 GDP (gross domestic product) 139, 142, 189 Geffen, C 197, 220–230 General Electric (GE) 11 general partner (GP) 107, 113–114 generation and emissions breakout 89, 89 Generation Investment Management 72 geoengineering 283–290 Geological Survey 214 296 Index geothermal energy 246 Germany 182–185, 237, 260; Berlin Festival of Lights (2017) 280; bottle collection laws 182–185; Ordinance on the Avoidance of Packaging Waste 182 Gigafactory 256, 259 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) 52 Global Compact (UN) 19 global economic growth Global Environmental Health and Safety (GEHS) 49 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) 78, 108 Global Human Capital Trends (Deloitte, 2017) 9–12 global sustainability 74–75 Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment (2016) 237 global warming 139, 182–184, 283, 287 globalization Golden Agri-Resources 35, 39 Goldman Sachs 10, 141, 144–146, 254–255 Goodlife Pharmacy 109 Google 141, 278, 280 graphene 242 Great Concavity (New England) 171 green bonds, market 78, 80 green building 79–81 green catalysts 51 green chemistry 45–53 green economy 100 green policy 100–101 Green Portfolio (KKR) 111 Green Solutions Platform (KKR) 114 green transition (China) 100–106 greenhouse gases (GHG) 18, 21, 58, 97, 173; emissions 46, 76, 140, 175; production 283 GreenPalm Certification 36–40 Greenpeace 19, 38, 58 greenwashing 78 grid see power grid grow beds 270, 274 growing season 272 Guardian 94 Guimaraes, C., Neves dos Santos, M and Marin Martins, A 153, 165–170 Hampshire College (Massachusetts) 59–61 Hartford (Connecticut) 176 Harvard Business Review 13 Harvard University 61 health: issues 267–268; world’s, per ton of carbon 94, 95 healthcare: sector 8; system 46 Heart of Borneo 32–33 heat-derived energy 239 Higgs, J 117 High Conservation Value forests 37–39 High Speed Ground Transportation Act (1965) 220 high-speed rail 220–230; bureau 227; California 222, 225–226; economic benefits 225–226; environmental benefits 224; Northeastern 223–224; social benefits 226–227; Texas 222, 225–226; in USA 220–230 higher education 226–227 Honda Accord 255 HSBC 35–37 human capital 7, 9–15, 12–14; evolution 9–12; management 11; measuring 12–14 human-powered energy 282 Hurricane Irma (2017) 223 Hurricane Sandy (2012) 186–188, 199–200, 203, 206 Husky Energy 58 Hybrid A/B utility examples 89–91 hybrid vehicle 259 Hydro-Quebec (Canada) 158 hydroponics 272 hydropower energy 158, 244–245 IBM 11–12 ice/winter roads transportation 266 identity: digital 209; ethnic 190 illegal deforestation 35 Immelt, J 112 Impact Fitness 111 impact investing 7–8, 103–105, 189–198 imperialism 171 inclusion 10–12 India 2, 30, 189 indigenous communities 30 individual actors 39 individualism 190 Indonesia 29–44, 246; palm oil-related deforestation 29–44 industrial growth 101 industrial process, sustainable 51–53 Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) 275–276 Industrial Revolution 218 industrial waste 245 industry actors 24 inequality 1–2; energy 232 Infinite Jest (Wallace) 171 infrastructure 74–86, 75–76, 186–188; duration 82; sustainable 74–86 innovation 4–6, 153, 161, 165–170, 198, 213, 278–282; contracting 132–133; Index 297 diffusion 217–218; financial 56; regional 153; technological 197–198 Institute for Computational Sustainability (Cornell University) 214 Institute for Technology and Society of Rio de Janeiro (ITS Rio, Brazil) 166 institutional investors 144; and funds, pathways 76, 77 integrated sustainability 71 intellectual capital intelligent automation 216–217 Interface 73 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 94, 139 internal company actors 24 International Animal Rescue (IAR), complaint to Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) 33–34 International Energy Agency (IEA) 240 investing, impact 7–8, 103, 189–198 investment: capital 107; ideas (R&D) 68, 97; perspectives 55–56; priorities 76–83; program-related (PRIs) 134; socially responsible (SRI) 59, 63 investors 144–146; institutional 76, 77, 144; relations 55; traditional 66 IOI International 35–36 iPhone 256 IPOs (Initial Public Offering) 7, 35–36, 110; venture-backed 108 Islam 120–121, 124–125 Islamic Development Bank (IDB) 119–121 Islamic finance systems 116–127; model 121–126 Islamic law 119–121; Shari’ah 120–121, 125 ISO-NE energy 161–162 James Bay (Canada) 268, 273 Janssen 50 Japan 221, 227–228, 237, 253; Shinkansen 221–223 Japan Railways Company (JRC) 227 Javan rhinoceros 31 job creation 225 Jobs, S 71, 256 Johnson & Johnson 217 Journal of Accounting and Economics 141 Journal of Environmental Investing 55 J.P Morgan 144 Jujuy (Argentina) 19, 25; FUJIDES 19–21, 25; Yungas 19–21 Kalimantan (Borneo) 30 Kapanga, M 153, 189–198 Kappes, A 7, 9–15 Kemball-Cook, L 278 Kenya 109, 211 Kering 46 Khan, S 117 Kinder Morgan 156 kinetic energy 242–244 KiteGen 243 KKR 111, 114; Green Portfolio 111; Green Solutions Platform 114 Knight, Z., and Reed, C 56, 128–138 KPCB 111–113 Kraft Heinz 72 Krasteva, K 197, 237–250 Krosinsky, C 84, 116–117; and Cort, T 1–3 Krosinsky, M 153, 186–188 Kuper, A 109 labor and capital augmentation 217 Ladang Sawit Mas (Bumitama Agri) 33–34 Lagos (Nigeria) 279 land: conversion 18; usage 272 land-grabbing 30–31, 34 landfill 4; dumping 175–176; private 173; public 173; waste 175 Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS) 177–178 Landfill Methane Outreach Program (EPA) 176 landfill tax 171–181; UK 177; USA 178–180 Lanshan Fund 104 Latin America 16–28, 30, 110; sugarcane industry 16–28 Lattice Engines 217 Lava-Jato (Car Wash) Operation 165–167 Leapfrog Investments 109 Ledesma 16, 19–26; corporate environmental and social responsibility initiatives 20, 20; and sugarcane production 23, 23 LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certifications 80 legitimacy 60 Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) 91 Li, B 103 Liberia 192 limited partners (LPs) 107–108, 113–114 liquid natural gas 157 liquid waste 270 lithium-ion battery 253–254 littering 182 local production 272 Local Supplier Development Program (LSDP) 20–21 298 Index Loeb, D 66–67 logistics, northern Canada grocery store operation costs 266–267 London 237 long-term sustainability 13 Lussier, P 84, 116–117 Lyft 222, 259 MacDuffie, J 258 machine learning 213 McKinsey & Co (January 2015) 11, 67 McMurrer, D., and Bassi, L 13 Maglev trains 228 Mahony, P 197, 283–290 Malaysia 32 Mandela, N 61 Maqbool, A 56, 116–127 Marin Martins, A., Guimaraes, C and Neves dos Santos, M 153, 165–170 marine transports 266 markets: capital 144–146; correction 144–146; financial 198 Massachusetts 158–159, 233–235 master limited partnerships (MLPs) 156, 163n2 materials 278–282 Matuszewski, A 4–6 Mazzella, J 153, 171–181 Me Solshare Meadows, D.H 25, 84, 123 megaregions 228–229 Merkel, A 260 metamorphism 285 Mexico 92–94 Miami (Florida) 222, 225 Miceli, V 281 Michigan 199 microgrids 201–206, 210; smart 199–207 middle class 2, 226 Midwest 153 Minnesota 233–235 mobility, social 125 Montreal 266, 273 Moraga-Lewy, N 8, 16–28 Morgan Stanley 144 Mountain Justice (Swarthmore College) 59 Mozambique 192 Mudamos 166 multi-stakeholder engagement 16–28 municipal solid waste 172, 178–179 Musk, E 228, 255–256, 259, 278 Muslims 119–121, 125; non120–121 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 58 National Renewable Energy Lab report (NREL) 232–234 National Science Foundation (NSF) 214 natural capital 83 natural gas 57, 148, 153, 156–162, 163n1&2, 251–253; liquid (LNG) 157 Nature Climate Change 31 Nature Conservancy 215 Nega, B., and Schneider, G 193 negative screening 120–121 NEM 217 Nestlé 66–67 Net Present Value analysis (NPV) 92–93, 97, 140 Netherlands 175, 178–180 Neves dos Santos, M., Marin Martins, A and Guimaraes, C 153, 165–170 new battery technology 253 New England 155–164; Brayton Point 155; Great Concavity 171; Power Generators Association 159 New Jersey 186, 187; Sandy Hook 186–188 New Ventures China (NVC) 101–102 New York 155, 187, 199, 235; New York City 186–188 New York Times 60 New Zealand 176 Next Generation Infrastructure (Brown) 75 NGOs (non-governmental organizations) 25, 36–39, 50, 105, 189–195; International Animal Rescue 34 Nicaragua 19 Nigeria 280; Lagos 279 Noble Energy 58 non-Muslims 120–121 non-OECD countries 139–140 non-profit organization 25 non-state actors 193 Norges Bank 76, 81 norms, social 258, 259 North America 16, 61, 229, 239 North Nutrition Canada 268, 275 North West Company (NWC) 267 Northeast Energy Direct Pipeline 156 Northeast USA 153, 222 Northeastern high-speed rail 223–224 Northwest Company 273 Novo Nordisk (Denmark) 48 NRG 141–142, 234 nuclear energy 238 nuclear waste 238 Nunavut (Canada) 265–267 nutrition security 268 Index 299 Obama, B 220; administration 252–253 ocean energy 244 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) 47; non- 139–140 Oil and Energy Investor 254–255 oil and gas renewable opportunity 146–148 oil palm industry expansion 29–31 Olthof, M 146 OMEGA system 246 Onyx Solar (Spain) 241 orangutans 29–31 Ordinance on the Avoidance of Packaging Waste (Germany) 182 Ottawa 265–266 Paisaje Productivo Protegido (Productive Protected Area, PPP) 20–21 Pakistan 56, 117 palm oil-related deforestation (Indonesia) 29–44; companies and business practices responsible 33–36 Panasonic 254–256 Paris: Climate Accord 143; climate agreement 98; Marathon (2013) 280 Parnassus Endeavor partial divestment 57 partnerships 82 Patel, A 110 Patrick, D 111 Pavegen 278–281 peer-to-peer energy trading 210 Pek Shibao 8, 29–44 performance evaluation 11 Perth (Australia) 244 pesticides 271–272 Pfizer 49–52 Pfund, N 110 pharmaceuticals 45–53; sustainable engineering 45–53 photosynthesis 285–287 Pitchbook 112 planetary albedo 287 planning, urban 75 pollution 1, 90, 101, 193, 210, 251, 259; air 100, 179, 224, 260; carbon 87, 283; environmental 76 Polman, P 71 population, urban 221–224 Portugal 237, 254 positive screening 121 poverty 215–216; energy power: generation 89; sector 247 Power Generators Association (New England) 159 power grid 200–201; current problems 199–200 private capital 82 private equity 7, 45, 56, 101–104, 107–115; in ESG 109–112 private landfills 173 private sector 46–48, 103–104, 131, 165–166, 190–192, 238 process mass intensity (PMI) 47–50 productivity 9–14, 52, 203, 218, 225–226; growth 74 profitability 9, 13–14, 47–49, 142, 193 program-related investments (PRIs) 134 property 78–81 property-assessed clean energy (PACE) 79–81 ProYungas 20–22, 25 PT ASMR 38 PT Kallista Alam 39 PT Karya Manunggal Sawitindo 34 public equity 45, 81–82 public landfills 173 public sector 129–131, 238 public–private partnerships (PPPs) 82 Quebec 158, 268, 272–273 Rabobank 35–37 rail see high-speed rail real assets 82–83 real estate investment trusts (REITs) 81–84 rechargeable batteries 251 Recovery Act (2009) 252 recruitment 10–11 recycling 175 Reed, C., and Knight, Z 56, 128–138 refillable bottles 184–185 refillable containers 183 reforestation 285 regional innovations 153 regulation 165–166 renewable energy 93, 103–104, 142–145, 182, 197, 202; generation 201; integration 201–202; sources and technologies 238–246; technologies 237–250 Renewable Energy Law (China, 2005) 100–101 renewable power capacity 246–247 renewable sector 92 replication: challenges 23–24; recommendations 24–25 research and development (R&D) 112, 141, 256; investment ideas 68, 97 responsible artificial intelligence 218 300 Index return on capital employed (ROCE) 147 rhinos 29, 31 Rio de Janeiro 166, 279 risk management 75 Rissman, G 197, 231–236 roads transportation 266 Rosentrater, H 204 Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) 26 Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) 29, 35–40; Complaints Panel 37 Royal Dutch Shell 58, 146 Russia 98 safety 226 Samsung 242, 255 San Francisco 228 Sandy see Hurricane Sandy (2012) Sandy Hook (New Jersey) 186–188 Schifino, G 167 Schneider, G., and Nega, B 193 Schwartz, J 55, 87–99 Science Communications with Impact Network (SCWIN, Yale) 84 screening: negative 120–121; positive 121 Seattle 110, 128 SEIS (Social Ecological Infrastructural Systems framework) 75 self-sufficiency 21, 25 Seventh Generation 72 Sevilla, R 61 Sewer System Improvement Project 84 Shale and Renewables: A Symbiotic Relationship (Citi) 148 Shanghai 102 shared prosperity 123–124 shared solar see solar power shareholder: activism 66–73, 121; engagement 63–64 shareholder advisement 70, 73; theory 71 Shari’ah law 120–121, 125 Shell Oil 279 Shinkansen (Japan) 221–223 short-termism 141–144 Siemens Corporation 225 Silicon Valley 2, 110, 252–255 Singapore 8, 32, 52, 280; Stock Exchange 33 Sino–Africa relations 192 smart microgrids 199–207 SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises) 102–105, 125, 178 Smith College (Massachusetts) 60–61 social challenges 2–3, 23, 265–268 social change social empowerment 125 social enterprise 103, 194 social entrepreneurs 168, 193–195 social entrepreneurship 189–193; in Africa 189–191 social impact bonds 104 social issues 265–268 social mobility 125 social norms 258; changing 259 social problem influences 215–216 social risks and challenges in sugarcane industry 17–18 socially responsible investment (SRI) 59, 63 Solar City 110, 254–255 solar farms, floating 241–242 solar installation 231 solar panels 238 solar photovoltaics (PV) 238–239 solar power (energy) 231–232, 238–242, 247; shared (community solar) 231–236 solar radiation mitigation (SRM) 284, 287 solar technology 117; emerging 240–241 solar thermal heating 239 Solektra International 190–193 solid waste 270; municipal 172, 178–179 Solid Waste Prevention Law (China, 2004) 101 Sony 254 South Africa 61, 190, 211, 240 South America 8; sugarcane industry and Ledesma 16–28 South Korea 253 Southeast Asia 110 Southwestern Energy 63 Space Race 278, 281 SpaceX 110 special purpose vehicle (SPV) 134 SpecSolo 167 Spectra Energy 156–157; Algonquin pipeline 156 Spokane (Washington) 204–206 Sri Lanka 32 Stanford Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence Lab 215–216 Stella McCartney 46 stored energy 202 streaming content sub-Saharan Africa 69, 189–190 sugarcane industry: harvesting 16–18; and net value in American regions (2014) 17, 17; production 16–19, 24–26; risks and challenges 17–19 Suharto, H.M 30 sukuk (Islamic bonds) 122–124 Sumatran elephant 31 Index 301 Sumatran tiger 31 SunEdison 145 SunPower 147 super battery 253–254 Superstorm Sandy see Hurricane Sandy (2012) supply chain 209–210 surface albedo alteration 288–289 sustainability: challenges 213–219; frameworks 45–53 sustainable development 119–120, 167, 216, 229 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 45–48, 119, 125, 166, 215–216 Swarthmore College (Pennsylvania) 57–60; Mountain Justice 59 Sweden 184 Swensen, D 60 Swiss Sustainable Finance 118 Syria systems finance 84–85, 116–121; Islamic 116–127 tanks 274 Tanzania 211 Tao Zhang 102 tax: credits 234; shield 145 technology: advanced battery (Tesla) 255–256; battery 5, 253; blockchain 208–212; digital 209; financial 208; innovation 197–198; renewable 237–250; solar 117, 240–241 terrestrial biodiversity Tesla 110, 217, 228, 253, 256–257; advanced battery technology 255–256 Tesla Motors 251, 254–257 Texas 222, 225–226; Austin 235; Central Partners LLC 223; high-speed railway 222, 225–226 TGV (France) 221 Thailand 32 Thinking in Systems (Meadows) 25, 84 third-party advisors 70 Tidal Energy Converters (TECs) 244 Tidewater 58 tigers 29, 31 tourism industry 21, 25 Tradable Compliance Credit System (UN) 177 traditional farming 264, 272 traditional investors 66 traditional native ways 269 trains: Maglev 228; TGV 221, see also high-speed rail transmission and distribution (T&D) 240, 244 transparent solar cells (TSC) 241 transportation: airplane 266; costs 265–266; ice/winter roads 266; marine 266, see also high-speed rail Triputra Agro Persada 37 Trump, D 220–221, 225; administration 143, 220 Turkey 246 twentieth century 112 twenty-first century 166 Twitter 280 Uber 204, 222, 259 Ullivarri, M 23 Unilever 10, 40, 71–73; Sustainable Living Plan 71 United Airlines 46 United Kingdom (UK) 2, 98, 104, 172–180, 253, 257, 260; landfill tax 177; London 237 United Nations (UN) 58; Agenda (2030) 215–216; Global Compact 19; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 45–48, 119, 125, 166, 215–216; Tradable Compliance Credit System 177 United States of America (USA): Alaska 58; American Business Act on Climate Pledge 48; American Chemical Society’s Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable (CSGCIPR) 50; Boston 223; Brooklyn 210; Brown University 63; Bureau of Labor Statistics 163nn1&2; California 92–96, 136, 222, 233; carbon tax 92–93; Cascadia 228; Clean Air Act (1990) 252; CO2 emissions pricing 95–98; Coalition for Community Solar Access 233; Colorado 233; Columbia University 61; Congress 143; Department of Energy 237; DOE National Community Solar Partnership program 233; Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research Development and Demonstration Act (1976) 252; electric vehicles 258–260; Energy Information Administration 91; energy transition 139–143; Eversource Energy 158; Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) 227; Florida 222; Forest Service (USFS) 128–129, 133–136; fossil fuels divestment 57–59; Geological Survey 214; greenbuilding 79–80; Harvard University 61; healthcare system 46–47; High Speed Ground Transportation Act (1965) 220; 302 Index high-speed rail 220–230; impact investing 101–104; landfill tax 178–180; Massachusetts 158–159, 233–235; Michigan 199; Midwest 153; Minnesota 233–235; National Renewable Energy Lab report (NREL) 232–234; National Science Foundation (NSF) 214; New England 155–164; New Jersey 186; New York 155, 199, 235; Northeast 153, 222; Obama administration 252–253; power grid 201; Recovery Act (2009) 252; San Francisco 228; Seattle 110, 128; Silicon Valley 2, 110, 252–255; Texas 222; Trump administration 143, 220; University of California 61; Washington 93, 96–97, 204–205, 223; White House 232; Yale University 60, 110, 116 United States Green Building Council (USGBC) 79 University of California 61 urban planning 75 urban population 221–224 urbanization 74, 79–81 US Energy and Employment Report (2017) 237 US-China Social Innovation Consulting 103 USAID (United States Agency for International Development) 191 value-at-risk (VaR) 122 Varma, A 32 vegetable consumption 269 vehicles: hybrid 259; special purpose (SPV) 134, see also cars; electric vehicles (EVs) Venezuela 1, 168 venture capital (VC) 7, 56, 101–104, 107–115; in ESG 109–112 venture-backed IPOs 108 Vestergaard 191 Vigna, M.D 146 Volvo 70 Vortex 243 Walden Asset Management 68–69 Wall Street 71, 143–144, 200 Wall Street Journal 10–12, 66 Wallace, D.F 171 Walmart 10 Wang, S 8, 45–53 Warner, J 50 Warren, L 57 Warshauer, E 55, 74–86 Washington 93, 96–97, 204–205, 223; Ellensburg 231–235; Spokane 204–206 waste: complex challenges 182–185; inactive 174, 180; industrial 245; liquid 270; municipal solid 172, 178–179; nuclear 238; production 171; solid 101, 172, 178–179, 270 waste management 5, 179, 184 waste management strategy 171–181; landfill tax 171–181 waste-eliminating beverage container system 185 water usage 271–272 Wegmans 13–14 Welsh, J 11 Welsh, S.P 59 West Palm Beach (Florida) 222, 225 Westbrook International 34 White House 232 Wilmar 35–36, 39 Wilson, D.G 284 wind energy 242–244 wind power capacity 243 wind turbines 243 Witheford, R 153, 182–185, 197, 251–263 workforce analytics 12 World Bank 119, 122 World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) 16, 25, 37, 278–280 world’s health, per ton of carbon 94, 95 Xcel Energy 205, 234 Yale Initiative on Sustainable Finance 55 Yale University 60, 110, 116; Science Communications with Impact Network (SCWIN) 84 Yieldcos 144–145 Yudhoyono, S.B 31, 34 Yungas (Jujuy) 19–21 Zakat 125 zero deforestation 35 zero emissions 251 Zimbabwe 168, 254 ... topics and quality writing and emerge with a renewed sense of optimism about where we are and where we can go in an age of sustainability, sustainable finance and investing Innovation and impact, ... corporate and investment innovation and impact strategy considerations Exploring innovation around the future of energy, electricity and related technologies, as well as transportation and buildings... clear opportunity for innovation by public and privately held companies, as well as the increasingly significant role of investment and consumption Sustainable Innovation and Impact provides a roadmap